E.L.

VITUG // WEEK 4

LESSON: PLANT HISTOLOGY

SOURCE: PPT (LECTURE)
PLANT HISTOLOGY • Intercalary Meristem: This type of meristem is
- Study of tissues associated with monocots. With plants where
- Tissues: Cells that are similar morphologically and their nodes are very distinct or prominent.
functionally : Actively dividing cells adjacent to
: Structurally similar the nodes are found in the intercalary cells.

CONTENT: • Lateral Meristems: Located laterally, they seem to

Part 1: Introduction, Meristems ………………………………1 embrace the plant body / stem. They are
Part 2: Fundamental Tissues, Ground Tissues …………….. 5 located at the outer part (periphery)
Part 3: Dermal Tissues …………………………………………. 9 o eg: Vascular cambium & cork
Part 4: Primary Vascular Tissues …………………………….. 14 cambium= Both are responsible for the
Part 5: Secondary Vascular Tissues …………...………… (TBF) growth in diameter or girth of the plant.
They are the one responsible for the
PART 1: INTRODUCTION, MERISTEMS secondary growth of the plants.
▪ Girth: a measurement of the
TISSUE ORGANIZATION IN PLANTS distance around the trunk of a
tree measured perpendicular to
the axis of the trunk

Note: All plants have an apical meristem since this for

primary growth but not all plants have a lateral meristem.
It only applies to becomes woods. (secondary xylem)

B. Classifications of Meristematic Tissues (based on

Origins)
• Primordial/ Promeristem Meristems: The earliest
and youngest meristem cells that originate from
the embryo.
• Primary Meristem: Responsible for the primary
growth of the plant. This refers to the apical
meristem.
• Secondary Meristem: Refers to the secondary
growth of the plant; refers to lateral meristem.
Plant tissues can be organized into two,
• MERISTEMATIC: cells are capable of cell division
o One meristematic cell then it divides • PERMANENT: Mature cells are incapable of cell
through mitosis, then it will result into two division.
daughter cells. One of the two daughter o SIMPLE: Made up of only one type of
cells becomes differentiated (can be a cells.
parenchyma cell, epidermal cell or ▪ eg: Collenchyma tissues (made
vessel; it has its own function) while the up of collenchyma cells)
other daughter cell will continue to : Pith (made up of
perform its function as a meristematic parenchyma)
cell (it will continue to divide).
▪ Cells that undergo differentiation o COMPLEX: Made up of several types of
becomes a specialized cell. It cells.
has a distinct function. ▪ eg: Xylem- a collective term
(made up of vessels, tracheids in
A. Classifications of Meristematic Tissues (based on the Angiosperms and Gnetophyta)
position/location of the plant body) o Tracheids
o Vessels (Tracheae)
• Apical Meristem: Meristematic cells found at the o Xylem Parenchyma
apexes o Xylem fibers
o eg: Shoot apical meristem (SAM) : Phloem- complex tissue
: Root apical meristem (RAM)

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 E.L. VITUG // WEEK 4

LESSON: PLANT HISTOLOGY

SOURCE: PPT (LECTURE)
consist of the sieve tube o Periderm: A complex structure
elements, companion cells, 5. Contain proplastids (because the cells are still not
phloem fibers. developed)
o Sieve tubes 6. Remain embryonic/retain the ability to divide.
o Companion cells
o Phloem SHOOT APICAL MERSITEM (Coleus blumei)
parenchyma
o Phloem Fibers Mayana (Coleus
blumei) : Most
• CHLORENCHYMA: Under the parenchyma and commonly used
collenchyma (simple tissues) in which at maturity plant for
their cells are still alive unlike sclerenchyma. observation(dicot)
: W/ chloroplast : They are easy
to cut (cross-
section) because
A. Classification of Permanent Tissues based on the they are
Function herbaceous.
: Readily
• Protective tissue: These are the dermal tissues available.
o eg: epidermis, cork (the cork is part of : Large
the periderm) enough to be
• Supporting tissue: These are the fundamental or handled.
ground tissues • Leaf primordia: Horn-like; soon to be leaves.
o eg: parenchyma, collenchyma, • Axillary bud: may give rise to a branch
chlorenchyma • Shoot Apical Meristem are made of the following
• Conducting tissue: For transport of water and o Procambium: Easy to be observed when
minerals the specimen is stained. These cells are
o eg: xylem and phloem very mitotically active, they have a large
nucleus
: Gives rise to the primary
xylem and primary phloem.

o Protoderm: Outermost part.

: Tissues that arise from the protoderm
are dermal tissues (epidermis of all plant
organs), stomatal apparatus

o Ground meristem: Can be found

between the procambium and
protoderm.
: Gives rise to the pith and the
CHARACTERISTICS OF MERSITEMATIC TISSUES cortex.

1. Thin cell walls, large nuclei, small vacuoles, richer Coleus SAM
in protoplasm (Tunicacorpus
2. Usually without intercellular spaces (compactly Organization)
arranged) : A theory proposed in
3. Cells are more isodiametric (roughly spherical) the 1920’s that is
4. Ergastic substances such as crystals are absent or supposed to explain
in small amount, except in the case of the the development of
phellogen. SAM in angiosperms.
o Phellogen: technical term for the cork : The shoot apex of
cambium WHICH is responsible for the angiosperms is made
growth and development of the up of two distinct
periderm.

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 E.L. VITUG // WEEK 4

LESSON: PLANT HISTOLOGY

SOURCE: PPT (LECTURE)
layers. These are the tunica and corpus. the environment. It also secretes mucilage in
order for the roots to easily penetrate the soil. It
• Tunica: In the picture above, the tunica is the two may also exhibit certain responses to various
layers sandwiched between the two arrows. stimuli to the environment like phototropism.
: In the outermost layer of the tunica, all cells : Root caps are very important however
are close to the same height because they divided their cells can be slacked off but they can be
anticlinally. replaced.
: Average of 2 to 4 tunical layers in coleus B. Region for rapid cell
: These are the meristematic cells that will division
give rise to all the cells of the shoot. o Cells in Metaphase: 2
o Anticlinal division: cells divide cells (Bet. 12:00 and 11:00; bet.
perpendicular to the surface of the 11:00 and 10:00)
organ. (vertical division) o Cells in Anaphase: 1
cells (3:00)

• Corpus: In the picture above, this is the white

region (pith-rib meristem)
: This will give rise to the pith, cortex, (PZ=
peripheral zones)
: The reason why the cells in corpus are
not distinct is because they divide periclinally
and sometimes anticlinally (mix)
o Periclinal division: Cells divide parallel to
the surface of the organ (horizontal
division).

SINGLE LAYER OF TUNICA IN ZEA MAYS (monocot)

C. Region of elongation- cells increase in size
: There is only a single layer of tunica
D. Region of maturation- cells here are already
: Corpus will give rise to the shoot.
matured.
ELODEA, shoot apex E. Root hair- extension of the epidermal cell/
epidermis. Sometimes considered as the
Elodea is an aquatic plant. trichome.
Longitudinal section : Microscopic
Has many leaf primordia : It increases the surface area for
absorption.

ROOT APICAL MERISTEM

Different regions of a root cap: The RAM is composed of the same type of
A. Root cap: Because of its location, its function is for meristems, these are the ground meristem, procambium
the protection of the root. It can also receive and protoderm.
signals from the environment or transmit signal to

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LESSON: PLANT HISTOLOGY

SOURCE: PPT (LECTURE)
because the parenchyma is meristematic.

FASCICULAR AND INTERFASCICULAR CAMBIUM

Phloem Fibers:
The
sclerenchyma
Phloem:
Fascicular
cambium: It is
part of the
Corn Root: A monocot vascular bundle.
QUIESCENT CENTER: The division in this region proceeds Interfascicular
very slowly. However, the cells are capable of presuming bundle: Located
meristematic activity if needed. between the
: It acts as a reserved block of cells in cases vascular bundle.
the root cap is damaged.
eg: Some of the cells in the root cap are slacked off or How to distinguish the cambial cells?
damage and it needs to be replaced. Thus, the cells that - They flat unlike the parenchyma which are
will replaced the damaged one will come from the isodiametric. (In the diagram above, there are
quiescent center. The cells in the quiescent center will three layers of cambial cells)
resume their meristematic activity to replace the
damage cells. Phloem Fibers
Phloem
PROCAMBIUM
Fascicular Cambium
One of the differences
between monocot and
dicot STEM is the
arrangement of the
vascular bundle. Xylem (Vessels and tracheid)
In dicots, the vascular Interfascicular Cambium
bundle forms a ring like
arrangement. But in VASCULAR CAMBIUM (Lateral Meristem)
monocots, their vascular : Responsible for the growth in terms of diameter
bundles are scattered. (girth) of the plant.
: However, there are some monocots where the
vascular bundles are not scattered like the Cucurbita* In the picture, the vascular cambium is the thick
layer (6 layers) pointed by three red arrows.
➢ Interfascicular Parenchyma: (Interfascicular) came The xylem in conifers are only tracheids, they don’t have
from the word fascicle. any vessels.
: Between two vascular bundle
which continues up to the pith.
o Fascicle: means “bundle”
o Inter- : “in between”
Interfascicular Parenchyma
gives rise to cambial cells
(procambium). A
procambium is inside a
vascular bundle, between
the phloem and xylem.
Then the plant will have
cambial cells outside the Resin duct
bundle. This is possible

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 E.L. VITUG // WEEK 4

LESSON: PLANT HISTOLOGY

SOURCE: PPT (LECTURE)
APICAL STEMS IN FERNS:
How to distinguish a conifer tissue?
- The xylem is only consisted of tracheids
- With the presence of the resin duct.

Lateral Meristem; Vascular Cambium in Dicots

The meristematic cell in ferns is called apical cell. Which is

only a single layer.

LS of Nephrolepis shoot tip- the most common fern allies.

The arrow indicates the cell that divides
periclinally.

Phellem: Technical term for cork Intercalary Meristem: Associated

with monocots.
: The location is adjacent to
the nodes.

eg: Dracaena

PART 2: FUNDAMENTAL TISSUES, GROUND TISSUES

Phellogen: Technical term for cork cambium
Phelloderm: The secondary cortex (parenchyma) GROUND TISSUES
• PARENCHYMA
Shoot apex of Pine • COLLENCHYMA
(Pinus) • SCLERENCHYMA
PARENCHYMA
CMC: Central : Can be found in the matrix
mother cells- all the 1) Origin: From ground meristem, procambium or
cells in the shoot cambium, from phellogen (cork cambium)
came from here 2) Location: As continuous masses, as vertical
PZ: Peripheral zone strands in vascular tissues or as horizontal strands
PRM: Pith-rib (rays) in SVTs.
meristem- gives rise
to the cells of the
pith and cortex.

The division cells in the shoot apex of Pinus varies. Some

cells divided anticlinally, some divided periclinally and
some divided diagonally.

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 E.L. VITUG // WEEK 4

LESSON: PLANT HISTOLOGY

SOURCE: PPT (LECTURE)
B. Monocot Root: The brown circle inside is the o Aerenchyma: Formation of air spaces in
endodermal cells aquatic plants and for the circulation of
o Endoderm: Innermost layer of the cortex gases
o
C. Dicot Root: The vascular bundles are in the
middle.
Axial Parenchyma, part of the xylem.

Image B. Pine tree stem

Eg: Nymphaea & Eichhornia

Abaxial: located near the spongy layer; it bulges

COLLENCHYMA
• Cells are alive at maturity
• Living protoplast, may contain chloroplasts
How to know if the specimen is a pine tree… • Cell wall with cellulose, pectin
- There is no xylems, only tracheids (T) • Less intercellular spaces
- Ray parenchyma (RP) • Provides flexibility, support and strength
• Irregularity thickened at corners
3) Little specialization(can be converted into a diff
cell when the need arises); various physiological Cucurbita stem, cs Helianthus, cs
function (such as mesophyll)
4) Retains the ability to divide; has important role in
wound healing, recovery and regeneration
(tyloses).
5) Primitive phylogenetically and ontogenetically.
- Primitive in a way that parenchyma’s are the first
type of cell you can observe in the early stage of
plant development.
o Ontogeny: the developmental stages an
organism has to pass through. From 1) Location/position-
zygote→embryo stage → young plant→ below epidermis; in stems, as a
seedling → sapling → adult plant complete cylinder or in
longitudinal strips; in leaves-along
Tyloses: (Balloon-like) Outgrowths of the veins or margins pf blade; in
parenchyma cells of xylem vessels of association with the xylem and
secondary heartwood. phloem
V: Vessel: made up of many vessels
elements
PP: Perforation plate
XP: Xylem Parenchyma
(black circles) start of the growth
of the tyloses
The tyloses will block the
pathway in response to infection to
prevent the advancement of the
pathogens.

6) Structure and content

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LESSON: PLANT HISTOLOGY
SOURCE: PPT (LECTURE)
Fibers: Has a secondary cell wall, not only that the cell
wall is thick but also with other substance like lignin.
THREE TYPES OF COLLENCHYMA:
• ANGULAR COLLENCHYMA:
o Most common, intercellular contact
points are thickened.
o In TS, thickenings in places where 3 or
more cells meet.
o EG: Petiole of Vitis (grapes), stems of
Apium (celery), Coleus (mayana),
Cucurbita (kalabasa)
• LAMELLAR COLLENCHYMA:
o Thickenings are on the tangential walls of
the cells. (Upper and lower side)
E.L. VITUG // WEEK 4
In the right image, there is only two layers of lamellar
collenchyma and the layer is the angular collenchyma.
• LACUNAR COLLENCHYMA
o Comes from the word “lacuna” which
means space.
o It has space within the cells.
o Thickening found in the cell wall parts
that face intercellular spaces.
▪ eg: Petioles of Malva, Althaea,
and Asclepias
SCLERENCHYMA
• Cells are dead at maturity unlike parenchyma
and collenchyma
• Small cell lumen (space inside the cell where you
can find the cytoplasm and other organelles)
• Mature cells have secondary cell wall (SCW)
thickened with cellulose & are lignified.
• Supporting tissue; imparts hardness
• Two types; sclereids and fibers
SCLEREID TYPES:
- Brachysclereids (Isodiametric)
- Astroscleried (star-like/branches; common in
nymphae or to some aquatic plants)
- Macrosclerieds
- Osteoclereids (long bone shape)
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 E.L. VITUG // WEEK 4

LESSON: PLANT HISTOLOGY

SOURCE: PPT (LECTURE)
GELATINOUS OR MUCILAGINOUS FIBERS:
TYPES OF FIBERS: The innermost layer of the secondary
- Extraxylary: Long fibers found in cortex, phloem cell wall (scw) is poor in lignin and
o Form sheaths around vascular bundles in relatively porous.
monocots - Characteristic of tension wood
o May develop partly from procambium (reaction wood of dicots)
and partly from ground tissues
o Outside of the xylem GELATINOUS FIBERS
At the S3
- Xylary fibers: Occur as part of the wood The V stands for the vessels.
(technical term: secondary xylem) Present in thorns, tendrils, peduncle
o May clasified into
▪ Libriform Fibers: Longer than DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TENSION WOOD AND COMPRESSION
tracheids; resemble phloem WOOD
fibers.
➢ Thicker walls with simple
pit.
▪ Fiber-tracheids: Intermediate
between tracheids and libriform
forms; with bordered pits.

EXTRAXYLARY FIBERS: Generally, longer than xylary fibers:

Cannabis (0.5-5.5 cm) ; ramie (55 cm long)

Tension wood: Reaction wood for angiosperms

Compression wood: reaction wood of gymnosperms

Gelatinous fibers are common in coiling tendrils and

twinning vines

Commercially important fibers

- Hard fibers: Agave (Sisal fiber)
: Musa textitilis (abaca)
- Soft fibers: Ceiba pentandra (kapok
: Cannabis sativa
: Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)
: Boehmeria nivea (

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LESSON: PLANT HISTOLOGY

SOURCE: PPT (LECTURE)
PART 3: DERMAL TISSUES ➢ Establishes organ boundaries during plant
development
FUNCTIONS OF DERMAL TISSUES ➢ Key role in maintaining fruit quality

➢ Protection: Virtue of the location of dermal tissues The thickness of the cuticle is related to the type of
: Outer surface environment where the plant lives.
: Protection from different forms of injury Dry warm area = thick cuticle
like mechanical injury, chemical injury,
pathogenic organisms, light. Schematic Diagram of
➢ Regulate gas exchange: Done by the stomata. the Cuticle
Carbon dioxide is taken in and oxygen off. : the cuticle is
o Guard cells play an important role in located at the
opening and closing of the stomata. outermost region of the
➢ Prevent water loss: Presence of cuticle in plant.
epidermal cells.
➢ Lower the rate of evapotranspiration: The : Polysaccharide rich
regulation of stomata is controlled by the guard fraction: a part of the
cells as dictated by certain factors in the cell wall.
environment such as light intensity, temperature, : Cutin rich fraction
availability of water, concentration f certain ions : Waxes (EWL & IW)
like potassium, etc. : Phenolic compounds
➢ Protect plants from herbivory: The presence of
certain inorgastic substances such as crystals, • The cuticle is a diverse structure. It is a biopolymer
secondary metabolites which can found in like cellulose, starch, collagen.
trichomes. o Biopolymer: It is naturally produced by
o eg: Alkaloids- helps protect plants from cells.
herbivory : Mainly composed of cutins.
➢ Increase water uptake: This is done by root hairs. o Cutins: This gives structural support to the
Which is an extension of the epidermis. Part of plants.
dermal tissues which is very important in the : A compound made up of fatty
absorption of water. acids with many hydroxyls groups
o Root hairs: They increase the area for : Acts as a solid matrix for the
absorption of water. deposition of the other components like
: Microscopic, very fine polysaccharides and phenolic
structures. substances.
➢ Aids in cell recognition: Since epidermal cells are • Polysaccharides fractions: Polysaccharides found
located at the outer surface of plant organs, in the cell wall of the epidermis such as the
they play a role in cell recognition. Most cellulose and pectin.
especially in pollen-stigma interactions and stem
grating experiments. CELL WALL STRUCTURE
➢ Cellulose: Its backbone or building blocks is
THE CUTICLE glucose.
Cross section of ➢ Pectin: A galactose acid
Yucca (a xerophyte) o Galactose acid: It is an oxidation form of
• Xerophyte: galactose (simple sugar)
Plants that are able ➢ Hemicellulose:
to live in places with Made up of a
scanty amount of variety hexose and
water. pentoses
: A plant which o Hexose: Carbon
needs a little amount atom is 6
of water. o Pentose:
➢ Avoid massive water loss: From an internal tissue. Carbon atom is 5
➢ Barrier vs pets/pathogens
➢ Reflect/filter harmful UV rays

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LESSON: PLANT HISTOLOGY

SOURCE: PPT (LECTURE)
➢ Waxes: Lipids; can be found in either covering
the outer surface Velamen in orchids:
o Epiticular wax layer: It can also be - Whitish covering of roots
embedded in the cutin matrix itself. - A multiseriate epidermis
o Intracuticalar waxes: Provides water in the roots.
proofing (eg: to the leaves of plants).
o Phenolic Compounds:
▪ eg: flavonoids
: This can be found within the
cutin matrix.
▪ Can be considered as a defense PLANTS WITH THIN
molecule because they induce CUTICLE:
resistance to plants against - eg: Tobacco
various pathogens. (leaf)
- Erythronium
COMPONENTS OF DERMAL TISSUES

• Ordinary epidermal cells

• Stomatal apparatus
• Trichomes
• Root hairs PLANTS WITH THICK
CUTICLE:
A. Ordinary Epidermal Cells - Yucca (leaf): After the
epidermis they have
Uniseriate sclerenchyma cells. This is
epidermis: Made to retard the
up of only one evapotransporation.
layer of cells (eg: - Phormium (leaf):
Ligustrum leaf, Another example of xenophyte.
cross section)
: Only EPIDERMAL CELLS WITH SPECIAL STRUCTURE OR CONTENT
one layer of cell
can be found in • BULLIFORM
the upper and CELLS in corn:
lower epidermis. Common in
monocots (eg: corn,
grass)
Multiseriate : Larger than the
epidermis: surrounding cells.
Made up of They are in groups.
many cell Sometimes they
layers. form a fan-shaped
eg: Ficus structure.
leaf, cs : Especially sensitive to the
: Well-known, it’s adaxial surface. changes in humidity or the
Adaxial surface: front part of the leaf amount of water vapor in the air.
Abaxial surface: back surface part of a : Play a role in the rolling and
leaf. unrolling of the leaves in response
Likewise in some parts of a plant (eg: roots in to changes in humidity. (Structural
orchids) we can still observe the multiseriate epidermis mechanism to retard the rate of
(technical name: velamen) evapotransporation).

In Ficus leaf…

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LESSON: PLANT HISTOLOGY

SOURCE: PPT (LECTURE)
Aside from the presence of the multiseriate SCELIRIFIED EPIDERMIS:
epidermis, it can also be observed there is the presence transverse section of stem
of idioblast. rush (Juncus)
➢ IDIOBLAST: It is a cell that differs morphologically
and functionally from the surrounding cells. (The yellow arrow)
SCELIFIRIED: Has a secondary
LITOCYST: The cell wall
content is : Not common in plants
cystolith. because epidermis should
not be that thick as shown in
CYSTOLITH: An the picture.
ergastic Juncus: Found in dry areas.
substance like
crystal made up
of calcium DIFFERENT TYPES OF STOMATA
carbonate. (Based on the arrangement of the subsidiary
: To prevent/ deter herbivory. cells.)

IN DICOTES THE GUARD CELLS ARE IN KIDNEY SHAPE. WHILE

IN MONOCOTS, THE GUARD CELLS ARE SIMILAR TO A LONG
BONE.

➢ SUBSIDIARY CELLS: Cells that surrounds the guard

cells.
➢ Ordinary epidermal cells: This surrounds the
subsidiary cells.

Myrosin cell (idioblast) in Raphanus sativus – chemical

defense strategy in Brassicales.

MYROSIN CELL: Also considered as an idioblast.

: Capable of storing myrosin grains (labeled as mg)
: They can accumulate enzymes called Myrosinase in
their vacuoles.
o Myrosinase: Enzymes that catalyze the
production of toxic compounds when
tissues are damaged by herbivore. (For
protection)
o “Chemical defense strategy”
o True in the group plants: order Brassicales
(cabbage)
B. ANISOCYTIC: Surrounded by three subsidiary
Silica + crystals in rays, cells.
Cordia glabrata o Out ot the three sbsidiary cells, one is
(PARENCHYMA) smaller than the other two.
o Anisocytic or cruciferous: named after
The red arrows indicate the plant family that was first studied.
the ergastic substances. Family of Crucifae (cabbage family)

C. PARACYTIC: The subsidiary cells are parallel to

each other. (Arrangement is parallel to the long
axis of the guard cells.)

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LESSON: PLANT HISTOLOGY

SOURCE: PPT (LECTURE)
o Also known as “RUBIACIOUS” or : There are some
“RUBISAEI” plants that has no
o stomata (parasitic
D. DIATYIC: Two subsidiary cells that surrounds the plants)
guard cells, they are perpendicular to the long
axis of the guard cell. : e.g: Indian pipe
o Also called as CARIOFELACIOUS (Family (Monostropa
of carnation) uniflora)
: Subterranean
A. ANOMOCYTIC: The guard cells are surrounded by parasitic plant
subsidiary cells which are quite similar to the
remaining epidermal cells.
o Also known as RANONCOLACIOUS • EPISTOMATIC STOMATA: A type of stomata based
(named after of the family on occurrence.
Ranuncolacei) : Type of leaves
based on the location
E. ACTINOCYTIC on the stomata
F. CYCLOTIC
Most common:
• TETRACYTIC STOMATA: Common Hypostomatic
in family Commelinaceae. (Family of : eg: Castalia
stereasea pallida and rhoeo discolor) : Found in lower
o Four subsidiary cells, two epidermis
of them are parallel to : In aquatic plants,
the long axis on the they usually have
guard cell while the epistomatic stomata because they are exposed
other two are to air (found in the upper epidermis)
perpendicular to the
long axis of the guard • AMPHISTOMATIC
cell. STOMATA: Both upper
and lower epidermis
• GRAMINEOUS STOMATA: Present have stomata.
in grasses or monocots eg: Petunia
: Guard cells are no longer in bean
shape. Instead they are in bone shape
(long bone)
: Seems to have a head-like structure
at both ends. • SUNKEN STOMATA (in Pinus)
: e.g: Elephant grass Pinus: thrives in a different
(nephir grass) environment, sub temperature
environment.
SUBSTROMAL CHAMBER (in Costalia Leaf) : In sunken stomata, the
stomata are really sunken
(Red : It reduces the rate of
arrow): hypotranspiration
When the : Located below the
CO2 epidermis.
enters, (small two arrows) : The
there are stomata is the guard cells
some air opening between them.
spaces
where it
can
circulate.
(Dark blue arrows): The stomata

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LESSON: PLANT HISTOLOGY

SOURCE: PPT (LECTURE)

• STOMATAL GROOVES (in Yucca) : Hooked: naka-hook sad ulo

Different to a stomatal chamber ➢ GLANDULAR: “Balbous” (buhok sa taas)

because it is lined by a cuticle. (two o They have the capacity to synthesize or
horizontal lines) store the same amount of secondary
metabolites. These are also known as
natural products.
▪ eg: Terpenoids
: Phenolic compounds-
alkaloids phytochemicals.
STOMATAL CRYPTS in Phytochemicals: they can
Adelfa (Nerium exhibit anti-microbial properties
oleander) or they can act as attractants.
: Like stomatal eg: in pollinators, they can
depression but on the attract pollinators
inside is the canal, there : repellants- it repels pest or
are trichomes present insects
(lower multiple : deterrents against
epidermis) herbivores.
: They are multiseriate o These substances exert a wide range of
: All of this is to reduce the rate of effects to the plant itself and to the other
evatransporation. living organisms.
o They can induce flowering, fruit
TRICHOMES abscission. They can maintain perennial
- A very important components of dermal tissues. growth, they can signal deciduous
They provide physical protection, chemical behavior (panlalagas ng dahoon)
protection, helps in producing excess water loss/
evatransporation DRUGS PRODUCE FROM GARNDULAR TRICHOMES:
o Presence of phenolic substances in the - Natural products/ secondary metabolites that
cuticle, trichomes helps in imparting can be produced from trichomes.
protection against UV radiation.
- If trichomes are grandular, they are capable of ➢ Artemisinin: Derived from Artemesia
secreting important chemical substances that : Said to have an anti-malarian
can be observed (studied) for possible medicinal property.
uses.
➢ Cannabinoids: From the granular trichomes of
DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRICHOMES cannabis sativa (female flower)

TRANSVERSE SECTION OF
OLIVE LEAF (Olea purpurea)
➢ Peltate Trichomes:
Umbrella like
: Helps in preventing the
depositing of spores/ eggs
of insects/plants that
produce spores to prevent from entering the
internal tissues of the plants.
MULTICELLULAR HAIRS
AND GLANDULAR
TRICHOMES IN
- Uniseriate: One layer of cells TOMATO
- Multiseriate: More than one cell layer of cells. (Lycopersicum
o eg: Taper: narrow at the end part Lycopersicon).
: Peltate: Umbrella-like

BS BIO 1-2 // KD 13
 E.L. VITUG // WEEK 4

LESSON: PLANT HISTOLOGY

SOURCE: PPT (LECTURE)
SEM images of trichomes in the leaves of
- (Scanning electron micrograph electron)
a. Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)
b. Squash (Cucurbita maxima)
VESSELS AND TRACHEIDS: Devoid of protoplast when it
reaches maturity.
➢ Vessel members: Wider but shorter, more or less
cylindrical)
➢ Xylem parenchyma: cells that are alive at
maturity, thinned-wall
➢ Xylem Fiber: a kind of sclerenchyma, thicked-wall

LATICIFERS in Euphorbia
: Elongated
secretory
cells that
produce
latex.

INSECT TRAPPING TRICHOMES in alfalfa (Medicago sativa In some

L.) plants, there
are
articulated
laticifers
made up of
many cells.
Eg: Musa

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN VESSELS AND TRACHEIDS

➢ VESSELS: They
have perforated end
walls (perforated
plates).
o Sometimes
• Procumbent glandular trichomes (pr) : horizontal there is the presence of
growth piths, they exhibit larger
• Erect glandular trichomes (e): lateral growth diameter than
tracheids.
PART 4: PRIMARY VASCULAR TISSUES
➢ TRACHEIDS:
DIAGRAM OF COMPONENTS OF XYLEM Much elongated
TRACHEIDS: More o The diameter of
elongated, tracheids are further
narrows than than the vessel (mas malapad but
vessel members shorter)
: Tethering ends,
lack perforation CROSS SECTION AND LONGITUDINAL SECTION OF DICTOE
plates (end walls), AND MONOCOT STEMS
instead they have : The larger in
piths. diameter
• Piths: Important structures are the
to the movement vessels.
of substances. : smaller ones are
tracheids.

BS BIO 1-2 // KD 14
 E.L. VITUG // WEEK 4

LESSON: PLANT HISTOLOGY

SOURCE: PPT (LECTURE)
A = With several layers of Parenchyma
LONGITUDINAL SECTION OF CORN STEM : Tracheary elements with annular thickening
SHOWING VESSELS (4) (black arrows)
(3 horizontal black arrows): Intact annular thickening.
• PHLOEM (Sieve-tube member) Column of parenchyma cells followed by a sieve tub
: adjacent to the vessel elements labeled as phloem.
• FIBERS B= Spiral type
• PARENCHYMA CELLS C= Reticulate Type of secondary wall thickening

TYPES OF PERFORATION PLATES

PERFORATION PLATES: The

DIAGRAMATIC PRESENTATION OF SECONDARY CELL WALL vessels have an additional
THICKENING IN TRACHEARY ELEMENTS feature besides the
secondary wall thickening
• Tracheary elements: vessels and tracheids : Butas sa end plate of a
• Secondary cell wall thickening: There patterns vessel members. At the ends
we see in the secondary cell wall. of a vessel member, there are
perforation plate. Except the
last two cells (top apex,
bottom apex)
: Found in end walls
and in various forms.
: Some of the terminology used in secondary wll
thickening are the same to characterized the perforation
plates.
eg: Scaliform perforation
: Reticulate perforation

➢ SCALARIFORM CELL: Ladder-like

➢ FORMINATE CELL: Many circular perforations
1. Annular: Different thickenings due to the uneven arranged in scattered fashion
depositions of lignin. : Common in gymnosperms
2. Spiral: Helix/helical : eg: Ephedra
3. Scalariforme: ladder-like
4. Reticulated: Net shaped ➢ RETICULATE PERFORATION:
5. Pitted: ➢ SIMPLE PERFORATION PIT: One big opening
o Simple Piths
o Bordered piths Quercus alba vessel:
Very small vessel with
It is said unto genetically, the most advanced type of simple perforation plates.
thickening is “pittied”, which occurs in the late primary
and secondary xylem of the wood.

C.PARATHESIS: Simple perforation

D. ABELIA: Scalariform perforation

BS BIO 1-2 // KD 15
 E.L. VITUG // WEEK 4

LESSON: PLANT HISTOLOGY

SOURCE: PPT (LECTURE)

A CLOSE UP OF VASCULAR BUNDLE FOUND AT THE CENTER Corn: an example of plant

OF A DICOTE ROOT that exhibits the C4
How to know if it’s a pathway of photosynthesis
dicot roots? There are o C4 PATHWAY: Plants that
three rays: has a bundle sheet present
1. Protoxylem
2. Protoxylem DIAGRAMS OF SOME CELLS
3. Metaxylem COMPRISING OF XYLEM
: They are actually AND PHLOEM
vessels, but they are XYLEM: Two vessel
called as “proto-“ and members, perforation
“meta-“ to indicate the plates at both ends.
difference in diameter, : Tracheids are more
order of formation. elongated, like the
Metaxylem: Wider diameter than protoxylem. The ray end of a syringe w/
alternates with the phloem. border pits.

• Another way to identify a dicot root is by the PHLOEM: includes

presence of endodermis and pericycle. sieve elements.
o Endodermis: Made up of a simple layer : With companion
of cells, it is considered as the inner most cells = strongly
layer of the cortex. adhering to the walls
: the cells found here has a of the sieve-tube
casparian cell elements.
▪ they regulate the movement of
substances in the endodermis
area. : There are also
o Pericycle: Made up of single layers of associated fibers for
cells that encloses the vascular bundle both xylem and
(phloem + xylem) phloem.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PROTOXYLEM AND METAXYLEM ➢ COMPANION

CELLS: These
are actually
connected to
sieve tube
elements
through the plasmodesmata.

The sieve tube elements loose their nuclei at maturity,

therefore the companion cells help in the loading of
Cross section of corn stem (Zea mays) as seen in a sugar, providing energy.
compound microscope.
Photos of phloem as seen in the microscope; both are in
Metaxylem, protoxylem, longitudinal
protoxylem lacuna, bundle section.
sheath (corn stem, cs)
(Left) Two
Protoxylem lacuna: space formed when protoxylem sieve tube
degenerates. members, one
: Shorter lives compared to metaxylem. top of the
other. At the
BS: mean bundle sheet, compactly arranged end wall, there
parenchyma surrounding a vascular bundle.

BS BIO 1-2 // KD 16
 E.L. VITUG // WEEK 4

LESSON: PLANT HISTOLOGY

SOURCE: PPT (LECTURE)
is a sieve plate. There is a pith in the
o Sieve plate: paralleled to the vessel middle. The vascular
members. bundle encloses the
o Vessel members have a perforation pith. (Big circles at the
plate. left are vessels and the
o Sieve-tube element: Have a sieve-plate/ small circles are the
like a filter metaxylems, tracheids)
• A sieve tube is made up of several sieve tube Endodermis: the
members arranged end to end to form a innermost layer of the
continuous tube. At maturity, the sieve tube cortex (malapad na
members lose their nuclei, at this point they region sa parenchyma
require/need the presence of companion cells. It cells)
is the latter provides energy and help in the
loading of sugar so that it can be translocated to VASCULAR BUNDLES IN CORN STEM, cs
all cells at the plant’s body.
Scattered
(Right) Albuminous cells (in gymnosperms, they do not “w/eyes and mouth”
have companion cells but they have albuminous cells) Phloem: outermost
: Which are functionally similar to companion cells. location
Greenish part, toward
Gymnosperms have sieve cells: Considered as more the inside ang xylem.
primitive compared to sieve tube members/ sieve tube The rest is the
elements. parenchyma.

VASCULAR BUNDLE IN MIDRIB OF DICOT LEAF, cs

CLOSE-UP VIEW OF VASCULAR BUNDLE
1. Vascular Bundle DICOT LEAF: They
2. Secondary Cell wall of Phloem Fibers have a midrib
3. Sieve-Tube member/element Midrib: Major
4. Companion cells: sandwiched between the lane at the center,
phloem (sieve tube members) therefore in cross
5. Metaxylem section, you will a
6. Protoxylem bulge or nob like
7. Protoxylem Lacuna structure at the
center.
VASCULAR BUNDLE IN DICOT ROOTS : The xylem is
more adjacent to
the upper epidermis.

VASCULAR BUNDLES OF MONOCOT LEAF, cs

They have parallel

: The
vascular bundle is at the
center, forms four rays
which are the vessels. (They
alternate with the phloem)
With endodermis and pericycle.
VASCULAR BUNDLES IN MONOCOT ROOTS
venation therefore;
the size of their veins
is almost the
same/equal. Parallel
to each other.
→ In CS, many
veins/ vascular
bundles can be observed lined up along with the entire
width of the leaf blade.

Vascular bundle (4 red arrows): Four vascular bundles.

BS BIO 1-2 // KD 17
 E.L. VITUG // WEEK 4

LESSON: PLANT HISTOLOGY

SOURCE: PPT (LECTURE)
The plate/photo of the monocot leaf is in an inverted considered the outermost
position. The bulliform (fan-shaped cells) are supposedly boundary of the stele.
located at the upper epidermis, but in the picture it is
located at the bottom part. TYPES OF STELE:
1. Prostele: Has no pith
TYPES OF VASCULAR BUNDLES a. Haplostele: Cylindrical
1. Collateral Bundle mass of xylem surrounded by
2. Bicollateral Bundle the phloem
3. Concentric Bundle ▪ eg: Selaginella root,cs
b. Actinostele: Core is
➢ COLLATERAL BUNDLE: Very common among lobed or star-shaped; phloem
plants surrounds xylem
: Only one strip/strand of phloem ▪ eg: Lycopodium
o eg: corn, heliantus : Psilotum
➢ BICOLLATERAL BUNDLE: Two strands of phloem 2. Siphonostele: The vascular tissues surround the
▪ eg: cucurbita pith.
➢ CONCENTRIC BUNDLE a. Eustele: Type of Siphonostele, which Is
o Amphivasal: The phloem tissues are very common. It is the arrangement of
enclosed by a xylem/vessel. vascular bundle in a dicot stem.
▪ eg: Juncus
: Acorus • ATACTOSTELE: Quite different from the rest there is
o Amphirical bundle: the vessels are no distinct pith, because the space is occupied
enclosed by phloem. by vascular bundles.
▪ eg: polypodium (fern)

STELAR TYPES
“ ”
: In vascular plants, they have a structure called stele.

• STELE: The central Sa mga nais pong magbigay ng kanilang pasasalamat, ang gumawa po ng trans na
ito ay tumatanggap ng pasasalamat sa paraan ng Gcash. Ito po ang kanyang
part of the root or numero, 09163874343. Tumatanggap po siya ng anumang halaga, maliit man o
stem containing the malaki. Salamat po!
vascular tissues plus
LOL, JOKE LANG HAHAHAHAHAHAHA. GOOD LUCK SA MIDTERMS MGA
ground tissues in KLASMEYT! KAKAYANIN AT KAYA YAN. NAWA AY MAKATULONG NG KAHIIT
some cases and the KONTI ANG NOTES NA ITO. PADAYON!
pericycle which if
present is

BS BIO 1-2 // KD 18