2022-2023

A PROJECT REPORTON

"SETUP STATIC & DYNAMIC DHCP SERVER"

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULLFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMEVIS

FOR THE AWARD OF DIPLOMA IN DEPERMENT OF COMPUI'ER ENGINEERINGSUBMITTED TO
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, MUMBAI

SUBMITTED
BY

Name of Student - Enrollment No -

1. KIRTAN SHIMPI 2014320088

2. GAYATRI PATIL 2014320126

3. LALIT BORSE 2014320099

4. YASH KASAR 2014320077

5. SONALI PATIL 2014320100

GUIDED BY:

PROF .S.N.PATIL
Department of Computer Engineering
Government Polytechnic, Nandurbar
2022-2023
 GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, NANDURBAR

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the report submitted by

Roll No student of Fifth Semester Diploma Course in
COMPUTER ENGINEERING as a part of Micro Project work as prescribed by the M. S.
Board of Technical Education, Mumbai For the subject ACN under which Micro Project
“SETUP STATIC AND DYNAMIC SERVER” completed and that I have guided him for the
said work from time to time during academic year 2021-2022 and I found him to be
Satisfactorily progressive and the following studentswere associated him for this work, however
his contribution was proportionate.

1. KIRTAN SHIMPI

2. GAYATRI PATIL

3. LALIT BORSE

4. YASH KASAR

5. SONALI PATIL

The said work has been assessed by me and I satisfied with same is up tothe

standard envisaged for the course,

The said work may be presented to the external examiner.

PROF.S.N.PATIL PROF.S.THAKRE Dr. S.PABLE

Dept. Of Computer Engg. HOD Of Computer Engg. Principal
Government Polytechnic Government Polytechnic Government Polytechnic
Nandurbar Nandurbar Nandurbar
 GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, Nandurbar

SUBMISSION

I Roll No Student of
Fifth Semester Diploma Course COMPUTER ENGINEERING humbly submit that; I
have completed this micro project by my own skill and study between the period from
2020-2021 as per the Instruction guidance of PROF.A.V.VISHWE.

The following student were associated with me for this work however, quantum of my
contribution has been approved by teacher.

1. KIRTAN SHIMPI

2. GAYATRI PATIL

3. LALIT BORSE

4. YASH KASAR

5. SONALI PATIL

I have not copied the report or it’s any appreciable part from any otherLiterature
connection with academic ethics.

Signature of student Signature of Lecturer

PROF .S.N.PATIL
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This project is done as a semester micro project, as a part course titled ACN, we are really
thankful to our principal Dr.SACHIN PABLE and the HOD PROF SANJAY THAKRE
SIR, Computer Engineering Department, Government Polytechnic, Nandurbar, for his
invaluable guidance and assistance, without which the accomplishment of the task would
have never been possible.

We also thank PROF.S.N.PATIL for giving this opportunity to explore into the real
world and realize the interrelation without which a project can never progress. In our
present project we have chosen the topic “SETUP STATIC & DYNAMIC DHCP
SERVER”. We are also thankful to our friends and all our staff of Computer Engineering
Department, for providing us relevant information and necessary clarifications, and great
support.

1. KIRTAN SHIMPI

2. GAYATRI PATIL

3. LALIT BORSE

4. YASH KASAR

5. SONALI PATIL
 INDEX

Sr. No. Topic Page No.

1 Abstract 1

2 Introduction 2

3 Rationale 3

4 Literature Review 3

5 PROS and Cons of DHCP 4

6 Actual Methodology 5

7 Steps 8

8 Benefits of Micro Project 11

9 Application of Micro Project 12

10 Conclusion 13

11 Reference 14
 ABSTRACT

A DHCP Server is a network server that automatically provides and assigns IP addresses,
default gateways and other network parameters to client devices. It relies on the standard
protocol known as Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol or DHCP to respond to broadcast
queries by clients.

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a client/server protocol that automatically

provides an Internet Protocol (IP) host with its IP address and other related configuration
information such as the subnet mask and default gateway. RFCs 2131 and 2132 define DHCP
as an Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) standard based on Bootstrap Protocol
(BOOTP), a protocol with which DHCP shares many implementation details. DHCP allows
hosts to obtain required TCP/IP configuration information from a DHCP server.

Windows Server 2016 includes DHCP Server, which is an optional networking server role
that you can deploy on your network to lease IP addresses and other information to DHCP
clients. All Windows-based client operating systems include the DHCP client as part of
TCP/IP, and DHCP client is enabled by default.

ACN (22520) Page 1

 INTRODUCTION

WHAT IS A DHCP SERVER CLIENT ?

A DHCP Server is a network server that automatically provides and assigns IP addresses,
default gateways and other network parameters to client devices. It relies on the standard
protocol known as Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol or DHCP to respond to broadcast
queries by clients.

A DHCP server automatically sends the required network parameters for clients to properly
communicate on the network. Without it, the network administrator has to manually set up
every client that joins the network, which can be cumbersome, especially in large networks.
DHCP servers usually assign each client with a unique dynamic IP address, which changes
when the client’s lease for that IP address has expired.

❖ STATIC DHCP SERVER :

A static IP address is an address that is permanently assigned to your network devices by

your ISP, and does not change even if your device reboots. Static IP addresses typically have
two versions: IPv4 and IPv6. Static routing is a common function for today’s network
switches. Many of FS 10gbe switches feature static routing, such as FS S5900-24S switch
which supports both IPV4 and IPV6. A static IP address is usually assigned to a server
hosting websites, and provides email, VPN and FTP services. In static IP addressing, each
device on the network has its own address with no overlap and you’ll have to configure the
static IP addresses manually. When new devices are connected to a network, you would have
to select the "manual" configuration option and input the IP address, the subnet mask, the
default gateway and the DNS server.

❖ DYNAMIC DHCP SERVER :

The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a network management protocol used
on UDP/IP networks whereby a DHCP server dynamically assigns an IP address and other
network configuration parameters to each device on a network so they can communicate with
other IP networks. A DHCP server enables computers to request IP addresses and networking
parameters automatically from the Internet service provider (ISP), reducing the need for a
network administrator or a user to manually assign IP addresses to all network devices. In the
absence of a DHCP server, a computer or other device on the network needs to be manually
assigned an IP address, or to assign itself an APIPA address, which will not enable it to
communicate outside its local subnet.

DHCP can be implemented on networks ranging in size from home networks to large campus
networks and regional Internet service provider networks. A router or a residential gateway
can be enabled to act as a DHCP server. Most residential network routers receive a globally
unique IP address within the ISP network. Within a local network, a DHCP server assigns a
local IP address to each device connected to the network.

ACN (22520) Page 2

 Rationale:

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a network management protocol used to

dynamically assign an IP address to any new node entering the network. DHCP permits a
node to be configured automatically, thereby avoiding the necessity of involvement by a
network administrator.
It Manages the provision of all the nodes added or dropped from the network
Maintains the unique IP address of the host using a DHCP server
Sends a request to the DHCP server whenever a client/node, which is configured to work
with DHCP, connects to a network. The server acknowledges by providing an IP address to
the client/node.

Literature Review:

A DHCP server is used to issue unique IP addresses and automatically configure other
network information. In most homes and small businesses, the router acts as the DHCP
server. In large networks, a single computer might act as the DHCP server.

In short, the process goes like this: A device (the client) requests an IP address from a router
(the host), after which the host assigns an available IP address to allow the client to
communicate on the network. A bit more detail below...

Once a device is turned on and connected to a network that has a DHCP server, it will send a
request to the server, called a DHCPDISCOVER request.

After the DISCOVER packet reaches the DHCP server, the server attempts to hold on to an
IP address that the device can use, and then offers the client the address with a DHCPOFFER
packet.

Once the offer has been made for the chosen IP address, the device responds to the DHCP
server with a DHCPREQUEST packet to accept it, after which the server sends an ACK
that's used to confirm that the device has that specific IP address and to define the amount of
time that the device can use the address before getting a new one.

If the server decides that the device cannot have the IP address, it will send a NACK.

All of this, of course, happens very quickly and you don't need to know any of the technical
details you just read in order to get an IP address from a DHCP server.

ACN (22520) Page 3

 PROS AND CONS OF USING DHCP:

A computer, or any other device that connects to a network (local or internet), must be
properly configured to communicate on that network. Since DHCP allows that configuration
to happen automatically, it's used in almost every device that connects to a network including
computers, switches, smartphones, gaming consoles, etc.

Because of this dynamic IP address assignment, there's less of a chance that two devices will
have the same IP address, which is very easy to run into when using manually-assigned, static
IP addresses.

Using DHCP also makes a network much easier to manage. From an administrative point of
view, every device on the network can get an IP address with nothing more than their default
network settings, which is set up to obtain an address automatically. The only other
alternative is to manually assign addresses to each and every device on the network.

Because these devices can get an IP address automatically, they can move freely from one
network to another (given that they're all set up with DHCP) and receive an IP address
automatically, which is super helpful with mobile devices.

In most cases, when a device has an IP address assigned by a DHCP server, that IP address
will change each time the device joins the network. If IP addresses are assigned manually, it
means administration must not only give out a specific address to each new client, but
existing addresses that are already assigned must be manually unassigned for any other
device to use that same address. This is not only time-consuming, but manually configuring
each device also increases the chance of running into human-made errors.

Though there are plenty of advantages to using DHCP, there are certainly some
disadvantages as well. Dynamic, changing IP addresses should not be used for devices that
are stationary and need constant access, like printers and file servers.

Although devices like that exist predominantly in office environments, it's impractical to
assign them with an ever-changing IP address. For example, if a network printer has an IP
address that will change at some point in the future, then every computer that's connected to
that printer will have to regularly update their settings so their computers will understand how
to contact the printer.

This type of setup is extremely unnecessary and can be easily avoided by not using DHCP for
those types of devices, and instead by assigning a static IP address to them.

The same idea comes into play if you need to have permanent remote access to a computer in
your home network. If DHCP is enabled, that computer will get a new IP address at some
point, which means the one you've recorded as that computer having, will not be accurate for
long. If you're using remote access software that relies on a IP address-based access, you'll
need to use a static IP address for that device.

ACN (22520) Page 4

More Information On DHCP
A DHCP server defines a scope, or range, of IP addresses that it uses to serve devices with an
address. This pool of addresses is the only way a device can obtain a valid network
connection.

This is another reason DHCP is so useful - because it allows lots of devices to connect to a
network over a period of time without needing a massive pool of available addresses. For
example, even if only 20 addresses are defined by the DHCP server, 30, 50, or even 200 (or
more) devices can connect to the network so long as no more than 20 are using one of the
available IP address simultaneously.

Because DHCP assigns IP addresses for a specific period of time (a lease period), using
commands like ipconfig to find your computer's IP address will yield different results over
time.

Though DHCP is used to deliver dynamic IP addresses to its clients, it doesn't mean static IP
addresses can't also be used at the same time. A mixture of devices that are getting dynamic
addresses and devices that have their IP addresses manually assigned to them, can both exist
on the same network.

Even an ISP uses DHCP to assign IP addresses. This can be seen when identifying your
public IP address. It will likely change over time unless your home network has a static IP
address, which is usually only the case for businesses that have publicly accessible web
services.

In Windows, APIPA assigns a special temporary IP address when the DHCP server fails to
deliver a functional one to a device, and uses this address until it can obtain one that works.

The Dynamic Host Configuration Working Group of the Internet Engineering Task Force
created DHCP.

Actual Methodology Followed :

❖ INTRODUCTION

A DHCP Server is a network server that automatically provides and assigns IP addresses,
default gateways and other network parameters to client devices. It relies on the standard
protocol known as Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol or DHCP to respond to broadcast
queries by clients.

A DHCP server automatically sends the required network parameters for clients to properly
communicate on the network. Without it, the network administrator has to manually set up
every client that joins the network, which can be cumbersome, especially in large networks.

ACN (22520) Page 5

DHCP servers usually assign each client with a unique dynamic IP address, which changes
when the client’s lease for that IP address has expired

❖ How it work?

DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) is a protocol that is commonly used in

networks for dynamic IP addressing configuration. Every user’s device needs at least IP
address to join the network and connect to services. When computer first connects to local
network with cable or WiFi SSID, first thing is to look for IP address, netmask, default
gateway and DNS servers.

❖ How does DHCP work?

Host connecting to network (cable or wireless) sends DHCP discover message to all hosts in
Layer 2 segment (destination address is FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF). Frame with this DISCOVER
message hits the DHCP Server.

DHCP Discover packet

2. After the DHCP Server receives discover message it suggests the IP addressing offering to
the client host by unicast. This OFFER message contains:

proposed IP address for client (here 192.168.1.10)

subnet mask to identify the subnet space (here 255.255.255.0)

IP of default gateway for subnet (here 192.168.1.1)

IP of DNS server for name translations (here 8.8.8.8)

3. Now after the client receives the offer it requests the information officially sending
REQUEST message to server this time by unicast.

ACN (22520) Page 6

4. Server sends ACKNOWLEDGE message confirming the DHCP lease to client. Now client
is allowed to use new IP settings.

What information getting from DHCP are necessary and which are optional?

In theory, only IP address and mask is needed for device to work. This is true in scenario that
device is within the same subnet with other devices and communicates with others knowing
their IP addresses. In such way there is no need for going beyond own subnet and that’s why
gateway is not needed. Using only IP addresses for communication also eliminates the need
of name translations so DNS is still optional. However, in real world scenarios most of
communication goes beyond the subnet and relays on Fully Qualified Domain Names
(FQDN).

In addition to necessary DHCP parameters there are DHCP options like popular Option 150
used in IP Telephony to inform IP Phones about the IP address of IP PBX for proper phone
registration – for example Cisco Call Manager or Asterisk PBX. Almost all DHCP server
vendors are able to pass DHCP options.

What if DHCP server is not in the same subnet?

You can ask yourself if there is a need for having DHCP server in the same L2 segment
(VLAN), because DHCP OFFER message relays on broadcast destination address which is
good for the same subnet only. Right trace! But for the sake of DHCP scalability there is
option to have DHCP server outside the subnet. In such solution DHCP discover packets
typically getting to default gateway interface are transformed into unicast packets (DHCP
discover embedded message) with giaddr field that tells server about logical attachment
ACN (22520) Page 7
identification. Packet is sent directly to IP of server located somewhere in routable IP cloud.
Giaddr helps the DHCP server to find the correct address pool for granting the address.

STEPS:

• Install the DHCP server role on Windows Server 2008, follow these steps:

• Choose Start→Administrative Tools→Server Manager.

• The Manage Your Server application appears.

• Click the Roles link and then click Add a Role.

• The Add Roles Wizard appears.

• Click Next to get the wizard started.

• The wizard displays a list of available server roles.

• Select DHCP Server from the list of roles and then click Next.

• The wizard displays an explanation of DHCP.

• Click Next.

• The wizard displays a list of the server’s network connections that have static
IP addresses, as shown in the following illustration. (In this example, only one

ACN (22520) Page 8

 network connection has a static IP address assigned. Most network servers will
have at least two.)

Select the static IP addresses you want to use for the DHCP server. Then click next.

The wizard asks for the DNS configuration information, as shown below.

1. Enter the domain name and DNS servers. To enter a DNS server, type its address in the IP
address text box and then click Add.
You typically have more than one DNS server.
2. Click Next.
The wizard next asks for the WINS configuration information.
3. (Optional) If you want to enable WINS, enter the WINS server configuration and then click
next.
4. To create a new scope, click the Add Scope button.
5. The wizard asks for a name and description for the new scope, as shown below.

ACN (22520) Page 9

1. Enter the information for the new scope.
You must enter the following information:
o Scope Name: The name can be anything you want. Use a generic name such
as Office or your company name unless you’re creating two or more scopes. Then, the
names should indicate the function of each scope.
o Scope Starting IP Address: This is the lowest IP address that will be issued for this
scope.
o Scope Ending IP Address: This is the highest IP address that will be issued for this
scope.
o Subnet Mask: This is the subnet mask issued for IP addresses in this scope.
o Default Gateway: This is the default gateway address that will be used for this scope.
This is usually the address of your router.
o Subnet type: Choose Wired or Wireless. The difference is how long the IP address
will be valid. For wired networks, the addresses will be valid for six days. For
wireless networks, the addresses will expire in eight hours.
2. Select the Activate This Scope check box and then Click OK.
The scope is created, as shown below.

ACN (22520) Page 10

1. If you want to create additional scopes, repeat steps 10–12.
You can create as many scopes as you want for your DHCP server.
2. When you finish creating scopes, click Next.
The wizard asks whether you want to enable stateless mode, which is used for IPv6. Disable
this mode unless dealing with IPv6 clients is important to your network.
3. Click Next.
The wizard asks for the credentials to use when creating this DHCP server. The default is to
use your current login credentials.
4. Click Next.
The wizard displays a confirmation screen that summarizes the settings you’ve entered for
the DHCP server.
5. Click Install.
The DHCP server is created. This might take a few minutes. When the server is finished, a
final results page is displayed to confirm that the server was properly installed.
6. Click Close.
You’re done!

Benefits of the Micro-Project:

• Reliable IP address configuration. DHCP minimizes configuration errors

caused by manual IP address configuration, such as typographical errors, or
address conflicts caused by the assignment of an IP address to more than one
computer at the same time.

• Reduced network administration. DHCP includes the following features to

reduce network administration:

• Centralized and automated TCP/IP configuration.

• The ability to define TCP/IP configurations from a central location.

• The ability to assign a full range of additional TCP/IP configuration values by

means of DHCP options.

• The efficient handling of IP address changes for clients that must be updated
frequently, such as those for portable devices that move to different locations
on a wireless network.

ACN (22520) Page 11

 • The forwarding of initial DHCP messages by using a DHCP relay agent,
which eliminates the need for a DHCP server on every subnet.

Application of this Micro-Project:

Efficiency. It's easier than configuring each node/host statically (manually), both
initially and then if/when the LAN topology ever changes and the host moves
networks (e.g., laptops, phones, etc.).

Simplicity. DHCP provides the ability to assign (and manage) more multiple
parameters (is more than just the host IP address), required parameters such as the
subnet mask, and very helpful (required for most needs) things like the default
gateway, DNS servers (and domain name). Then there are optional things like TFTP
servers and time (NTP) servers, log servers, etc.

Security. DHCP provides an audit trail for who (what MAC and client-ID) had an IP
address at what time. It can also be used in a security context, where a router may
require a host within a subnet to have obtained it's IP via DHCP, else it will
deny/block it.

ACN (22520) Page 12

 CONCLUSION

From This Project We Learnt About Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a
network management protocol used to dynamically assign an IP address to any new node
entering the network. DHCP permits a node to be configured automatically, thereby avoiding
the necessity of involvement by a network administrator.

It Manages the provision of all the nodes added or dropped from the network
Maintains the unique IP address of the host using a DHCP server
Sends a request to the DHCP server whenever a client/node, which is configured to work
with DHCP, connects to a network. The server acknowledges by providing an IP address to
the client/node.

ACN (22520) Page 13

ACN (22520) Page 14