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Expressing Causalities and

Creating an Outline
Yuyum F. Elviyati, S.Pd., M.Hum.

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Do you know some of the

longest rivers in the world?
In which countries are they?

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WARMING UP

• What are some common activities people use rivers for?

• How do people benefit from rivers? How can rivers threaten
or harm people?

Think about:

energy floods The economy tourism transportation

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VOCABULARY PREVIEW

Great inventions of ancient (1)____________________________

• Civilization
The people of ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia were responsible for
• Commodities these and other developments upon which societies today are
• Crops based.
• Domesticate • Agriculture: Early people discovered that when rivers flood, they
• Flourish leave behind fertile (2) ______that is excellent for growing
• Irrigation (3)_______ such as wheat and barley.

• Soil • (4)______: Ancient people built networks of canals that brought

water to places far from the river.
• Trade
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VOCABULARY PREVIEW

This greatly increased the amount of farmland for agriculture and

• Civilization
let them grow materials that could be made into valuable
• Commodities (5)______ such as rope, boats, and paper.
• Crops • Livestock: Ancient people were the first to (6)_____ cows, chickens,
• Domesticate goats, and other animals that we still depend on for food today.
(7)_____: the idea that products from one place could be
• Flourish
exchanged for those of another land was an ancient invention. This
• Irrigation grow the economy, which allowed ancient art and architecture to
• Soil (8)______
• Trade • Source: Skillful Reading & Writing 4, p. 88
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Reading Skills

Identifying links Critical thinking

To make connections between ideas
in the same text, two different text or
Identifying about
between an idea and in the text and
something outside the text in the real logical fallacies
world.
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Read the text from your book Skillful Reading & Writing 4
page 90-91
Do the exercises on page 88-89

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Language development

Verbs and
Expressing
expressions with
causality
prepositions
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LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT-
VERBS AND EXPRESSIONS WITH PREPOSITIONS

• There are a large number of verbs and expressions that are

followed by a specific preposition.
• In many cases, a verb can go with different prepositions, but
the meaning often changes.

EXAMPLE:
• Paper is made from wood. (made from= to talk about how
something is manufactured)
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LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT-
VERBS AND EXPRESSIONS WITH PREPOSITIONS

• She wore a beautiful necklace made of silver. (made of= to talk

about the basic material or quality of something; composed of )
• They were living in tents made out of plastic sheet. (made out of=
to talk about something that has been changed or transformed from
one thing into another).
• This dish is made with beef, red peppers, and herbs. (made with= to
talk about the ingredients of food and drink).
• Do exercise 1and 2, p. 92 from Skillful Reading & Writing 4
Source: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/british-grammar/word-order-and-focus/made-
from-made-of-made-out-of-made-with
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LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT- EXPRESSING
CAUSALITY

There are many ways to show a cause and effect relationship

between two people, things, or ideas.

 Use because, so, as, or since before a clause.

• I've decided to go back to school because I've always
wanted to study philosophy.
• As the meeting began late, the CEO went directly to his
presentation on last quarter's sales.
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LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT- EXPRESSING
CAUSALITY

 Use as a result or consequently at the beginning of a

sentence or after a semicolon.
• Susan enjoyed spending her free time at the theater.
As a result, she decided to take a vacation in London
in order to attend plays.
• The rent has increased drastically over the past two
years. Consequently, we've decided to move to a less
expensive city.
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LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT- EXPRESSING
CAUSALITY

 Use expressions with prepositions such as result from, lead to, and
have an effect on.
• His difficulty in walking results from a childhood illness.
• It is feared that the civil unrest we are now witnessing in this
country could lead to full-scale civil war.

Sources:
 https://www.thoughtco.com/showing-cause-effect-in-written-english-1212354
 https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/

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LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT- EXPRESSING
CAUSALITY

 Use adjectives that show causality, such as resulting,

resultant, consequent, and ensuing.
• The tape was left near a magnetic source, and the
resulting damage was considerable.
• He lost his job and in the ensuing months became more
and more depressed.

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LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT- EXPRESSING
CAUSALITY

 Use noun phrases such as a factor in, a cause of, impact of A

on B, consequence of, or role in.
• Smoking is a causative factor in the development of several
serious diseases, including lung cancer.
• The kidney plays a vital role in removal of waste products
from the blood.
 Do exercise 1 and 2, p. 93 from Skillful Reading & Writing 4
Sources:
 https://www.thoughtco.com/showing-cause-effect-in-written-english-1212354
 https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/
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Writing Skills

Creating an outline
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CREATING AN OUTLINE

• Begin with an introduction. This paragraph should state

the essay’s main idea (thesis statement).
• Think of arguments that explain, support, or develop
your idea. Make each argument a separate section in
your outline.
• For each argument, think of details, examples, and
reasons that support the argument. Write these points
underneath the arguments they support.
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CREATING AN OUTLINE

• Organize your points. Finish one argument or idea before

beginning the next one.
• End with a conclusion that restates your main idea or
arguments.

Source: Skillful Reading & Writing 4 page 24

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Add the information in the box to the outline of an essay
comparing the effects of the 1994 and 2010 FIFA World
Cup™ on the host nation

a. Fans already knew the U.S. well;

little changed
I. INTRODUCTION b. 90% of fans said they would visit
1. Background of World Cup—has earned South Africa again
billions and transformed nations; 1994 c. Soccer already popular;
World Cup in U.S.; 2010 World Cup in South attendance didn’t rise
Africa d. Event went smoothly, no major
2. Main idea: 1994 World Cup made soccer problems
popular in the U.S., while 2010 world Cup e. In 1994, over 80,000 attended U.S.
brought prestige to South Africa – Brazil match
f. FIFA World Cup had significant
but different effects on each
nation
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Add the information in the box to the outline of an essay
comparing the effects of the 1994 and 2010 FIFA World
Cup™ on the host nation

II. WORLD CUP’S IMPACT ON POPULARITY OF a. Fans already knew the U.S. well;
SOCCER little changed
1. South Africa: ______(c)____________________ b. 90% of fans said they would visit
2. United States: Soccer became more popular and South Africa again
successful c. Soccer already popular;
• In1989, only 3,000 fans attended U.S. team attendance didn’t rise
matches d. Event went smoothly, no major
• ____________________(e)_____________ problems
_________ e. In 1994, over 80,000 attended U.S.
• Today, more youth soccer teams than – Brazil match
baseball teams in U.S. f. FIFA World Cup had significant
but different effects on each
nation
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Add the information in the box to the outline of an essay
comparing the effects of the 1994 and 2010 FIFA World
Cup™ on the host nation

III. FIFA WORLD CUP’S IMPACT ON PRESTIGE OF HOST a. Fans already knew the U.S. well;
COUNTRY little changed
1. United States: _________(a)_______________ b. 90% of fans said they would visit
2. South Africa: Fans’ impressions greatly South Africa again
improved c. Soccer already popular;
• Before the Cup: Media worried about crime attendance didn’t rise
and delays d. Event went smoothly, no major
• During the Cup: problems
___________(d)___________________
e. In 1994, over 80,000 attended U.S.
• After the Cup: – Brazil match
_____________(b)__________________
f. FIFA World Cup had significant
• After the Cup: TripAdvisor® (world’s biggest but different effects on each
travel site) ranks Cape Town as the World’s nation
top travel destination
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Add the information in the box to the outline of an essay
comparing the effects of the 1994 and 2010 FIFA World
Cup™ on the host nation

IV. CONCLUSION a. Fans already knew the U.S. well;

little changed
_________________________(f)____________
____________________ b. 90% of fans said they would visit
South Africa again
c. Soccer already popular;
Source: Skillful Reading & Writing 4 p. 24 attendance didn’t rise
d. Event went smoothly, no major
problems
e. In 1994, over 80,000 attended U.S.
– Brazil match
f. FIFA World Cup had significant
but different effects on each
nation
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REFERENCE

Boyle, Mike & Lindsay Warwick. (2016). Skillfull Reading and

Writing Student Book 4. London, UK: Macmillan Education.

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Thank You

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