UNIVERSAL HISTORY

CHAPTER 6

SECTION 1 REVIEW

1. Identify
(a) Pliny the Elder was a Roman author, a naturalist and natural
philosopher, a naval and army commander
(b) Ptolemy was a Greek mathematician, astronomer, geographer and
astrologer.
(c) Virgil was an ancient Roman poet of the Augustan period.
(d) Livy was a Roman historian.
(e) Tacitus was a Roman historian and politician.

2. Define
(a) Mosaic a picture or pattern produced by arranging together small
pieces of stone, tile, glass, etc.
(b) Aqueduct an artificial channel for conveying water, typically in the
form of a bridge across a valley or other gap.

3. How did Roman sculpture differ form greek sculpture?

The biggestdifference is that the Romans did not idealize the features of
theirstatues to the degree the Greeks did. Romans were much more
inclined toward representational sculptures of people.

4. What contributions did the Romans make to science and medicine?

Roman medicine was highly influenced by Greek medicine. Greek
physicians including Dioscorides and Galen practiced medicine and
recorded their discoveries in the Roman Empire. These two physicians
had knowledge of hundreds of herbal, among other, medicines.
5. What was Livy´s opinion of Rome?
His goal was to glorify rome.

6. What two systems of law developed as Rome expanded?

Civil law and the law of nations.

SECTION 2 REVIEW
 1. Identify
(a) Gospels Rome had already begun formulating its own gospel and
spreading its message to the peoples of the new empire.
(b) Peter was crucified in Rome under Emperor Nero. He is
traditionally counted as the first bishop.
(c) Paul Geography relevant to Paul's life, stretching from Jerusalem
to Rome.
(d) Gentiles is a term that usually means 'someone who is not a Jew'.
(e) Nicene Creed is a statement of belief widely used in Christian
liturgy. 

2. Define
(a) Messiah the promised deliverer of the Jewish nation prophesied in
the Hebrew Bible.
(b) Parable a simple story used to illustrate a moral or spiritual lesson,
as told by Jesus in the Gospels.
(c) Martyr a person who is killed because of their religious or other
beliefs.
(d) Hierarchy a system in which members of an organization or
society are ranked according to relative status or authority.
(e) Pope the Bishop of Rome as head of the Roman Catholic Church.

3. How did Rome treat the Jews in Palestine?

Central privileges included the right to be exempted from polis
religious rituals and the permission 'to follow their ancestral laws,
customs and religion'. Jews were also exempted from military service
and the provision of Roman troops.

4. Why did Roman authorities believe Jesus was dangerous?

Some Jewish officials saw Jesus as a troublemaker bent on challenging
traditional Hebrew laws.

5. What did Paul teach Christians?

He helped establish Christian communities in the Eastern cities of the
Roman Empire.

6. List three reasons for the spread of christianity.

-The peace of Rome
-Easy Travel
 -Common Language

SECTION 3 REVIEW

1. Locate
(a) Constantinople was the capital city of the Roman Empire

2. Identify
(a) Diocletian was a Roman emperor from 284 to 305.
(b) Constantine Constantine the Great also known as Constantine I,
was a Roman Emperor.

3. Define
(a) Coloni Coloni Roma, also called La Roma or simply, Roma, is a
district located in the Cuauhtémoc borough of Mexico City just west of
the city's historic center.
4. List two problems the Roman Empire faced after the death of Marcus
Aurelius.
-Rome plunged into civil wars and chaos.
-Roman soldiers murdered the emperor to the higuest bidder.

5. (a) How did Diocletian increase the military strength of the Roman
empire?
His military reforms strengthened the army and restored imperial
control over the generals.

(b) How did he fight rising prices?

His economic reforms began compensating for devalued currency. Most
significantly, however, Diocletian appointed a co-emperor and divided
the Roman Empire in half.

SECTION 4 REVIEW

1. Locate
(a) Adrianople sometimes known as the Battle of Hadrianopolis, was
fought between an Eastern Roman army led by the Eastern Rome.
(b) Troyes is a commune and the capital of the department of Aube in
the Grand Est region of north-central France. 

2. Identify
 (a) Huns The Huns were a nomadic people who lived in Central Asia,
the Caucasus, and Eastern Europe, between the 4th and 6th century
AD.
(b) Visigoths were an early Germanic people who along with the
Ostrogoths constituted the two major political entities of the Goths
within the Roman Empire.
(c) Attila He subsequently invaded Italy, devastating the northern
provinces, but was unable to take Rome. 
(d) Vandals were a Roman-era Germanic people who first appear in
written records inhabiting present-day southern Poland. 

3. What role did the chief play in Germanic tribes?

The Germanic tribes, an ancient nomadic civilization, used their
superior military ... One of the chieftain's jobs was to keep peace in
the clans.

4. List two reasons why Germanic tribes moved into the Roman
Empire.
They were the first Germanic tribe to settle in the Roman Empire.
They assimilatedinto Rome by adopting native cultural activities.
When the Visigoths were allowed toenter the Empire to escape the
Huns, however, they were unhappy with bad treatment received from
imperial officials. They began battling against Rome.

5. How did the division of the Roman Empire hurt the western
provinces?
Rome Divides into Two, In 285 AD, Emperor Diocletian decided that
the Roman Empire was too big to manage. He divided the Empire
into two parts, the Eastern Roman Empire and theWestern Roman
Empire. Over the next hundred years or so, Rome would be
reunited, split into three parts, and split in two again.

CHAPTER 3 REVIEW
RECALLING FACTS

Arrange the events in each of the following groups in the order in which
they ocurred.

1. (a) The Pax romana ends. FIRST

(b) Odoacer captures Rome THIRD
 (c) The Roman empire is divided into an Eastern and a western empire.
SECOND

2. (a) Diocletian introduces government and economic reforms. FIRST

(b) Constantine builds a new capital in the east. THIRD
(c) Christianity becomes the oficial religion of the Roman empire.
SECOND

3. (a) Roman armies destroy Jerusalem. SECOND

(b) Nicene Creed is adopted. THIRD
(c) Jesus is born in Bethlehem. FIRST

4. (a) Hunts attack Germanic tribes in Eastern Europe. FIRST

(b) Visigoths defeat Romans at the battle of Adrianople. SECOND
(c) Vandals sack Rome. THIRD

CHAPTER CHECKUP

1. (a) How did Greek culture influence Roman civilization?

Greek architecture was one important influence on the Romans. As you
remember, the Greeks built marble temples as homes for their gods.
Temples like the Parthenon had stately columns that added to their
beauty. The Romans used Greek designs in their own public buildings.

(b) In what field did Rome make its own contributions?

Ancient Roman civilisation has contributed to modern language, religion,
society, technology, law, politics, government, warfare, art, literature,
architecture and engineering.

2. (a) What were the main themes emphasized by Roman writers?

The major themes include rebirth and rediscovery, humanism,
rationalism, individualism, reformation, and secularism.

(b) How did Livys writing of history differ from that of the
Greek historian Thucydides?
The differences between Livys and Thucydides are in style, interpretation
and purpose.

3. Describe the system of law that developed under the Roman Empire.
Roman law is the legal system of ancient Rome, including the legal
developments spanning over a thousand years of jurisprudence, from the
Twelve Tables (c. 449 BC), to the Corpus Juris Civilis (AD 529) ordered
by Eastern Roman Emperor Justinian I.

4. (a) In general, what was the Roman attitude toward the many different
religions in the empire?
They were tolerant of otherreligions. They even adopted gods from
other religions.

(b) Why did Roman authorities persecute Christians?

Because they think they were troublemakers.

6. (a) Describe the reforms of Diocletian and Constantine.

He added more provinces to raise the total number to almost 100. While
he decreased the size of the districts, he increased the amount of officials.
He created 12 dioceses that were each led by a vicar. He then divided the
whole empire into East and West, each containing 2 prefectures.

(b) How were they successful?

Diocletian created a new administrative system called the tetrarchy
and increased the provinces. He enlarged the army and created a
new system with garrison troops and mobile units.

CRITICAL THINKING

1. RELATING PAST TO PRESENT (a) In your opinion, why did Rome

borrow so much from Greek civilization?
Because they needed to get attached and based on something.

(b) What present-day example can you give of one culture strongly
influencing another?
The fashions and customs that the United States gives to most of the
Latin American countries.

2. UNDERSTANDING THE ROOTS OF DEMOCRACY (a) How is law

in the united states today similar to law in the Roman Empire?
The United States Constitution is similar to the Twelve Tables of Roman
law, because both are binding on all citizens and lay down the law of
the land.

(b) How might you explain the similarities?

It is very likely the Roman Twelve Tables influenced the writing of
the Constitution becuase many connections can be drawn between both of
the documents.

3. ANALYZING (a) How did the Pax Romana help the spread of
Christianity?
Trade, roads, and peace were all contributing factors that
aided Christianity as a result of the Pax Romana.

4. UNDERSTANDING ECONOMIC IDEAS (a) Why did emperors who

ruled after the end of the Pax Romana devalue the coinage?
The way they devalued was mostly by reducing the content of precious
metals in thecoins. And well, they pretty much printed more when they
needed to pay troops, or to make trade easier (no coins no trade).

(b) How did Diocletian and Constantine try to solve economic problems?
Diocletian sought to bring order into the economy by controlling wages
and prices and by initiating a currency reform based upon a new gold
piece, the aureus, struck at the rate of 60 to the pound of gold.

(c) Why do you think their reforms did not work?

The controls failed and the aureus vanished, to be succeeded
by Constantine's gold solidus.

DEVELOPING BASIC SKILLS

1. USING VISUAL EVIDENCE Study the mosaic on page 122. (a) How
would you describe the mood of the musicians?
They look interested, and happy.. i guess.

(b) What might you conclude about life in Rome based on this mosaic?
I think that sometimes life in Rome was difficult.

2. MAP READING Use the map on page 131 and your Reading in this
chapter to answer these questions: (a) Which of the invaders of Rome
came from Asia?
The barbarians.

(b) Which part of the Roman Empire suffered most from the invasions?
The most straightforward theory for Western Rome's collapse pins the
fall on a string of military losses sustained against outside forces. 
3. CLASSIFYING Make a chart with three columns. In column one, list
political causes for Romes decline. In column two, lit economic causes.
In column list social causes. Then answer the following questions: