INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON ARCH DAMS / COIMBRA / 5-9 APRIL 1987

ARCH DAMS
Edited by
J. LAGINHA SERAFIM
Professor ofCivil Engineering, University ofCoimbra

R.W. CLOUGH
Nishkian Professor ofStructural Engineering, Emeritus, University of California, Berkeley

A.A.BALKEMA / ROTTERDAM / BROOKFIELD / 1990

This book is dedicated to:
Roy Carlson
Fredrick Tblke
Guido Oberti

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Table of contents

Preface XI
Contributing authors xni
Introduction 1
J. Laginha Serafim
Views on arch dams 11
W. Pircher

PART 1: ARCH DAM SHAPES

1 The search of shapes for arch dams 15
J. Martin
1.1 Shapes of arch dams: Historical development 15
1.2 The best arch dam shapes 22
1.3 Construction constraints 25
1.4 Influence of foundations 29
1.5 Methods of defining shapes 35
1.6 Membranes 37
1.7 Optimization of shapes 37
1.8 Joints 45
1.9 Multiple-arch dams 48
1.10 Convenient shapes: Rollcrete dams 57
PAA. Back
2 Design of arch dams using membrane shapes 61
2.1 Design of arch dams in Portugal and Spain 61
M. Costa Pereira & J. Laginha Serafim
2.2 Membrane shape - Numerical model 80
Chang-Hua Yeh
2.3 Membrane shapes for arch dams 82
A. Portela Santos, M.C. Matos & J. Laginha Serafim
3 Shapes obtained by optimization procedures 91
3.1 Optimum free shape for arch dams 91
R. Priscu & P. Suprovici
3.2 Search for arch dams with optimal shape 99
L.M.C. Simoes, JA.M. Lapa & JH. Negrao
V
VI Table ofcontents

3.3Optimum design of arch dams 115

Zhu Bofang, Li Yisheng & Xie Zhao
3.4 Shape optimization of arch dams for static and dynamic loads 129
M.S. Samy & M. Wieland
4 Studies of shapes of arch dams in various countries 139
4.1 Design of arch dams with small central angle in Japan 139
R. lida & I. Shibata
4.2 The shape of the Emstbachtal arch dam (W. Germany) 149
D.H. Linse
4.3 Interactive shaping method used for the 226 m El Cajon arch dam 155
R. Dungar
4.4 Suggestions for improving the design of multiple arch dams 163
R.E. Arnould
4.5 General outline of dams in the world (1984) 167
J.M. Coutinho Rodrigues
5 Discussion on shapes for arch dams 171
5.1 Optimization of shapes 171
5.2 Open joints in arch dams 174
5.3 Shapes for various load conditions 176
5.4 Joints in arch dams: The ‘Pulvino’ 177
5.5 Advantages and disadvantages of pronounced double curvature 178
5.6 Prestressing of arch dams 180
5.7 Skin of arch dams and reinforcements 182

PART 2: CRITERIA FOR THE DESIGN OF ARCH DAMS

6 Criteria for the design of arch dams 189
6.1 Introductory considerations 189
O.C. Zienkiewicz
6.2 Criteria for the design of arch dams 190
A. Alvarez
6.3 Criteria followed in Portugal for the design of arch dams 209
A.F. da Silveira
7 Thermal stresses 217
7.1 External temperature loads 217
Zu Bofang & Li Zhanmei
7.2 Numerical simulations of heat of hydration temperature in dams 225
FA. Branco & P. Mendes
8 Dynamic stresses 231
8.1 Criteria and computation methods for seismic loads 231
A. Carrere
8.2 Seismic safety analysis of arch dams 237
R.W. Clough
8.3 Effects of an earthquake on Rapel dam 240
D. Bonazzi
9 Stresses due to other causes 247
9.1 Some aspects on arch dam design: Drainage, prestressing and grouting 247
R. Widmann
 Table of contents VII

9.2 Ice load: A particular loading acting on dams 255

W. Indermauer
9.3 Effect of the construction sequence on arch stresses calculated by 256
finite element analysis
E.H. Taylor
9.4 Prestressing an arch dam by forced opening of the joints 259
G.S. Tarbox
10 Discussion on criteria for design of arch dams 267
10.1 Loads acting on dams 267
10.2 Safety factors 268
10.3 Earthquake action 270
10.4 Conclusions on criteria for the design of arch dams 273

PART 3: APPROPRIATE FOUNDATIONS - DESIGN UNCERTAINTIES

11 Arch dam foundations 277
11.1 Introductory considerations 277
W. Pircher
11.2 Appropriate foundations for arch dams 277
W. Wittke
12 Arch dam foundation investigations 307
12.1 Recent advances on site investigations 307
M. Fernandes-Bollo
12.2 Probabilistic approach to the assessment of foundation properties 314
R. de Oliveira
12.3 Behaviour of altered joints under fast loading 319
LJ.L. Lemos
12.4 Limitations on foundation properties assessment 321
A. Gallico
13 Analysis of flow and deformation of foundations 325
13.1 Coupled flow deformation analysis of a dam foundation with the 325
distinct element method
J.C. Kafritsas & H.H. Einstein
13.2 Contribution to a better understanding of flow in fractured rock 334
masses based on new field test techniques
R.M. de Andrade
14 Case studies of foundations: Their stability 341
14.1 Appropriate foundations for arch dams 341
D. Milovanovic
14.2 Stability of foundation rock of arch dams 351
R. lida & I. Shibata
14.3 Arch dam rock foundation design in the USSR 354
Yu.B. Mgalobelov
14.4 Observed and computer-simulated movements in the 157 m high 364
Zervreila Arch Dam (1 - Foundation)
R. Dungar
14.5 Observation of vertical heel deformations of arch dams 371
J. Martin
VIII Table ofcontents

15 Discussion on foundations of arch dams 377

15.1 Foundation investigations 311
15.2 Design of foundations 379
15.3 Treatment of foundations 381
15.4 Movements of foundations 382
15.5 Failures in foundations 382

PART 4: BEHAVIOUR OF ARCH DAMS

16 Observed behaviour of arch dams 387
MA. Fanelli
16.1 General 387
16.2 Magnitudes usually observed in arch dams: Methods and instrumen­ 389
tation used
16.3 Interpretation of behaviour: Separation of actions-Possibility of 398
continuous, automated control
16.4 Conclusions 404
17 Static and dynamic observation 405
17.1 The behaviour of Cachi Arch Dam over a period of 20 years 405
Institute Costarricence de Electricidad
17.2 Observation of the dynamic behaviour of two arch dams 429
J.M.W. Brownjohn, R.T. Severn & C.A. Taylor
18 Observed and interpreted linear and nonlinear behaviour 441
18.1 Behaviour of French arch dams 441
J. Combelles
18.2 Examination of the behaviour of an arch-gravity dam during the first 447
filling by finite element modelling
A. Masera, G. Ruggeri, F. Flamigni & F. Piccinelli
18.3 Structural behaviour of an arch-gravity dam 457
M. Serrano Tovar
18.4 Observed and computer-simulated movements in the 157 m high 462
Zervreila Arch Dam (2 - Creep and plasticity of mass concrete)
R. Dungar
19 Arch dams with unusual behaviour: Deteriorations, swelling and ruptures 473
19.1 Observation and evaluation of unusual behaviour of arch dams 473
WS. Croucamp
19.2 Actual behaviour of Zeuzier Arch Dam 479
T.R. Schneider
19.3 Examples of dam deterioration through concrete swelling: Chabet El 486
Akra Dam, Bangala Dam, Kyle Dam (J. Martin}, Chambon Dam
(J. Cornbelles}, Kariba Dam (J. Santa Clara}
19.4 Failure and deterioration of arch dams 495
J.M. Coutinho Rodrigues
19.5 Arch dam upslide - Failure and safety criterion 499
R. Naihua
20 Discussion on observed behaviour of arch dams 513
20,1 Instrumentation for monitoring behaviour 513
 Table ofcontents IX

20.2 Basic requirements for dam instrumentation set up 513

20.3 Automatic monitoring 514
20.4 Observation of seismic behaviour 515
20.5 Prediction of failure 517

PART 5: LATE PRECURSORS

21 Pioneers and countries with a heritage linked to arch dams 521
21.1 Swiss pioneers in arch dam construction: H.E. Grunner, A. Stucky, 521
H. Gicot (J.P. Stucky) and M. Ritter (G. Lombardi)
21.2 French forerunners: J. Resal (J. Martin) and A. Coyne (P. Londe) 528
21.3 American pioneers in arch dams: L. Jorgensen (R. Wengler) and 533
F.A. Noetzli (R.W Clough)
21.4 Recognition of two pioneers of the Bureau of Reclamation: J. Savage 538
and J. Hinds (Ch. Abraham)
21.5 Past Italian arch dam engineers: C. Semenza (A. Gallico) and 541
C. Marcello (F. Gallavresi)
21.6 UK past engineer: J. Guthrie-Brown (P.A.A. Back) 546
21.7 Spanish arch dam engineers: E. Becerril, E. Torroja (M. Castillo) and 547
L. Yordi (J. Laginha Serafim)
21.8 Romanian past engineer: R. Priscu (A. Silveira) 552
21.9 Portuguese past engineers: A. de C. Xerez (PA. Nunes) and M. Rocha 554
(J. F. Borges)
XII Preface

- University of Coimbra;
- University of California;
- Office of the Secretary of Stale for Environment and National Resources; Portugal;
- National Institute of Scientific Research; (INIC), Portugal;
- Luso-American Foundation for Development;
- Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation;
- Portuguese National Commission on Large Dams;
- Portuguese Electricity Board, EDP;
- COBA, International Consultants for Dams, Portugal;
- Empresa de Sondagens e Fundapoes TEIXEIRA DUARTE, LDA., Portugal;
- International Commission on Large Dams (CIGB).

The Editors
J. Laginha Serafim and R.W. Clough
Contributing authors

Abraham, Charles, MP-2800, Mid-Pacific Region, Sacramento, Calif., USA

Abdelhadi, M.Lahlau, Hydraulic Administration, Rue Harran Benchekraun, B.P.
Casier, Rabat Chellah, Morocco
Alvarez, Alfonso, Escuela Tecnica Superior de Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y
Puertos, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
Andrade, R.Monteiro, Engevix S.A., Rue Senador Pompeu, 46/60 Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil
Arnould, Robert, University of Liege, 6, Quai Banning, B-400 Liege, Belgium
Back, PA.A., Sir Alexander Gibb and Partners, Early House, 427 London Road, Early
Reading RG6 1B2, United Kingdom
Bofang, Zhu, Inst, of Water Conservancy & Hydroelectric Power Research, P.O.Box
366, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
Bollo, M.Fernandes, Sociedad de Reconocimentos Geofisicos, C.Encamacion 6,28013
Madrid, Spain
Bonazzi, D., Coyne et Bellier, 5 rue d’Heliopolis, 75017 Paris, France
Borges, J.F., President Conselho de Laboratorio de Engenharia Civil, LNEC, Av. do
Brasil, 101,1799 Lisboa Codex, Portugal
Branco, F.A., Cmest-Tec. University of Lisbon, 1096 Lisbon, Portugal
Brownjohn, J.M.W., University of Bristol, Department of Civil Engineering, Queen’s
Building, University Walk, Bristol B58 1TR, United Kingdom
Carrere, A., Coyne et Bellier, 5 rue d’Heliopolis, 75017 Paris, France
Castillo, Manuel, Hidroelectrica Espanola, Hermossila3,28001 Madrid, Spain
Clough, Ray W, University of California, Department of Civil Engineering, Room 775
Davis Hall, Berkeley, Calif. 94720, USA
Combelles, J., Electricite de France, Service de Production Hydraulique, 14 rue de
Miromesmil, 75008 Paris, France
Comte, C., Klausstrasse 19, 8034 Zurich, Switzerland
Croucamp, W.S., Department of Water Affairs, Private Bag X313, Pretoria 0001, South
Africa
Dungar, R., Motor-Columbus Consulting Engineers Inc., Parkstrasse 27, 5400 Baden,
Switzerland
Einstein, Herbert, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil Engi­
neering, Room 1-330, Cambridge, Mass. 02139, USA
Fanelli, M., Centro di Ricerca Idraulica e Strutturale, Ente Nationale Per L’Energia
Elettrica, ViaOmato, 90/14,20162 Milano, Italy

xin
XIV Contributing authors

Flamigni, F., Consorzio Acque Per le Province di Forli e Ravenna, Via Orto del Fucco
1/A, 47100 Forli, Italy
Gallavresi, Francesco, Rodio SPA, ViaPandina, 5,20070 Milano, Italy
Gallico, A., ECL, Electroconsult, Via Chiabrera 8,20151 Milano, Italy
Iida, R., Japan Dam Engineering Center, Mori Building, 39,2-4-5 Azabudai, Minato-ku,
Tokyo 106, Japan
Indermauer, Walter, c/o Prof. Jean-Pierre Stucky, Ch. de Roseneck, 6,10006 Lausanne,
Switzerland
Inst. Coatarricence de, PO. Box 10032, San Jose, Costa Rica
Kafritsas, John C., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil Engi­
neering, Room 1-330, Cambridge, Mass. 02139, USA
Lapa, J.A.M., Department of Civil Engineering, University of Coimbra, 3049 Coimbra
Codex, Portugal
Linse, Diethelm, H., Barerstrasse 44, 8000 Miinchen 40, F.R. Germany
Lombardi, G., Consulting Engineer, Via A. Ciseri, 3, CH-6601 Locarno, Switzerland
Londe, Pierre, Pierre Londe et Associes, Tour Horizon 52, Quai de Dion Bouton, 92806
Puteaux Cedex, France
Martin, Jean, Coyne et Bellier, 5 rue d'Heliopolis, 75017 Paris, France
Masera, A.. Ismes, Viale G. Cesare 29, 24100 Bergamo, Italy
Matos, M. Conceiqao, COBA, International Consultants, Av. 5 Outubro, 323, 1600
Lisbon, Portugal
Mendes, P, Cmest-Tec. University of Lisbon, 1096 Lisbon. Portugal
Mgalobelov, Yuri B., Research Center of the ‘Hydroproject’ Institute, P.O. Box 393,
125812 Moscow A-80, USSR
Milovanovic, D., Civil Engineering Faculty, University of Belgrade. Bulevar Okto-
barske Revolucije 61,11040 Beograd, Yugoslavia
Naihua, Ru, Tongji University, 17, Lana 180, Sichuan bei lu, Shanghai, People’s
Republic of China
Negrao, J.H., Department of Civil Engineering, University of Coimbra, 3049 Coimbra
Codex, Portugal
Nunes, PA., Consulting Engineer, Av. 5 Outubro 180,1000 Lisbon, Portugal
Oliveira, Ricardo, Laboratorio Nacional de Engenharia Civil, Av. do Brazil, 101,
Lisbon, Portugal
Pereira, M. Costa, Intecsa, Orense 70, Madrid, Spain
Piccinelli, E, Consorzio Acque Per le Province di Forli e Ravenne, Via Orto del Fuoco
1/A, 47100 Forli, Italy
Pircher, W., Tyreleen Hydropower Company, Landhouplate 2, A-6020 Innsbruck,
Austria
Rocha, Maria E., EDP - Electricidade de Portugal, Rua Bolhao, 164-3s, 4000 Porto,
Portugal
Rodrigues, J.Coutinho, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Coimbra, 3049
Coimbra Codex, Portugal
Ruggeri, G., Ismes, Viale G. Cesare 29,24100 Bergamo, Italy
Samy, M.S., Asian Institute of Technology, PO.Box2754, Bangkok 10501, Thailand
Santa Clara, J., Central African Power Corporation, PO.Box 630, Harare, Zimbabwe
Santos, A.Portela, COBA, International Consultants, Av. 5 Outubro 323,1600 Lisbon,
Portugal
 Contributing authors XV

Scheinder, T.R., Consulting Geologist, Rutihofstrasse 53, CH-8713 Verikon, Switzer­

land
Serafim, J.Laginha, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Coimbra, 3049
Coimbra Codex, Portugal
Severn, R.T., University of Bristol, Department of Civil Engineering, Queen’s Build­
ing, University Walk, Bristol B58 1TR, United Kingdom
Shib ata, I., Japan Dam Engineering Center, Mori Building 39, 2-4-5 Azabudai Minato-
ku, Tokyo 106, Japan
Silveira, A.E, COBA, International Consultants, Av. 5 Outubro, 323, 1600 Lisbon,
Portugal
Simoes, L.M.C., Department of Civil Engineering, University of Coimbra, 3049
Coimbra Codex, Portugal
Stucky, J.R. Consulting Engineer, Ch. de Rosenech 6, 1006 Lausanne. Switzerland
Suprovici, Petre, Civil Engineering Institute for Computers and Informatics, 167 Calea
Floreasca, Sector 2, Code 72321 Bucharest, Romania
Tarbox, Glenn S.. Engineering Consultants Inc., 7935 East Prentice Av., Building 40,
West Englewood, Calif. 80401, USA
Taylor, C.A., University of Bristol, Department of Civil Engineering, Queen’s Build­
ing, University Walk, Bristol B58 1TR, United Kingdom
Taylor, E.H., Sir M.Macdonald & Partners, Demerter House, Station Road.
Cambridge, CB1 2RS, United Kingdom
Torre, Tde la. Institute Costarricense Electricidad, Apartado 10032. San Jose, Costa
Rica
Tovar, M.Serrano, Inypsa, Principe de Vergara 43, 28001 Madrid, Spain
Wengler, Roman. Harza Engineering Company, 150 South Wacher Drive, Chicago, Ill.
60606, USA
Widmann, Richard, Taumkraftwerke AG, Rainerstrasse 29, Postfach 161, A-5020
Salzburg, Austria
Wieland, M., Asian Institute of Technology, RO.Box 2754, Bangkok 10501. Thailand
Wittke, W, Rheinisch-Westfalische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Mies-van-der-
Rohe-Str. 1, D-5100 Aachen, F.R. Germany
Yeh, C., Harza Engineering Company, 150 South Wacker Drive, Chicago, Ill. 60606,
USA
Yziquel, A., Sogreah-Ingenieurs Conseils, B.P 172, Centre de Tri, 38042 Grenoble
Cedex, France
Zhanmei, Li, Bureau of Water Conservancy of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, People’s
Republic of China
Zienkiewicz, O.C., Civil Engineering Department University College of Swansea,
University of Wales, Applied Science Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP,
United Kingdom