설계기준 Korea Design Standard KDS 41 10 05 : 2016

Korean Design Standard

KDS 11 70 05

Banking and Cutting

KDS 11 70 05 : 2019
Banking and Cutting Design Standards

건축구조기준 총칙
Design Standards
2016년 6월 30일 제정
December 06, 2019
http://www.kcsc.re.krkr
http://www.kcsc.re.kr
 Foreword
∙ To address needs that were caused by changes in the construction standard code
system, the overlaps and conflicts between existing construction standards (design
standards, standard specification) were compared and reviewed and then integrated into
a new document that can be maintained as a standard code.
∙ These standards were revised and enacted as standards by integrating the Construction
Work Slope Surface Design Standards and the corresponding parts of the Landscape
Design Standards, Road Design Standards, and Harbor and Fishing Port Design
Standards.
Enactment ·
Construction Standard Major Contents Revision
(Month, Year)
Construction Work Slope ∙ Construction Work Slope Surface Design Standards Enactment
Design Standards enacted. (May 2006)
Construction Work Slope ∙ Construction Work Slope Surface Design Standards Revision
Design Standards revised. (Dec 2009)
Construction Work Slope ∙ Construction Work Slope Surface Design Standards Revision
Design Standards revised. (Dec 2011)
∙ Integrated and maintained as a code according to Enactment
KDS 11 70 05 : 2016
changes in the construction standard code system. (June 2016)
∙ Revised to harmonize Korean Standards with Revision
KDS 11 70 05 : 2016
Construction Standards. (July 2018)
 Table of Contents

1. General Matters ·····························································································································1

1.1 Purpose ····································································································································1
1.2 Scope of Application ·············································································································1
1.3 Definitions ································································································································1
1.4 Composition of Facility ··········································································································1
1.5 Symbols ···································································································································2
1.6 Reference Standards ·············································································································2
1.7 Analysis and Design Principles ···························································································2
1.7.1 Basic Principles of Design ·························································································2
1.7.2 Determination of Design Ground Properties ···························································3
1.7.3 Standards of Design Load Application ····································································4
1.7.4 Banking Design Standards ·························································································4
1.7.5 Cutting Design Standards ···························································································6
1.8 Design Considerations ···········································································································7
1.9 Application of New Technology ···························································································7
2. Survey and Planning ····················································································································7
3. Materials ··········································································································································7
4. Design ··············································································································································7
4.1 General Matters of Design ···································································································8
4.1.1 Banking Design Standards ·························································································8
4.1.2 Cutting Design Standards ·························································································10
4.2 Banking Materials and Compaction ··················································································12
4.3 Stability Analysis ···················································································································12
4.3.1 Banking Design Standards ·······················································································12
4.3.2 Cutting Design Standards ·························································································14
4.4 Analytical Method ·················································································································16
 4.4.1 Banking Design Standards ·······················································································16
4.4.2 Cutting Design Standards ·························································································17
4.5 Stability Analysis Standards ·······························································································17
4.5.1 Banking Design Standards ·······················································································17
4.5.2 Cutting Design Standards ·························································································17
4.6 Drainage Facility ···················································································································18
4.6.1 Banking Design Standards ·······················································································18
4.6.2 Cutting Design Standards ·························································································18
4.7 Blasting Design ·····················································································································19
4.7.1 Banking Design Standards ·······················································································19
4.7.2 Cutting Design Standards ·························································································19
4.8 Measurement of Slope Surfaces ······················································································20
4.8.1 Banking Design Standards ·······················································································20
4.8.2 Cutting Design Standards ·························································································21
Banking and Cutting Design Standards KDS 11 70 05 : 2019
1. General Matters
1.1 Purpose
(1) The purpose of the current standards is to provide the general design standards and
design methods for slope surfaces constructed due to construction works, and facilities
for protecting and reinforcing slope surfaces to secure stability.
1.2 Scope of Application
(1) Theis standards are applicable to the design of banking and cutting slope surfaces
formed via roads, railways, housing lands, and complexes construction; reinforcement
and retaining wall construction methods for securing the stability of slope surfaces; and
the design of safety measrues and drainage facilities for slope surfaces.
(2) Natural slope surfaces, river slope surfaces, and dam slope surfaces are not considere
d in this standards.
(3) This standards contain the most basic and general details needed to secure the
stability of slope surfaces, while specific design methods are not included in the current
standards.
(4) With regard to details that are not described in this standards, other enacted national
standards may be applied. International standards that have been verified may be
applied after obtaining approval from the ordering body. In particular, new construction
and environment technologies may be applied by describing the design methods
involved in the designation of new technologies, submitting construction specifications,
including design drawings, and approval from the ordering body.
(5) Separate standards may be used after achieving approval from the ordering body,
when standards stricter than the current standards are required to be used.
(6) These standards wil be applied to construction projects of which the contract is
concluded after the referred publication date of these standards. However, for design or
construction works already underway before the publication date of these standards,
the standards prior to revision may be applied if deemed necessary by the head of
the ordering agency.
(7) Relevant laws shall be applied to slope surfaces requiring management, including the
Special Act on the Safety Control and Maintenance of Establishments.
1.3 Definitions
Not applicable.
1.4 Composition of Facility

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Banking and Cutting Design Standards KDS 11 70 05 : 2019
(1) Slope surfaces are classified as follows depending on the method of formation,
materials, and scale. Different design standards and survey methods are applied to
different classes of slope surfaces.
Construction Banking
Earth Banking
Work slope slope
slope Surfaces
Surface Surfaces
Rock Banking
slope Surfaces
Cutting
Earth Cutting
slope
slope Surfaces
Surfaces
Rock Cutting
slope Surfaces

1.5 Symbols
Not applicable.
1.6 Reference Standards
∙ KDS 11 70 25 Slope surface drainage facility design standards
1.7 Analysis and Design Principles
1.7.1 Basic Principles of Design
(1) Requirements for slope surfaces
① Collapse of constructed slope surfaces that directly decreases the stability of main
structures or that causes functional retention of the main structures shall not occur
in the maintenance stage following the completion of the construction work, even in
the event of earthquakes, rainfall, and long-term changes of the meteorological
conditions.
② Construction of a slope surface shall not cause any harmful effects on human life
or property, and countermeasures such as reinforcement facilities and safety
facilities shall be implemented.
③ Slope surfaces shall be designed conservatively as long-term instability factors such
as weathering of the ground and groundwater variation may alter the slope stability.
④ The design must satisfy the standard safety factors through analysis of slope
surface stability.
⑤ Various reinforcements, protection, inspection, and safety facilities constructed for
slope surfaces shall be made of durable materials showing long-term performance
and those that are resistant to corrosion.

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Banking and Cutting Design Standards KDS 11 70 05 : 2019
⑥ Slope surfaces shall be designed to be constructed as economically as possible in
consideration of the conditions described above. The design shall also allow for
safe construction appropriate for the site conditions.
⑦ Other requirements that are not provided in the current standards may also need to
be applied after reviewing the relevant laws, regulations, and standards or by
considering requests from the ordering body and civil complaints.
(2) Standard of design concept application
① The current standards apply the allowable stress design by assuming the limit
equilibrium of the ground. In this design method, the actual magnitude of the load
and resistance applied to the failure mode is calculated, and the factor of safety
that is the ratio of applied load to resistance is calculated. The calculated factor of
safety is compared with the reference factor of safety to evaluate the stability of a
slope surface.
② The application of the limit state design, load and resistance factor design, and
partial factor of safety may be determined after consultation with and obtaining
approval from the ordering body. Accurate base data shall be provided with regard
to the applied design standards.
③ For the design of the members applied to a slope surface, including concrete and
steel structures, the design standards appropriate for each material shall be applied.
The methods provided in the current standards may be applied to the load
resulting from the soil and rock bed. Factors considering the load and resistance
may be applied in accordance with the design standards of each member.
④ The probabilistic design method for slope surface design may be additionally consid
ered as a supplement when the allowable stress design result is uncertain. In
such cases, the base data shall be sufficiently provided regarding the input data
and the analytical method.
1.7.2 Determination of Design Ground Properties
(1) The ground properties applied to the design of slope surfaces may use data from
ground survey, on-site testing, indoor testing, and estimations from empirical relations,
or may be determined by inverse analysis of the data for similar ground conditions,
on-site measurements, and observation data of failured ground.
(2) The shear strength parameters of the ground are separately determined in terms of
drainage shear strength, non-drainage shear strength, maximum strength, and residual
strength by considering the ground saturation condition, water permeability, and loading
condition.
(3) The values of the design ground properties are obtained by dividing the ground into

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Banking and Cutting Design Standards KDS 11 70 05 : 2019
several representative layers and performing tests on the individual layers. The ground
properties obtained from different layers shall be applied to the corresponding layers
only.
(4) When results are obtained from various ground surveys and tests performed at similar
points of the same layer, the average and standard deviation of the design property
values are calculated, and the values corresponding to the most safe condition are
applied to the design using the following equation. In other words, the value with the
positive sign (+) is applied to the calculation of the load, while the value with the
negative sign (-) is applied to the calculation of the resistance.
A value of design property = (average)±(standard deviation) (1.7-1)
(5) If the values of the properties obtained from the same layer are distributed differently in
a specific trend, the entire range is divided into sections, and the representative
property values obtained from each individual section may be adopted for application. If
the entire range is considered as one uniform section without dividing the range into
smaller sections, the values that are the most disadvantageous shall be adopted for
application to the design.
1.7.3 Standards of Design Load Application
(1) The design of a slope surface shall be performed by considering the self-load of the
soil, the overburden load acting on the slope surface and the top thereof, the water
pressure resulting from the groundwater and infiltrating water in the slope surface, the
earth pressure acting on such structures as a retaining wall, the seismic load caused
by an earthquake, the external force caused by the structures installed on the slope
surface, and the temporary live load generated during and after construction works.
(2) The seismic design shall be performed by considering the most realistically probable
loads, while temporary live loads and long-term loads such as saturated water
pressure inside the slope surface shall not be considered.
(3) The earth pressure acting on the retaining walls and concrete walls installed on a
slope surface is determined by applying an earth pressure coefficient appropriate for
the mutual behavior of the walls and the ground.
(4) The design of concrete members and steel materials may be performed by considering
the load coefficients provided in the concrete structure design standards and the
combination of loads.

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Banking and Cutting Design Standards KDS 11 70 05 : 2019
1.7.4 Banking Design Standards
(1) The banking slope surface shall be designed to secure both long-term and short-term
stability of a slope surface. In addition, the design shall minimize long-term
maintenance works and make the constructed slope surface well harmonized with the
surrounding landscape.
(2) The considerations of banking slope surface design are as follows.
① Banking plan depending on the topographical conditions
② Slope surface stability analysis and determination of inclination and berm
③ Plan for groundwater and surface water drainage
④ Method of long-term slope surface protection
⑤ Inspection facilities for maintenance
⑥ Slope surface management method applied during construction works
(3) Banking slope surface application standards
① The height of a banking slope surface shall be determined by considering the
original ground conditions, topographical conditions, properties of banking materials,
surrounding environmental conditions, and economic conditions. Generally, the
maximum height is about 10 m. The height may be increased by considering the
stability analysis and other various conditions.
② The inclination of a banking slope surface shall be determined by performing slope
surface stability analysis in consideration of the shape and strength of the original
ground and the banking materials. The stability shall be re-assessed if the
inclination is to be changed. To a slope surface with a height less than 10 m, the
standard inclination is provided in section 4.1.1 Standard Inclination and Berm
Reference may be applied.
③ In the cases of banking on original ground with an inclination steeper than 1:4,
benching shall be performed on the surface of the original ground to promote tight
attachment between the original ground and the banking ground in order to prevent
deformation and sliding of the banked soil mass.
④ Steps may be easily formed at the areas of one-side cutting and one-side banking
due to the rapid settlement of the boundaries. Therefore, the inclination at the joints
between a cutting area and a banking area shall be gradual and continuous.
⑤ The design of an earth cutting slope surface shall be performed by sufficiently
considering the basic details involving the determination of the slope surface
inclination, the installation of a berm, the need for slope surface greening, the
method of compacting the slope surface, and slope surface drainage.
⑥ The earth banking on soft ground shall be performed stably by considering the rate
of banking depending on the thickness and the physical and mechanical properties

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Banking and Cutting Design Standards KDS 11 70 05 : 2019
of the soft ground.
⑦ The banking materials shall be suitable for the subject of the banking works and sh
all satisfy the compaction standards.

1.7.5 Cutting Design Standards

(1) The cutting slope surface shall be designed to ensure both long-term and short-term
stability of a slope surface. In addition, the design shall minimize long-term
maintenance works and make the constructed slope surface well harmonized with the
surrounding landscape.
(2) The considerations of cutting slope surfaces are as follows.
① Cutting plan depending on the topographical conditions
② Slope surface stability analysis and determination of inclination and berm
③ Plan for groundwater and surface water drainage
④ Method of long-term slope surface protection
⑤ Inspection facilities for maintenance
⑥ Slope surface management method applied during construction works
(3) Cutting slope surface application standards
① The natural ground is very complicated and heterogenous and thus gradually
becomes unstable over time due to weathering and rainwater infiltration. Therefore,
the design of a cutting slope surface shall be performed by considering long-term
stability and continuous maintenance.
② The inclination of a cutting slope surface shall be determined on the basis of the
results of stability analysis performed for each section in consideration of the
ground survey and test results, the total core recovery (TCR) and the rock quality
designation (RQD) in the boring survey, the directions and characteristics of
discontinuous surfaces, and the degree of weathering. The standard inclination and
the berm reference provided in section 4.1.2 may be applied to a slope surface
with a strength equal to or lower than that of a weathered rock depending on the
judgment made by a responsible engineer in the field of ground.
③ Stability shall be reviewed by performing survey works during the construction
works, including slope face mapping and stability review after excavating a slope
surface in the construction stage.
④ The same inclination shall be applied to slope surfaces with similar ground
conditions. A berm shall be installed at the boundaries of ground conditions, and
the inclinations appropriate for individual ground conditions shall be applied. In
areas where the ground conditions rapidly change, the inclination of the slope

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Banking and Cutting Design Standards KDS 11 70 05 : 2019
surface shall be gradually changed to promote the overall stability. A berm shall be
installed even in the rock bed at the positions where the rock bed characteristics
rapidly change.
1.8 Design Considerations
Not applicable.
1.9 Application of New Technology
(1) New construction technologies refer to the new technologies and new engineering
methods designated by the Construction Technology Promotion Act. The current
standards do not provide the design methods and application standards related to new
construction technologies. This is because the design standards may not provide all
the details about the design methods and application standards of various engineering
methods, and the design standards shall ensure equity with new engineering methods
and shall not limit the development and application of new technologies.
(2) With regard to the design and application standards of new technologies, design may
be performed with reference to the relevant methods provided in the current standards
using the methods suggested by those who have developed the technology.
(3) In spite of being different from the details described in the current standards or not
being included in the current standards, theories and technologies that have already
been known or proved commonly may be used in place of the current standards after
obtaining approval from the ordering body.
(4) The limited details provided in the current standards shall not diminish motivation to
develop new technologies nor shall they restrict the application of various new
technologies. If verified research results or observation results are available, a designer
may apply a newly developed technology and engineering method in place of those
provided in the current application after obtaining approval from the ordering body.
2. Survey and Planning
Not applicable.
3. Materials
Not applicable.
4. Design

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Banking and Cutting Design Standards KDS 11 70 05 : 2019

4.1 General Matters of Design

(1) A plan for a slope surface shall be established in accordance with the construction
plans for other facilities such as roads, railways, and housing lands. The plan shall be
effectively managed by catagorizing stages as basic planning, basic designing,
implementation design, construction, completion, and maintenance.
(2) The considerations of a basic plan for slope surfaces are as follows.
① Banking or cutting slope surface formation conditions depending on the plan for the
main structure
② Stability review and applicability of an alternative structure, such as a tunnel
③ Effects of slope surface on hydraulics, hydrology, and ecological environment after
construction
④ Possible disaster events on the main structure
⑤ Relocation of tombs, houses, cultural properties, and other pre-existing facilities
located inside the construction project site
⑥ Possibility of air pollution, vibration, dust, and noise during construction works and
available countermeasures
⑦ Economic feasibility and time required for construction
⑧ Legal regulations, etc.
(3) The basic plan may be revised by consulting with experts of the field and collecting
opinions from the ordering body. If necessary, the opinions from the local residents
and municipal governments shall be heard at public hearings to ascertain methods for
resolving civil complaints.
(4) In the formation of a slope surface, the height and inclination of a slope surface are
determined for long-term stabilization within the boundary of the construction project
site. The economic feasibility and the duration of the construction works shall also be
reviewed in consideration of the application of reinforcement, retaining wall construction,
surface protection, and greening methods depending on the topographical features,
ground conditions, construction conditions, and obstacles in the site.
(5) In the slope surface design, in addition to the general standard specifications, cases of
applying individual construction methods shall be reviewed in pursuit of accurate
construction. A detailed construction specification shall be prepared for safe construction
of a slope surface.
4.1.1 Banking Design Standards
(1) Standard inclination and berm standards
① The inclination of banking slope surfaces shall basically be decided through

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Banking and Cutting Design Standards KDS 11 70 05 : 2019
separate analysis of slope surface stability. However, if the height is less than 10m,
the standard inclination specified in Table 4.1-1 may be applied through a decision
made by a responsible engineer in the field of ground.
Table 4.1-1 Standard inclination of banking slope surfaces.

Slope In the absence of a facility In the presence of a facility

surface anchored on the top and anchored on the top and bottom of
Banking materials
height bottom of a slope surface a slope surface
(m) (Road, etc.) (House, building, etc.)
High-quality sand, 0~5 1 : 1.5 1 : 1.5
sandy gravel, rock
5 ~ 10 1 : 1.8 1 : 1.8 ~ 1 : 2.0
blocks, and rock
muck with good
particle size Over 10 Separately reviewed Separately reviewed
distribution
Sand, clay sandy 0~5 1 : 1.8 1 : 1.8
soil, and cohesive
5 ~ 10 1 : 1.8 ~ 1 : 2.0 1 : 2.0
soil with poor
particle size
Over 10 Separately reviewed Separately reviewed
distribution
*1) The present table is applied only when the bearing capacity of the foundation ground is sufficiently high.
2) The slope surface height refers to the vertical height from the slope shoulder to the end of the slope.

② For a slope surface with a height over 5m, a berm shall basically be installed to
be used as space for inspection and maintenance works, and to install drainage
facilities. A berm with a width of 1 to 3m shall be installed at each height of 5 to
10m in the middle of the slope surface. The width of the berm may be adjusted
accordingly if a work space shall be secured for the entry of equipment.
③ For railways, the standards shown below shall be applied.
Table 4.1-2 Standard inclination of banking slope surfaces (railways).

Height to formation level (H)

Ordinary railways High-speed railways
Ordinary railways High-speed railways
H<5.0m H<3.0m 1:1.5 1:1.8
≦
5.0m H<10.0m ≦
3.0m H<9.0m 1:1.8 1:1.8
10.0m≦H<15.0m 9.0m≦H<15.0m 1:2.0 1:2.0
H≧15.0m H≧15.0m 1:2.3 1:2.3

A. The final inclination of a banking slope surface shall be determined through

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Banking and Cutting Design Standards KDS 11 70 05 : 2019
analysis of slope surface stability in consideration of the shape and strength of
the banking support ground. The design must be revised if any detail is
changed during the actual construction works.
B. Berms shall be installed at every 5m on the formation level for common
railways. For high-speed railways, berms shall be installed at the boundary
between the upper roadbed banking work and the lower roadbed banking work,
and then at every 6.0m of height. The width of the berms shall be 1.5m for
common railways and high-speed railways, and the transverse inclination shall
be 5% toward the outside. The berm to be located at a height less than 3.0m
from the banking support ground surface is omitted.
(2) Banking on soft ground
① The major issues involved in banking on soft ground include stability against failure,
settlement, and deformation. Stability and settlement of banking work shall be asses
sed by considering the effects on the surrounding environment in the design and in
construction works.
② In earth banking on soft ground, the banking rate shall be determined by
considering the thickness and characteristics of the soft ground to allow stable
construction
③ When designing banking on soft ground, the design parameters related to the given
ground conditions and drainage conditions are difficult to estimate accurately.
Therefore, measurement instruments shall be installed to verify settlement and
stability during the actual construction works, and relevant management measures s
hall be taken.
④ The current standards describe the general matters of banking on soft ground. The
banking work shall be reviewed separately if the shape or scale of the slope
surface and the soil characteristics and layer composition of the soft ground are
significantly different from the conditions specified in the current standards.
4.1.2 Cutting Design Standards
(1) Standard inclination
① The inclination of a cutting slope surface shall basically be determined by
performing separate stability analysis. However, the standard inclination provided in
Table 4.1-3 may be applied to a slope surface with a strength equal to or lower
than that of weathered rock depending on the judgment made by a responsible
engineer in the field of ground.

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Banking and Cutting Design Standards KDS 11 70 05 : 2019
Table 4.1-3 Standard inclination of cutting slope surfaces on original earthy ground.

Slope surface
Earth conditions Inclination Note
height (m)
Sand Over 1:1.5 SW, SP
Below 5 1:0.8 ∼ 1:1.0
Dense
5 ∼ 10 1:1.0 ∼ 1:1.2
1:1.0 ∼ 1:1.2
Sandy soil SM, SP
Loose with poor Below 5
particle size
distribution 5 ∼ 10 1:1.2 ∼ 1:1.5

Dense with well-gr Below 10 1:0.8 ∼ 1:1.0

Sandy earth
mixed with
aded particle size
distribution 10 ∼ 15 1:1.0 ∼ 1:1.2

1:1.0 ∼ 1:1.2
SM, SC
gravel or Loose or with poor Below 10

∼ 15 1:1.2 ∼ 1:1.5
rock mass particle size
distribution 10

Cohesive soil 0 ∼ 10 1:0.8 ∼ 1:1.2 ML, MH, CL, CH

Cohesive soil mixed with rock Below 5 1:1.0 ∼ 1:1.2

mass or boulders 5 ∼ 10 1:1.2 ∼ 1:1.5
GM, GC

1:1.0 ∼ 1:1.2
Rock not allowing
Weathered rock -
preparation of specimens
Note 1) Silt is considered as a cohesive soil. Other standards are applied to the earth types that are not specified in
the table.
2) The inclination specified in the table is that of a single slope surface without a berm.

② The inclination of a rocky slope surface consisting of rocks harder than soft rocks s
hall be determined by performing stereographic projection analysis using the
inclinations and directions of the faults and the key discontinuous surfaces
developed in the rock bed as well as stability analysis with respect to the possible
types of failure. However, if the characteristics of the rock bed, including the
discontinuous surfaces in the section, are not accurately known, the inclination of
the rocky slope surface may be determined by considering the characteristics of the
rock bed investigated by way of boring survey (TCR, RQD, etc.). Nevertheless, the
stability shall be verified via survey during the construction works as well as
stability analysis reflecting the survey results.
(2) Berms
For slope surfaces with a cutting slope surface height over 10m, a berm shall basically
be installed to be used as space for inspection, slope surface maintenance works, and
installation of drainage facilities. A berm with a width of 1 to 3m shall be installed at
each height of 5 to 20m in the middle of the slope surface. The width of the berm

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Banking and Cutting Design Standards KDS 11 70 05 : 2019
may be adjusted accordingly if a work space shall be secured for the entry of
equipment.
4.2 Banking Materials and Compaction
(1) Subjects of banking works shall be classified with reference to the characteristics, and
banking materials satisfying the standards for each subject of banking works shall be
used.
(2) Subjects of banking works shall satisfy the individual compaction standards.
(3) A banking slope surface as well as the main body of the banking work shall be
uniformly compacted by using a large compacting machine.
4.3 Stability Analysis
4.3.1 Banking Design Standards
(1) Conditions of stability analysis
① Stability analysis must be performed if a banking slope surface meets the following
conditions:
A. If the height of the slope surface is over 10 m
B. If the banking material has high water content and low shear strength
C. If a collapse renders a long time for recovery or may cause severe damage to
human life and property at nearby facilities
D. If the groundwater continuously flows into the banking soil mass due to the
topographical features (inclined ground or banking work on a valley)
E. If a flood causes flooding of the slope surface or the slope toes
F. If the conditions of the original ground of the banking slope surface are not pref
erred (soft ground, etc.)
G. If seismic stability analysis is required
H. If conditions are required by the designer in addition to the conditions listed
above
② Stability analysis of a banking slope surface shall sufficiently consider the
characteristics of the banking materials and the groundwater conditions. In cases
where the original ground of a banking slope surface is unstable, even failure of
the original ground shall be taken into consideration.
③ The results obtained from the stability analysis of a virtual failure surface with the
minimum safety factors shall be equal to or higher than the reference safety
factors.
(2) Factor of safety references

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Banking and Cutting Design Standards KDS 11 70 05 : 2019
① Factor of safety values are calculated as: the ratio of shear strength on a virtual or
actual failure surface inside a slope surface to the shear stress, the ratio of the
resistance to the acting load, or the ratio of resisting moment to the acting
moment.
② The reference factor of safety values are classified as the values for general
banking slope surfaces and soft ground banking surfaces. The values are
established to secure economic feasibility and induce conservative design in
consideration of the stability analysis method and the inherent uncertainty of the
input variables. Tables 4.3-1 and 4.3-2 show the reference safety factors applied to
the analyses for ensuring the stability of slope surfaces.
Table 4.3-1 Reference safety factors applied to stability analysis of general banking slope surfaces.

Reference f
Item actor of Note
safety
Dry
FS > 1.5
∙The analysis is performed by assuming that there is no groundwater
season inside the banking work.
∙The analysis is performed by assuming the most disadvantageous
groundwater conditions to stability by comprehensively considering the
ground survey results, topographical conditions, and drainage conditions.
Rainy
∙ For one-side banking or one-side cutting slope surfaces, the analysis is
Lon FS > 1.3 performed by using the groundwater level estimated under the conditions
season
g-ter described above or those obtained by performing infiltration analysis.
m ∙ In the case of rainwater infiltration to a banking slope surface, the
analysis is performed by considering the rainwater infiltration in terms
of rainfall intensity, rainfall duration, etc.
∙Seismic momentum force is applied horizontally to the center of the
Earthqua failure soil mass.
ke
FS > 1.1
∙The actually measured groundwater level or the normal groundwater
level is applied.
∙Short-term slope surface stability for less than one year (including the
time during construction works)
Short-term FS > 1.1
∙The actually measured groundwater level or the normal groundwater
level is applied.
* In the presence of the foundation of a Type 1 or Type 2 facility within the failure range of the top of the slope
surface, the safety factors are reviewed differently.

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Banking and Cutting Design Standards KDS 11 70 05 : 2019
Table 4.3-2 Reference safety factors applied to stability analysis of banking slope surfaces on soft ground.

Reference fa
Item ctor of Note
safety
Dry
FS > 1.3
∙The analysis is performed by assuming that there is no groundwater
season inside the banking work.
∙The analysis is performed by assuming the most disadvantageous
groundwater conditions to stability by comprehensively considering the
ground survey results, topographical conditions, and drainage conditions.
Lon Rainy
∙ For one-side banking or one-side cutting slope surfaces, the analysis is
g-ter FS > 1.2 performed by using the groundwater level estimated under the
season
m conditions described above or those obtained by performing infiltration
analysis.
∙ In the case of rainwater infiltration to a banking slope surface, the
analysis is performed by considering the rainwater infiltration
Earthqua
∙ Seismic momentum force is applied horizontally to the center of the
FS > 1.1 failure soil mass.
ke
∙ The groundwater level for the rainy season is applied.
∙ Short-term slope surface stability for less than one year (including the
time during construction works)
Short-term FS > 1.1
∙ The actually measured groundwater level or the normal groundwater
level is applied.

4.3.2 Cutting Design Standards

(1) General matters
① The design shall be performed by comprehensively considering not only the survey
results but also the topographical and hydraulic conditions and the facilities near to
the slope surface, and the slope surface construction work cases at nearby
grounds with similar conditions.
② Precise analysis of the stability of a cutting slope surface is limited in the design
stage. Therefore, the specification shall specify details on the implementation of
additional survey of the conditions of the rock and discontinuous surfaces in the
construction stage after the cutting works have been carried out to a certain
degree in order to supplement the design.
③ The results obtained from the stability analysis of a virtual failure surface with the
minimum safety factors shall be equal to or higher than the reference factor of
safety values.
(2) Considerations of stability analysis
① The groundwater level for the stability analysis shall be determined by
comprehensively considering the ground survey results and the topographical
conditions.
② In cases where rainwater infiltration is taken into account in the analysis, stability

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Banking and Cutting Design Standards KDS 11 70 05 : 2019
analysis shall be performed by considering the on-site ground survey results,
topographical conditions, drainage conditions as well as the rainfall intensity and
rainfall duration in the area.
③ The stability analysis of an earth slope surface shall be performed via an effective
stress analysis or a total stress analysis in consideration of the long-term and
short-term drainage conditions depending on the groundwater level and the
construction speed in the slope surface.
④ In the cases of a rocky slope surface where failure due to a discontinuous surface
is anticipated, stability analysis shall be performed using the shear strength of the
discontinuous surface.
(3) Factor of safety references
① Factor of safety valuess are calculated as: the ratio of shear strength on a virtual
or actual failure surface inside a slope surface to the shear stress, the ratio of the
resistance to the acting load or the resisting moment to the acting moment.
② The reference factor of safety valuess are classified as the values for general
banking slope surfaces and soft ground banking surfaces. The values are
established to secure economic feasibility and induce conservative design in
consideration of the stability analysis method and the inherent uncertainty of the
input variables. Table 4.3-3 shows the reference safety factors applied to the
analyses for ensuring long-term stability of slope surfaces.

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Banking and Cutting Design Standards KDS 11 70 05 : 2019
Table 4.3-3 Reference safety factors applied to stability analysis of cutting slope surfaces.

Reference fa
Item ctor of Note
safety
Dry
FS>1.5
∙The analysis is performed by assuming that there is no groundwater inside
season the banking work.
∙For a rocky slope surface consisting of soft rock or hard rock, the
analysis is performed by locating the groundwater level to the saturated
groundwater height in the tension crack or 1/2 of the saturated
groundwater height along the failure surface. In this case, FS=1.2.
∙ The stability analysis of a slope surface consisting an earth layer and
weathered rocks may be performed by determining the groundwater level
or by considering the infiltration of rainwater.
FS>1.2
∙ If the groundwater level is determined for the analysis, it shall be
Lo Rainy determined by comprehensively considering the on-site ground survey
or
ng- season results, topographical conditions, and drainage conditions for the stability
FS>1.3
ter analysis. The basis of the determination of the groundwater level shall be
m clearly described (FS=1.2).
∙ If the infiltration of rainwater is considered for the analysis, the stability
analysis shall be performed by considering the on-site ground survey
results, topographical conditions, and drainage conditions as well as the
rainfall intensity and rainfall duration in the area. The design parameters
and the analytical methods applied shall be clearly described (FS=1.3).

∙Seismic momentum force is applied horizontally to the center of the

Earthq failure soil mass.
uake
FS>1.1
∙The actually measured groundwater level or the normal groundwater level
is applied.
∙Short-term slope surface stability for less than one year (including the
time during construction works)
Short-term FS>1.1
∙The actually measured groundwater level or the normal groundwater level
is applied.
* In the presence of the foundation of a Type 1 or Type 2 facility within the failure range of the top of the slope
surface, the safety factors are reviewed differently.

4.4 Analytical Methods

4.4.1 Banking Design Standards
(1) The following methods may be used for the analysis of slope surface stability:
① Limit Equilibrium Analysis Method (LEM);
② Finite Element Analysis Method (FEM); and
③ Finite Difference Analysis Method (FDM)
(2) Continuum analysis shall be performed if the displacement occurring on the slope
surface, or the plastification section or the stress conditions in the ground shall be

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Banking and Cutting Design Standards KDS 11 70 05 : 2019
precisely verified.
4.4.2 Cutting Design Standards
(1) A cutting slope surface is divided into the earth part and the rock part. An analysis
method allowing appropriate simulation of the failure type, ground conditions, and
groundwater conditions shall be applied. The analysis method shall be selected
according to the importance of the slope surface and the required results.
(2) The following stability analysis methods may be used for a cutting slope surface:
① Earth slope surface: LEM, continuum body analysis (FDM, FEM, etc.); and
② Rock slope surface: SMR, stereographic projection analysis, LEM, continuum body
analysis, discontinuum body analysis (discrete element method, etc.)
(3) Continuum body analysis shall be performed if the displacement occurring on the slope
surface, or the plastification section or the stress conditions in the ground shall be
precisely verified. The distinct element method is applicable to a rock slope surface
with a distinctive discontinuous structure.
4.5 Stability Analysis Standards
4.5.1 Banking Design Standards
(1) Stability analysis of a banking slope surface shall be performed by selecting an
analytical method and ground parameters appropriate for the possible failure type and
mechanism on an earth slope surface.
(2) Stability analysis shall be performed separately for the construction period and after
construction. Analysis for the period after construction shall consider public operation
conditions such as overburden load including the traffic loads.
(3) Total stress analysis shall be performed for the construction period, while the effective
stress analysis shall be performed for the after construction period of public operation.
Total stress analysis may be performed even for the period of public operation with
regard to soil with poor drainage.
(4) Stability analysis may be appropriately performed by distinguishing the settlement of the
original ground and that of the banking material.
4.5.2 Cutting Design Standards
(1) Stability analysis of a cutting slope surface shall be performed by selecting an
analytical method and ground parameters appropriate for the possible failure type and
mechanism on a cutting slope surface.
(2) The basic purpose of stability analysis of an earth slope surface is to determine the

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Banking and Cutting Design Standards KDS 11 70 05 : 2019
stability with reference to the factor of safety based on LEM. Such analytical methods
as FEM and FDM are applied to the stability analysis of a slope surface with high
importance.
(3) In the stability analysis of a rock slope surface, stereographic projection analysis is
performed on the inclination, direction, and characteristics of discontinuous surfaces to
determine the possibility and type of failure. Based on the results, LEM is performed
as a method of stability analysis of the slope surfaces where failure may occur,
considering the characteristics of discontinuous surfaces and the groundwater
conditions. A preliminary review of the stability may be performed by applying the SMR
classification considering the overall rock type and the direction of the discontinuous
surfaces. A distinct element method may be employed in order to verify the detailed
behavior of the rock slope surface, including the deformation of the slop surface
divided by discontinuous surfaces.
4.6 Drainage Facility
4.6.1 Banking Design Standards
(1) Failure and collapse of banking soil mass often occur due to water infiltration from
rainfall, spring water on the slope surface, and water leakage due to the poor
operation of surface water drainage facilities. In pursuit of long-term stability of a
banking slope surface, a groundwater drainage facility and a surface water drainage
facility shall be installed at the bottom, on the inside, and on the surface of the
banking soil mass to appropriately drain the infiltration water and spring water.
(2) The drainage facility design pattern and specific considerations on a banking slope
surface are provided in KDS 11 70 25.
(3) In the cases of high banking work on original ground with a soil type that permeable
or weakened by rainwater or with a high water content, a drainage layer shall be
installed in the banking slope surface to increase the stability of the slope surface. The
drainage layer shall be formed by using highly permeable sand or gravels.
(4) Underground drains of earth banking parts shall be designed considering the
stabilization of the earth banking work and slope surface as well as the consolidation
settlement of the banking work.
(5) In cases where banking is performed to reclaim a marsh or a swamp on a road in a
mountainous area, a facility to exclude the groundwater, such as a mole drainage, shal
l be installed even in a small size.
4.6.2 Cutting Design Standards

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Banking and Cutting Design Standards KDS 11 70 05 : 2019
(1) Drainage facilities for cutting slope surfaces play a critical role in the stabilization of
slope surfaces. Therefore, a drainage facility for appropriate treatment of surface water
and spring water shall be designed as a facility for reducing the surface water flowing
into the cutting slope surface and rapidly draining the surface water and groundwater.
(2) Specific considerations of the design of a drainage facility for a cutting slope surface
are provided in KDS 11 70 25.

4.7 Blasting Design

4.7.1 Banking Design Standards
Not applicable.
4.7.2 Cutting Design Standards
(1) Rock blasting standards
① As blasting work for rock excavation accompanies environmental conflicts and civil
complaints due to the occurrence of vibration, explosion sounds, and scattering, an
appropriate blasting method shall be applied to decrease the environmental damage
and secure economic feasibility and constructability.
② An appropriate rock blasting method shall be selected considering the distance,
allowable vibration, and noise limits of adjacent safety facilities (houses, shops, lives
tock farms, apartments, etc.).
③ Open-air blasting work shall be designed by considering the allowable blasting
vibration and sound limits to adjacent safety facilities as specified by the Ministry of
Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs and the Ministry of Environment. Different
standards may be provided with respect to special facilities and special
environmental conditions by analyzing the range affected by the blasting.
④ The equation for estimating blasting vibration shall be determined by performing
on-site test blasting, which is difficult in the design stage. Therefore, the vibration
estimation equation provided by the Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs
may be employed to predict the effects of the blasting and to select the blasting
method.
(2) Rock blasting design
① The affected range by the blasting shall be analyzed with respect of the safety
facilities within the design area based on the on-site survey. The noise and
vibration resulting from rock blasting shall be monitored and mitigated with an appro
priate countermeasure.

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Banking and Cutting Design Standards KDS 11 70 05 : 2019
② If the on-site survey shows the presence of a safety facility, the economic
feasibility of blasting shouldshall be assessed considering cases of facility retention,
expropriation, and compensation.
③ A standard blasting method shall be selected with reference to the charge per
delay estimated for each separation distance depending on the allowable vibration
and noise limits applied to individual safety facilities.
④ The selected blasting methods shall be provided in floor plans and in
cross-sectional views. A standard blasting pattern design drawing for each blasting
method shall be included in the design drawings.
⑤ A rock-crushing excavation method shall be determined by considering the rock
strength and characteristics obtained via ground survey, the constructability and
economic feasibility, and design cases for nearby areas.
4.8 Measurement of Slope Surfaces
4.8.1 Banking Design Standards
(1) Establishment of measurement plan
① Measurement of banking slope surfaces is performed for the specific design, revisio
n of an existing design, and future maintenance works by measuring the movement
of the slope surface and layers and the variation of the meteorological conditions
and groundwater level and verifying the appropriateness of the behavior predicted in
the design stage.
② A specific plan shall be established in advance with respect to the measurement
items, measurement positions, measurement numbers, and measurement frequency
in order to verify the expected slope surface behavior. In cases where unexpected
behavior is observed during measurement, the scope, range, and frequency of the
measurement shall be adjusted.
③ The measurement plan shall be established in consultation with the designer and
an expert with knowledge on the working principles and applicability of the
measurement instruments.
④ In the construction work stage, a measurement plan shall be prepared considering
the selection of the measurement instruments suitable for the measurement
purposes to predict slope surface deformation and collapse type of the slope
surface in advance as well as the instrument arrangement, measurement methods,
and the setting of the management reference values.
(2) Measurement standards
① On-site measurement may be performed to secure safety during the construction of

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Banking and Cutting Design Standards KDS 11 70 05 : 2019
a slope surface and to verify the construction quality. Various conditions shall be
sufficiently reviewed to well understand the slope surface behavior, including the
ground conditions, surrounding environment, and measurement instrument positions.
② The measurement items shall be those that are necessary to calculate the direct
and indirect factors to analyze the slope surface behavior. The measurement items
that are most useful to understand the slope surface behaviors, such as the
settlement behavior characteristics and the shape and size of the failure surface, sh
all be firstly considered as the measurement items. The measurement items shall
be determined by comprehensively considering the durability and arrangement of the
measurement instruments as well as the frequency of measurement.
③ The measurement instruments shall be arranged by considering the collapse and
sliding characteristics of the slope surface, topographical positions, convenience of
instrument installation, and convenience and expense of instrument management.
The instruments shall be arranged in a way that allows for effective investigation of
the variation of the slope surface with a minimum number of instruments.
④ The period and frequency of measurement are related with the degree of variation
and the duration of the variation of the measurement values to be measured. If the
slope surface failure speed is high or varies, the measurement frequency shall be
accordingly high. If the change continues for a long time, the period of
measurement shall be increased accordingly.
⑤ The positions where the measurement instruments are buried on the earth banking
slope surface shall be determined by sufficiently considering the behavior of the
slope surface, the original ground, and the nearby structures and by referring to the
measurement examples carried out under similar conditions.
⑥ The measurement management in a soft ground slope surface shall be divided in
the design into the intensified management areas, including the representative areas
and other routine management areas.
4.8.2 Cutting Design Standards
(1) Establishment of measurement plan
① Measurement of cutting slope surfaces shall be planned referring to a detail design
which considers the movement of the slope surface and layers and the variation of
the meteorological conditions and groundwater level, or revising an existing design,
or considering future maintenance practices.
② A specific plan shall be established in advance with respect to the measurement
items, measurement positions, measurement numbers, and measurement frequency
in order to verify the expected slope surface behavior. In cases where unexpected

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Banking and Cutting Design Standards KDS 11 70 05 : 2019
behavior is observed during measurement, the scope, range, and frequency of the
measurement shall be adjusted.
③ A measurement plan shall be established in consultation with the designer and an
expert with knowledge on the working principles and applicability of the
measurement instruments.
④ In the construction work stage, a measurement plan shall be prepared considering
the selection of the measurement instruments suitable for the measurement
purposes to predict the slope surface deformation and collapse type of the slope
surface in advance as well as the instrument arrangement, measurement methods,
and the setting of the management reference values.
(2) Measurement standards
① On-site measurement may be performed to ensure safety during the construction of
a slope surface and to verify the construction quality. Various conditions shall be as
sessed to sufficiently understand the slope surface behavior, including the ground
conditions, surrounding environment, and measurement instrument positions.
② The measurement items shall be those that are necessary to calculate the direct
and indirect factors to analyze the slope surface behavior. The measurement items
that are most useful to understand the slope surface behaviors, such as the shape
and size of the failure surface, shall be firstly considered as the measurement
items. The measurement items shall be determined by comprehensively considering
the durability and arrangement of the measurement instruments as well as the
frequency of measurement.
③ The measurement instruments shall be arranged by considering the collapse and
sliding characteristics of the slope surface, topographical positions, convenience of
instrument installation, and convenience and expense of instrument management.
The instruments shall be arranged in a way that allows for effective investigation of
the variation of the slope surface with a minimum number of instruments.
④ The period and frequency of measurement are related with the degree of variation
and the duration of the variation of the measurement values to be measured. If the
slope surface failure speed is high or varies, the measurement frequency shall be
accordingly high. If the change proceeds slowly for a long time, the period of
measurement shall be increased accordingly.
⑤ The positions where the measurement instruments are installed on the banking
slope surface shall be determined by sufficiently considering the behavior of the
slope surface and the rock bed relaxed by a discontinuous surface and by referring
to the measurement examples carried out under similar conditions.

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