724 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT, VOL. 50, NO.
3, JUNE 2001
A Power Quality Monitoring System: A Case Study
in DSP-Based Solutions for Power Electronics
A. Lakshmikanth, Member, IEEE, and Medhat M. Morcos, Senior Member, IEEE
Abstract—Programmable digital signal processors (DSPs) are
emerging as the processors of choice in monitoring and control
of high-end power electronics systems. This paper adopts a case
study approach to illustrate a development methodology for
DSP-based solutions. The unique features of DSP chips that
make them ideal for real-time applications are highlighted. Power
electronics systems where DSPs have been used are indicated. A
case study in which a DSP-based solution was developed for a
power quality monitoring application is presented. Through the
case study, the issues involved in adopting a system architecture,
selecting a DSP, and developing software for an application are
discussed. The methodology described in this paper presents
broad guidelines which can be intelligently applied to develop
DSP-based solutions to meet specific requirements.
Index Terms—Control, converters, digital signal processor
(DSP), drives, monitoring, power electronics, power quality,
system design.
I. INTRODUCTION
T HE advent of programmable digital signal processors
(DSPs) in recent years is creating a revolution in mon-
itoring, control, and testing of power electronics [1]. Their
special architecture and high performance make it possible to
implement a wide variety of nontrivial control and measure-
ment algorithms at high sampling rate and reasonable cost [2].
Power electronics systems are typically a complex combi-
nation of linear, nonlinear, and switching elements. High-fre-
quency converters add another dimension of complexity
because of their fast dynamics. Real-time power electronics
systems, therefore, demand the use of high-speed data-acqui-
sition and control. DSPs meet the processing requirements
imposed by such systems.
In this paper, the features that make DSPs highly effective
computational engines are presented. Some applications in
power electronics which require the high performance of DSPs
are explored. A case study is introduced in which a DSP-based
solution was developed for a power quality monitoring applica-
tion. Through this, the design, implementation, and testing of
a DSP-based system are illustrated. The techniques and chal-
lenges in designing systems around DSPs are also addressed.
Manuscript received March 5, 1999; revised February 16, 2001. This work
was supported by a grant from the Engineering Experiment Station at Kansas
State University. Certain commercial products or materials have been identified
in order to specify or describe the subject matter of this article adequately. In no
case does such identification imply recommendation or endorsement by Kansas
State University, nor does it imply that the product or material is necessarily the
best available for the purpose.
The authors are with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA.
Publisher Item Identifier S 0018-9456(01)04383-2.
0018–9456/01$10.00 © 2001 IEEE
Authorized licensed use limited to: GITAM University. Downloaded on November 06,2022 at 11:05:31 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
II. REAL-TIME PROCESSING AND DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSORS
DSP designs are optimized to handle real-time applications
with high bandwidth requirements. In the following, the features
native to DSPs that facilitate high throughput are illuminated
[3]–[6].
A. Architecture
DSPs are built with Harvard architecture. This configuration
employs separate program and data memories and associated
data and address buses. The benefit of this arrangement is in-
creased speed because instructions and data can move in par-
allel instead of sequentially [7]. DSPs, like many advanced mi-
croprocessors, use pipelining to operate on several instructions
simultaneously [8].
1) Hard-Wired Logic: In DSPs, most instructions execute in
one machine cycle because all functions are performed inter-
nally in hard-wired logic. Hardware multipliers in DSPs per-
form multiplication in a single cycle.
2) Scaling: Hardware shifters allow scaling of data used in
computations. This helps prevent overflows, and keep the re-
quired precision [9].
3) Saturation: In DSPs, the accumulator handles overflow
by saturating to the most positive or least negative value, thus
eliminating rolling over.
4) Word Length: Some DSPs support a large word length,
thus reducing the quantization error. They also support a
larger intermediate word length for intermediate computational
results.
5) Other Features: Many DSP chips include input/output
(I/O) functionality, timing circuitry, direct memory access
(DMA) controllers, and high-speed memories on-chip. Fig. 1
gives an overview of the functionality of the Motorola
DSP56001 chip.
B. Special DSP Instructions
DSPs resemble reduced instruction set computers (RISCs),
in that a small set of frequently used instructions are optimized
for numerical processing at the expense of less frequently used
general-purpose operations [8]. DSP instruction sets efficiently
handle mathematical operations common to many algorithms
that are repeatedly executed in time-critical loops. For example,
digital filters, which are often used in signal processing and
control applications, are implemented using recursive difference
equations of the form
(1)
LAKSHMIKANTH AND MORCOS: POWER QUALITY MONITORING SYSTEM
Fig. 1. Functional diagram of the Motorola DSP56001 chip.
where
output;
past outputs;
present input;
past inputs;
weighing factors [10].
Equation (1) basically says that any output can be com-
puted as a weighted sum of the input at the present time , past
inputs , and past outputs . Each step in this
computation involves a multiplication and addition. The mul-
tiply and accumulate (MAC) instruction in DSPs performs this
in a single instruction cycle. In contrast, in a typical fixed-point
microprocessor, a multiply and add typically executes in 15 to
20 machine cycles. The MAC instruction is also highly effec-
tive in matrix multiplication and fast Fourier transform (FFT)
algorithms. MAC is the one instruction that most distinguishes
DSPs from other micros.
DSPs also significantly increase execution speed by per-
forming multiple operations in parallel. For instance, in the
same instruction cycle that a MAC operation is being per-
formed, a parallel data move can be carried out. Thus, the
special DSP instructions supplement the computational speed
of DSPs and make them ideal for high-performance real-time
applications.
III. APPLICATIONS IN POWER ELECTRONICS
DSPs are used in multiple applications in power electronics
including ac motor drives, high-frequency converter control,
motion control, robotics, and real-time testing. Some of these
applications are reviewed below.
A. AC Motor Drives
AC drives have complex control structures as a result of the
cross-coupling of the three-phase stator currents. In vector con-
trol, which is a popular scheme for control of induction motors,
Authorized licensed use limited to: GITAM University. Downloaded on November 06,2022 at 11:05:31 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
725
Fig. 2. Block diagram of DSP-based field oriented ac induction motor drive.
the stator current is decoupled into the torque generating com-
ponent and the field producing component using transfor-
mations. The machine now resembles a field-wound dc motor,
and control is straightforward. The stator current is controlled
to achieve the desired torque and speed characteristics [11].
All functional components of the control system for a field-
oriented ac induction motor drive can be implemented in soft-
ware on a single-chip DSP, as shown in Fig. 2. Vector control
technique is also applicable to synchronous machines [12].
B. Motion Control
New challenges in motion control are being posed by
induction motors, brushless motors, and reluctance motors
which are fast replacing dc servos because of better reliability
and lesser cost. Also, more and more applications now demand
high-speed, high-precision control. Consequently, there is a
burgeoning use of advanced techniques like state estimation,
autonomous adaptive control, robust control and sensorless
control [13].
DSPs which combine both signal-processing and
system-management functions are therefore being increasingly
used in motion control systems. In the recent past, DSP-based
motion controllers have been implemented for adaptive control
[14], [15], sensorless control [16], [17], state estimation [18],
and parameter identification [19].
C. High-Frequency Converter Control
Modern power devices have provided the impetus for
development of high-frequency converters that overcome the
shortcomings of phase-controlled converters. Converters using
pulse-width-modulation (PWM) techniques have been used
in ac-motor speed control, power-factor correction, harmonic
elimination, and myriad other applications. Resonant and
quasiresonant converters are also gaining popularity because
they combat harmonics and switching losses. Complexity and
fast dynamics are major concerns in the control of high-fre-
quency converters. DSPs are being utilized to provide control
solutions for these converters.
DSPs are used to dynamically calculate optimized PWM
waveforms [20], [21]. They are used to devise firing and
control schemes for resonant converters. There has been also
tremendous interest in applying modern optimal and adaptive
control theories to converter control. Recently, a multi-DSP
scheme has been proposed for control of a unity power factor
PWM rectifier [22].
726 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT, VOL. 50, NO. 3, JUNE 2001

D. Monitoring and Testing

Monitoring and testing fall in the realm of conventional dig-
ital signal processing. DSPs can be used to perform data acqui-
sition, signal conditioning, filtering, spectral analysis and tran-
sient capture. DSPs have the speed to monitor the system and
control it concurrently. This is particularly useful in adaptive
control because the controller can dynamically change itself in
real time in response to variations in system behavior.
Testing capabilities built into power electronics systems are
used to identify system parameters for automatic tuning of con-
troller gains and to locate faults in the event of failure. Recently,
DSP-based dedicated testing systems have been implemented
[23], [24]. Such systems facilitate testing by performing se-
lected acquisition of data and recording stimulated system re- Fig. 3. Embedded system architecture.
sponses [25].

IV. DESIGNING SYSTEMS USING DSP

In some ways, designing systems around DSPs is different
from, and sometimes tougher than, designing around conven-
tional microprocessors. System designers who are adept at using
micros can quickly adapt to using DSPs in their designs. We will
adopt the case study of a DSP-based power quality monitoring
system to illustrate the methodology for developing DSP-based
solutions for high-end power electronics systems. We will bring
out details that power electronics specialists must be aware of
to produce effective DSP solutions for their applications.
The purpose of the study is to develop and implement a power
quality monitoring system that will enable power quality engi-
neers to conduct diagnostic testing in the field [26]. The system
should Fig. 4. Dual-processor system architecture.
• monitor waveform distortion, short-duration variations,
and long-duration variations; to develop and have limited user interface. In [27], an embedded
• collect data continuously and analyze the data in real time; DSP-based system is proposed for motor drive control.
• present results effectively and also make data easily avail- Emulators that aid the development of embedded systems
able for further study; are available for popular programmable DSPs. They replace the
• be programmable so that custom testing can be incorpo- DSP chip in the system being developed and emulate the DSPs
rated; functionality in real-time. They allow the user to view internal
• be cost-effective and portable. registers and memory, set breakpoints, disassemble code, watch
The options available to the system designer are discussed interrupt handling, and look at port inputs and outputs.
below. The choices made for the power quality testing system
are indicated, and justified in the light of the objectives. B. Dual-Processor Architecture
The dual-processor architecture is based on a DSP interfaced
V. SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE to a host computer, as shown in Fig. 4. Real-time tasks are dele-
gated to run on the optimized hardware of the DSP board, while
The objective in system design is to synthesize a system ar-
system level requirements, such as I/O operations and disk ac-
chitecture that will accommodate the needs of the application at
cesses, are run on the host computer [8]. Attractive features of
hand. Several DSP-based power electronics systems have been
this architecture are the graphical user interface and storage fa-
proposed over the last few years. Attention is limited to two spe-
cilities provided by the host computer. This configuration is also
cific system architectures that meet the needs of most applica-
very versatile and can be used for developing prototypes. For ex-
tions in power electronics.
ample, in [28] an induction motor control system is presented.
The drawback is that the DSP has to handle interprocessor com-
A. Embedded System Architecture munication in addition to other real-time tasks.
DSPs are embedded in stand-alone applications. The Developing dual-processor systems is relatively easy because
embedded DSP must be supported by memory and custom plug-in DSP boards are available for different computer plat-
interface hardware, as shown in Fig. 3. Embedded systems forms. Some boards include analog I/O capability. Debuggers
provide the best real-time performance. However, they are hard work with these plug-in boards and I/O devices to permit setting

Authorized licensed use limited to: GITAM University. Downloaded on November 06,2022 at 11:05:31 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
LAKSHMIKANTH AND MORCOS: POWER QUALITY MONITORING SYSTEM
Fig. 5. Block diagram of power quality testing system.
breakpoints, viewing processor registers and monitoring chip
pin states in real-time [29].
C. Architecture for the Power Quality Monitoring System
The primary concern in the system under study is to have
enough processing power to meet the computational require-
ments of the real-time tasks associated monitoring. The system
must be easy to implement, flexible, and cost-effective. In addi-
tion, the system should have a good user-interface.
The dual-processor architecture meets these requirements
[30]. This architecture is based on a DSP interfaced to a host
computer. Real-time tasks are delegated to run on the optimized
hardware of the DSP, while system level requirements, such
as user-interface, are implemented on the host computer. In
this application, the DSP is the Motorola DSP56002; the host
computer is a personal computer. In actual field tests, the
host will be the power quality engineer’s laptop (or notebook)
computer. The block diagram of the system is shown in Fig. 5.
1) DSP Board: The Motorola DSP56002ADS application
development system (ADS) was chosen for developing the pro-
totype power quality testing system. The ADS is a hardware tool
for designing, debugging, and evaluating DSP56002-based sys-
tems [31]. Software for the application was developed in the host
computer and uploaded to the DSP. The DSP interfaces with an
analog-to-digital (A/D) converter through the synchronous se-
rial interface (SSI) in Port C. The DSP communicates with the
PC using Port B as a parallel port.
VI. CHOOSING A PROCESSOR FOR AN APPLICATION
Before selecting a DSP, the application at hand must be first
thoroughly understood and system requirements must be as-
sessed. The capabilities of various processors should be evalu-
ated in the light of these requirements. The issues and tradeoffs
involved in selecting a DSP are discussed below.
A. Computational Speed
Clock speed is not the only measure of DSPs computational
capability [32]. The speed performance of various DSPs can
be assessed by comparing the time taken to execute benchmark
algorithms like FFTs and FIR filters.
B. Fixed Point Versus Floating Point
Floating-point processors are suited for applications with
wide dynamic range because their data registers contain large
exponential fields. The drawback, however, is the higher price.
Fixed-point processors cost less. They provide more accuracy
because their data registers often contain larger mantissa fields;
but they have lower dynamic range.
Authorized licensed use limited to: GITAM University. Downloaded on November 06,2022 at 11:05:31 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
727
C. Memory
DSPs operate at maximum throughput when data are avail-
able on the fast on-chip memory or on external static random
access memory (SRAM). It is desirable to have enough on-chip
memory to hold the input data buffer and the data buffer under
analysis.
D. Interface
I/O capabilities of the processor play a major role in its per-
formance. The transfer of data into and out of the chip must
be considered. For moving blocks of data, DMA controllers are
necessary. Similarly, the I/O interface between the DSP chip and
an external data source or another processor must maximize the
data transfer rate.
E. Ease of Programming
Floating-point DSPs are also easier to program than
fixed-point ones. In addition, reasonably effective C compilers
and real-time operating systems are available for floating-point
DSPs. So, if a DSP-based application must be developed
quickly, it is better to choose floating-point DSPs over
fixed-point ones [25].
F. Real-Time Concerns
In real-time systems, a timer is essential for synchronization.
Therefore, an on-chip programmable timer is desirable. Inter-
rupts are used to handle nonsynchronous tasks. The interrupt
latency time must be as short as possible. A hardware stack fa-
cilitates quick interrupt servicing.
G. Cost
DSP chips are expensive. However, when used in complex
systems, they obviate the need for a lot of external hardware.
DSPs reduce cost by moving functions of expensive external
hardware into software.
H. DSP for the Power Quality Monitoring System
The Motorola processor DSP56002 chosen for the applica-
tion is a fixed-point DSP and can adequately meet the processing
requirements at reasonable cost. The DSP56002 has micropro-
cessor-style on-chip peripherals, data memory, and a memory
expansion port. Its interface capabilities allow the DSP chip to
rapidly transfer data into the chip and to interface with the host
processor. The data paths are 24 bits wide; intermediate results
are held in the 56-bit accumulators [33]. This provides enough
resolution and dynamic range to handle the input in the proto-
type.
1) Interface: The Motorola DSP56ADC16 evaluation board
(EVB) serves as the analog interface for the DSP. The EVB has a
16-bit A/D converter which interfaces directly to the SSI port of
the DSP56002 [34]. Communication between the DSP and PC
is facilitated through a parallel digital interface between Port B
on the DSP and a digital I/O board on the PC.
2) Timer: One shortcoming of the processor is that there is
no on-chip timer. However, this was overcome by using the se-
rial communications interface (SCI) timer as the interrupt timer.
728 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT, VOL. 50, NO. 3, JUNE 2001

VII. SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT FOR THE DSP

Programming with DSPs differs from programming with mi-
cros because of the specialized architecture and the nature of ap-
plications. Issues pertaining to software development with DSPs
are addressed below. The development tools available are also
indicated.

A. Operating System
DSPs are used for real-time control and data acquisition in
power electronics. Real-time processing requires a fast multi-
tasking operating system. Real-time operating systems such as
Fig. 6. Real-time processing kernel.
SPOX are available for floating-point DSPs. A custom real-time
kernel can be also implemented for the chosen processor.

B. High-Level Language
Using a HLL like C can cut development effort substan-
tially. However, HLL compilers for DSPs do not exploit their
unique architectural features and instruction-level parallelism
[35]. Compiled code is usually two to four times the size of
assembly code; this is a high-penalty tradeoff for time-critical
applications [10]. Therefore, HLLs are used for initialization
and nonreal-time code.

C. Assembly Language
Assembly language produces the most efficient code in DSPs. Fig. 7. Processing environment in the PC.
Consequently, it is necessary to use assembly language for time-
critical operations. Moreover, code for I/O tasks needs to be
written almost exclusively in assembly. Most DSP applications
are built using a judicious mix of assembly and HLL.

D. Signal Processing Languages

Signal processing languages provide users with both high-
level and low-level instructions. They offer ease of development
like HLLs and code efficiency comparable to that of assembly.
DSPL from dSPACE is one example. However, there is no stan-
dard for these languages.

E. Code Generation Software

Code generators produce DSP assembly language code from
a mathematical description or block diagram of the algorithm.
Such packages allow the designer to focus on design issues in-
stead of assembly language programming problems. DSP-CIT
from dSPACE and Hypersignal from Hyperception are exam-
ples.
F. Programming Techniques
Programming techniques are slightly different for DSPs than
for ordinary processors. DSPs use instruction pipelines and
branching breaks the pipeline. Consequently, it makes sense to
have straight-line code rather than calling subroutines. Also, it
may be faster to compute function values every time instead
of using a look-up table. Using nested interrupts in DSPs will
cause stack-overflow very quickly. Interrupts also break the
instruction pipeline; it is better, therefore, to use synchronous
sampling and polling instead of interrupts.
Fig. 8. Power quality indexes dialog.
G. Software for the Power Quality Monitoring System
1) Processing Environments in the DSP: In the present
study, a custom real-time environment was developed using the
techniques described in [36]. The real-time processing (RTP)
kernel was developed using a mixture of C and assembly. Fig. 6
shows the principal elements of RTP.
The framework for the power quality testing application was
developed using C and the real-time data-collection, data-anal-
ysis, and communication tasks were coded in assembly. None of
the commercially available development environments proved
to be economically viable. Moreover, all the capabilities re-
quired to develop the application were completely supported in
a single environment.

Authorized licensed use limited to: GITAM University. Downloaded on November 06,2022 at 11:05:31 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
LAKSHMIKANTH AND MORCOS: POWER QUALITY MONITORING SYSTEM
Fig. 9. Spectrum for a 60-Hz square wave [26].
Fig. 10. Spectrum for a 180-Hz square wave.
2) Processing Environment in the PC: The processing envi-
ronment in the PC was developed in Windows 3.1 using the Mi-
crosoft Foundation Class (MFC) library. For the real-time power
quality monitoring system, a processing environment similar to
the one in the DSP is required. A timer is needed to keep track
of time elapsed, a foreground strategy to handle communication
with the DSP, and a background strategy to process results and
handle the user-interface. The three basic components in this en-
vironment, shown in Fig. 7, are as follows:
1) timer and interrupt service routine (ISR);
2) idle-loop processing;
3) application message loop.
The first provides a timer and foreground strategy. The second
and third components together constitute the background
strategy. The main window of the application has menu choices
that allow the user to save collected data, select the type of
data-processing to be performed, view real-time results and
access on-line help. Real-time results are available through
dialog boxes such as the one shown in Fig. 8.
Authorized licensed use limited to: GITAM University. Downloaded on November 06,2022 at 11:05:31 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
729
VIII. TEST RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The power quality monitoring system was implemented and
evaluated. The prototype can continuously monitor one input
signal with a nominal full scale of 2 V p-p, a dynamic range
of 4 V p-p, and a resolution of 0.1 mV. The system can deter-
mine up to the 31st harmonic of the power frequency and can
compute important power quality indexes. Results are available
in real-time through a graphical user-interface. Results detailed
in [26] show that the system meets relevant power quality stan-
dards. Fig. 9 shows the observed spectrum for a 60-Hz square
wave. The measurement error is less than the maximum allow-
able error of 5%. Power quality indexes were observed for an
input of 1-V peak square wave at 60 Hz. The theoretical values
of the indexes were computed. Comparison of the theoretical
and experimental values yielded less than 2% error in all cases.
Fig. 10 shows the spectrum for a 180-Hz square wave. The one
significant feature in the experimental spectrum here is that at
higher frequencies the spreading effect leads to poor attenuation
of adjoining frequencies.
730 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT, VOL. 50, NO. 3, JUNE 2001
TABLE I
POWER QUALITY INDEXES FOR A 60-Hz
SQUARE WAVE [26]
Power quality indexes were observed for an input 1-V peak
square wave at 60 Hz. The theoretical values of the indexes were
computed. Table I shows a comparison of the theoretical and
experimental values. The error is less than 2% in all cases.
The system can be used to perform diagnostic power quality
testing to evaluate waveform distortion, short-duration varia-
tions, and long-duration variations. The system is portable and
holds promise as a powerful, low-cost tool for practicing power
quality engineers. This case study has provided some valuable
insights for developing a DSP-based solution. Developing a
DSP-based power electronics system requires expertise not only
in the underlying power electronics, but also in microcomputer
system design and software development. Though development
environments for DSPs are commercially available, they fall
short of meeting the expectations of system designers. DSPs
can obviate the need for specialized peripheral devices by
capturing the functionality in software. Consequently, it is
more cost-effective to build a high-end power electronics
system using a single-chip DSP for control rather than using a
microprocessor with specialized peripheral devices.
IX. CONCLUSION
Programmable DSPs are leading a revolution in signal pro-
cessing, bringing about the rapid convergence of computers,
communication and consumer electronics. At the same time,
advances in DSP chip technology have had a positive impact
on the inherently interdisciplinary field of power electronics.
Power electronics system designers have started to recognize the
immense potential for developing high-end applications using
DSPs. It is expected that more and more power electronics sys-
tems will be centered around DSPs in the future.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to thank Dr. S. A. Dyer, Department of
Electrical and Computer Engineering, Kansas State University,
for his useful suggestions.
REFERENCES
[1] E. A. Lee, “Programmable DSPs: A brief overview,” IEEE Micro, pp.
14–16, Oct. 1990.
[2] H. Hanselmann, “Using digital signal processors for control,” in Proc.
IECON, 1986.
[3] S. A. Dyer and B. K. Harms, “Digital signal processing,” Advances in
Computers, vol. 37, pp. 59–117, 1993.
[4] A. Burns and A. Wellings, Real-Time Systems and Their Programming
Languages. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1990.
[5] A. Keithley, Metrabyte Data acquisition catalog and reference guide,
1996–1997.
[6] G. D. Bergland, “A fast Fourier transform algorithm for real-valued se-
ries,” Commun. ACM, pp. 703–710, Oct. 1968.
Authorized licensed use limited to: GITAM University. Downloaded on November 06,2022 at 11:05:31 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
[7] I. Ahmed and S. Lindquist, “Digital signal processors: Simplifying high-
performance control,” Mach. Des., pp. 13–17, Sept. 1987.
[8] D. Koenig, Digital signal procesing hardware, , National Instruments,
Jan. 1992.
[9] Texas Instruments, TMS320C2x User’s Guide, Apr. 1990.
[10] Texas Instruments, Digital signal processing applications with the
TMS320 family, 1991.
[11] S. Meshkat and I. Ahmed, “Using DSPs in AC induction motor drives,”
Contr. Eng., pp. 303–305, Feb. 1988.
[12] B. K. Bose, “Power electronics—An emerging technology,” IEEE
Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 36, pp. 403–412, Aug. 1989.
[13] T. Bucella and I. Ahmed, “Taking control with DSPs,” Mach. Des., Oct.
1989.
[14] H. Kubota, K. Matsuse, and T. Nakano, “DSP-based speed adaptive flux
observer of induction motor,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Applicat., vol. 29, pp.
344–348, Mar./Apr. 1993.
[15] N. Matsui and H. Ohashi, “DSP-based adaptive control of a brushless
motor,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Applicat., vol. 28, pp. 448–454, Mar./Apr.
1992.
[16] A. Gastli, T. Takeshita, and N. Matsui, “Speed-sensorless control of an
induction motor using an improved v=f PWM inverter,” in Annu. Conf.
IEE Jpn., 1992, pp. E38–E43.
[17] N. Matsui, “Sensorless operation of brushless dc motor drives,” in Proc.
IECON, 1993, pp. 739–744.
[18] R. Dhaouadi, N. Mohan, and L. Norum, “Design and implementation of
an extended kalman filter for the state estimation of a permanent magnet
synchronous motor,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 6, pp. 491–497,
July 1991.
[19] A. Gastli and N. Matsui, “Stator flux controlled v=f PWM inverter with
identification of IM parameters,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 39, pp.
334–340, Aug. 1992.
[20] R. J. Chance and J. A. Taufiq, “A TMS32010 based near optimized pulse
width modulated waveform generator,” in Proc. 3rd Int. Conf. Power
Electronics and Variable Speed Drives, 1988, pp. 261–266.
[21] P. N. Enjeti, P. D. Ziogas, J. F. Lindsay, and M. H. Rashid, “A new
PWM speed control system for high-performance ac motor drives,”
IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 37, pp. 143–151, Apr. 1990.
[22] X. Wang and B. T. Ooi, “Real-time multi-DSP control of three-phase
current-source unity power factor PWM rectifier,” IEEE Trans. Power
Electron., vol. 8, pp. 295–300, July 1993.
[23] J. Gou, B. Xie, and P. Enjeti, “A DSP-based real time power quality
measurement system,” in Proc. IEEE APEC, 1992, pp. 299–302.
[24] J. C. Montano, A. Lopez, M. Castilla, and J. Gutierrez, “DSP-based al-
gorithm for electric power measurement,” Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng. A, vol.
140, no. 6, pp. 485–490, 1993.
[25] D. Mah, “Using DSP in bus-based test and measurement,” in Proc. Tech-
nical Program—National Electronic Packaging and Production Conf.,
vol. 3, 1992, pp. 1334–1343.
[26] A. Lakshmikanth, M. M. Morcos, and W. N. White, “A real-time system
for power quality testing,” IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 47, pp.
1464–1468, Dec. 1998.
[27] M. Sprague and R. Krishnan, “High performance DSP-based system ar-
chitecture for motor drive control,” in Proc. IEEE Power Electronics
Specialists Conf., vol. 2, 1994, pp. 1257–1262.
[28] J. S. Lai and B. K. Bose, “A PC-based simulation and DSP-based con-
trol of an improved high frequency resonant DC link inverter induction
motor drive,” in Proc. IECON, vol. 2, 1990, pp. 882–888.
[29] B. C. Mather, “Embedding DSP,” IEEE Spectr., pp. 52–55, Nov. 1991.
[30] D. Koenig, Digital signal processing fundamental, National Instruments,
June 1995.
[31] Motorola, DSP56002ADS—Application development system reference
manual, , 1991.
[32] T. Bucella, “Comparing DSPs to microprocessors in motion control sys-
tems: Some real world data,” Intertec Communications, Inc., Tech. Rep.,
1990.
[33] M. El-Sharkawy, Real Time Digital Signal Processing Applications with
Motorola’s DSP56000 Family. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall,
1990.
[34] Motorola, DSP56ADC16—Evaluation Board User’s Manual, Nov.
1988.
[35] M. A. R. Saghir, P. Chow, and C. G. Lee, “Application-driven design
of DSP architectures and compilers,” in Proc. IEEE ICASSP, 1994, pp.
437–440.
[36] K. D. Funk, L. E. Wagner, and J. G. Thompson, “Real time data acqui-
sition and control techniques for automated testing,” in Proc. Amer. Soc.
Agricultural Engineers Winter Meeting, Dec. 1989.
LAKSHMIKANTH AND MORCOS: POWER QUALITY MONITORING SYSTEM 731

A. Lakshmikanth (S’92–M’97) received the B.E. Medhat M. Morcos (M’78–SM’86) received the
degree in electrical and electronics engineering Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the
from Anna University, India, and the M.S. degree in University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada, in
electrical engineering from Kansas State University, 1984.
Manhattan, in 1994 and 1996, respectively. Currently, he is Professor of electrical and
He is currently with Cambridge Technology computer engineering and Distinguished Teaching
Partners, Monterey, CA. His interests include power Scholar at Kansas State University, Manhattan.
electronics, power quality, microcomputer-based His areas of interest include power electronics,
systems, and software engineering. artificial intelligence applications in power quality
Mr. Lakshmikanth is a member of Phi Kappa Phi and power systems protection, switching transients
and Tau Beta Pi. in transmission systems, electrical insulation, and
high-voltage engineering. He has a total of 30 years teaching and research
experience in these areas.
Dr. Morcos is a member of Eta Kappa Nu, Tau Beta Pi, Sigma Xi, and Phi
Kappa Phi.

Authorized licensed use limited to: GITAM University. Downloaded on November 06,2022 at 11:05:31 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.