Activity 1.

3 Algebra of Operations
Objective
To verify distributive law for three given non-empty sets A, B and C, that is
Au ( B C ) = (A U B) n (AuC).

Method of Construction Material Required

A drawing board
1. Take a drawing board and fix a white paper sheet it with the A white paper sheet
on help
of board pins. Compass, pencil, scissors
2. Draw a rectangles on the white board pins, etc
paper sheet with scale and pencil,
three of them in a horizontal line and remaining two rectangles in
another horizontal line below the first three rectangles as shown in
figure (i), (i), (ii), (iv) and (v).
A C C

U U U

B B 3
(1) (Bn C) (i) (A UB) (i) (A u C)

U U

B B
iv) A u (BnC) (v) (A UB) n (A u C
3. These 5 rectangles are universal sets. So write on their left hand side U.
4. Draw three circles and mark them as A, B and C in each of the five rectangles as shown in the five
figures.
5. Shade the portions shown in these five
as
figures.
Demonstration
1. Each rectanglè represents universal set and three sets A, B and C are its subsets.
2.
Shaded portion in figure (i) represents (BnC).
3. Shaded portion in figure (i) represents (A U B).
Note: In the same way, the other
4. Shaded portion in figure (ii) represents (A u C. distributive law
5. Shaded portion in figure (iv) represents AU An
(BnC). (BuC) (A n B) u
(A n C)
6. Shaded portion in figure (v) represents (A U B) n can also be verified.
(AU C).

Observation
1. Shaded portion of figure (i) represents: (BnC)
2. Shaded portion of
3.
figure (i) represents: (A UB)
Shaded portion of figure (ii)
represents: (A u C)
 4. Shaded portion of figure (iv) represents: Au (BnC)
n (A UC)
5. Shaded portion of figure (v) represents: (A UB)
equal.
portion in figures (iv) and (v)
are
6. The common coloured
7. AU (BnC) (AuB)n (AUC)
=

Application can be used to simplify the problems

of set operation)
This property of set operations (distributive property
involving set operations.
 Activity 2.3 Differentiate between Relations
and Funetions

Objective
To distinguish between a relation and a function.

Method of Construction
1. Take a drawing board and fix the white
help of board pins. paper sheet on it with the

2. Take two sets A {a, b, G and B

=

{1, 2} =
Material Required
A drawing board
3. With the help of scale and pencil, draw
of the white paper sheet. Write the
a
rectangle onthe left side A white paper sheet
numbers a, b, c of set A on it. Pencil, scale, board pins,
(See figure (i)) etc.
4. Draw another rectangle on right side of the first
1, 2 elements of set B in figure (i)
rectangle and write

A B
a
a

b
b
2
c
C

(i)

Demonstration
1. Join the numbers a, b, c on left hand rectangle to the numbers 1, 2 on the right hand rectangle by
arrows in different ways as shown in figures (ii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii) and (vii).
2. Joining of numbers in each figure constitute different ordered pairs representing element ofa
relation.

(iii) (dv
B A

b b
2 2
C

(v) (vi)

lar Activities in Mathematics-11 23

 A B
A B

b
b 2
2
C

(vil) (vill)

Note: In the above activity nails have been joined in some different ways. The student may try join them
to
in other different ways to get more relations of different types. The number of nails can also be changed
on both sides to represent different types of relations and functions.

Observation
1. In figure (ii) ordered pairs are: (a, 1), (a, 2), (b, 1), (b, 2), (c, 1), (c, 2). These ordered pairs constitute a
relations but not a function because first entries in ordered pairs are repeating.
2. In figure (iv), ordered pairs are: (a, 2), (b, 2), (c, 2). These ordered pairs constitute a relation as well as
a function because every element of domain has its image in co-domain and no element of domain is
repeating in any ordered pair.
3. In figure (v), ordered pairs are: (a, 1), (b, 1), (c, 1), (c, 2). These ordered pairs constitute a relation but
not a function because element C of domain is repeating in two ordered pairs.
4. In figure (vi), ordered pairs are: (b, 1), (c, 2). These ordered pairs constitute a relation but a function
because one element of a domain has been left unpaired.
5. In figure (vi), ordered pairs are: (a, 1), (b, 1), (b, 2), (c, 2). There ordered pairs constitute a relation but
not a function because element b of domain repeats.
6. In figure (vii), ordered pairs are (a, 1), (b, 1). These ordered pair constitute a relation but a functions
because one element C of domain has been left unpaired.

Application
This activity can be used to demonstrate different types of functions such as constant function, identity
function, injective function and surjective function by joining the elements of domain with the elements of
co-domain.
 Activity 3.2 Graph of Trigonometric Functions
Objeetve
To plot the graph of sin x, sin 2x, 2 sin x and sinon the same coordinate
axes.
Material Required
Method of Construction Drawing board, white
paper sheet, board pins
1. Take a drawing board and fix the white Scale, pencil,eraser,
paper sheet on it with board
pins. coloured pen
2. Draw two lines X'OX and YOY' perpendicular to each other and
intersecting at 0. The line X'OX is x-axis and YOY' is
y-axis.
3. Graduate the two axes as shown in figure.
4. Prepare a table of ordered pairs (, sin x), (x, sin 2x), (x, 2 sin x and x, sinfor diíferent values of

x at an interval of 15°, as shown in the following table.

12

T-ratios

sin 0.26 0.50 0.71 0.86 0.97 1.00 0.97 0.86 0.71 0.50 0.26

sin 2x 0 .50 0.86 1.00 0.86 0.50 -0.5

-0.5-0.86 -1.0 -0.860.50
2sin x 0.52 1.00 1.42| 1.72 1.94 2.00 1.94 1.72 1.42 1.00 0.52

2 0.13 0.26 O.38 0.50 0.61 0.71 0.79 0.86 0.92 0.97 0.99 1.00
sin

Demonstration
1. Plot the ordered pairs of the points (x, sin x), (x, sin 2:), |> and (x, 2 sin ) on the following

same coordinate axes and join these points by free hand curves in different colours.

2.00t
1.75
1.50
1.25t 2 sin xX
1.00
0.75 sin
0.50
0.25 sin x

X
0.25 2T
0.50
0.75 sin 2x
1:00
Angles (inradians)

Exemplar Activities in Mathematics-11 27

Observations
1. Graph of sin x and sin 2x and 2 sin x are of same shape but the maximum height of the graph of sin x
is half of the maximum height of the graph of 2 sin x.

2. The maximum height of sin 2x is 1. It is at x =

3. The maximum height of 2 sin x is 2. It is at x

4. The maximum height of sin is 1. It is at

0 and at 0, sin
0 0.
and, sin 2x
=

5. At x=0 and n, sin 0, x

x =
at x =
0 =

of sin x, 2 sin and sin - above the x-axis and some portions of the
6. In the interval [0, ], graph x are

graph of sin 2x lies below the x-axis.

7. Graph of sin x and sin 2x intersect at x = i n the interval (0, T).
3

8. Graph of sin x and sin intersect at x = 2T in the interval (0, r).

3

Application
This activity can be used to draw graph of all the t-ratios of different angles.