REFERENCE CALCULATIONS OUTPUT

ROAD & HEAVY DUTY PAVEMENT DESIGN

UR = 20 years (life time period)

1.1 USED MATERIAL AND ALLOWABLE STRESS

1.1.1 Concrete
Compressive Strength of concrete at 28 days ( Cilinder Test ) shall be as follows ,
unless otherwise specified
fc' > 200 kg/cm2 For Leveling Concrete
fc' = 300 kg/cm2 For Road and Pavement

Concrete Specific Gravity = 2500 kg/m3

1.1.2 Reinforcing Steel Bar

Material Grade Yield Strength ( Min. )

Wiremesh fyw = 6000 kg/cm2

Deformed Bar fyd = 3200 kg/cm2
Plain Bar fyp = 2400 kg/cm2

Steel Specific Gravity = 7850 kg/m3

2.1 HEAVY DUTY PAVEMENT AND ROAD - LAYER DESIGN

Pavement : rigid pavement
Sub Base : none see 2.4
Subgrade : compacted soil
see 2.3
CBR min 10%

2.2 EQUIVALENT SINGLE AXLE LOAD - ESAL

Axle Load
Vehicles Type Axle Traffic
(ton) (kip)
Single 2.5 5 100 vehicles/day/week/2 lanes
Light vehicle less than 5 t
Single 2.5 5 100 vehicles/day/week/2 lanes
Single 4 8 100 vehicles/day/week/2 lanes
Truck Loading HS-20-44 36 t Tandem 16 32 100 vehicles/day/week/2 lanes
Tandem 16 32 100 vehicles/day/week/2 lanes
Single 10 20 10 vehicles/day/week/2 lanes
Single 10 20 10 vehicles/day/week/2 lanes
Truck mounted crane HC-218-J 80 t
Tandem 30 60 10 vehicles/day/week/2 lanes
Tandem 30 60 10 vehicles/day/week/2 lanes

Load Equivalent Factor

REFERENCE CALCULATIONS OUTPUT

at first assumed D slab thickness is 8 in = 203.2 mm

service ability designed in good condition Pt = 3.0 -0.301 = G then

Vehicles Type Axle Lx L2x βx β18 LEF

Single 5 1 1.000 1.137 0.005
Light vehicle less than 5 t
Single 5 1 1.000 1.137 0.005
Single 8 1 1.003 1.137 0.034
Truck Loading HS-20-44 36 t Tandem 32 2 1.211 1.016 1.357
Tandem 32 2 1.211 1.016 1.357
Single 20 1 1.230 1.137 1.516
Single 20 1 1.230 1.137 1.516
Truck mounted crane HC-218-J 80 t
Tandem 60 2 6.142 1.016 13.748
Tandem 60 2 6.142 1.016 13.748
REFERENCE CALCULATIONS OUTPUT

Road note Design ESAL

29
Para. 18 life time period = 20 years
growth factor g = 4%

a
Factor = ((1+g) - 1)/g
where g = rate/100 and is ≠ 0, the growth factor is equal to the analysis period

Traffic Design
Vehicles Type LEF
current Annual ESAL
100 vehicles/day/week/2 lanes 142935 0.005 755.980
Light vehicle less than 5 t
100 vehicles/day/week/2 lanes 142935 0.005 755.980
100 vehicles/day/week/2 lanes 142935 0.034 4912.591
Truck Loading HS-20-44 36 t 100 vehicles/day/week/2 lanes 142935 1.357 193901.867
100 vehicles/day/week/2 lanes 142935 1.357 193901.867
10 vehicles/day/week/2 lanes 14293.5 1.516 21668.565
10 vehicles/day/week/2 lanes 14293.5 1.516 21668.565
Truck mounted crane HC-218-J 80 t
10 vehicles/day/week/2 lanes 14293.5 13.748 196504.174
10 vehicles/day/week/2 lanes 14293.5 13.748 196504.174
830573.761
W18
0.831 million

Since total W18 ESAL is lower than 1,000,000 then road could be categorized as low-volume. To achieve economical criteria then jointed type
is chosen rather than continuous type. For jointed concrete pavement, JRCP type used due to it's advantage of fewer joints than JPCP type.

2.3 MODULUS OF SUBGRADE REACTION

From the soil investigation report in can be deduced that:

Road pavement may be constructed by using rigid pavement as an alternative.
(Facility roads are rigid pavement to prevent/reduce fire escalation as compared with flexible pavement)
3
In case rigid pavement is used, then the modulus subgrade reaction of 25 to 60 MN/m can be used for reinforced concrete design.

Assumed backfiling material are clayey gravel or clayey sandy gravel type.

Designed CBR needed for Roadbed is 10%

Based on recommended value range of k value

AASHTO
1993. Table
4.1

Take modulus of subgrade to be 200 psi/in

REFERENCE CALCULATIONS OUTPUT

2.4 SUBBASE

AASHTO
1993. Clause
1.6.2

since Total ESAL is 830,573.76 < 1,000,000.00 and the average CBR is higher than 10%

Since additional subbase doesn't need to refer to Code, then subbase layer will be provided with condition of CBR 20% below the
Concrete pavement to achieve design strength requirement

2.5 LOAD TRANSFER COEFFICIENT

AASHTO
1993. Table
2.6

AASHTO Load transfer for jointed reinforced concrete pavement JRCP with dowel bars as transfer joint and without tied
1993. Clause concrete shoulder is J = 3.2 as per recommended by AASHTO clause 2.4.2

2.6 DRAINAGE COEFFICIENT

AASHTO
1993. Table
2.5

Drainage coefficient taken Cd = 1.00 for design at Good quality of drainage, with assumed moisture levels
approching saturation 25% for design purpose.

2.7 DESIGN SERVICE LOSS (ΔPSI)

AAHSTO service ability designed in good condition Pt = 3.0

clause 2.2.1 with original or initial service ability for rigid pavement Po = 4.5

ΔPSI = Po - Pt = 1.5

2.8 CONCRETE ELASTIC MODULUS

based on ACI 318 clause 8.5.1

concrete strength
fc' = 300 kg/cm2 For Road and Pavement
= 4000 psi
concrete elastic modulus
Ec = 57000(fc psi)^0.5 3604996.533 psi
REFERENCE CALCULATIONS OUTPUT
2.9 CONCRETE MODULUS OF RUPTURE

based on ACI 318 clause 9.5.2.5

time dependent factor for sustained load ξ= 2 for 5 years or more
ratio of flexural reinforcement due to creep and shrinkage ρ' = "0.0018 x 420 = 0.0013
600
factor λ = ξ/(1+50ρ) λ= 1.881

based on ACI 318 clause 9.5.2.3

modulus of rupture fr = 7.5λ (fc psi)^0.5 fr = 892.458418 psi

2.10 STANDARD DEVIATION AND RELIABILITY

AASHTO standard deviation for rigid pavement is So = 0.35

clause 2.1.3
2..11 RELIABILITY
AASHTO
PART I Since the ESAL design is low, expected initial cost is low so pavement designed doesn't need maintenance.
Reliability taken 99.9%

2.12 RIGID PAVEMENT THICKNESS

Thickness of pavement designed with AASHTO Designed chart as follows

AASHTO
1993. Figure
3.7
REFERENCE CALCULATIONS OUTPUT

Minimum thickness rigid pavement slab D min = 5.5 in = 139.7 mm

Assumed D slab thickness is D= = 203.2 mm

Thickness used D= 250 mm

2.13 CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT

There are three variables to determine reinforcement of JRCP type of Rigid Pavement
2.13.1 Slab Length
slab length designed, L 6m = 19.686 ft
2.13.2 Steel working stress
allowable stell working stress for wire fabric based on material testing

fy = 6072.9 kg/cm2
Allowable steel working stress taken 0.75 fy based on AASHTO clause 2.5.1
fya = 4554.675 kg/cm2 = 64.781 ksi
2.13.3 Friction factor
Based on AASHTO Table 2.8

Rigid pavement designed without subbase so friction factor taken from condition frictional resistance between bottom of slab and natural subgrade
friction factor for natural subgrade is 0.9

2.13.4 Reinforcement area

AASHTO
1993. Figure
3.8

Percent steel reinforcement Ps = 0.07 %

minimum area of steel reinforcement permeter length
thickness of slab D= 250 mm
length L= 1000 mm
2
minimum area A min = 175 mm

2
Provide single layer wiremesh A193 with area = 314.159 mm Higher than minimum area, OK
REFERENCE CALCULATIONS OUTPUT
2.14 JOINT CONNECTION DETAIL

2.14.1 Transverse Joint

Joint opening
AASHTO
clause 2.5.2

S= 25 %

αc = 0.0000065
tensile strength = 4(fc^0.5) = 261.2861 Z= 0.0008
L= 1000 mm = 39.37 in
DTd = 104 F -77 F = 27 F
C= 0.65

ΔL = 0.100 in = 2.536 mm

To satisfy joint opening between two panels, the width of joint is about 2xΔL = 5.07 mm
use joint opening = 10 mm

Dowels
AASHTO
clause 2.4.2 minimum diameter of Dowel is D/8 Db = 32 mm
with dowel spacing maximum 12in spacing = 304.8 mm
and length minimum 18in length = 457.2 mm

Dowel used Db 32@300 with length 460mm

2.14.2 Longitudinal Joint

Tie bars required is specify :

REFERENCE CALCULATIONS OUTPUT

3 3
unit weight of concrete yc = 2500 kg/m 2.452E-05 N/mm
D = 250 mm
L' = 3000 mm
fa = 0.9
fs = 266.7 Mpa
2
As min = 62.060 mm /m
2
As used Db = 12 mm As used = 113.0973 mm
n permeter = 1
spacing = 1000 mm
length = 800 mm

Tiebar used Db 12@1000 with length 800mm

2.15 ILLUSTRATION DRAWING
L = 6m

TRANSVERSE JOINT
Db 32@300, length 460mm
W = 3m

LONGITUDINAL JOINT
W = 3m
Db 12@1000, length 800mm

Provide single layer wiremesh A193 with area =314.159mm2

Figure 1: General Cross Section across Concrete Road Pavement