REVIEWER (ESP)
Position Paper
In integral citations, the name of the
author appears in the sentence itself.
However, in non-integral citations, the
name of the author normally appears in
parenthesis after the sentence, usually
by using the author's last name and the
year of publication.
The Concept Paper
Definition
It is a mode of paragraph development that
answers the questions: What is it? What
does it mean? What are its special
features? The word to be defined may be
an object, a concept, a person, a place, or a
phenomenon (Saqueton, & Uychoco,
2016).
Concept paper
Defines an idea or concept and explains its
essence in order to clarify the “whatness”
of that idea or concept. A concept paper
starts with a definition, either formal or
informal, of the term or the concept and
proceeds with an expanded definition and
an analytic description of the aspects of the
concept.
It answers the questions What is? and
What about it?
Parts of a Concept Paper
Introduction – It identifies how and
where the applicant’s mission and the
sponsor’s or funder’s mission intersect or
align.
Purpose – It outlines what others have
written about the general topic and focuses
on the gap in knowledge to be filled, the
problem to be solved, or the need to be
addressed by the applicant’s proposed
project.
Project Description – In this section, the
applicant addresses the unique, unusual,
distinctive, innovative, and/or novel
aspects of the approach, showing why the
applicant’s team has the best solution and
presenting a compelling case for funding.
Goals and Objectives – A goal is an
abstract state of being, a condition, an end,
or an aspiration while objectives are
statements of measurable outcomes that,
collectively, will help the applicant
measure progress toward accomplishing
the project goal/s.
Methodology and Timelines –
Methodology sometimes called project
activities or action plan or approach.
Timeline is expressed in either months or
years.
Benefits/ Anticipated Outcomes – The
ones who will benefit and how they will
benefit from it.
and perceived philosophical, socio-
political, or psychological truths.
It describes a position on an issue and the
rationale for that position. The position
paper is based on facts that provide a solid
foundation of your argument.
Structure of a Position Paper
Introduction – It should clearly identify
the issue and state the author’s position. It
should be written in a way that catches the
reader’s attention.
Body – The body of the position paper
may contain several paragraphs. Each
paragraph should present an idea or main
concept that clarifies a portion of the
position statement and is supported by
pieces of evidence or facts. Evidence can
be primary source quotations, statistical
data, interviews with experts, and
indisputable dates or events. Evidence
should lead, through inductive reasoning,
to the main concept or idea presented in
the paragraph. The body may begin with
some background information and should
incorporate a discussion of both sides of
the issue.
Conclusion – It should summarize the
main concepts and ideas and reinforce,
without repeating, the introduction or body
of the paper. It could include suggested
courses of action and possible solutions.
How to Build a Position
1. Explore.
The first thing that you must do when you
build a position is to read widely about the
topic. It is not enough to rely on your
common sense or personal experience. In
order to succeed in building a position, you
must read what other people have written
about it first.
2. Brainstorm
After gathering all the positions and
evidence you need, brainstorm with a
friend about the ideas you have found. The
old adage that “two heads are better than
one” is especially true when it comes to
the construction of arguments. Oftentimes,
we can blind to our flaws in reasoning, so
it is always better to consult someone
about your arguments in order to see their
strengths and weaknesses clearer.
3. Create assertions.
Assertions are opinions that people may or
may not agree with. They are not general
truths, instead, they are positions on an
issue.
4. Gather the evidence.
After gathering one’s assertions, one must
gather the evidence to prove each point.
Evidence can be any of the following:
facts, statistics, interviews with experts,
5. Refine the argument.
An argument is made of three (3)
elements: assertion, evidence, and
explanation. Although the logic of
assertion and the evidence may be clear to
you, this logic may not be clear to your
reader. Further explanation is often needed
such as the clarification between the link
of the assertion and evidence, the use of
further examples and situations, and the
explanation and contextualization of the
evidence and its importance. The best
arguments are filled with nuance and
sophistication, arguments that cannot be
quickly discounted or set aside.
6. Prepare for the opposition.
A position will always have a negation of
that same position. This is usually called
the opposition. When doing your research,
it is imperative to read what the opposition
has to say in order to refute them in your
position paper.
7. Write the position paper.
A laboratory report is an objective and
systematic documentation of what has
taken place in a laboratory experiment.
A survey is a data collection method that
involves asking a selected group of people
questions.
A survey report is an objective and
systematic written presentation of the
goals and findings.
Field reports carefully document and
interpret a researcher’s observation of
behaviors usually in a relation to a theory
in order to confirm or disprove it.
Technical reports describe the process,
progress, or results of technical or
scientific research. Include in-depth
experimental details, data, and results.
PLEASE REVIEW THE
FOLLOWING:
1. QUOTATION
2. PARAPHRASING
3. SUMMARIZING
4. PLAGIARISM
GOOD LUCK AND GOD BLESS!
“As you walk into the examination room,
remember that you were born to achieve
great things in life. May all the luck of
the universe be your companion on those
three-day examination.”