PLANT TISSUES
PERMANENT TISSUES
Tissues
- Are group of cells performing the same functions.
- Cells that are structurally and functionally similar.
Plant Tissue Types:
A. MERISMATIC TISSUES
- Actively divide
- Embryonic Tissues or Growing Tissues
- This are the capacity where division is restricted
to a certain of the plant body. (?)
Kind of Meristems
- Apical Meristems
o Can be found at the tips of growing shoots
and roots. They increase in length as the
apical meristems produce new cells.
o 3 PRIMARY MERISTEMS
PROTODERM- This meristem give rise to
epidermis.
GROUND MERISTEM – It will give rise
to ground tissues. Parenchyma,
Collenchyma, and Sclerenchyma.
PROCAMBIUM- give rise to vascular
tissues, XYLEM and PHLOEM
- Lateral Meristems
o It is a meristem the growth or diameter of
the plants.
o They can be found along the sides of the
roots and stems.
o 2 TYPES OF LATERAL MERISTEMS
PRESENT IN DICOT PLANTS
VASCULAR CAMBIUM – one
responsible for increasing the diameter of
stems and roots.
CORK CAMBIUM – It produces or give
rise to some of the barks.
- Intercalary Meristems
o responsible for facilitating the growth of a
plant organ such as the leaf. These
meristems can be found in the intervals of
stems and commonly transform in
permanent tissue later on.
B.
- Non-dividing cells
- They stop dividing
- Permanent tissues, from the name itself, are the
collection of cells that have completed its growth
and differentiation, and are incapable of
meristematic activity or in other words these are
cells that mature into non-dividing cells.
Types of Permanent tissues
 Simple Permanent Tissues
-Composed of only one kind of cells. These cells are
uniform and structured,
o DERMAL TISSUES
-External tissues that forms for protection
covering of the plants
Epidermis
 Outermost layer of cells found in all
young plant’s organs
 Secretes fatty substance called
CUTIN. It forms a protective layer
called cuticle.
 CUTICLE – a protecting film covering
the epidermis of leaves, young shoots
or any plant without periderm.
Periderm
 -Outer covering of plants especially
woody plants.
 -It is the outermost layer of bark made
out of cork cells, cork cambium and
some periderm.
 -It replaces the epidermis of stems and
roots of woody plants.
 -It acts the first line of defense of a
plant.
 regeneration support and protection.
o GROUND TISSUES
-Undergo photosynthesis, tissue regeneration
support and protection.
A. Parenchyma
 These are the most abundant of all cell
types found in almost all major parts of
higher plants
 The cells are more or less spherical in
shape when newly produce.
 When they mature, they push against
each other and their thin walls are
flattened at the points of the contact.
  As a result, they assume various FIBERS
shapes.
 May be found in association with
 They are usually big and thin walled different tissues.
with large vacuoles and air spaces in
between the cells  They are usually much longer than
broad and have a tiny cavity or
2 TYPES OF CELLS: LUMEN in the center of the cell.

Chlorenchyma
 This cell contains chloroplast and it is
photosynthetic.  Complex Permanent Tissues
-These tissues are composed of several kinds of cells
 Mainly occurs in the mesophyll of working together to perform a specific function in the
leaves of green plants body.

Aerenchyma o Vascular Tissue

  Specialized for long- distance transport of
Contains large air spaces and mainly water and dissolved substance
found in aquatic plants. Occurs in stems
in leaves  Location, The veins in leaves

 Helps aquatic plants to float.

 Xylary elements, conducting cells in
xylem

 Tracheids and vessel elements

B. Collenchyma
-This tissue is composed of thick-walled cells of
 Vascular Bundles with Xylem and Phloem
uneven thickness
Maize or Corn – Vein in cross section
 Often occur beneath the epidermis in
young stems Alfalfa – Vein in cross section

 They are longer and wide and their cell

walls are strong Types of Vascular Tissue
1. Xylem
 Usually smaller than parenchyma cells
Transport of water and minerals and
 Function for flexible support system dissolves nutrients from the roots to all
parts of plant.

2 KINDS OF XYLEM

C. Sclerenchyma Primary
-Characterized by cells that are thick tough Differentiates from procambium in the
walled. apical meristems and occurs throughout
the primary plant body
 Normally impregnated with LIGNIN
Secondary
 Most cells are dead at maturity Differentiates from the vascular
cambium and is commonly called the
 They are supporting tissues in plants. WOOD.

4 CELL TYPES OF XYLEM

2 TYPES OF SCLERENCHYMA
XYLEM FIBERS
SCLERIDS
 This are similar in appearance
 Distributed randomly in other tissues to ordinary sclerenchyma fiber

XYLEM PARENCHYMA
  Smaller in size than ordinary
parenchyma cells.
VESSLES
 Long tube made out of
individual cells that are open at
each end and are joined end to
end to form the tubes.
 They are shorter and much
wider than tracheids.
TRACHEIDS
 More or less elongated cells
with temporary end walls
Laid down by the vascular
cambium to the inside of the
phloem
PHLOEM IS COMPOSED OF:
COMPANION CELLS
These are small cells visually associated
with some seed tubes
PHLOEM FIBERS
Nuclei ordinary sclerenchyma fibers
PHLOEM PARENCHYMA
Nuclei ordinary parenchyma cells

 Angular in cross section and SEED TUBES

are dead in maturity. Elongated cells joined end to end
forming seed tubes.

TRACHEA ELEMENTS OF THE Their end walls or cross walls have a

XYLEM large number of small pores called
SEED PLATES.
SPIRAL
 It is spiral appearance of SEED PLATES
thickening Living cells that do not have nuclei

Their walls are not dignified.

 SCLARIFORM
Thickening appears ladder like

 PEATED
Pore like structure called
PEATS

 RETICULATE
Thickening appears net like

 ANGULAR
Cell walls thickening in real
like forms

2. Phloem

-Phloem, translocation of food

manufactured by the leaves to all parts of
the plant

2 TYPES OF PHLOEM

 PRIMARY
Laid down by the apical
meristem and developed from
the procambium

 SECONDARY