A BRIEF HISTORY OF SHIPS

Primitive people used any available materials that would float to cross water. The dugout was an
early boat. People moved rafts with poles and oars.

Sailing Ships
The sail was invented and the early Egyptians developed advanced sailing cargo ship. They built
their ships by lashing together small pieces of wood. Egyptian ships also traded across the
Mediterranean and Red Seas.

Steam Ships
Iron took place of wood in ship construction. After the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 iron-
hulled steamships travelled from Europe to China. The first successful steammer was North River
Steamboat of 1807. The Savannah crossed the Atlantic Ocean in 1819. Most early steamships were
driven by paddle wheels ,but Francis P. Smith and John Ericsson developed screw propellers in 1840.

Viking Ships
Several Viking ships were built of oak wood. Viking ships were propelled by sail and oars and
steered with an oar fixed to the starboard (steerboard). Later ships were covered with decks and
platforms for archers that were built for defence at the fore and aft ends. These fore-castles and after-
castles were incorporated into the hull structure.
The rudder replaced the steering oar. Wooden sailing
ships such as clippers reached their highest level of
development between 1840 and 1905.

Development of Engine
Steam engines grew more reliable and more efficient. The steam engine was followed by the steam
turbine. Compound engines were introduced in 1870. Experiments with petroleum for fuel had been
made before 1900. Oil as fuel was spreading rapidly because oil-burning steammers needed fewer
men in the engine room.
Diesel engines were first used on vessels in 1912. Powerful modern marine diesels are designed to
run on low-grade, low-cost fuel oil.

Paddle wheels Savannah

Vocabulary:
Dugout (n)- Boat made from a tree trunk, log.
Float (v)- To stay or move on the surface of a liquid.
Steer (v)- To control the direction of a ship.

Derivation :Adjective formation with-ful.

noun adjective
harm harmful
force forceful

Try to find the antonyms of the following words in the text.

high-cost X………………………………….
inefficient X…………………………………..
modern X………………………………….
sink X…………………………………
unreliable X…………………………………

Ask questions to the underlined words.

1-People propelled the inflated skins by paddling their hands.
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
2-Platforms were built for defence.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
3-The Savannah crossed the Atlantic Ocean in 1819.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
4-Francis P. Smith and John Ericsson developed screw propellers.
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
5- No, dugouts were not made of oak planks.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
6-The rudder replaced the steering oar.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
7-Nowadays we can see few of the ancient Viking ship in museums.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
8-Compound engines were introduced in 1870.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Rewrite each sentence using after + - ing.

1- a) Suez Canal opened in 1869 and then steamships travelled from Europe to China.
b) After the opening of Suez Canal in 1869, steamships travelled from Europe to China.
2- a) The sail was invented and then the people developed sailing ships.
b)………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3- a) Ships were covered with decks and then platforms were built for archers at fore and aft ends.
b)………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4-a)Iron was used in ship construction and then steamships were built.
b)………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5-a) The screw was developed in 1840 and then ships became faster.
b)………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6-a) Generator was developed and then electric became a source of power supply on board.
b)………………………………………………………………………………………………………

SHIP BUILDING
Naval architects plan the hull, superstructure and internal layout of a ship. Marine engineers design
the propulsion system. The plans must be approved by the classification society.
Ship are built in shipyards. A shipyard has building berths and uses extensive areas around them for
the construction of large components of the steel hull. Building berths slope downward toward the
waterway to facilitate launching
Design
Today ship building begins in the design Office. As soon as an order is confirmed, drawing offices
and planning departments produce working plans and instructions. Computers are used to develop a
variety of designs. The preferred design is refined on the drawing board and then translated into
digital signals and fed back into the computer. The design is passed onto numerically controlled
cutting and bending machines.
Construction
Ships are either assembled on the sloping ways or built in dry docks. A dry dock is a large
rectangular basin dug into the shore and provided with a gate at one end. The ship is floated in, the
gate is closed, the water in the dock is pumped out, and the ship settles onto supports. On the sloping
ways or in the dock, a temporary framework supports the ship while it is being built.
Construction proceeds upward and outward. Large segments of the ship are assembled in shipyard
shops, then brought to the sloping ways and welded into place. Decks, bulkheads, piping and
foundations for heavy machinery are installed as the work proceeds.
Launching
A ship is usually launched in the water, as soon as it will float. Its interior and superstructure are
completed and painted after the hull is afloat. The hull is painted before launching. The ship’s
engines may be installed either before or after the launching. In preparation for launching, the weight
of the hull is transferred from the blocks that have been supporting it to a cradle that can slide down
the greased ways. Now afloat, the ship is towed to a dock, beside which it is moored for fitting out.
Ship are commonly launched stern first. A ship built in a dry dock is launched by simply admittig
water to the dock and floating the ship out. The completed ship is taken to sea and tested. After
testing, it is delivered to its owner.
VOCABULARY
Afloat (adj) –On the surface of the water, floating.
Bulkhead (n)-Vertical partition separating parts of a ship.
Moor (v)-To secure a ship by ropes,to attach a ship to a buoy with ropes.
Naval architect (n)-The person who designs ships.
Propulsion (n)-The act of propelling, thrust.
Shipyard (n)-A place or yard where ships are built and repaired.
Shore (n)-The land along the edge of a sea, river or lake.
Tow (v)-To pull a ship by a rope or chain.
Derivation
Study the words below and find more examples in the text.
Compound nouns (noun + noun,noun + gerund or gerund + noun )
design office building berth ship building
noun noun gerund noun noun gerund

EXERCISES
A-Rewrite these sentences in the passive. Use by + agent.
1-The early Egyptians developed advanced sailing cargo ships
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2-The Phoenicians dominated Mediterranean commerce with galleys.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3-F. P. Smith and J. Ericsson developed screw propellers in 1840.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4-The rudder replaced the steering oar.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5-Naval architects plan the structure of a ship.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6-Marine engineers design the propulsion system.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
7-Planning department produces working plans and instruction.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
8-Ship builder tests ship after launching.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

B-Solve the crossword puzzle.

1 2 Across
1. Crude oil carrier
3. Cereal
4. An ancient sailing ship
3 5. Port
7. Pleasure craft

Down
4 1. A fishing vessel
2. Refrigerated cargo carrier
5. Steering Wheel
6. The primitive means to cross water
5 6

7
C-Fill in the blanks with these words and make any changes if necessary.

Shipyard / moor / afloat / complete / naval architects

1-The ship …………………… the buoy and asked for the pilot.
2-The marine engineer has ………………………….. the plans for the propulsion machinery.
3-……………………………………. design the ship in the desing offices before construction.
4-These is something………………………………. at the port side of the ship.
5-Ships are built either on the sloping ways or in the dry dock in a ………………………………
THE TYPES OF SHIPS

The world’s commerce mostly depends on ship so that ships transport billion tons of cargo between
the various ports of the world. They carry food, coal, oil, grain, paper, chemicals, stell etc. Ship
transport people as well.
We can classify ships as merchant ships, naval ships (warships) and pleasure crafts. Merchant ships
can be classified as cargo ships, service ships, passenger ships, fishing vessels. Cargo ships can be
classified as bulk cargo ships and general cargo ships according to the type of material they carry.
Service ships mostly serve in harbours or inland waters. Naval ships ar efor military use and pleasure
crafts are for non-commercial use.

Merchant Ships

Bulk Cargo Ships

Bulk liquid cargoes such as crude oil or petroleum products are carried in tankers (see fig.8) or
OBOs. Tankers are designed for only liquid cargo and their distinctive feature is the absence of large
cargo hatches and external cargo handling gear. The liquid cargo is piped into the tanks of the ship
and transported without the use of barrels or other containers. Chemicals are transported in chemical
tankers that have coated or stainless-steel tanks. Gas carriers (see fig.9) carry LPG (Liquefied
Petroleum Gas) or LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas). Other specialized tankers may carry such as
asphalt, water, fruit juice, wine, beer or vegetable oils. Bulk carriers (bulkers) (see fig.10) carry
cargoes in bulk such as grain, iron ore, fertilizer, timber, sugar, coal.

General Cargo Ships

General cargo ships carry all manufactured materials. Reefers (Refrigerated Cargo Carriers) carry
refrigerated cargo such as fish, meat, and fruit. Container ships carry cargo in containers, which are
made of steel or aluminium. Roll-on/roll-off ships (RO-RO) are always distinguished by large doors
in the hull and by external ramps that fold down to allow rolling between pier and ship. Heavy-lift
ships can transport huge sections of process equipment around the world. Livestock carriers are
designed to carry farm animals.

Service Ships
Cable-layers lay and repair transoceanic cables, pipe-layers lay pipes. Dredgers deepen and clear
waterways with either a suction pump or a bucket. Icebreakers open lanes for other ships through
frozen waters. Tugboats are designed to asist a large vessel in berthing, unberthing or departing the
port. The push tug differs from other tugboats in the sense that it is designed to push rather than to
pull. Tugboats may also be equipped with a variety of winches or cranes to allow them to provide
other services including anchor handling and fire fig.hting. Offshore supply vessels are designed to
support equipment to oil rigs and drilling platforms located in the open seas.
Fireboats are designed to fig.ht fires on board ship by spraying water and foam onto the fire. Barges
are flat bottomed, large boats and are used for transporting goods in inland waterways
Passenger ship
Any ship with space for more than 12 passengers is a passenger ship by international law. These
ships range ferries to luxurious cruise ships that carry as many as 2,000 passengers. Cruise ships vary
in size, condition, class, propulsion and accommodations. Ferries are vessels of any size that carry
passenger and their vehicles on fixed routes over short cross-water passages. Excursion boats
include diner boats, sightseeing vessels and whale watching boats and they do not provide overnight
accommodations.

Fishing vessels
Fishing vessels are whaling ship, fish processing vessels, trawlers and purse seiners.

Naval Ships
Military vessels designed for defence purposes. Their functions are usually to fire guns, carry
missiles, carry planes or carry troops. Some naval ship are aircraft carriers, destroyers, cruiser and
submarine.

Pleasure Crafts
Pleasure refers to non-commercial use. Pleasure crafts include motor yachts; sailing yachts. A yacht
can be any size, as long as it is a privately-owned vessel.

SHIP

1- Pleasure crafts 2-Merchant ships 3-naval ships

Cargo ships Cargo ships Service ships Fishing vessels

1)oceangoing liner 1)dry cargo vessels 1)dredger 1)whaling ships
2)liner a-reefer 2)tugboat 2)trawlers
3)ferry b-bulk carrier 3)icebreaker 3)purse seiner
c-container vessel 4)cable layer 4)fish processing vessel
2)liquid cargo vessels 5)pipe layer
a-oil tanker 6)LASH ship
b-gas carrier 7)fire boat
c-chemical tanker 8)lightship
d-acid tanker 9)barges
e-wine tanker
3)general cargo vessels
a-OBO
b-general cargo vessel

COMPREHENSION: Give brief answer to the questions.

1-How can you classify merchant ships?................................................................................................

2-What do tankers carry?........................................................................................................................
3-What does OBO stand for?..................................................................................................................
4- What ships can be accepted as passenger ships?..................................................................................
5-What ships transport the chemicals?.....................................................................................................
6-What do heavy lift ships transport?.......................................................................................................
7-What does a cable-layer do?.................................................................................................................
8-Can you define passenger ship?.............................................................................................................
VOCABULARY

A-Etymology
Barge < Greek baris, boat
Cargo < Spanish cargar, load, burden.
Harbour herebeorg < here, army + beorg, shelter.
Service < Latin servitium, slavery < servus, slave.
Yacht < Dutch, jaghtschip, hunt < jagen, to chase + schip, ship.

B-Terminology
Crude (adj.)- Unrefined, raw.
Excursion (n)- Journey for pleasure.
Grain (n)- Cereal (wheat, rice, corn etc).
Lighter (n)- A barge equipped with a crane and towed by tug.
Livestock (n)- Farm animals except poultry.
Purse seine(n)- A large net for fishing.
Trawl(n)- A large, baglike net dragged by a boat along the bottom of a fishing bank.

C- Derivation
Noun formation with-er Find the synonyms in the text.

Verb noun Cargo =freight

Contain container Carry =……………………..
Carry carrier Cereal =……………………..
Raw =……………………..
Ship =……………………..

D-Change the sentences into active.

1-Liquid cargo is carried by OBOs.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2-Refrigerated cargo is carried in reefers.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3-Farm animals are transported by livestock carriers.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4-Vessels are towed by tugboats.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5-Fire can be extinguished by a fire boat.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6-The lanes are opened through frozen waters by icebreakers.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
7-Ship are controlled by navigating officers on the bridge.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

E- Put the words in order

1-water / lane /an / icebreaker / opens / through / icy/
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2-designed / asist / in / harbours / large / vessels / are / tugboats / to /
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3-pumped / tanks / oil / into / is / ship’s /crude /
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4- passengers / more / twelve / is / ship / a / passenger / if / carries / any / vessel / thant / it.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5-bulk /in / carry / holds / bulkers / cargo
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
F- Match the two columns.

Column A Column B

f 1-grain a-trawler

… 2-service ship b-ferry

… 3-excursion boat c-yacht

… 4-fishing vessel d-ore

… 5-livestock animal e-meat

… 6-naval ship f-wheat

… 7-passenger ship g-sheep

… 8-bulk cargo h-dinner boat

… 9-refrigerated cargo l-dredger

… 10-pleasure craft j-destroyer

MAIN PARTS OF A SHIP

There are two main parts of a ship: the hull and the machinery. The main structure of a ship is hull.
The keel is the backbone of the hull. The hull is divided into three areas: fore end, after end and
amidships. The fore end is bow, the after end is stern. The right side of ship is called the starboard
and the other side is port. (Figure1) The depth of ship’s bottom or keel below the waterline is
draught. The beam of the ship is the distance between the two sides(Figure2). The frames, bulkheads,
floors and beams complete the skeleton of hull. The frames which are ribs of the ship are covered by
plating. Today most ships are built with double-hulled bottoms. Fuel and water are commonly stored
in the spaces formed by the double bottoms.

Deck
The upper deck covers the holds or tanks. Deck equipment includes: cargo handling, steering,
anchoring and mooring arrangements. The cargo is loaded or unloaded through hatches by cranes or
by derricks. The derricks are fitted to the masts on deck anda re operated by winches. The anchoring
arrangement is the windlass used for lowering and raising the anchor, an anchor chain. The mooring
arrangement consists of a winch, bitts and fairleads . Lifeboats are arranged on the port and starboard
side. They are carried in davits and are used for life-saving purposes.

Stern
The purpose of the steering gear is to keep the vessel on a steady course. A ship is steered by its
rudder which is a flat plate at the ship’s stern. The rudder is turned by steering engine which is
located in the steering gear compartment.

Propeller
The ship is moved through the water by one or more propellers .Propellers are made of cast iron,
steel or manganese bronze for the resistance to corrosion. Shafts transmit the rotary motion of a
ship’s engines to its propellers. The engine is fitted in the engine room and most modern engine
rooms are highly automated.

Accommodation
The ship is controlled from the bridge by the captain or navigating officers. Near the bridge there is
funnel. The captain, officers and the crew are accommodated in cabins. The meals are prepared in
galleys and laundry is done in the laundry room. Officers generally have single accommodation with
en-suite shower/toilet facilities. Accommodation for staff may be single or shared. Cabins allocated
to crew are often shared subject to space availability. Officers usually eat in the officers’ mess with
waiter service. Crew members dine in the self-service or waiter service crew mess.

Port side

Starboard side

Give brief answer to the questions.

1-What is the hull?

2-How is cargo loaded?
3- What is the rear part of the ship called ?
4- What operates a derrick?
5-Where do the crew members dine?
6-What is the function of the rudder?
7-Who controls the ship?
8-What is the function of shaft?

Terminology

Accomodate (v)- To provide a place to stay, live or work.

Crane (n)- A machine used for lifting cargo.
Crew (n)- Personnel work on board a vessel.
Galley (n)- The kitchen on board a ship.
Propel (v)- To drive and move forward.
Rotary (adj.)- Moving in circles round a central point.

Derivation : Study the words below and find more examples in the text.

Noun formation with –ion

Verb noun
Complete completion
Locate location
Try to find the verb forms of the following words.

Corrosion =>………………………………
Facility =>………………………………
Propulsion =>………………………………
Resistance =>………………………………
Rotary =>………………………………

EXPRESSING THE SIZE OF SHIPS

Archimedes’ principle is the basis of ship construction. A ship fully afloat displaces water equal to its
own weight. For that reason a ship’s weight is expressed in terms of displacement.

Load and light displacement

Displacement is defined as light displacement and load displacement. Light displacement is the
weight of liquid displaced by a vessel when floating with no cargo, fuel, stores or any other weights
not forming part of the hull or machinery or fixed equipment of vessel. Load displacement is the
weight of liquid displaced by a vessel when floating with cargo, fuel, stores any other weights.
Deadweight
Deadweight (DWT) is the cargo-carrying capacity of the vessel. The difference between the load
displacement and the light displacement is the deadweight. Of course not all of the deadweight
capacity of a ship can be used for cargo. Ships must have fuel, water, and stores. Maximum
deadweight is the carrying capacity of a ship measured in 2,240-pound long tons.

Tonnage
Tonnage is a measurement of the enclosed volume of a ship used to describe her cargo capacity and
does not indicate displacement. Register tonnage (gross and net) is measured according to the rules of
the country of registry or international rules, and is used as a basis for port fees, canal tolls, and
similar charges.

Gross tonnage
Gross tonnage is the volumetric capacity of the spaces in the ship’s hull and of the enclosed spaces
above the deck available for cargo, stores, fuel, passengers, and crew. The capacity is measured in
cubic feet and divided by 100 to give gross tonnage.

Net tonnage
Net tonnage is derived from a Formula based on the moulded volume of cargo spaces, the number of
passengers carried, moulded depth, and service draught; net tonnage gives an indication of the ship’s
earning capacity. Commercial vessels engaged in international voyages are issued a Tonnage
Certificate by the country of registry. Certain special tonnages, such as Suez or Panama Canal
tonnages, are calculated by somewhat different formulae and recorded on separate certificates.

Give brief answers to the questions.

1-What do you understand by Archimedes’ principle?

_____________________________________________________________________________
2-What is light displacement?
_____________________________________________________________________________
3-What is maximum deadweight?
_____________________________________________________________________________
4-Can you define tonnage?
_____________________________________________________________________________
VOCABULARY

Displacement (n)- The weight of water displaced by a floating vessel

Draught (draft)(n)- The depth of water a ship draws
Volume (n)- The amount of space occupied by an object
Weight(n)-The amount of heaviness

Derivation: Study the words below and try to find more examples in the text.

Adjective Noun
Long length
Broad breadth
Study the words and write the verb forms.

Noun verb
Construction …………………………………..
Displacement …………………………………..
Indication …………………………………..
Measurement …………………………………..
Registry …………………………………..

Combine words from box A with words from box B and write down as many combinations as
possible.

A B
bulk displacement
cubic architect
enclosed ship
naval cargo
sailing carrier
steam feet
service spaces
light

bulk carrier ……………………………

…………………………… ……………………………
…………………………… ……………………………

EXERCISES

A- Fill in the blanks with appropriate adjectives given below.

different / salt / even / enclosed / international / similar /

1- The dimensions of containers and size of ships are regulated by ………………………… rules.
2-The draught change whether the ship in fresh water or ……………………………… water.
3-If the ship has no trim, this means the ship is on an ……………………………… keel.
4-Displacement and tonnage are ……………………………… terms.
5-Some ……………………………… spaces of a ship must be protected against fire.
B- Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions.

At(2) -on(2) -in(4)- across- through(2)- into(2)- onto- from- to

1-Egyptian ships traded……………………………… the Mediterranean.

2-Steamships travelled…………….. Europe………… China by passing………. Suel Canal.
3-Platforms were built for defence ……………………………… the fore and aft ends.
4-Diesel engines were first used ………………… vessels ………………… 1912.
5-Ships are built ………………… shipyards.
6-………… the past, drawings were prepared for every part of the ship ……… a mould loft.
7-The desing is passed ………………… numerically controlled cutting machines.
8-The design of ship’s structure is translated ………………… digital signals.
9-Ships are assembled ………………… the sloping ways.
10-The cargo is loaded or unloaded ………………… hatches by derricks
11-The people on board are accommodated ………………… cabins.
12- The liquid petroleum products are pumped ………………… the tanks.

STABILITY
When an object is afloat, it is acted upon by two forces; the downward force of gravity and the
upward force of buoyancy (Figure 1). Buoyancy is the ability of an object to float. If an object is
placed into water and the weight of this object is greater than the weight of an equal volume of
water, the object will sink. It sinks because the force of buoyancy is less than the weight of the
object. However, if the weight of the object is less than the weight of an equal volume of water, the
object will float.
Stability
For ships; centre of gravity is the point of application of the gravitational force on the ship. Centre of
buoyancy is the point of application of the buoyancy force on a ship.
When cargo is loaded to one side of a ship, there will be a temporary shift in the centre of gravity.
Once the ship tilts to one side, the centre of buoyancy will also shift. The ship’s centre of gravity
determines the ship’s stability. Stability may be defined as the ability of a vessel to return to her
initial position after inclination.
GM
GM is a design characteristic of ships. The value of GM is determined by various factors, including a
vessel’s length-beam ratio, underwater cross-sectional profile, keel shape, the amount of freeboard.
The moment will act in the stable direction only as long as the point M (metacentre) is above G (the
centre of gravity). If M is below G, the forces of weigh and buoyancy will tend to increase the angle
of heel, and the equilibrium will be unstable.
Free Surface Effect
Free surface in a ship causes a reduction in GM, due to a change in the centre of gravity, and a
consequent reduction in stability. The free surface effect is separate from any effect that may result
from the addition of the weight of the liquid. When free surface exists, a free surface correction must
be included in stability calculations. Ships undergo an ‘ inclining experiment’ to validate the GM
value. It is calculated how much the ship can flood before it capsizes. The test will include marking
the waterline of the ship without any fuel or water on board. We then will place a track on the deck
and level it. A weight will then be moved from the amidships point outboard. The amount of
deflection is recorded. This information will be plugged into a stability formula. The equation will
tell us where the ship’s centre of gravity is.
COMPREHENSION
State that the following sentences true or false according to the text.

1-Two forces act upon the object when it is afloat.

2-If the weight of the object is greater than the weight of displaced water, that object will sink.

3-The centre of gravitational force is centre of buoyancy.

4-If ship inclines, the centre of buoyancy changes.

5-Free surface has an effect on GM.

6-If M is below G, this means that the ship is not stable.

VOCABULARY
Capsize (v)- To be overturned (of ships)
Deflection (n)- Deviation, being deflected
Equal (adj)- Being of the same quantity, size, number, value, degree etc.
Equation (n)- Making equal, equality
Equilibrium (n)- Balance
Incline (v)- To deviate from a vertical position, to lean, to slope
Shift (v)- To change position or direction
Sink (v)- To fall down below the surface of the water, to submerge
Stable (adj)- Steady, fixed
Tilt (v)- To incline, to slope

C- Derivation
Study the words below and find more examples in the text.
Noun formation with-ity (state of )

Adjective noun
Capable capability
Able ability

EXERCISES
A-Find the verb forms of the following words.

1- addition =>………………………… 5- equation =>…………………………

2- calculation =>…………………………… 6- inclination =>…………………………
3- correction =>…………………………… 7- information =>……………………………
4- deflection =>…………………………… 8- reduction=>……………………………

B- Underline the true word or phrase in italics.

1- The gravitational force is upward / downward force.

2- If metacentre is above / below centre of gravity, this ship will be stable.
3- When the ship has some heel, the ship is stable / unstable.
4- When the force of buoyancy is less than the weight of the object, it sinks / floats.
5- When the ship has maximum draught, the volume of displaced water increases / reduces.

C- Solve the crossword puzzle.

1 2
3 4 5
6
7 8
9
10 11
12
1 14
3

1 16
5

17
18 19

20 21
22
23
3- Harbour
Across 4-Rear part of ship
6- Dredges waterways 22- A liquid cargo
7- Acronym for oil bulk ore 23-Sea
8- Abbr. for deadweight
9- Boat, vessel Down
10- Steering device 1- Seaman, sailor
12- Main structure of a ship 2- Captain
14- Farm animals 3-
15- Ship building place 5- Towing vessel
16- Abbr. for gross tonnage 11- The bureau for ship design
17- Roll on roll off ship 13- Acronym for lighter aboard ship
19- The backbone of a ship
18- The front part of ship 21- Pull with a rope
20- List, inclination

TEST

1- What statement is not true regarding ships?

a. Ships carry various commercial goods
b. Ships transport goods between ports
c. Ships carry goods only in containers
d. Ships carry both goods and people
e. Ships are older than trains and planes

2- What do ships carry?

a. petroleum products b. grain c. chemicals d. manufactured materials e. all

3- What did primitive people use to cross water?

a. logs b. Rafts c. inflated skins d. Dugouts e. all

4- Which material did Vikings use to build a ship?

a. steel b. cast iron c. oak planks d. rubber e. none

5- Which had no sails?

a. schooners b. galleys c. Viking ships d. dugouts e. clippers

6-Which is not used for propulsion?

a. steam b. nuclear power c. solar energy d. diesel oil e. gas

7- Who designs and plans the superstructure and hull of a ship before construction?
a. civil engineers
b. marine engineers
c. naval architects
d. navigating officers
e. ship owners

8-
I- The water in the dock is pumped out
II- The ship is towed or floated in
III- The ship settles on the supports
IV- The gate is closed.
The order is;
a. I-II-III-IV b. II-IV-III-I c. II-IV-I-III d. IV-I-III-II e. I-II-IV-III

9- What statement is not true regarding ship building?

a. Ship building begins at the design office
b. Ships are built either on the sloping ways or in dry docks
c. The hull is painted after launching
d. Naval architects design the superstucture, hull of a ship.
e. Ships are tested after launching

10-
I- The ship is launched and tested.
II- The huge parts are welded on the sloping ways
III- A variety of design are produced by computers
IV- The parts are prepared in shipyard shops.
V- The hull is painted.

The correct order is;

a. V-I-IV-II-III b. III-IV-II-V-I c. III-IV-V-II-I d. IV-III-II-I-V e. III-II-V-IV-I

11-The place where the ship are built is called;

a. wharf b. shipyard c. mould loft d. harbour e. pier

12- Merchant ships

Service ships
Passenger ships
Fishing vessels
Pleasure crafts
Naval ships
The same order is that;
a. Chemical vessels-tugs-liners-whaling ships-yachts- destroyers
b. Tanker-dredgers-liner-sailing yachts- cruise ship-destroyers
c. Tanker-tug-liners-bulk carriers-hovercrafts-destroyers
d. Dredgers-tankers-liners-whaling ship- yachts- destroyers
e. Cable Layers-pilot boats-liners-whaling ships-yachts-destroyers

13-Which is not in the category of Merchant ships?

a. cruise ship b. Ferry c. gas carrier d. reefer e. yacht

14-Which is a cargo ship?

a. OBO b. Ferry c. tug d. cruise ship e. dredger

15- Heavy – lift ships

a. open lanes for the other ships.
b. carry huge sections of process equipment.
c. carry containers
d. transport animal between countries
e. are fish procession ships

16- Tankers are loaded or discharged by;

a. derricks b. Winches c. cranes d. buckets e. pumps

17- LASH is an acronym for

a. Light Aboard Ship
b. Lighter Above Ship
c. Lighter Above Shore
d. Lighter Aboard Ship
e. Load Aboard Ship

18- What tows a ship in port ?

a. Dredger b. Tugboat c. Reefer d. Lighter e. Barge

19- A bulk carrier has ……………. for stowing cargo.

a. tanks b. bitts c. masts d. castles e. holds

20- Which is not a service ship ?

a. dreger
b. reefer
c. fire boat
d. offshore supply vessel
e. icebreaker

21- Oil can be carried in bulk by;

a. barges b. container ships c. bulkers d. OBOs e. RO-ROs

22- Ore, grain, coal etc. are carried by;

a. a tanker
b. a reefer
c. a LASH ship
d. a bulk carrier
e. livestock carrier

23- Livestock carriers carry;

a. petroleum products
b. chemicals
c. containers
d. refrigerated cargo
e. farm animals

24- Which is not used for fishing?

a. a trawler
b. a purse seiner
c. a whaling ship
d. an excursion boat
e. a fish processing vessel

25- ‘’The depth of the ship’s keel from waterline’’ is;

a. freeboard b. bottom c. draught d. water line e. deck

26- Derricks are fitted to the ship’s;

a. bulwark b. bitts c. masts d. castles e. davits

27- Which is not an enclosed space?

a. galley b. engine room c. steering gear compartment
d. hold
e. forecastle

28- What has an effect on stability?

a. buoyancy b. gravity c. free surface d. weight e. all
29- The weight of water displaced by a ship when floating with no cargo, stores, fuel etc.
a. gross tonnage
b. load displacement
c. light displacement
d. net tonnage
e. tare

30- The capacity of the spaces in the ship’s hull and of the enclosed spaces above the deck
available for cargo, stores, fuel, passengers, and crew is;
a. draught
b. load displacement
c. gross tonnage
d. net tonnage
e. deadweight