Topic

Community Health Nursing

HEALTH STATISTICS
AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
Community Health Nursing
Topic Reporters

Team Members

Group 2

Glenly Martina Isabelle Rianne

Decelis Ella Hervera Lagar

 Topic Reporters Introduction

Application Of Public Health Tools In Community Health Nursing

INTRODUCTION
The health disciplines of demography,
vital statistics and epidemiology are three
important tools that help the nurse in
identifying the community's health needs.
 Topic Reporters Introduction Epidemiology

Epidemiology

EPIDEMIOLOGY
Epidemiology is defined as the study of the occurrence and distribution of health conditions
such as diseases. defects, disability or death which occur in groups or aggregation of
individuals. It is also concerned with the study of probable factors that influence the
development of these health conditions.

The nurse measures the frequency and distribution of health conditions using vital statistical
indices. Epidemiology, however, is used to analyze the different factors that contribute to
disease development.
Topic Reporters Introduction Epidemiology

Epidemiology

USES OF EPIDEMIOLOGY
To study the history of the health populations and the rise and fall of disease and changes in
their character

To diagnose the health of the community and the condition of people, to measure the
distribution and dimension of illness in terms of incidence, prevalence, disability and mortality

To study the working of health services with a view of improving them

To estimate the risks of disease, accident, defect and the chances of avoiding them
 Topic Reporters Introduction Epidemiology Demography

Demography

DEMOGRAPHY
Demography is the science which deals with
the study of the human population's size,
composition and distribution in space.
 Topic Reporters Introduction Epidemiology Demography

Demography

SOURCES OF DEMOGRAPHIC DATA

1. POPULATION CENSUS
an official and periodic enumeration of population. During the census, demographic, economic and social data are
collected from a specific population group.
TWO WAYS OF ASSIGNING PEOPLE WHEN THE CENSUS IS BEING TAKEN
de jure method is done when people are assigned to the place where they usually live regardless of where they are at the
time of the census.
de facto method is used, the people are assigned to the place where they are physically present at the time of the census
regardless of their usual place of residence.

2. SAMPLE SURVEYS
Instead of a census, demographic information can still be collected from a sample of a given population. Even if the
obtained data come from a small number of people proportionate to the total population, the results will always be
generalized for the whole population.

3. REGISTRATION SYSTEM
Registration systems such as those collected by the civil registrar's office deal with recording of vital events in the
community. Vital events refer to births, deaths, marriages, divorces and the like.
 Topic Reporters Introduction Epidemiology Demography

Demography

POPULATION
SIZE
Population size simply refers to the number
of people in a given place or area at a given
time. Knowing the population size of a place
allows the nurse to make comparisons about
population changes over time. It also helps
her rationalize the types of health programs
or interventions which are going to be
provided for the community.
 Topic Reporters Introduction Epidemiology Demography

Demography

METHODS TO MEASURE POPULATION SIZE

One method of measuring the population size is by determining the increase in the population resulting from
excess births compared to deaths. This can be done in two ways;

1. Natural Increase 2. Rate of Natural Increase

Example: Community X has a total of 600 number of
births and 320 number of deaths in 2021.
NI = 600 - 320 = natural increase
NI = 600 - 320 = 280
Ni= 280
Example: In 2021, there were 19.73 birth rate for
every 1,000 people in Lucena City and 14.57 death
rate for every 1000 people in Lucena city.
RNI = 19.73 - 14.57 = rate of natural increase
RNI= 19.73 - 14.57 = 5.16
RNI= 5.16
 Topic Reporters Introduction Epidemiology Demography

Demography

METHODS TO MEASURE POPULATION SIZE

The second method of measuring population size is to determine the increase in the population using data
obtained during two census periods.

1. Absolute increase per year Example: In the start of 2019, community X has 3450
measures the number of people that are population and by the end of 2019, community X has
added to the population per year. increased to 5700 population.

absolute increase= 5700 - 3450 = 2250

absolute increase = 2250 / 1
absolute increase= 2250
 Topic Reporters Introduction Epidemiology Demography

Demography

METHODS TO MEASURE POPULATION SIZE

2. Relative increase Example: In the start of 2019, community X has 3450
is the actual difference between the two census counts population and by the end of 2019, community X has
expressed in percent relative to the population size increased to 5700 population.
made during an earlier census

relative increase = 5700 - 3450 = 2250

relative increase = 2250 / 3450
relative increase = 0.65217 or 65. 2%
 Topic Reporters Introduction Epidemiology Demography

Demography

POPULATION
COMPOSITION
The composition of the population is
commonly described in terms of its age and
sex.
 Topic Reporters Introduction Epidemiology Demography

Demography

1. SEX COMPOSITION
The sex ratio compares the number of males to the number of females in the population using the formula below:

2. AGE COMPOSITION
There are two ways to describe the age composition of the population
Median age- divides the population into two equal parts. So, if the median age is said to be 19 years old, l' means
half of the population belongs to 19 years and above, while the other half belongs to ages below 19 years old.
Dependency Ratio compares the number of economically dependent with the economically productive group in
the population.

3. AGE AND SEX COMPOSITION

The age and sex composition of the population can be described at the same time using a population pyramid. It is a
graphical presentation
AGE AND SEX COMPOSITION
 Topic Reporters Introduction Epidemiology Demography

Demography

POPULATION DISTRIBUTION
The distribution of the population in space can be described in terms of urban-rural distribution,
population density and crowding index.

Urban-rural

Crowding index

Population density
 Topic Reporters Introduction Epidemiology Demography Vital Statistics

Vital Statistics

VITAL
STATISTICS
it is compose of tools in estimating the
extent or magnitude of health needs and
problems in a community.
 Topic Reporters Introduction Epidemiology Demography Vital Statistics

Vital Statistics

FERTILITY RATES

Example: In barangay X, there were 180,000

CRUDE BIRTH RATE
A measure of one characteristic of the natural
growth or increase of a population
live births in calendar year 2005 among
state residents 12,300,000 estimated
population in calendar year 2005 for state
residents

CDR = (180,000/12,300,000) x 1,000

CDR= 14.6 live births per 1,000 state
residents in 2005
 Topic Reporters Introduction Epidemiology Demography Vital Statistics

Vital Statistics

Example: Community X has 180,000 live

GENERAL FERTILITY RATE births in calendar year 2008 among state
Calculates the number of live births per 1000 residents 2,700,000 females age 15-44
women between the ages of 15 and 44 years years population estimated for 1 July, 2008
old for state residents

GFR = 180,000/2,700,000 x 1000

GFR=0.0666666.7 x 1000 or 0.0667 x 1000
GFR= 66.7 live births per 1,000 female state
residents age 15-44 years
 Topic Reporters Introduction Epidemiology Demography Vital Statistics

Vital Statistics

MORTALITY RATES
Number of deaths occurring in a given population at risk during a specified time period

CRUDE DEATH RATE Example: Community X has a mid-year

population of 9,000 people. Within this
a measure of one mortality from all causes
population, 430 community people died
which may result in a decrease of population
from all causes.

CDR = 430/9,000 x 1000

CDR=0.04777778 x 1000
CDR= 47.77
 Topic Reporters Introduction Epidemiology Demography Vital Statistics

Vital Statistics

AGE SPECIFIC MORTALITY RATE Example: There is an estimated 9,000

An age-specific mortality rate is a mortality rate population of community people and 6,000
limited to a particular age group. of them are in the age of 30-35. There were
150 people who died from their age group
during the half of the year.

Age specific mortality = 150/6000 x 1000

Age specific mortality = 0.025 x 1000
Age specific mortality = 25
 Topic Reporters Introduction Epidemiology Demography Vital Statistics

Vital Statistics

SEX SPECIFIC MORTALITY RATE Example: Community X has an estimated

A sex-specific mortality rate is a mortality rate population of 9,000 and 3000 of them are
among either males or females. Both numerator female people. 150 community female
and denominator are limited to the one sex. people died from all causes of death.

Sex specific mortality rate= 150/3000 x

100,000
Sex specific mortality rate = 0.05 x 100,000
Sex specific mortality rate = 5,000
 Topic Reporters Introduction Epidemiology Demography Vital Statistics

Vital Statistics

CAUSE-OF-DEATH RATE Example: Community X has a mid-year

population of 9000 people. 150 people have
The cause-specific mortality rate is the mortality died from a disease which is tuberculosis.
rate from a specified cause for a population

Cause of death rate= 150/9000 x 1000

Cause of death rate = 0.01666667 x 1000
Cause of death rate = 16.66
 Topic Reporters Introduction Epidemiology Demography Vital Statistics

Vital Statistics

INFANT MORTALITY RATE Example: There is a 9,000 total population in

community A. There are 6000 infant live
Number of infant deaths (0-12 months) or less
births in community A. 30 died from
than 1 year old
congenital anomalies, 20 died from
pneumonias, and 15 died from respiratory
conditions before reaching 1 year of their
age.

IMR= 65/6000x 1000

IMR = 0.01083333 x 1000
IMR = 10.83
 Topic Reporters Introduction Epidemiology Demography Vital Statistics

Vital Statistics

MATERNAL MORTALITY RATE
Measures the risk of dying from causes related
to pregnancy, childbirth and puerperium. It is an
index of obstetrical care needed and received
by the women in a community
Example: There are 6000 live births during
pregnancy. 50 died from postpartum
hemorrhage, 35 died from hypertension
complicating pregnancy, and 30 died due to
complications related to pregnancy during
delivery.

MMR =115/6000 x 1000

MMR= 0.01916667 x 1000
MMR= 19.16
 Topic Reporters Introduction Epidemiology Demography Vital Statistics

Vital Statistics

NEONATAL DEATH RATE Example: There are 9000 population in

Measures the risk of dying the 1st month of life. community B and there are 6000 registered
May serve as index if the effects of prenatal neonatal live births, 25 neonates died before
care and obstetrical management on the they reached their 28th day of age.
newborn
NDR= 25/6000 x 1000
NDR= 0.00416667 x 1000
NDR= 4.16
 Topic Reporters Introduction Epidemiology Demography Vital Statistics

Vital Statistics

FETAL DEATH RATE Example: There are 9000 population of live

Measures pregnancy wastage. Death of the births in community XB and there are 60
product of conception occurs prior to its fetal deaths in Community XB registered in
complete expulsion, irrespective of duration of 2008
pregnancy FDR= 60/9000 x 1000
FDR= 0.00666667 x 1000
FDR= 6.6
 Topic Reporters Introduction Epidemiology Demography Vital Statistics

Vital Statistics

MATERNAL MORTALITY RATIO Example: 205 maternal deaths in 2008

the number of resident maternal deaths within among state residents 13,000 live births in
42 days of pregnancy termination due to 2008 to state residents
complications of pregnancy, childbirth, and the
puerperium in a specified geographic areas.
MMR= 205/13,000 x 1000
MMR= 0.01576923 x 1000
MMR= 15.76 or 15.8 maternal deaths per
1000 live births in 2008 among state
residents
 Topic Reporters Introduction Epidemiology Demography Vital Statistics

Vital Statistics

PROPORTIONATE MORTALITY Example: In 2020, Community X has 1,200

RATE
Shows the numerical relationship between the
deaths from a cause, age, etc. and the total
number of deaths from all causes in all ages
taken together
deaths due to HIV among the 25–34 years
old age group. The report also reveals
518,200 total deaths from all causes in the
same year. Calculate the Proportionate
Mortality Rate.
PM= 1200/518,200 x 100

PM= 0.00231571 x 100

PM= 0.23 %
 Topic Reporters Introduction Epidemiology Demography Vital Statistics

Vital Statistics

SWAROOP'S INDEX Example: In Philippines with 257,000

This determines the number of deaths of confirmed cases of COVID-19 of the year
people that are aged 50 years old and above. 2021, 4,200 patients have died. 200 among
those who died are from age 65 to 90 years
old.

Swaroop's Index = 200/4200 x 100

Swaroop's Index= 0.04761905 x 100
Swaroop's Index= 4.77%
 Topic Reporters Introduction Epidemiology Demography Vital Statistics

Vital Statistics

Example: As of Sept 2020, CDC reports that

CASE FATALITY RATE
This refers to the proportion of people who die
from a specified disease among all individuals
diagnosed with the disease over a certain
period of time.
globally there are 28,600,000 Covid-19
confirmed cases. On the other hand,
917,000 people died from the same disease
in that same year.
CFR= 917,000/28, 600,000 x 100
Case Fatality Rate= 0.03206294 x 100
Case Fatality Rate= 3.2%
 Topic Reporters Introduction Epidemiology Demography Vital Statistics

Vital Statistics

MORBIDITY RATES
measures the portion of people in a specific geographical location who contracted a particular disease
during a specific period of time. It indicates the frequency of the disease appearing in a population.

Example: In 2003, 44,200 new cases of

INCIDENCE RATE
counts the newly diagnosed cases of a certain
disease during a specific time period.
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
were reported in the United States. The
estimated mid-year population of the U.S. in
2003 was approximately 290,800,000.
Calculate the incidence rate of AIDS in 2003

IR= 44,200/290,800,000 x 100,000

IR= 0.00015199 x 100,000
IR= 15.2 or 15
 Topic Reporters Introduction Epidemiology Demography Vital Statistics

Vital Statistics

Example: A general practice surgery with a

PREVALENCE RATE
Takes both initial and existing cases into
account. The higher the prevalence rate, the
patient population of 40,000 people wanted
to evaluate the epidemiology of COPD in its
patients. The information they collected from
their records is shown in the following table:

more common the disease appears in a Number of Total number of

Year Patients with patients at the
population, and vice versa. COPD practice

2018 1780 39,640

2019 1826 40,000

PR= 3,606/79,640 x 100

PR= 0.0452787 x 100
PR= 4.53%
 Topic Reporters Introduction Epidemiology Demography Vital Statistics

Vital Statistics

ATTACK RATE Example: In an outbreak of gastroenteritis

among attendees of a corporate picnic, 200
The term attack rate is often used as a synonym
persons ate potato salad, 45 of whom
for risk. It is the risk of getting the disease
developed gastroenteritis. Calculate the risk
during a specified period, such as the duration
of illness among persons who ate potato
of an outbreak.
salad

AR= 45 /200 x 100

AR= 0.225 x 100
AR= 22.5%
Topic Reporters Introduction Epidemiology Demography Vital Conclusion
Statistics

Conclusion

CONCLUSION
The three disciplines of public health
demography, vital statistics and
epidemiology are utilized by the nurse in
analyzing the factors that bring about ill
health in the community.