ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND
about something.
PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES
1st Semester, 2nd Quarter | Reviewer
Made by: Ezekiel Ramos
LESSON 1: ARGUMENT, POSITION,
ANALYSIS, EVIDENCE, AND IDEA
Argument - This is usually a main idea,
often called a “claim” or “thesis
statement,” backed up with evidence
that supports the idea.
WAYS ON HOW TO PRESENT AN
ARGUMENT
INDUCTIVE REASONING - It is done
by starting from specific to general.
Drawing from the examples and
representations in the conclusion or
the generalization would serve as the
paper’s argument or reason.
DEDUCTIVE REASONING - It is the
opposite of inductive reasoning whereby
general statements or premises are
given first followed by a specific case or
application that states the paper’s
argument or reason.
Position - It presents the writer's stand
or viewpoint on a particular issue.
Analysis - The process of studying or
examining something in an organized
way to learn more about it, or a
particular study of something.
Idea - Knowledge or understanding
Manifesto - It is typically a published
document that describes the policies,
goals, and opinions of a person or
group. “clear or conspicuous”
TYPES OF MANIFESTO
● Artistic Manifesto
● Philosophical Manifesto
● Corporate Manifesto
● Political Manifesto
● Educational Manifesto
● Personal Manifesto
● Election Manifesto
● Religious Manifesto
MAJOR CATEGORIES OF
MANIFESTO
GOAL: A goal can be a manifesto
when we share it with other people.
It’s public, it’s a declaration and it’s
about what one intends to have
happened.
LIST AND RULES: A set of rules
for behaving within a specific
context or a list of items to be
achieved or tasks to be fulfilled.
WORLD: This type of manifesto
aims to create a new world. It’s not
about simple rules, instead, it
presents a vision for the future.
LESSON 2: LOGICAL FALLACY
Logical Fallacy - A fallacy is an error of
reasoning. These are flawed statements
that often sound true.
TYPES OF LOGICAL FALLACIES
Ad Hominem - is a fallacy of relevance
where someone rejects or criticizes
another person’s view based on
personal characteristics, background,
physical appearance, or other features
irrelevant to the argument at issue.
StrawMan Fallacy - occurs when
someone takes another person’s
argument or point, distorts it or
exaggerates it in an extreme way, and
then attacks the extreme distortion, as if
that is really the claim the first person is
making.
False Dilemma/Dichotomy - a logical
fallacy that presents only two options or
sides when there are many options or
sides.
Hasty Generalization - It is basically
making a claim based on evidence that
it is just too small.
Bandwagon Fallacy - The bandwagon
fallacy is also sometimes called the
appeal to common belief or appeal to
the masses because it’s all about getting
people to do or think something
because “everyone else is doing it” or
“everything else thinks this.”
LESSON 3: POSITION PAPER
Position paper - presents an
arguable opinion about an issue.
ANALYZING AN ISSUE &
DEVELOPING AN ARGUMENT
Factual Knowledge - Information
that is verifiable and agreed upon by
almost everyone.
Statistical Inferences - Interpretation
and examples of an accumulation of
facts.
Informed Opinion - Opinion developed
through research and/or expertise of the
claim.
Personal Testimony - Personal
experience related by a knowledgeable
party.
KINDS OF POSITION PAPER
Constructive Writing - Less directly
concerned with pre-existing positions or
arguments.
Comparative Writing - Requires you to
defend your claims of commonality and
difference.
Evaluate Writing - If a position seems
to contradict what we know, or if we can
find case which contradict the position,
that’s a mark against the position
Expository Writing - Consists of
summarizing or setting out the ideas of
a given philosopher in your own words,
in order to help the reader to understand
material that is otherwise obscure or
hard to follow.
LESSON 4: OBJECTIVES AND
STRUCTURES OF VARIOUS KINDS
OF REPORTS
Report - A specific form of writing briefly
identifying and examining issues,
events, or findings that have happened.
Formal Report - carefully structured
which are focused on objectivity and
organization, contained much detail, and
are written in a style that tends to
eliminate such elements as personal
pronouns.
Informal Report - usually short
messages with natural, casual use of
language.
Informational Report - annual reports,
monthly financial reports, and reports
personnel absenteeism carries objective
information from one area of an
organization to another.
Generally simpler and direct
Analytical Report - Longer and more
formal, require in-depth research and
investigation, include conclusions and
recommendations
Proposal Report - variation of
problem-solving reports.
Vertical Report - this classification
refers to the direction a report travels.
Lateral Report - assist in coordination
in the organization.
Internal Report - travel within the
organization
External Report - such as annual
reports of companies, are prepared for
distribution outside the organization.
Periodic Report - issued on regularly
scheduled dates.
Functional Report - this classification
includes accounting reports, marketing
reports, financial reports, and a
variety of other reports that take their
designation from the ultimate use of
the report.
Survey Report- It is written after getting
data from a survey and is done to collect
people’s responses or answers about a
particular issue or topic.
Laboratory Report - it is commonly
called lab report and is written in a
formal and organized manner which is
written to present results or findings
from experiments.
Field Report - It is sometimes called a
trip report and is written to describe and
analyze a systematic observation.
Pre-printed Form - It is also known as
the “fill in the blank report” which is
relatively short (five or fewer pages) and
deals with routine information, mainly
numerical and is used when requested
by the person authorizing the report.
Letter - t is a common report consisting
of five or fewer pages that are directed
to outsiders.
Memo - memo is common for short
(fewer than ten pages) informal reports
distributed within an organization.
Manuscript - common for reports
that run from a few pages to several
hundred pages and require a formal
approach.
LESSON 5: SURVEY AND
QUESTIONNAIRE
Survey - It is the combination of
questions, processes and
methodologies that analyze data about
others.
. uncover new information or create better
Questionnaire - t is the set of questions
given to participants of your research
project. It may be part of a wider survey.
TYPES OF SURVEY QUESTIONS
Open-Ended Questions - these types
of questions do not have predetermined
options or answers.
Dichotomous Question - have two
possible answers, often either yes/no,
true/false, or agree/ disagree and are
used when the researcher wants to
clearly distinguish the respondent’s
opinion, preference, experience,
knowledge, or behavior.
Multi-Response Questionnaire - there
are certain questions that necessitate
the respondents to provide more than
one answer.
Matrix Question - There are instances
where several questions you intend to
ask have the same set of possible
answers.
Contingency Question - intended for
certain respondents only, depending on
the provided answers.
LESSON 6: METHODS
Methods - are the strategies, processes
or techniques utilized in the collection of
data or evidence for analysis in order to
understanding of a topic.
Survey Method - the technique of
gathering data (facts, statistics,
numbers, records, documents, files, or
records) by asking questions to people
who are thought to have desired
information.
METHODS OF ADMINISTERING A
SURVEY
Personal Approach - this involves the
person himself/herself who conducts
the survey.
 1. Face-to-face Structured
Interview - The interview is set
personally, and the people
involved face each other in order
to gather the necessary
information.
2. Telephone Survey -The calls are
made to ask individuals on
particular questions.
Self-Ministered Approach - In this
type, the survey is administered by the
researcher himself/herself.
1. Paper- and - Pencil Survey -
this is a traditional method
wherein the respondents who are
usually not computer literate must
be present in the administration
of the survey.
2. Online Survey - this is a useful
technique that will cater to a big
sample size coming from different
locations.
3. Mail Survey - mailed to
individuals who are given enough
time to read and ponder on the
information asked.
4. Electronic Interview - this is a
process of recognizing and noting
people, objects, occurrences
rather than asking for information.
OBSERVATION METHOD - The
observation method involves human or
mechanical observation of what people
actually do or what events take place
during a buying or
consumption situation.
METHODS OF ADMINISTERING
AN OBSERVATION
The objective of observation is to
help the researcher decide whether to
retain the product or not. In case of
new concepts, observations may also
help the businessperson to improve
on the products that are available.
Disguised Observation - the
respondents are unaware that
they are being observed.
Undisguised Observation - the
respondents are aware that they are
under observation.
Natural Observation - it involves
observing behavior as it takes place in
the environment.
In-contrived Observation - the
respondents' behavior is observed in an
artificial environment like a test kitchen.
For Structured Observation - the
researcher specifies in detail what is to
be observed and how the
measurements are to be recorded,
In Unstructured Observation - the
observer monitors all aspects of the
phenomenon that seem relevant to the
problem at hand, just like observing
children play with new toys.
Audit - the researcher collects data by
examining physical records or
performing inventory analysis.
Content Analysis - this refers to the
objective, systematic, and quantitative
description of the manifest content of
a communication.
Trace Analysis - data collection is
based on physical traces, or evidence,
of past behavior.
LESSON 7: SURVEY PROCESS
Survey Research - collecting
information about a group of people
by asking them questions and
analyzing the results.
Experimental Research - a study that
strictly adheres to a scientific
research design.
TYPES OF OBSERVATION
Forensic Studies - studying splatter (a
physics/math study), decomposition (an
entomology study), damage to objects
(a physics/engineering study), can be
done in a controlled environment and
be measured.
Microbiology - bacteria (and some
protists) grow quickly, change in
population is easily measured and
therefore make for a good experimental
study.
Scientific Method - is a series of
organized steps to which an experiment
is done.
Observation Process - it can also
serve as a technique for verifying or
nullifying information provided in face to
face encounters.
TECHNIQUES FOR COLLECTING
DATA THROUGH OBSERVATION:
Written Description - the researcher
makes written descriptions of the
people, situations or environment,
Video Recording - allows the
researcher to also record notes.
Photographs and Artifacts - useful
when there is a need to collect
observable information or phenomena
such as buildings, neighborhoods, dress
and appearance.
Documentation - all kinds of
documentation may be used to provide
information—a local paper, information
on a notice board, administrative
policies and procedures.
HOW TO CONDUCT OBSERVATIONS
FOR RESEARCH
Identify Objectives - determine what
you want to observe
and why.
Established Recording Method - to
make observations most effective, it’s
important that you minimize or eliminate
any disruptive or unfamiliar devices into
the environment you wish to observe.
Histogram - A type of bar chart that is
used to present statistical information by
way of bars to show frequency
distribution of continuous data.

Note-taking - is the most common

method, though in some public spaces
you can take photographs, audio
recordings, and other methods.

Develop Questions and Techniques -

What you hope to learn will help you
know what specifically to look for.
Pictograph - these are the first graph
Analyze Behaviors - separate the types that kids learn about.
difference between what you observed
(which are factual behaviors) and why
what you observed.

LESSON 8: NON-PROSE TEXTS

Non-prose Texts - It consists of

disconnected words and numbers
instead of the sentences and
paragraphs.

KINDS OF NON-PROSE TEXTS

Line Graph - Used to display
Bar Graph - Is a chart that graphically comparison between 2 variables, line
presents the comparison between graphs involve an x-axis horizontally
categories of data. and a y-axis vertically on a grid.
Pie Graph - Sometimes called a circle
graph, pie charts represent the parts of
a whole.

Tables - Present a great deal of

numerical information in a very clear
and concise way, with very minimal
space to occupy.