설계기준 Korea Design Standard KDS 41 10 05 : 2016

Korean Design Standard

KDS 11 70 25

Slope Surface
KDS 11 70 25 : 2019
Slope Surface Drainage Facility Design Standards

건축구조기준 총칙
Drainage Facility
Design Standards 2016년 6월 30일 제정
http://www.kcsc.re.kr
December 06, 2019
http://www.kcsc.re.krr
 Foreword
∙ To address needs that were caused by changes in the construction standard code
system, the overlaps and conflicts between existing construction standards (design
standards, standard specification) were compared and reviewed and then integrated into
a new document that can be maintained as a standard code.
∙ These standards were revised and enacted as standards by integrating the Construction
Work Slope Surface Design Standards. Major matters related to the enactment and
revision of these standards are as follows
Enactment ·
Construction Standard Major Contents Revision
(Month, Year)
Construction Work Slope ∙ Construction Work Slope Surface Design Standards Enactment
Design Standards enacted. (May 2006)
Construction Work Slope ∙ Construction Work Slope Surface Design Standards Revision
Design Standards revised. (Dec 2009)
Construction Work Slope ∙ Construction Work Slope Surface Design Standards Revision
Design Standards revised. (Dec 2011)
∙ Integrated and maintained as a code according to Enactment
KDS 11 70 25 : 2016
changes in the construction standard code system. (June 2016)
∙ Revised to harmonize Korean Standards with Revision
KDS 11 70 25 : 2016
Construction Standards. (July 2018)
 Table of Contents

1. General Matters ·····························································································································1

1.1 Purpose ····································································································································1
1.1.1 Surface Water Drainage Facilities ············································································1
1.1.2 Groundwater Drainage Facilities ················································································1
1.2 Scope of Application ·············································································································1
1.2.1 Surface Water Drainage Facilities ············································································1
1.2.2 Groundwater Drainage Facilities ················································································2
1.3 Definitions ································································································································2
1.4 Composition of Facilities ·······································································································3
1.5 Symbols ···································································································································3
1.6 Reference Standards ·············································································································3
1.7 Analysis and Design Principles ···························································································3
1.8 Design Considerations ···········································································································3
1.8.1 Surface Water Drainage Facilities ············································································3
1.8.2 Groundwater Drainage Facilities ················································································3
2. Survey and Planning ····················································································································4
2.1 Survey ······································································································································4
2.1.1 Surface Water Drainage Facilities ············································································4
2.1.2 Groundwater Drainage Facilities ················································································4
2.2 Planning ···································································································································5
2.2.1 Surface Water Drainage Facilities ············································································5
2.2.2 Groundwater Drainage Facilities ················································································5
3. Materials ··········································································································································5
4. Design ··············································································································································5
4.1 Surface Water Drainage Facilities ······················································································5
4.1.1 Ridge Drain and Slope shoulder Drain ···································································5
 4.1.2 V-Shaped Gutter ·········································································································6
4.1.3 Ridge Gutter ·················································································································7
4.1.4 Longitudinal Drain ········································································································7
4.1.5 Banquette Drain ···········································································································7
4.1.6 Slope-End Drain ··········································································································8
4.1.7 Collector Well for Banking Work ··············································································8
4.2 Groundwater Drainage Facilities ··························································································8
4.2.1 Applied Standards ········································································································9
4.2.2 Types of Groundwater Drainage Facilities ······························································9
4.2.3 Underground Drain (Culvert) ······················································································9
4.2.4 Horizontal Drainage Layer ························································································10
4.2.5 Gabion Weep Hole ····································································································10
4.2.6 Horizontal Weep Hole ·······························································································10
4.2.7 Vertical Drainage Hole (Collector Well) ·································································10
Slope Surface Drainage Facility Design Standards KDS 11 70 25 : 2019
1. General Matters
1.1 Purpose
1.1.1 Surface Water Drainage Facilities
(1) Surface water drainage facilities are designed to rapidly drain the surface water from a
slope surface or a valley including a slope surface during rainfalls.
(2) Surface water drainage facilities shall be used to prevent scouring and erosion of the
slope surface.
1.1.2 Groundwater Drainage Facilities
(1) The purpose of groundwater drainage facilities is to increase the stability of a slope
surface by lowering the groundwater level through rapid drainage of the groundwater
inside the slope.
(2) Groundwater drainage facilities are designed by determining the position, number, and
specification of the drainage facilities for stable drainage of groundwater in
consideration of the ground conditions, groundwater level, and permeability of the groun
d.
(3) Groundwater drainage facilities shall be used to prevent scouring and erosion of the
slope surface.
1.2 Scope of Application
1.2.1 Surface Water Drainage Facilities
(1) Surface water drainage facilities are installed by combining surface water drainage
facilities in consideration of the topographic conditions of the slope, ground conditions,
groundwater conditions, and valley conditions.
(2) A banquette drain shall basically be installed at every 10 m of height in a large
banking slope surface and at every 20 m of height in a large cutting slope surface.
Additional banquette drains shall be installed by considering the ground conditions in
the slope, the ground conditions, and the discharge distance of the water.
(3) If a banquette drain is longer than 100 m, a longitudinal drain shall be installed to
rapidly drain the water through the banquette drain. The installation gap shall be
adjusted as needed.
(4) In cases where a flow rate of surface water is expected to flow into a slope surface
from the top of a banking slope, a slope shouler drain shall be installed.
(5) In cases where a flow rate of surface water is expected to flow into a cutting slope

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Slope Surface Drainage Facility Design Standards KDS 11 70 25 : 2019
surface from the top of a natural slope, a ridge drain shall be installed.
(6) In areas where the top of a cutting slope surface forms a valley and thus the inflow of
debris or leaves is expected, a shielding facility to prevent the inflow shall be planned
near the drain.
(7) In cases where the construction site transverses a valley, a drain shall be installed
inside the banking soil to drain the water through the valley. If the valley is in the
middle of a banking slope, a longitudinal drain with the appropriate specifications for
the flow rate in the valley shall be installed.
(8) The cross-section of a drainage facility shall be designed to have a structure that
allows for easy long-term maintenance and avoidance of any harm to the ground near
the drain within a range that satisfies the required drainage capacity. The basic
conditions are shown below.
① The minimum inclination of the drain installed on the slope shall be 0.3%.
② The basic width of a banquette drain shall be 1 to 3 m.
③ A cap shall be installed at the locations where the inclination of a longitudinal drain
for a torrent is changed.
④ The joints of a drain shall be designed to have a structure allowing for smooth
drainage without mutual interference between water flows.
1.2.2 Groundwater Drainage Facilities
(1) These standards are applied to groundwater drainage facilities that are installed to
rapidly drain groundwater that may cause the collapse of a slope to the outside of the
slope.
(2) Drainage facilities described in these standards shall be applied to both banking slope
and cutting slope.
(3) A groundwater drain is used to collect groundwater and discharge it to the outside. A
longitudinal or transverse drainage facility is an underground drainage facility that has
the functions of collecting and draining the water in the plane drainage layer and in
the drain layer.
(4) An underground drainage facility is installed to prevent the weakening of the bearing
capacity and damage to the pavement due to infiltrating water caused by an increased
groundwater level. Underground drainage facilities include mole drainage, perforated
drainpipes, pipes, plane drainage layer, and protective filter layer.
1.3 Definitions
Not applicable.

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Slope Surface Drainage Facility Design Standards KDS 11 70 25 : 2019
1.4 Composition of Facilities
Not applicable.
1.5 Symbols
Not applicable.
1.6 Reference Standards
Not applicable.
1.7 Analysis and Design Principles
Not applicable.
1.8 Design Considerations
1.8.1 Surface Water Drainage Facilities
(1) Drainage plan
① A drainage plan of the slope shall be established with respect to the locations,
cross-sectional area, drainage direction, and inclination of the drainage facility by
calculating the basin area and the surface flow rate in consideration of the
topographical features around the slope.
② The specifications and installation intervals shall be determined by setting the basic
design planning frequency at 10 years for a plane region and 20 years for a
mountainous region. However, the design planning frequency shall be determined
differently for slope surfaces formed in mountainous regions, urban areas, and
urban planning areas in consideration of the regions, topographical features,
geological features, landslides, debris flows, transported materials, and incidence
rate of local torrential rainfall. In addition, the design shall be mutually associated
with the design rainfall frequency considered in the analysis of the rainfall infiltration.
1.8.2 Groundwater Drainage Facilities
(1) Considerations regarding installation
① Plan for natural drainage considering topographical conditions
② Locations and depths of longitudinal and transverse water collection
③ Size and inclination of perforated drainpipes
④ Prevention filter for soil discharge
⑤ Specifications and materials of drains, etc.
(2) Underground drainage facilities
① An underground drainage facility is installed to secure the bearing capacity of the

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Slope Surface Drainage Facility Design Standards KDS 11 70 25 : 2019
pavement and to prevent damage to the slope and retaining walls near to roads by
lowering the groundwater level of the surface water on the road.
② The functions of an underground drainage facility include blockage of infiltrating
water from the top of an impermeable layer, suppression of the increase of the
groundwater level, and collection of flowing water from another drainage facility.
These functions work when the installed drainage facilities perform their roles
comprehensively.
③ An underground drainage facility installed on the roads in mountainous regions is a
facility that may minimize the collapse of the ground of the banking and cutting
parts of the roads by blocking the inflow of the groundwater and infiltrating water.
The capacity of the underground drainage facility installed on the roads in
mountainous regions shall be greater than that of common roads.
④ Horizontal weep hole is installed at the boundary of layers, which have different
values of water permeability, and at the locations of spring water in consideration of
the site conditions.
2. Survey and Planning
2.1 Survey
2.1.1 Surface Water Drainage Facilities
(1) The survey for the planning and design of a drainage facility in the slope is carried out
to install a facility for the drainage of surface water and groundwater, which may damage
the stability of a slope surface, in a reasonable, functional, and economical manner and to
obtain the information necessary for construction and maintenance works.
(2) The items investigated for the design of a drainage facility in the slope are shown
below.
A. Survey of meteorological conditions
B. Survey of surrounding topographical features
C. Survey of earth type and groundwater of slope surface
D. Survey of existing drainage conditions and systems
2.1.2 Groundwater Drainage Facilities
(1) The planning and design of a groundwater drainage facility requires the survey of the
meteorological conditions, surrounding topographical features, earth type and
groundwater of a slope surface, and existing drainage conditions and systems.
(2) For an important slope surface of which collapse may have direct effects on the

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Slope Surface Drainage Facility Design Standards KDS 11 70 25 : 2019
structural stability of the main structure, a tubular well shall be installed and a
permeability test shall be performed to measure the groundwater level, and the data
obtained shall be used for the design of an underground drainage facility.
2.2 Planning
2.2.1 Surface Water Drainage Facilities
Not applicable.
2.2.2 Groundwater Drainage Facilities
(1) A groundwater drainage facility shall be planned by calculating the drainage flow rate
considering the groundwater level and spring water quantity to determine the locations
and the installation range as well as the method for connecting the facility with a
surface water drainage facility.
(2) In the design of a groundwater drainage facility, the drainage capacity shall be
calculated and the appropriate drainage methods and specifications shall be determined
by performing analysis considering groundwater distribution in the ground and the
permeability of each layer.
(3) Since hardly any accurate information on spring water and water leakage on a slope
surface is obtained in the design stage, the drainage type, locations, and quantity shall
be determined approximately. The final decisions shall be made during the construction
works by considering the presence of spring water as well as the topographical
conditions and ground conditions.
3. Materials
Not applicable.
4. Design
4.1 Surface Water Drainage Facilities
4.1.1 Ridge Drain and Slope Shoulder Drain
(1) A ridge drain and a slope shoulder drain are facilities for preventing the inflow of
rainwater and spring water to the slope.
(2) The ridge drain and the slope shoulder drain shall be designed to have a structure
that shall be easily maintained. The end parts of a drain shall be planned for inflow of

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Slope Surface Drainage Facility Design Standards KDS 11 70 25 : 2019
water easily in consideration of the topographical features.
(3) The ridge drain shall be installed by using a cast-in-place concrete drain, a general
trenching drain and a concrete drainpipe (L, U, or V type) to allow inflow of surface
water from a natural slope.
(4) The slope shoulder drain on a banking slope is installed using a concrete drainpipe (L,
U, or V type) to allow inflow of surface water easily.
(5) The ridge drain and the slope shoulder drain shall be designed to be tightly attached
to the ground.
(6) If the inclination of the gutter to be installed is steep or if it is highly probable that the
gutter wil be scoured, a V-type gutter shall be used as appropriate.
(7) Determination of specifications
① Design frequency: 10 years (20 years for a mountainous region)
② Run-off volume
Q = 
 
C·I·A (4.1-1)
where, C: run-off coefficient
I： rainfall intensity (㎜/h)
A： basin area (㎢)
③ Water discharge
Q =A×V (4.1-2)
where, Q： water discharge (㎥/sec)
A： cross-section area for allowable water discharge of channel (㎡)
     (m/sec)
 
 
 



n： Manning roughness coefficient R AP ： hydraulic radius (m)

S： channel inclination (m/m) P： wetted perimeter (m)
④ The specifications for the soil gutter are adjusted in accordance with the water
discharge (design flood discharge) and the direction of the vertical grade.
4.1.2 V-Shaped Gutter
(1) Overview
① A V-shaped gutter is installed at the end of a banking slope to make the surface
water in the road flow through a connected natural channel.
② The V-shaped gutter is installed at the joint between an L-type gutter and a soil
gutter.
③ The V-shaped gutter installed at the locations where scouring may not be

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Slope Surface Drainage Facility Design Standards KDS 11 70 25 : 2019
prevented by an earth gutter alone due to the large step at the end of a banking
slope or due to the steep inclination of the gutter to be installed or where the
installation is required due to the site conditions.
(2) Determination of specifications
① Design frequency: 10 years (20 years for a mountainous region)
② Run-off volume
Q = 

C・I・A (4.1-3)
(3) Water discharge
Q =A×V (4.1-4)
4.1.3 Ridge Gutter
(1) Overview
① A ridge gutter is installed at the locations that are separated by 2.0 m from the
upper end of a cutting slope only when required by the topographical features.
② The ridge gutter shall basically be cast-in-place concrete work. However, another
type of work shall be used where necessary by considering the site conditions.
(2) Determination of specifications
① Design frequency: 10 years (20 years for a mountainous region)
② Run-off volume
Q =

C・I・A (4.1-5)
③ Water discharge
Q =A×V (4.1-6)
4.1.4 Longitudinal Drain
(1) A longitudinal drain is a drainage facility installed along the slope surface to drain the
surface water from a slope shoulder drain of a banking slope or from a ridge drain
and a banquette drain of a cutting slope to a drainage facility under the slope surface.
(2) The longitudinal drain is installed by using cast-in-place concrete work, a steel
reinforced concrete pipe, or masonry work.
(3) A cap shall be installed at the locations where the inclination of a longitudinal drain
changes.
4.1.5 Banquette Drain
(1) A banquette drain is installed to prevent the erosion of a slope surface due to

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Slope Surface Drainage Facility Design Standards KDS 11 70 25 : 2019
rainwater or spring water flowing on the slope surface. The banquette drain is installed
on a wide berm with a width of over 3 m. However, the banquette drain shall not be
installed if the slope surface is small and thus the risk of surface erosion is considered
to be low.
(2) The banquette drain shall be designed to maintain an inclination for easy draining of
water to one side and to prevent overflow to the slope surface.
(3) Installation method
① A banquette drain is installed at a location 3 m from the berm of a cutting slope
surface longer than 20 m in order to prevent the erosion or sliding of the slope du
e to rainwater and others.
② Drainage work is performed along the longitudinal inclination. Loss of the slope
surface is prevented by connecting it with a ridge gutter or installing an additional
cutting waterway at the end of a cutting area over 20 m.
4.1.6 Slope-End Drain
(1) A slope-end drain is installed on a banking slope to prevent water flowing out of the
slope surface from flowing into nearby areas. Installation of the slope-end drain shall
be omitted if natural drainage occurs.
(2) A separate slope-end drain is not installed on a cutting slope. However, the installation
of the slope-end drain shall be considered for locations with much water discharge
from a slope surface, special slope surfaces on which concrete spraying has been
performed, or large-scale slope surfaces without a banquette drainage facility.
(3) A water collection facility shall be installed at the locations where the slope-end drain
meets with a longitudinal drain.
4.1.7 Collector Well for Banking Work
(1) In areas where the land is difficult to secure or where the land is excessively occupied
by the installation of culverts and a wing wall of transverse drainpipe, transverse
drainage is performed by connecting the end of the banking slope to a soil gutter, a
V-type gutter, or a natural waterway.
(2) A collector well for banking work shall be installed after reviewing the water discharge
of the collector well as the collection capacity of the wall shall be dependent on the
water discharge (design flood discharge), the diameter of the culvert and transverse
drainpipe, and the longitudinal inclination.
4.2 Groundwater Drainage Facilities

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Slope Surface Drainage Facility Design Standards KDS 11 70 25 : 2019
4.2.1 Applied Standards
(1) A groundwater drainage facility in the slope surface shall be installed by selecting an
economical construction method in consideration of the groundwater level and the
expected spring water on the slope and the possibility of damage to stability.
(2) In cases where the banking soil may be flooded, a horizontal drainage layer shall be
installed inside or under the banking soil, and a gabion drainage shall be installed at
the end of the slope to prevent erosion.
(3) A groundwater drainage facility shall be installed at the boundary of cutting work and
banking work to drain the groundwater flowing in from the cutting surface.
(4) If groundwater becomes stagnated inside a banking soil in one-side cutting or one-side
banking work, a groundwater drainage facility shall be installed inside the banking soil
to prevent a saturation line from being formed on the inclined part of the slope
surface.
(5) The installation of a horizontal drainage hole on a cutting slope shall be considered in
accordance with the groundwater level and discharge rate.
(6) The groundwater flowing from a groundwater drainage facility shall flow continuously
through a surface drainage facility or a natural drain.
4.2.2 Types of Groundwater Drainage Facilities
(1) A groundwater drainage facility is installed to increase the slope stability by rapidly
draining the groundwater flowing into a banking soil or the groundwater existing inside
a cutting slope.
(2) The types of groundwater drainage facilities are as follows.
① Underground drain (culvert)
② Horizontal drainage layer
③ Gabion drainage
④ Horizontal drainage hole
⑤ Vertical drainage hole (collector well), etc.
4.2.3 Underground Drain (Culvert)
(1) An underground drain is installed to drain the groundwater and infiltrating water existing
at a relatively shallow position from the ground surface. The underground drain is
installed by using geotextile for drainage, perforated drainpipes and fil ing material for
drainage, and is designed to have a structure allowing for rapid inflow of groundwater
from nearby ground.
(2) The underground drain shall be applied to the inside of a banking slope, the boundary
between banking work and cutting work, the back side of a retaining wall, or the

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Slope Surface Drainage Facility Design Standards KDS 11 70 25 : 2019
bottom of a structure. The outlet of the underground drain shall be connected with a
surface drainage facility and a collecting pipe.
(3) If the quantity of collected water is much and the underground drain is long, the
collected groundwater shall re-infiltrate or obstruct a hole. Therefore, collecting holes s
hall be installed at every 20 to 30 m to guide the water to the drains on the ground
surface.
4.2.4 Horizontal Drainage Layer
(1) A horizontal drainage layer is installed to lower the groundwater level in a banking soil
and the inside of backfil ing work. A horizontal drainage layer is installed by using
geotextile for drainage, a fil ing material for drainage and perforated drainpipes, and is
designed to have a structure allowing for rapid inflow of groundwater from nearby
ground and flow of the groundwater inside the drainage layer.
(2) A horizontal drainage layer shall be applied to the bottom of a banking soil, the back s
ide of a retaining wall, or the inside of backfil ing work of a reinforced earth retaining
wall. The outlet of a horizontal drainage layer shall be connected with a surface draina
ge facility, an underground drain, and a collecting pipe for drainage.
4.2.5 Gabion Drainage Hole
(1) Gabion drainage hole is installed at the locations where groundwater is discharged from
the slope-end of a banking slope or from a cutting slope in order to prevent surface
loss due to infiltration pressure or rainfall.
(2) Gabion drainage hole shall be installed in various forms, including circular and linear
forms.
4.2.6 Horizontal Drainage Hole
(1) Horizontal drainage hole is applied to cases where the lowering of the groundwater
level by an underground drain is not expected or where the groundwater in relatively
deep ground shall be excluded.
(2) Horizontal drainage holes of a sufficient length and number shall be installed to lower
the groundwater level below the level considered in the stability analysis. The materials
shall have anti-corrosiveness or be free from corrosion, and the structure shall be free
from clogging.
(3) The outlet of horizontal drainage hole shall be sufficiently long in consideration of the l
ocations of the surface drainage facility to allow for the connection with it for drainage.
4.2.7 Vertical Drainage Hole (Collector Well)

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Slope Surface Drainage Facility Design Standards KDS 11 70 25 : 2019
(1) Vertical drainage hole is installed together with horizontal weep drainage in areas with
a high groundwater level to rapidly lower the groundwater level.
(2) A plan for arranging vertical drainage holes and horizontal drainage holes shall be
prepared by investigating the groundwater conditions as well as the aquifer location
and water permeability coefficient.
(3) A facility for internal inspection and maintenance and a facility for safety shall be
installed for a vertical drainage hole.

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