1.

Academic Writing
2. Research Proposal
3. Book Review
4. Concept Paper
5. Position Paper
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
1. Define academic writing and differentiate it from
other forms of writing
2. Identify the audience, purpose and language used
in academic writing
3. Identify different kinds of academic writing output
4. Write one kind of academic paper
Arabella Katrina Rachel Jinny Jolina


Academic writing
- refers to very specific style of expression that
an industry experts use, as academicians, in
order to define sets of intellectual limitations,
boundaries and expertise in the industry.

CONCEPTS OF ACADEMIC WRITING

1. Academic writing is by professionals for other
professionals across all professions.
2. Academic writing is for topics that are for interest
to the academic environment.
3. Academic writing should present in an informed
argument.
STYLES IN WRITING ACADEMIC PAPER
1. Persuasive writing
2. Expository writing
3. Descriptive writing
4. Narrative writing


What is a research report?

A research report is a written report that
presents the results of a focused, in-depth
study of a specific topic.
 A. CHOOSING A SUBJECT
THAT YOU CARE ABOUT
One of the most important parts of doing a research
One way to approach the search for a research-report topic
is to first choose a general area of interest and then focus on
some part of it.
 B. DOING PRELIMINARY
RESEARCH
Here are a few suggestions:
Use Freewriting Techniques
Freewriting or clustering
Brainstorming
Questioning
Discussing
 C. LIMITING YOUR SUBJECT
TO A SPECIFIC TOPIC
Here are some criteria for judging a research topic:
1.The topic should be interesting
2. The topic should be covered in readily available sources.
3. The topic should be significant.
4. The topic should be objective.
5. You should not simply repeat material available in other sources.
6. The topic should be narrow enough to be treated fully.
 D. WRITING A STATEMENT
OF CONTROLLING PURPOSE
Statement of Controlling purpose
- is a sentence or pair of sentences that tells you that you
want to accomplish in your report.
- it is called a statement of controlling purpose because it
controls, or guides, your research.
Here are two examples of statements of
controlling purpose:
The purpose of this report is to analyze the impact of
the use of solar energy on pollution.
The purpose of this report is to contrast the
performance of the Upper House and the Lower House
in Congress from 2000-2006.
 E. PREPARING A LIST OF POSSIBLE
SOURCES (A WORKING BIBLIOGRAPHY)

Working bibliography
-list of sources that might be useful in writing a
research paper
Here are some good places to start looking for information:
1. Other people
2. Institutions and organizations
3. The government
4. The library/media center
5. Bookstores
6. Bibliographies
7. On-line information services
8. Reference works
9. Other sources
 F. EVALUATING POSSIBLE SOURCES
The following questions will help you evaluate your source:
1. Is the source authoritative?
2. Is the source unbiased?
3. Is the source up-to-date?
4. Is the work written at an appropriate level?
5. Is the source highly recommended?
 G. TAKING NOTES AND DEVELOPING A
ROUGH, OR WORKING OUTLINE
The following guidelines will help you improve your note taking skills.
1. Keep your topic, controlling purpose, and audience in mind at all times.
2. Make sure that the summaries and paraphrases accurately express the ideas in
your sources.
3. Be accurate
4. Double-check statistics and facts to make sure that you have them right.
5. Distinguish between fact and opinion by labeling such opinion as “Dr. Drake thinks
that...”or “According to Pedro Benoza..”
6. Quote only the important parts of the passage.
7. Always double-page page references.
 H. WRITING YOUR FIRST DRAFT
The Style of the Draft
-A research report is a type of objective, formal writing.
-Do not state opinions without supporting them with facts. Do
not use slang, informal language, or contractions.
The Draft as a Work in Progress

Using Graphic Aids

- As you draft, think about using tables, map, charts, diagrams,
and other graphic aids to present a lot of information in a little
space. If you use graphic aid , or if use information from a source
to create a graphic aid, then from a source you must credit the
source.
 Writing the Introduction
The introduction of research report should accomplish two purposes:
1. It should grab reader’s attention
2. It should present the report’s main idea or thesis statement
3. It should define key terms and provide necessary background
information
Writing the Conclusion
The most common way to conclude a research report is to
restate the main idea and your main argument in support of
the idea.
 List of References
- This component demonstrates the extension of your learning as
a researcher and allows you to share information to your readers.
It demonstrates your ability to give due respect and importance to
other people's works.
There are several different styles of referencing:
APA
MLA
Oxford
Harvard
Chicago


Book Review
1. Planning a Book Report or Review
2. Think about the Purpose and Audience
3. Gather and Organize Details
Writing a Book Review
• Introduction
Identify the material that you are responding to.
• Body
Devote at least a paragraph to each main point.
• Conclusion
Sum up your judgment of the work's main ideas and the way
they are presented.


Dadufalza (1996)
-describes concept paper as a text that defines idea or
concept and explains its essence in order to clarify the
“whatness” of the idea.

Concept paper - starts with definition which can

categorized to be either formal or informal.
The pattern “term + genus + differentia/e” is being followed.

•Term - is the concept or idea being elucidated or clarified

•genus is the classification of the term.
•differentia - are the features that make the term different
or distinct from among its classification.

Pattern: formal definition = term + genus + differentia/e

EXAMPLE:
Engineering is the application of science and
mathematics by which the properties of matter and
the sources of energy in nature are made useful to
people.
In order to amplify definition and thoroughly discuss a
concept, there are various ways that may be adopted. They
are as follows:

1. Examples 6. Location
2. Word derivation 7. Basic principle
3. Comparison and contrast 8. Analysis
4. Cause and effect 9. Negative statement
5. Physical description 10. Further definition


What is position paper?

• A position paper presents an arguable opinion about
an issue. The goal of a position paper is to convince the
audience that your opinion is valid and worth listening
to.
• Ideas that you are considering need to be carefully
examined in choosing a topic, developing your
argument, and organizing your paper.
Objectives of position paper
• To take a stand on the issue, organize the materials
and notes, and write a paper that is convincing to
your reading to your reading audience.
Organization or deciding on a framework of ideas
for your paper is the first step. Then you will need
to think about (1) how the material can be divided
into parts (2) how these parts can be placed in an
order; and (3) what logical relationships are among
the ideas and parts.
PARTS OF CLASSICAL ORGANIZATION OF ARGUMENTS
• Introduction
• Statement of proposition and division.
• Narration
• Proof
• Refutation. Refute opposing positions
• Conclusion
Organizational patterns represent distinct ways to think
about the parts of your reaction paper, the order in which
you place them, the relationships among the ideas and
parts. They can be incorporated into the overall structure
of the classical model, particularly in the proof section
(body) of the paper.
DIFFERENT ORGANIZATIONAL PATTERNS THAT
HELP YOU TO THINK AND ORGANIZE
1. Claim with Reasons (or Reasons Followed by Claim)
– Following it with the word because, and listing some reasons. Or list
some reasons, follow them with the word therefore, and write the claim.
2. Cause and Effect (or Effect and Cause)
– Used to identify one or more causes followed by one or more effects or
results. Or you may reverse this sequence and describe effects first and
then the cause or causes.
3. Chronology or Narrative
– Material arranged chronologically is explained as it occurs in time. This
pattern may be used to establish what happened for an argument of fact.
4. Deduction
– It involves reasoning from a generalization, applying n to cases or
examples, and drawing a conclusion.
5. Induction
– It involves citing one or more examples and then marking the “inductive
leap” to the conclusion.
6. Compare and Contrast
– This pattern is particularly useful in definition arguments and in other
arguments that show how a subject is like or unlike similar subjects. It is
also often used to demonstrate a variety of similarities or differences.