SHEAR IN BEAMS 5.0 NOTATIONS AND SYMBOLS: area of an individual bar or wire, mm? {Br05s area of section, mm? area of shear reinforcement within a distance s, mm? minimum area of stirup, mm? width of compression face of member, mm. distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of tension reinforcement, mm specified compressive stress of concrete, MPa specified yield strength of steel, MPa specified yield strength of hoop, ti, or spiral reinforcement, MPa overall depth of section, mm factored moment, kNm factored axial load normal to cross section occurring simultaneously with Vj, to be taken positive for compression and negative for tension, and to include effects of tension due to creep and shrinkage, N spacing of stirrups, mm shear strength provided by conerete, N nominal shear force, N shear strength provided by the reinforcement, N factored shear force, N strength reduction factor design shear capacity, N ‘modification factor (1 for normal weight concrete) ratio of A, to byd5.1 INTRODUCTION When the beam is loaded, it resists loads primarily by means of internal moments M and shears V. The beam must be designed for both types of forces to carry the loads safely. Flexure is usually considered first to determine the dimension of the beam section and the reinforcement needed to provide the necessary moment resistance. The beam is then designed for shear. Shear failure may occur if no shear reinforcement is provided. Experiments have demonstrated that shear failure is brittle and usually occurs without any warming before failure. On the other hand, flexural failure is characterized by a gradual increase in deflection and cracking and occurs with warning before total failure. Thus, itis important to make certain that the design for shear must ensure that shear failure does not occur before flexural failure. The limits on the amount of flexural reinforcement as provided in NSCP 2015 ensure that the member behaves in a ductile manner.Shear failure of beam without stirrup or Shear failure of beam with stirrup or shear reinforcement shear reinforcement5.2 NSCP 2015 CODE REQUIREMENTS: shear strength is that the factored shear force V,, shall be equal or less than The basic code requirement on. the design shear @Vy, Vis Vn = 4225.1. Nominal one-way shear strength at a section, Vp, shall be calculated by: Va=VetVs = 422,5.1.2 Cross-sectional dimensions shall be selected to satisfy equation Vs 0(v.+ 3 JF bud) where: @ = 0.75 for shear and torsion V, = factored ultimate shear, N V, = shear strength provided by concrete, N V, = shear strength provided by stirrups, N» 5.2.1 SHEAR STRENGTH PROVIDED BY CONCRETE V, (NSCP 2015 SECTION 422.5.5) = 422,5.5.1 For non-prestressed members without axial force, V_ shall be calculated by; 1 Ve = GAN fe bud Unless a more detailed calculation is made in accordance with Table 422.5.5.1Table 422.5.5.1 Detailed Method for Calculating V, yd ae (ossavfe +17 by ite) Dydd of (a), (0.16A/f2 + 17pw) bud (c): 0.29AV fi Byd (1M, occurs simultaneously with V,, at the section considered422.5.6.1 For non-prestressed members with axial compression, V, shall be calculated by; Ve =¢(1+ 9) Fi bya Unless a more detailed calculation is made in accordance with Table 422.5.6.1, where Ny is positive for compression. Table 422.5.6.1 Detailed Method for Calculating V, for Non-Prestressed Members with Axial Compression My ME vd 1) (ose +17 py oe) bya | (a). Equation not applicable if . 4h—d On My- My < 0 (b) ©): Ny 0.29AV fe byd [1 7 © 9 1) M. occurs simultaneously with V,, at the section considered422.5.7.1 For non-prestressed members with significant axial tension, V_ shall be calculated by; I) NEE byd V,=>(1 1 7 29N, 6 where N,, is negative for tension, and V;, shall not be less than zero.5.2.2 SHEAR STRENGTH PROVIDED BY STIRRUPS V, (NSCP 2015 SECTION 422.5.10) + 422.5.10.1 Ateach section where V,, > OV,, transverse reinforcement shall be provided such that equation is satisfied Vu V,>—-Ve * 422.5.10.5.3 V, for shear reinforcement shall be calculated by; Avfyd v, = fehe s where: s = spiral pitch or the longitudinal spacing of shear reinforcement, mm fective area of all bar legs or wires within spacing s, mm? fye = specified yield strength of hoop, tie or spiral reinforcement, MPa> 5.2.3 SPACING LIMITS OF SHEAR REINFORCEMENT (NSCP 2015 SECTION 409.7.6.2) 409.7.6.2.1 If required, shear reinforcement shall be provided using stirrups, hoops, or longitudinal bent bars. 409.7.6.2.2. Maximum spacing of shear reinforcement shall be in accordance with Table 409.7.6.2.2. Table 409.7.6.2.2 Maximum Spacing of Shear Reinforcement Re = d/2 3 <0.33/f byd Lesser of h/ 4 600 > 0.33V fi byd Lesser of: 4/4 3h/8 300> §.24 MINIMUM SHEAR REINFORCEMENT (NSCP 2015 SECTION 409.6.3) * — 409.6.3.1 A minimum area of shear reinforcement, Aymin, Shall be provided in all regions where Vy > 0.50V, except fo the case in Table 409.6.3.1, where at least Aymin shall be provided where Vy > OV, Table 409.63.1 Cases where A, not Required if 0.50V, < Vy < OV, Shallow Depth hs 250mm h S greater of 2.5ty or 0.5by Integral with Slab and h< 600mm Constructed with steel fibered reinforced normal- weight concrete h< 600mm conforming to Sections and 426.4.1.5(a), 426.4.2.2(0), Vy $ 0.170Y Ff byd and 426.12.5.1(a) and with fZ < 40 MPa ‘em In accordance with Section ‘One-way joist syst ae409.6.3.3 \f shear reinforcement is required and torsional effects can be neglected according to Section 409.5.4.1, Aymin shall be in accordance with Table 409.6.3.3. Table 409.6.3.3 Required A, ymin b, 0.062/f2 a Non-prestressed and prestressed on fye with Apsfee < 0.40(Aps + fou + ee Ast fy) oas De b fy 0.062 fe x c Greater of: Prestressed with Apsfse 2 0.40(Aps + fou + As + fy) bw Lesser of: Cen 7 Apshou [a e Bhd |b,> 5.2.5 CRITICAL SECTION FOR BEAM SHEAR (NSCP 2015 SECTION 409.43) + 409.4.3.1 For beams built integrally with supports, V,, at the support shall be permitted to be calculated at the face of support. + 409.4.3.2 Sections between the face of support and a critical section located dl from the face of support for non-prestressed beams and h/2 from the face of support for prestressed beams shall be permitted to be designed for V,, at that critical section if (a) through (c) are satisfied: a. Support reaction, in direction of applied shear, introduces compression into the end region of the beam; b. Loads are applied at or near the top surface of the bes c. No concentrated load occurs between the face of support and critical section Tit tii Titi5.3 STEPS IN VERTICAL STIRRUP DESIGN I. Calculate the factored shear force V,, at critical sections or at any section you want the spacing to be determined IL. Calculate the shear strength provided by concrete, V- v. 1 z Ale bya if V, > OV,, stirrups are necessary, proceed to Step III 1 if¥, < OV, but ¥, > 7% proceed to Step V 1 if, <5 OY; ,beam section is capable to carry the required shearIIL. Calculate the shear strength V, to be provided by the stirrup. Vz =V,+V, On = OU + Ve) = Va wagnNe 7 2 if V5 < SV fe byd, proceed to step IV 2 ifV,> avfe byd, adjust the size of the beamIV. Spacing of stirrups: Avfyed spacing s = ape Maximum spacing, s (@) WhenV, <3 J/fz byd, Smax = 4/2 or 600mm 1 (b) When V, > 3 Vf e bwd, Smax = 4/4 or 300mm V. ify < OV, but VY, > 50% Minimum area of stirrup: A 0.062/F; PHS > 0.35 >s *min “fn fyPELE EISNER BRU Solution: Shear strength provided by concrete: 1 Ye = ZAVfé byd v. = £(1)(v2)(250)(500) V. = 95.470 kN Maximum value of V, according to Section 422,1.5.2 2 Ke = Zvi bud 2 y= 3 (V21)(250)(500) V, = 381.881 kN Ultimate shear capacity of the beam: w= OV, +) V, = 0.75(95.470 + 381.881) V,, = 358.013 KNSolution: a. The beam is subjected to shear and flexure only 1 1 y= zAVKe byd = =(1)(V21)(280)(540) V, = 115.481 kNb. The beam is subjected to axial compressive force of 80kN. _1 Ny : Ve =3(1 + aR) NE had 1 80000 we z(1 if Gann) (1)(v21)(280)(540) V, = 119.409 kN c. The beam is subjected to axial tension of 80kKN. 1 0.29N, We=sl1t “AVAL byd 6 ‘Ag 1/. 0.29(-80000) v= a( a TaD) (1)(V21)(280)(540) V, = 99.534 KNSolution: Shear strength provided by concrete: 1 Ye = ZAV FE Dypd 1 Ye = ¢ ())(V21)(300)(525) Ve = 120.293 kN OV. = 0.75(120.293) = 90,220 kN 1 ym = 45.110 kN 2 > : Fé bw = 3 (V21)(300)(525) = 481.170 kN 1 = SVE bud = 3 (vai (300)(525) = 240.585 kN a = 40kN uU< 50%. ~ Beam section is capable to carry the required shearVy = 90kN 1 Ye < OY, but ¥, > 3M ~ minimum area of shear reinforcement is required Minimum area of shear reinforcement in accordance with Table 409.6.3.3: bys b Apmin = 0.062 fz 5 > 0.35 20S fyt hye x 2, ‘at Avminfyt _ 27(10) (275) Eee +" 0.062Vf! by _ 0.062V21 (300) ~ 906792 mm _ Avminfye _ 2% (10)?(275) 2935, — 035(300) = 411399 mm Maximum spacing of stirrup in accordance with Table 409.7.6.2.2 (a) d/2 =525/2 = 2625 mm (b) 600 mm Therefore, use s = 262.5 mmc. Y= 120kN V, > OV, ~ stirrups are necessary Calculate the shear strength V, to be provided by the stirrup: Yu Stan Ye = dg ~ 120.293 = 39.707 KN y< IVE bud % <3VE bud Agfyed _ 2% (10)*(275)(525) “Y, 39707 = 571.143 mm Maximum spacing of stirrup in accordance with Table 409.7.6.2.2: (a) d/2 = 525/2 = 262.5 mm (b) 600mm Therefore, use s = 262.5 mmd. Vy, = 300kN Yi, > OV. ~ stirrups are necessary Calculate the shear strength V, to be provided by the stirrup: vy wag-% V, eee 120.293 9, Ss = O75 .293 = 279.707 kN 2 Ye 3V FE bd 2 2% (10)?(275)(525) 5 = beh _ 2G CO OTING 2D) a 79 man Ve 279707 Maximum spacing of stirrup in accordance with Table 409.7.6.2.2: (a) d/4 = 525/4 = 131.25 mm (b) 300mm Therefore, use s = 81.079 mmec. Vy =S00kN V, > OV, — stirrups are necessary Calculate the shear strength V, to be provided by the stirrup: 500 ao . = 546.374 kN O75 120.293 y% 2 Y>5V fe bud Therefore, the beam is not adequate to carry the required shear. Adjust the size of the beam.