DefiED ENGLISH Quarter 3 - Module 2 Using a Variety of Informative, Analytical, Persuasive, and Argumentative Writing Techniques Andres Julio V. Santiago, PhD gve S a What I Need to Know Sino jnveil This lesson will teach you about different techniques in writ In particular, informative essay, analytical essay, persuasive essay, and au Of anal say iting techniques will be discussed. Lastly, you will choose a typ y you want to write and apply the techniques tackled. , , ‘cite in tik fe expected to: After reading and answering the activities in this module, you ar dt Use a variety of informative, persuasive, and argumentative writing techniques (EN10WC-lllb-14.1.2) w What I Know Define the terms below. Write your answers in your notebook or on a separate sheet of paper. 1, Informative Essay 2. Analytical Essay 3. Persuasive Essay 4. Argumentative EssayBelow are some information on different essay types and techniques in writing each. Put a check mark (+) if it applies to the indicated essay type and put a cross mark (X) if not. Write your answers in your notebook or on a separate sheet of paper. Informative Essay 5. This essay is usually five paragraphs long. — 6. This essay should have a clear ending, Analytical Essay 7. This essay is usually written in four parts. 8. This essay always uses the past tense. 9. This essay uses slang and colloquial language. Persuasive Essay 10. This essay allows you to use too emotional words to convince your readers. 11. This essay develops one idea per paragraph 12. This essay ends with a striking conclusion. Argumentative Essay ___ 13. This essay only presents your side of the argument. 14, This essay is usually ten paragraphs long. 15. This essay may end with a call to action. What’s In Recall your lesson from the previous module. Then, answer the question below. Write your answer in your notebook or on a separate sheet of paper. How do you write an argumentative essay?® What’s New Word Hunt Search for words that you think are related to the less Then, briefly explain the connection of these words to one anot as a whole. Place your answers in your notebook or on a separate SI that will be discussed. oF another and to the topic het of paper. F A c s T Ss T c A F A R G A E s s A ' c s s ° E x A P L N ° © ° N v Pp Y E s 1 N T E z Y L A N A v c E x N 1 A P x E N 1 s A P L 1 N T Pp ° s A R c [oo | nN Vv 1 N c E Y SG ° u T L ' E N 1 A u L o | c c 1 L Y ; 8 E N 1 L T u oO G N s u P P ° R * x 3 3 E s L A c 1 é A 3 Words: Connectior@ What is It What are some writing techniques you can use in essays? “a Creativity is within you, it has to come out. Source: https://www.shutterstock,com/image-photo/happy -young-asian-woman-writing-notebook-188 133347 In your academic life, you will be writing four kinds of essays: an informative essay, an analytical essay, a persuasive essay, and an argumentative essay. Eact of these has its own characteristics or qualities. Thus, you have to keep in minc specific techniques to follow when writing one.Informative Essay issue. It is 4 This type of essay explains a short theme, idea, or an response to anything and is usually three paragraphs long. Inwriting this essay, you should always remember 1° «Have a clear and well-defined thesis statement. © Support your points with facts and reliable data. © Make it concise and give it a clear ending. Memory: Why Gramming for Tests Often Fails by Tom Stafford We've all had to face a tough exam at least once in our lives. Whether it's a school paper, university final, or even a test at work, there’s one piece of advice we're almost always given: make a study plan. With a plan, we can space out our preparation for the test rather than relying on one or two intense study sessions the night before to see us through. STENT: . Setting a daily study rout Source: https://nwy tne can improve acad Periter-shutterstock.convimage-photolog pee or Mane. igent-student-fully-concentrated-+. 4350 goes image 21 9It's good advice. Summed up in three words: cramming doesn't work. Unfortunately, many of us ignore this rule. At least one survey has found that 99% of students admit to cramming. : You might think that's down to nothing more than simple disorganization: I'll admit it is far easier to leave things to the last minute than start preparing for a test weeks or months ahead. But studies of memory suggest there's something else going on. In 2009, for example, Nate Kornell at the University of California, Los Angeles, found that spacing out learning was more effective than cramming for 90% of the participants who took part in one of his experiments—and yet 72% of the participants thought that cramming had been more beneficial. What is happening in the brain that we trick ourselves this way? Studies of memory suggest that we have a worrying tendency to rely on our familiarity with study items to guide our judgments of whether we know them. The problem is that familiarity is bad at predicting whether we can recall something. After six hours of looking at study material (and three cups of coffee and five chocolate bars) it's easy to think we have it committed to memory. Every page, every important fact, evokes a comforting feeling of familiarity. The cramming has left a lingering glow of activity in our sensory and memory systems, a glow that allows our brain to swiftly tag our study notes as “something that I've seen before.” But being able to recognize something isn't the same as being able to recall it. Different parts of the brain support different kinds of memory. Recognition is strongly affected by the ease with which information passes through the sensory areas of our brain, such as the visual cortex if you are looking at notes. Recall is supported by a network of different areas of the brain, including the frontal cortex and the temporal lobe, which coordinate to recreate a memory from the clues you give it. Just because your visual cortex is fluently processing your notes after five consecutive hours of you looking at them, doesn't mean the rest of your brain is going to be able to reconstruct the memory of them when you really need it to. i lity to make judgments about our own minds is called This Ore ie erontited other misconceptions, too. For that actively thinking about trying to leam ber it. Studies suggest this is not inp case. Far i is reort ation so that it has a structure more ikely ao ariained in your memory. In other words, rewrite the content of what you want to learn in a way that makes most sense fo you. metacognition. Studying it hi instance, many of us think ething will help us remem! aan yi ganizing the inform:ng you can help Knowing about common metacogntive errors, Meer, then try and yourself by assuming that you will make them. Yo" uy makes sense if Counteract them, So, the advice to space out Our SHYT study sessions we assume that people aren't already spacing feainae). We need to be enough (a safe assumption, given the research findings) § counter tO Our reminded of the benefits of spaced learning because TT ciaing how to instinct to relying on a comforting feeling of familiarity a“ it to gain from ising amount to gi istinct. How much should u really want to, Put simply, we can sometimes have a surpri going against our normally reliable metacognitive in: 3 you space out your practice? Answer: a little bit more than y‘ * re, 1 Source: Stafford, Tom, “Memory: Why cramming for tests often falls BBC future, 18 /-10- Accessed 30 November 2014, www.bbc. com/future/story/20140317-the-worst-way-t0-learn. crooie Analytical Essay This type of essay analyzes, interprets, or examines an art work, a film, a literary work, a song, a composition, or a media text. It is usually written in four parts: a. the introduction that tells you the what text you will be discussing and why b. the textual analysis which is closely related to your main argument or idea in the introduction ©. your personal reading of the text that must show criticality d. the conclusion which shows the connection between your argument and the text In writing this essay, you should always remember to: Make an outline to help you organize your thoughts. Use present tense. ° Avoid slang, colloquial language, and contracti F ions, Critically respond to what you underst i effect on you is very important. 0d from reading the text. It'sFrustrated Communication in Ex Machina’s Opening Sequence a . Artificial intelligence can either develop humanity, or destroy it. ‘Source: shutterstock.com Alex Gariand's 2015 science fiction film Ex Machina follows a young programmer's attempts to determine whether or not an android possesses a consciousness complicated enough to pass as human. The film is celebrated for its thought-provoking depiction of the anxiety over whether a nonhuman entity could mimic or exceed human abilities, but analyzing the early sections of the film, before artificial intelligence is even introduced, reveals a compelling examination of humans’ inability to articulate their thoughts and feelings. In its opening sequence, Ex Machina establishes that it's not only about the difficulty of creating a machine that can effectively talk to humans,Frustrated Communication in Ex Machina’s Opening Sequence a . Artificial intelligence can either develop humanity, or destroy it. ‘Source: shutterstock.com Alex Gariand's 2015 science fiction film Ex Machina follows a young programmer's attempts to determine whether or not an android possesses a consciousness complicated enough to pass as human. The film is celebrated for its thought-provoking depiction of the anxiety over whether a nonhuman entity could mimic or exceed human abilities, but analyzing the early sections of the film, before artificial intelligence is even introduced, reveals a compelling examination of humans’ inability to articulate their thoughts and feelings. In its opening sequence, Ex Machina establishes that it's not only about the difficulty of creating a machine that can effectively talk to humans,fe with each but about human beings who struggle to find ways to communica other in an increasingly digital world. The film's first establishing shots set the action in a busy madem ofies. A woman sits at a computer, absorbed in her screen. The camer Af oassersty’ through a glass wall, one of many in the shot. The rafedtions Teienoun c reflected in the glass and the workspace's dim blue light mal Pw ame determine how many rooms are depicted. The camera cuts to a fod both by young men typing on their phones, their bodies partially concealer "oi Oy people walking between them and the camera and by the stylize e furniture that surrounds them. The fourth shot peeks over a computer We lace at a blonde man working with headphones in. A slight zoom toward his face suggests that this is an important character, and the cut to a point-of-view shot looking at his computer screen confirms this. We later learn that this is Caleb Smith (Domhnall Gleeson), a young programmer whose perspective the film follows. The rest of the sequence cuts between shots from Caleb's P.O.V. and reaction shots of his face, as he receives and processes the news that he has won first prize in a staff competition. Shocked, Caleb dives for his cellphone and texts several people the news. Several people immediately respond with congratulatory messages, and after a moment the woman from the opening shot runs in to give him a hug. At this point, the other people in the room look up, smile, and start clapping, while Caleb smiles disbelievingly—perhaps even anxiously—and the camera subtly zooms in a bit closer. Throughout the entire sequence, there is no sound other than ambient electronic music that gets slightly louder and more textured as the sequence progresses. A jump cut to an aerial view of a glacial landscape ends the sequence and indicates that Caleb is very quickly transported into a very unfamiliar setting, implying that he will have difficulty adjusting to this sudden change in circumstances. Without any audible dialogue or traditional expository setup of the main characters, this opening sequence sets viewers up to make sense of Ex Machina’s visual style and its exploration of the ways that technology can both enhance and limit human communication. The choice to pee the dialogue inaudible suggests that in-person conversations have no significance. Human-to-human conversations are most Productive in thi sequence when they are mediated by technology. Caleb's first respor ' hi : he hears his good news is to text his friends rather than tell the vo ple sting around him, and he makes no move to take his headphones en ain in-person celebration finally breaks out. Everyone in the building ou we phones, looking at screens, or has headphones in, and thi Mise at screens through Caleb’s viewpoint for at least half of these is looking ce.Rather than simply muting the specific conversations that Caleb has with his coworkers, the ambient soundtrack replaces aif the noise that a crowded building in the middle of a workday would ordinarily have. This silence sets the uneasy tone that characterizes the rest of the film, which is as much a horror-thriller as a piece of science fiction. Viewers get the sense that all the sounds that humans make as they walk around and talk to each other are being intentionally filtered out by some presence, replaced with a quiet electronic beat that marks the pacing of the sequence, slowly building to a faster tempo. Perhaps the sound of people is irrelevant: only the visual data matters here. Silence is frequently used in the rest of the film as a source of tension, with viewers acutely aware that it could be broken at any moment. Part of the horror of the research bunker, which will soon become the film's primary setting, is its silence, particularly during sequences of Caleb sneaking into restricted areas and being startled by a sudden noise. The visual style of this opening sequence reinforces the eeriness of the muted humans and electronic soundtrack. Prominent use of shallow focus to depict a workspace that is constructed out of glass doors and walls makes it difficult to discern how large the space really is. The viewer is thus spatially disoriented in each new setting. This layering of glass and mirrors, doubling some images and obscuring others, is used later in the film when Caleb meets the artificial being Ava (Alicia Vikander), who is not allowed to leave her glass-walled living quarters in the research bunker. The similarity of these spaces visually reinforces the film's late revelation that Caleb has been manipulated by Nathan Bates (Oscar Isaac), the troubled genius who creates Ava. A few other shots in the opening sequence more explicitly hint that Caleb is already under Nathan's control before he ever arrives at the bunker. Shortly after the P.O.V shot of Caleb reading the email notification that he won the prize, we cut to a few other P.O.V. shots, this time from the perspective of cameras in Caleb's phone and desktop computer. These cameras are not just looking at Caleb, but appear to be scanning him, as the screen flashes in different color lenses and small points appear around Caleb's mouth, eyes, and nostrils, tracking the smallest expressions that cross his face. These small details indicate that Caleb is more a part of this digital space than he realizes, and also foreshadow the later revelation that Nathan is actively using data collected by computers and webcams to manipulate Caleb and others. The shots from the cameras’ perspectives also make use of a subtle fisheye lens, suggesting both the wide scope of Nathan's surveillance capacities and the slightly distorted worldview that motivates this unethical activity.| Taken together, the details of Ex Machina’s stylized opening sequatos lay the groundwork for the film's long exploration o| See ne betes human communication and technology. The sequence, 2 02 Aire stay, suggests that we need to develop and use new technologies though fully, or else the thing thal makes us most human_“our abllty to connect th rough language—might be destroyed by our innovations. All of he ia cues in the opening sequence establish a world in which humans are itary reliant on technology and yet totally unaware of the nefarious uses to which a brilliant but unethical person could put it r 1 Purdue Writing Lab.” Purdue Writing Lab. Purdue Wrking Lab. “Film Writing: Sample Analysis // Purdu a Lab arte Wey Ow) purduve edu/owl/subject_specitic_wrtingAwriting_in_litorature/writing_about_film/tim_writing _sample_analysis. html. Persuasive Essay This type of essay convinces a reader to believe or adopt a viewpoint on a certain issue. Itis sometimes written in three to five Paragraphs. In writing this essay, you should always remember to: * Be clear and concise with your position. Also, be clear with the audience that you want to convince in your position. Keep your paragraphs engaging by using vivid words. However, do not get carried away with being too emotional or too Passionate. * Develop one idea per paragraph and use connectives or transitions to have a logical flow of ideas. End with a striking conclusion or a call to action. The Crisis, No. 4 (An Excerpt) by Thomas Paine Proper price upon its be strange indeed if so celestial an article as FREEDOM Fated. Britain, with an army to enforce h fer tyranny, has right (not only to TAX) but ‘to BIND us in ALL CASES Waar eae tes if being bound in that manner, is not slavery, then ig there Slavery upon earth. Even the expression is impious, for « can belong only to God.| have as little superstition in me as any man living, but my secret opinion has ever been, and still is, that God Almighty will not give up a people to military destruction, or leave them unsupportedly to perish, who have so earnestly and so repeatedly sought to avoid the calamities of war, by every decent method which wisdom could invent. Neither have | so much of the infidel in me, as to suppose that He has relinquished the government of the world, and given us up to the care of devils; and as | do not, | cannot see on what grounds the king of Britain can look up to heaven for help against us. * For in every country, liberty must reside. Source: shutterstock.com | once felt all that kind of anger, which a man ought to feel, against the mean principles that are held by the Tories: a noted one, who kept a tavern at Amboy, was standing at his door, with as pretty a child in his hand, about eight or nine years old, as | ever saw, and after speaking his mind as freely as he thought was prudent, finished with this unfatherly expression, “Well! give me peace in my day." Not a man lives on the continent but fully believes that a separation must some time or other finally take place, and a generous parent should have said, “If there must be trouble, let it be in my day, that my child may have peace;” and this single reflection, well applied, is sufficient to awaken every man to duty. Not a place upon earth might be so happy as America. Her situation is remote from all the wrangling world, and she has nothing to do but to trade with them. A man can distinguish himself between temper and principle, and | am as confident, as | am that God governs thei 1s clear of foreign dominion. world, that America will never be happy till she oe teat end the continent hout ceasing, will break out till that perio’ V matin i end be ee eieror for though the flame of liberty may sometimes cease to shine, the coal can never expire. to those who have nobly stood, dor of a friend turn with the warm a to tose we ma few, but Upon and are yet determined to stand the matter out : eit not on this state or that state, but on every state: up and help uss a your shoulders to the wheel; better have too much force than too little, < en “a great an object is at stake. Let it be told to the future world, that in the dep! of winter, when nothing but hope and virtue could survive, that the city and the country, alarmed at one common danger, came forth to meet and to repulse it. Say not that thousands are gone, turn out your tens of thousands; throw not the burden of the day upon Providence, but “show your faith by your works,’ that God may bless you. It matters not where you live, or what rank of life you hold, the evil or the blessing will reach you all. The far and the near, the home counties and the back, the rich and the poor, will suffer or rejoice alike. The heart that feels not now is dead; the blood of his children will curse his cowardice, who shrinks back at a time when a little might have saved the whole, and made them happy. | love the man that can smile in trouble, that can gather strength from distress, and grow brave by reflection. ‘Tis the business of little minds to shrink; but he whose heart |s firm, and whose conscience approves his conduct, will pursue his principles unto death. My ‘own line of reasoning is to myself as straight and clear as a ray of light. Not all the treasures of the world, so far as | believe, could have induced me to support an offensive war, for | think it murder; but if a thief breaks into my house, burns and destroys my property, and kills or threatens to kill me, or those that are in it, and to “bind me in all cases whatsoever’ to his absolute will, am | to suffer it? What signifies it to me, whether he who does it is a king or a common man; my countryman or not my countryman; whether it be done by an individual villain, or an army of them? If we reason to the root of things we shall find no difference; neither can any just cause be assigned why we should punish in one case and pardon in the other. Paine, Thomas. “THE WRITINGS OF THOMAS PAINE VOLUME 1." The Writings of Thomas Paine, Volume |. Accessed Mar wn gutenberg orgfiles/3741/9744 M3741 h hoolenorl A. comArgumentative Essay This type of essay argues in a sense that it proves a hypothesis, a Proposition, a theory, or an opinion to an opposite hypothesis, proposition, theory, idea, or opinion. It is usually written in five paragraphs to show the pros and cons, with claims and subpoints for each In writing this essay, you should always remember to: © Use a declarative sentence in stating your argument. © Support your arguments with research, statistics, quotes from experts, or facts from solid evidence. © Talk about the other side of your argument—the opposing side. Use engaging language at all times to convince the readers. © Similar to the persuasive essay, develop one idea per paragraph and use connectives or transitions to have a logical flow of ideas. End with a striking conclusion, a solution, or a call to action. Love Begins When the Feelings Are Gone YOU are still in your pyjamas when you begin thinking of him. The moment you wake up, you start dreaming of the million-and-one possibilities of meeting him—in the cafeteria line, in the library's checkout counter, or even along a corridor. Once on board your vehicle, you stare at all sidewalks or byways, secretly hoping to see him amidst the conundrum called the morning rat race. When you finally meet him first thing in the morning, you muster all your strength to deliver the most profound line you can concoct in his presence: "Hi!" As far as the average person and popular media are concerned, the phenomenon described above is outright identified as love. The sheer burst of ‘emotions resulting from an eager anticipation of how this pseudo relationship will unfold has been the subject of so many novels, songs, and movies. Who could deny the ubiquity of such a claim that paved the way to billions of dollars worth of greeting cards, cakes, roses, and rom-com films? ‘A closer scrutiny of this popular notion of love, however, would reveal that this is not love at all—at least not in a sense that promotes moral fectitude and stability. Those whose wisdom have been fashioned by the ordeals of this so-called love would know better; they would know that these strong feelings are but a fleeting experience of the young bound to burst like a bubble at the moment of consummation—the crossroads where pleasure meets responsibility. For this reason, | would like to propose that genuine love—unlike what our popular notion love is—begins not when feelings begin but when they cease; it is in that very moment when the initial excitement is gone can one truly commit—and confess—true love for the other.First of all, falling in love, or having feel One can easily fall in love as easily we feel when we meet o1 coming from our brains to lings for another, is effortless, as out of it. The strong surge of emotions ur crush is caused by the mixture of hormones ensure the survival of the human species—with no effort from our end. When this happens, we tend to project an image of our Seat 24 “loved one” that may or may not necessarily correspond to reality Such an image is almost always perfact—one that would fulfill our every desire and need, Everyone desires to be loved. Source: shutterstock.com The problem with this view, however, is that each one of us has imperfections in our own ways. Once these imperfections set in, the one who is deeply in love will begin to see the person for all his fiaws. If “iove" is solely based on one's feelings, then the process of break-up begins—with those little fights ranging from disagreements on schedule and food preferences to those more existential in nature, questioning whether the other is truly “the one." When one or both of the partners give in to this, then the relationship ends, nullifying whatever promises of eternity were uttered at the beginning of the relationship.Nonetheless, the one who truly loves is able to overcome all of these initial feelings of frustration and eventually come to accept the partner for who he or she is—warts and all, so to speak. In the course of the relationship, pethaps after a few weeks or months, thon the strong foolings we associate with falling in love begin to fade. Once this happens, the will to go on with the relationship now then rests on the partner's shoulders. Are they going to base their relationship on initial feelings of attraction, or are they willing to go beyond these in order to meet each other's deepest needs? If a couple breaks up at the slightest hint of falling out-of-love, then what they felt at the beginning is not truly love, but simply infatuation. But, if the couple is willing to embrace their differences and proceed with their journey in life together, then that is true love. Eventually, they will help each other overcome their flaws through a caring and nurturing relationship that puts the other before oneself ‘Source: “Love Begins When the Feelings Are Gone.” Paradigmcatalyst’s Blog. July 17, 2010. ‘Accessed November 7, 2019. https://paradigmcatalyst wordpress.com/2010/07/17/ a-teenagers-dilemma-home-versus-schcov/. Processing Questions > How do you distinguish the different types of essays from one another? > What techniques can you use in writing each type of essay?Ate v What’s More Activity A Think of two possible topics for each type of essay discussed. Write your answers in your notebook or on a separate sheet of paper. Informative Essay Analytical Essay Persuasive Essay Argumentative EssayActivity B Choose a topic from the previous activity. Then, create an outline on that topic, Place your output in your notebook or on a separate sheet of paper Topic: Outline: