PRODUCTION OF AIR REFRESHING

BY

OKEKE ADAOLSA .O

STE/H2002/2003

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY

INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY

(I.M.T.) ENUGU.

A PROJECT PRESENTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF

SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY INSTITUTE OF

MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY, ENUGU.

1
 AUGUST, 2004

TITLE PAGE

PRODUCTION OF AIR REFRESHING

BY

OKEKE ADAOLSA .O

STE/H2002/2003

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY INSTITUTE OF

MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY (I.M.T.) ENUGU.

THIS IS A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE

TECHNOLOGY INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AND

TECHNOLOGY, ENUGU.

2
 AUGUST, 2004

CERTIFICATION

This project has been proof, read and found worthy of submission to the

department of science technology, institute of management and technology,

Enugu.

By

……………………….. ………………..

MR AKPAN F.C DATE

SUPERVISOR

………………….. ……………….

MR AMUH J.N DATE

HEAD OF DEPARTMENT

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

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………………………….. ………………..

EXTERNAL EXAMINER DATE

DEDICATION

Firstly, to the lord Almighty for his provision guidance and his loving kindness

towards men in this institute.

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Secondly, to my dear Mr. Umeike F.C for his support both financially and

morally.

Finally, my project supervisor Mr. Akpagu F.C

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

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I wish to acknowledge my indebtness to all these who contribute either their

material moral or financial support in seeing that this project was accomplished.

Mere words cannot express my gratitude to Mr. Akpagu F.C. my project

supervisor for his invaluable assistance, guidance, criticisms and suggestions

throughout the period of this work. The sacrifice of my husband and my parents

who are the pillar and bedrock of this endeavor will not go unnoticed. There

moral and financial support helped to make me what I am today. I am also

grateful to or Rufus Ogbonna the managing director of Rufoso Nigeria Limited

for his contribution towards the compilation of this work also Chukwudi

Anibueze of chemical engineering department, IMT Enugu.

Finally, I thank God for bestowing me with good health. His guidance

over me from the beginning of my schooling up to this stage is a manifestation

of his love on me.

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 ABSTRACT

This study was carried out principally for the production of deodorant

(Air refresher) from perfumery oil/ fragrance i.e. odor ferrous essential oil to

match and conyzete with one produced from abroad.

Deodorant is a substance used in controlling odour and hides unpleasant

smells.

The method generally used in this work is first the extraction of the

perfuming oil/ fragrance i.e. odorless essential oil from local plant materials and

then mixing of the substances. After which it was allowed to stand for twenty-

four hours and stirred for proper mixture. The product is much higher efficient

than the individual oils. And it is cheaper to operate from this project. It is quite

possible to harness our natural endowment that would compete prodigiously

with one produced abroad.

Hence our environment including homes, cars, hospital, toilets etc will be

totally refreshed and the need to import deodorant will be avoided.

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8
 TABLE OF CONTENT

Title page ii

Certification iii

Dedication iv

Acknowledgement v

Abstract vi

Table of content vii

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY

1.1 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

1.3 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY.

1.4 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 CHEMISTY OF REFRESHERS

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2.2 Compounds Used As Deodorant

2.3 Characteristics Of An Ideal Air freshener

2.4 CLASSIFICATION OF PERFUMES USED IN AIR

REFRESHING.

2.5 CAUSES OF ODOR

2.6 PRINCIPLE BEHIND MOST COMMON AND EFFECTIVE

ODOR CONTROL METHODS

2.7 HOW AIR FRESHER/ DEODORIZER WORKS

2.8 FACTORS AFFECTING THE ACTIVITIES OF AIR FRESHER

(DEODERANT)

2.9 USES OF AIR FRESHERNERS

CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

RAW MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENTS USED

RAW MATERIALS

PROCEDURE

CHAPTER FOUR

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4.0 RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

4.1 RESULT

4.2 DISSCUSSION

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER ONE

2.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY

A deodorant or antiperspirant soft solid composition is filled into

dispensing containers by injection moulding, i.e. under pressure,

preferably in the vicinity of its normal setting temperature. The

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deodorant or antiperspirant composition is preferably

continuously produced in a screw extruder, especially a twin

screw extruder, controlled to deliver the composition in a suitably

viscous state under low shear and particularly for formulations

in which a particulate antiperspirant is suspended in a fluid

carrier Austin (1977). The pressure in the injection head at the

point of injection is greater than 120 kPa and in many instances

from 800 to 2000 kPa. The combined process offers benefits for

controlled fill of dispensing containers, particularly for

formulations incorporating sensitive ingredients and offers

tolerance in composition temperature at the time of fill. Dorland

and Rogers (1966).

Deodorant or antiperspirant compositions in soft solid form have

achieved a significant market share in many countries in recent

years. A soft solid product conventionally comprises the

composition in a container, which is usually in the form of a

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canister or barrel provided at one end with a closure perforated

by one or more apertures and at the opposite end with elevator or

piston means for urging the canister contents through the

aperture in the closure. Such compositions flow readily when

subjected to pressure, but when the pressure is released stiffen

and cease to flow or flow only very slowly. Guenther A (1948).

Accordingly, they remain as on the top surface of the closure

and are distributed topically by rubbing the closure across the

chosen area of body skin, and particularly in the axilla or other

sweaty parts of the body.

Soft solid products are conventionally manufactured by casting

premixed compositions into the canister or barrel, those two

terms being used interchangeably herein. In conventional hot

casting processes, the constituents of a deodorant or

antiperspirant soft solid composition are mixed in a large vessel,

and heated to form a mobile composition. Paylor, (1953).

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Whilst the composition is in a mobile and readily pourable state,

it is poured into the barrel. The composition is thereafter cooled

or permitted to cool until it is non-flowing. A top closure or base

is fitted to the barrel, depending on whether bottom fill or the

more normal top fill has been employed.

1.1 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

This work is aimed at developing an economic and

indigenous way of producing deodorant using foreign materials in

the best interest of small-scale industries thereby conserving the

scare foreign exchange earning.

Also to provide an alternative source of raw materials for the

production of deodorants. This will in very large measure, aid in

minimizing the importation from abroad.

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 Finally an attempt is made at formulation of specific brands

of deodorant from essential odorless oil using standard

procedure.

1.4 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

This study centers on the production of deodorant (Air-

refresher) from local plant materials.

In Nigeria over ninety percent of the deodorants in use are

imported either as finished or semi-finished products. Even the

very little ones produced locally are still based on synthetic raw

materials which are also imported. This is rather unfortunate

considering that numerous natural sources locally available from

which the basic raw materials for the production of deodorant

can be obtained. Due to the various uses of deodorant in the

country, the need arises for its production from local plant

materials in order to reduce the cost of buying from abroad and

subsequent importation into the country.

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1.5 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY.

This work is designed towards providing an alternative

source of raw materials for the production of deodorants. This

will in very large measure aid in minimizing if not stopping

entirely the present importation syndrome which does not only

constitute a severe drain on our economy but has also turned

our country into fertile dumping ground for both low quality and

out-dated deodorants and it will create job opportunity for the

producers in the country.

1.4 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

Scarcity of funds to carry out elaborate work on the various

sources of raw materials that are scattered all over the country.

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 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

In the present invention, deodorant or antiperspirant

compositions are considered to be at least partially structured if

they have developed structure that is detectable by physical

techniques, for example when a pattern is generated in X ray

diffraction or when the composition has a temperature in the

vicinity of its normal setting temperature. Other means for

introducing structure can comprise fibrous networks. Smith and

Levi (1961).

Additionally or alternatively, deodorant or antiperspirant

compositions can be considered to be at least partially structured

if they contain a gellant/structuring agent and the temperature

of the composition is below its nucleation temperature. The

presence of at least partial structure can be deduced when the

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viscosity of the formulation is detectably higher than its

minimum achievable by increasing its temperature or subjecting

it to excessive shear Guenther (1948).

Thus, the present invention comprises an apparatus for

forming deodorant or antiperspirant soft solid products

comprising a means for applying injection pressure to a

deodorant or antiperspirant composition to inject the

composition into a dispensing container and a substantially

separate means adapted for feeding the deodorant or

antiperspirant composition to the means for applying injection

pressure Paylor (1953).

The means for feeding deodorant or antiperspirant

composition to the means for applying injection pressure can

conveniently comprise the apparatus for continuously producing

mobile material, directly or via a buffer chamber, such as the

process summarised or described hereinafter.

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 In the laboratory experiment performed by Avicenna M

Slott a British physician in his research for medical portions he

discovered steam distillation of volatile oil. He found that flowers

boiled in an alembic with water gave up some of their essence to

the distillate. Hence the quest for sweet smelling substance

(deodorant) was born and maintain its ageless quality sweet

smelling fragrance (Othmer1966). The term deodorant (air

fresher) was first used by Pringles in 1950 to describe substance

that prevent awful smell or odor from the environment. The idea

was eventually applied to the treatment of odor from Pringles

arenas. However, it was not until the nineteenth century that Air

fresher came into general use. The corner- stone of modern Air

fresher was laid at the end of last century. By then the growing

coal industry was already producing phenol, sulphate, pyrethrin,

cresol, creosotic fractions and it was found that efficient

deodorant could be made by using the ethyl or isopropyl alcohol.

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 In 2003, a third type of deodorant made its appearance a

colored oil fluid (light blue) deodorant by a Worall, which was an

emulsion of high aromatic chemicals. The fluid contained about

30 to 40 percent of phenols. Apart from their much higher

germicidal efficient were miserable with or very hard water

without breakdown or loss in germicidal efficiency. For this

reason, they were largely indented by the Royal Navy in

preference to other deodorant (Poucher 1974).

In the pursuit of that deodorant that perfume emerged

which tends to have way for air fresher. Only occasionally has a

new and original odor been developed such as old spice, which

immediately won spontaneous and favorable response from

customers. Not many persons realize how complete the creation

of an acceptable fragrance has become. It require professional

knowledge , skill and experience , coupled with specialization in

synthetic chemistry, technical problems followed by consumer

panel testing.

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 Air fresher according to George 1977 may define as mixture

pleasant odorous substance incorporated in a suitable vehicle.

The modern vehicle for holding perfume for manufacturing of Air

fresher is highly refined ethyl alcohol (ethanol) mixed with more

or less water according to the solubility of the oil employed. This

solvent with its volatile nature helps to project the scent it

carries, it is fairly inert to the solutes and is not to irritating the

human skin.

2.1 CHEMISTY OF REFRESHERS

Air fresher is purely from a class of organic compounds

known as esters. Esters are the most important derivation of the

carbonic acids. The are commonly found in nature. Esters are

responsible for the fragrance of flowers and the flavour of fruits.

Because of this fragrance, they are used in the manufacture of

perfumes and the flavour of many of them are utilized in the

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manufacture of sweets and soft drinks. Esters are responsible for

the aroma of orange, banana, apple, pineapple, and pear etc.

The general formular for an ester is R 1COOR where R may

be a hydrongen an alkyl or an aryl group. An anyl group is the

ring part of substituted benzene derivation and it is analogous to

the alkyl group in aliphatic system.

Ester is named after the acid and alcohol from which they

are derived. Thus the ester derived from methanol and methanioc

acid is called methyl methaoate, other members of the group are

thus;

Table.

FORMULA IUPAC NAME COMMON NAME

HCOOCH3 Methyl metharoate Methyl formale

CH3COOCH3 Methyl Ethanate Methyl acetale

CH3COOCH2CH3 Ethyl elhanoate Ethyl acetale

CH3CH2COOCH2CH3 Ethyl propanoate Ethyl fermate

CH3COOCH2CH2CH3 Propyl methaoate Propyl fermate

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CH3CH2COOCH2CH2CH3 Propyl ethanoate Propyl acetate

HCOOCH2CH2 CH3 Propy methanoate Propyl acetate

2.2 Compounds Used As Deodorant

The following compounds ate used as deodorants viz:

1 Ferrous sulphate

2 Calcium hypochlriode

3 Formalin

4 Potassium permanganate

5 Zinc chloride

Coal and wood tars as well as various substances capable of

absorbing unpleasant. Smelling gases, such as wood charcoal

and peat.

In many cases ozone is added to the air (using forced

ventilation) in order to remove undesirable odors. Deodorant

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(ozonizers) as charged with liquid containing pines and essentials

oils.

2.3 Characteristics Of An Ideal Air freshener

1 HOMEGENITY: Deodorant should be homogenous in

composition. Substances, which may be bought in pure

condition or in crystalline, form such as pines, many of

the commercial air refreshers particularly those from coal

may vary considerably in their composition from time to

time and consequently in their deodorizing value.

2 SOLUBILITY: The Air fresher(deodorant) is one, which

will dissolve in all proportions in water.

3 NON-TOXICITY TO HIGHER LIFE: An Air fresher is non

poisonous to man and other higher animals.

4 ECONOMY: The Air fresher should be low in cost, cost

must not be judged by volume but by quality. One Air

fresher may cost more per gallon than another yet it may

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 have twice the protracting power since certain effective

chemicals is very expensive. They can be used only in

limited quantities and for special purpose.

5 DEODORIZING POWER: An air refresher, which can

combine with air and destroy malodorous substances, is

preferable to one, which does not provide of course. It

does not have a disagreeable odor.

6 PENETRATING POWER: Air fresher which combines its

deodorizing power with penetrating power is of adversely

important to others.

2.4 CLASSIFICATION OF PERFUMES USED IN AIR

REFRESHING.

Perfumes is classified as

1 FLORAL GROUP: It consists of perfumes made essentials

of flower odors. The odor of the perfume depends on the

composition of the flower Example of the flowers are rose,

jasmine, orange flower etc.

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2 WOODY GROUP: The most important typical woody odor

characteristics for this group are scandal wood, cedar

wood, and also oris root can be called a woody odor.

Naturally all wood perfumes have a floral or a fresh top

not because the woodiness can only appear in the basic

note. Typical example are ventilever and Revlon

3 HERBAL WOODY: Members of this group are easily

recognized by their odor, which is reminiscent of bag and

grass, orchid clover and sweet grass, some classical.

Examples of this group are jicky and foregere family.

4 ORIENTIAL FAMILY: This group consists of perfumes in

which woody, mossy and spicy notes are combined with

the sweetness of vanilla such as Peru. Typical example of

this family are Shalimar, habanta etc.

5 LEADER TOBACCO: Perfumes in this small family can be

recognized by their odor of real leather or smoky notes.

Typical example are scandal, bandit and tobacco blend.

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 6 ALDEHYDIC GROUP: This is the very important family of

fragrances. The typical note of the perfumes in these

groups are not recognized by a natural odor but by the

odor of aromatic chemicals called aldelydes.

These are the different classification of perfumes but major

popular one normally used is the floral group.

2.5 CAUSES OF ODOR

Odor has been defined as unpleasant smelling gaseous

substances that are formed as a result of the purification of

organic substrate (human and animal wastes, foodstuffs,

corpses). They are caused by air- borne molecules of certain

substances.

The biological breakdown of manure produces ammonia

hydrogen sulphide and other compounds and combination of

these compounds can produce offensive odor at very small

concentrations (parts per million). The type of compounds

27
produced depends on the type of biological processes that takes

place. The following factors control the process

1 BACTERIA: Which are found in manure are responsible

for creating odorous gases as they breakdown organic

materials.

2 TEMPERATURE: This controls the rate of bacterial

action. The higher the temperature the faster biological

action and therefore the greater the gas production. This

explains the fact that fewer odors are produced in cold

weather condition.

2.7 PRINCIPLE BEHIND MOST COMMON AND EFFECTIVE

ODOR CONTROL METHODS

The most common and effective odor control method are

based or the following three principles:

1 Reducing the formation of odor causing gases

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 2 Reducing the release of odorous gases into the

atmosphere and

3 Dispersing the odorous gases as quickly as possible once

they have been released.

2.10 HOW AIR FRESHER/ DEODORIZER WORKS

A deodorizer / air fresher is a product which contains

germicides to prevent the bacteriological breakdown of sweet into

unpleasant smelling substances. Deodorant and anti perspirant

are two distinct products that differ in their action. Though there

is a tendency for the two terms to be confused and to refer to all

products as deodorants.

An anti-perspirant is a product that reduces the sweating

rate. Most anti perspirant contains germicides and therefore has

deodorant properties. Deodorants /deodorizers destroy contract,

mask conceals or eliminate unpleasant smelling/odors that are

29
formed as a result of the purification of organic substrates

(human and animal wasters, foodstuffs corpses, sewage etc).

Deodorizers/ Air fresher works in various ways

1 Many household deodorizers work by masking

(concealing) an unpleasant odor with a strong, more

pleasant fragrance. These deodorants often contain

perfumed alcohol or some other substance that is

evaporated or spray into the air. Some neutralize odors

by chemically changing odor-producing molecules that

have no odor.

2 Some deodorizers work by removing odor producing

gases and other impurities from the air. In one type

called a scrubber, the air passes through a liquid that

dissolves the impurities. In another type, the air passes

through a filter of charcoal or other porous materials; the

molecules of the impurities are absorbed by the material

that is they are drawn into the materials surface.

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 3 Other deodorizes work by destroying the source of

unpleasant odor. The deodorizers include disinfectants

and antiseptics.

A disinfectant can breakdown organic matter into

substances with unpleasant odor. An antiseptic stops the

growth of these organisms, other ways various deodorizers

work are as follows,

a. Carbon can absorb offensive odors from the air.

b. Glycols when sprayed or dispersed in the atmosphere as

aerosols can dissolve odoriferous molecules.

c. Formalin vapor can counteract many odors by combining with

them to form substances that are less noticeable.

d. Chlorine can also overcome certain unpleasant smells in part

through its capacity to act as an oxidizing agent.

e. Essential oil. Perfumes and such disinfectants as carbolic acid

simply mask the odor making it less offensive.

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2.11 FACTORS AFFECTING THE ACTIVITIES OF AIR

FRESHER (DEODERANT)

The most important factors affecting Air fresher activities are

1 CONCENTRACTION: The higher the concentration of

deodorant the greater will be the rate of diffusion. This is

particularity important with the phenolic groups of

compounds whose activity rapidly with dilution.

2 ORGANIC MATTER: Most Air fresher is reduced on

activity by the presence of organic and particularly by the

presence of protein such as those of fluids.

2.12 USES OF AIR FRESHERNERS

Air fresher is used extensively in toilet, hospitals,

restaurants, factories, homes and many other places to hide

unpleasant smells.

It is also used to refresh room atmosphere and repel

mosquitoes.

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33
 CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

RAW MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENTS USED

RAW MATERIALS

1. Menthol

2. Comfor

3. Texapone

4. Binder

5. colour (pink)

6. Perfume (Orange and strew berry)

PROCEDURE

 Add menthol and comfor inside the perfume.

 Allow it to disolve for about 20minutes.

 Add your texapone and shake very well

 Add Binder

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 Add water - 10 liters

 Mix your colour with a little amount of water.

 Then pour your colour and stir very well.

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 CHAPTER FOUR

6.0 RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

4.1 RESULT

According to the tests that was carried out the following results

was obtained.

A smell

It has a very good smell i.e. it has a very good smell

SOLUBILITY IN WATER

It is sparingly soluble in water but soluble in organic solvent

such as ethanol.

COLOR OBSERVATION

It is pink in color

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

The specific gravity is 0.9031

4.3 DISSCUSSION

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 This section presents the analysis of data and experimental

result colleted during the study of this research work.

Most air refresher that are sold in the market today consists of

several perfume/ fragrance ingredients. The essential oils that is

odoriferous which is used as a perfume/fragrance in the

production of air refresher are mainly insoluble in water but

soluble in organic solvent. Experience shows however that

enough of the oil dissolves in water to give an intense odor to the

solution as in rose water and orange flower water.

As a matter fact in the production produce the produce

usually starts with a base that will contribute the main note be

seeking to create. The base may be one or several odoriferous oils

or aromatic chemically or even an aromatic specially already

compounded to give a special and particular effect.

The producer hence ensures through mixing of the materials and

stirs the mixture to ensure homogeneity.

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38
 CHAPTER FIVE

7.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

7.1 CONCLUSIONS

The Air fresher manufacturing skill and resources increase

with experience and research new equipment is being developed

for identifying fragrance components, even in trace quantities,

such as infrared and alter violet spectrographs and vapors phase

chromatographs eventually such instruments will be perfected to

expedite production. Natural raw materials like lemongrass, rose

flower, grape flowers gives a very nice aromatic perfume in the

production of deodorant. Its use should be encouraged in the

country so as to enhance our natural raw materials and also

minimize importation of all sorts of perfume into the country.

The comparison of the result of experiment with that of literature

shows that for a higher yield, the adequate solvent should be

39
used and proper mixing with adequate type of raw materials

must be used.

5.2 RECOMMENDATION

Solvent extraction method is both an effective and efficient

method and means of extraction of perfume from the natural raw

materials used in the production of Air fresher more especially

with the fact that odoriferous oils are not soluble in water but

only in organic solvents. Cheaper to operate compare to any

other process or means. Also it gives more yield of the essential

oil.

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 REFERENCES

Austin George T (1977), Sheaves Chemical Process Industries 5th

Edition Mc Graw Hill Book Company Page 489

Blot M And Wells F.V (1989), Perfuming Technology Act Science

Industry 2nd Edition Ellis Horwood Ltd Page 1-450

Dorland and Rogers (1966), The Fragrance and Flavor Wiley. New

York Page 70

Finar IL (1968), Organic Chemistry Volume 2 Forth Edition Long

man Group Ltd Page 327-328

Guenther A (1948), The Essential Oil Volume 1 Vain Nostrand

Ltd Page 9

Kirk-other (1966), Encyclopedia Of Chemical Technology Volume

14, 2nd Edition Page 717

41
Philip Matthews (1992), Advanced Chemistry Low Price Edition

Cambridge University Press Page 370-371

Poucher W.A (1974), Perfumes Cosmetics And Soap, Volume 2

Wiley New York Page 58

Sherwood .F. Paylor. (1953), Organic Chemistry Fifth Edition

Willam Heineman Ltd London Page 76

Smith and Levi (1961), Essential Oil And Food Chemistry.

Volume 2 Chemically Engineering New York Page 45,93

42