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As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them
to manage their own learning. Moreover, you are expected to encourage and assist
the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
For the Learner:
Welcome to Practical Research 2 Self-Learning Module on Listing Research
Hypothesis!
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You
will be enabled to process the contents of the learning material while being an
active learner.
This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:
Posttest - This measures how much you have learned from the
entire module.
Since we are learning about the basics of Practical Research 2 (quantitative
research), we will include the formulation of the hypothesis. Most of the
quantitative researches have hypothesis especially if that is experimental. We will
know more about it in this module. Let’s start!
At the end of this module, you are expected to:
1. discuss the difference between null and alternative hypothesis;
2. cite the importance of making hypothesis in your research study; and
3. list the hypotheses for your research paper (if applicable).
PRETEST
1. This is a type of hypothesis that is the default position and tells that there is
no significant relationship or difference between the two measured variables.
A. Nell hypothesis
B. Null hypothesis
C. Alternative hypothesis
D. Alternating hypothesis
2. This is a type of hypothesis that is a position that states something is
happening, a new theory is preferred instead of the default one.
A. Nell hypothesis
B. Null hypothesis
C. Alternative hypothesis
D. Alternating hypothesis
RECAP
DIRECTIONS: Before proceeding with the lesson proper, differentiate conceptual
and operational definition. Write your answers in your notebook.
However, not all studies or research papers need a hypothesis. Most of the
qualitative type of research does not need hypothesis as they are exploratory.
Exploratory research, if you can recall, explore areas thoroughly to develop some
hypotheses that can be used or tested in future researches. Most of the
quantitative researches, on the other hand, has a hypothesis. The best example is
the experimental type of research where the researcher needs to test if one variable
is affecting the other or if they have a significant relationship, etc.
If the study you are planning to do does not require a hypothesis, it should
not stop you from learning the basics of hypothesis like knowing when to include it
and how to compose it.
Let us now explore the hypothesis, let’s go!
NATURE OF HYPOTHESIS
The hypothesis is a statement of what is intended to be investigated. It
should be specified before the research is conducted. A problem cannot be
scientifically solved unless it is reduced to hypothesis form.
Characteristics of the hypothesis (Baraceros 2019, Prasad et.al. 2001)
✔ It can be tested – verifiable or falsifiable
✔ It is logical
✔ It is directly related to the research problem
✔ Hypotheses are not moral or ethical questions
✔ It is neither too specific nor too general
✔ It is a prediction of consequences
✔ It sets the limits of the study
✔ It is considered valuable even if proven false
TYPES OF HYPOTHESES
Null Hypothesis (H0) – represents a theory that has been put forward, either
because it is believed to be true or because it is to be used as a basis for argument
but has not been proven.
Alternative Hypothesis (Ha) – is a statement of what a hypothesis test is set up to
establish. This is the opposite of the null hypothesis and can only be reached once
the null hypothesis is rejected. Mostly, the alternative hypothesis is the actual
desired answer of the researcher/s.
Example:
H0 – There is no difference between the two medicines on average.
Ha – The two medicines have different effects, on average.
GENERATION OF RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
ACTIVITY 2
DIRECTIONS: List at least 3 purposes of including hypothesis in a research paper.
Write your answers in your notebook.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
ACTIVITY 3
OPTION 1: If your research paper needs/requires hypothesis, create the null and
the alternative hypothesis relevant to your chosen topic/title. Write your
answer/work in your notebook.
OPTION 2: If your researcher paper does not need/require hypothesis, do this
activity below.
DIRECTIONS: Write the null and alternative hypothesis for each given research
questions. Write your answers in your notebook.
Research Question: Does a senior high school student’s academic
performance in Math have any association with his/her
stress tolerance?
Null Hypothesis:
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Alternative Hypothesis:
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Research Question: Can a new packaging improve the selling power of
unbranded dishwashing liquid?
Null Hypothesis:
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Alternative Hypothesis:
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Research Question: Does the use of social media have an effect on senior high
school students’ attention span in class?
Null Hypothesis:
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Alternative Hypothesis:
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
WRAP – UP
To check your understanding, compare and contrast the two types of
hypothesis and give an example for each. Write your answer in your notebook.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
VALUING
DIRECTIONS: Read this quotation and explain what it means based on the
discussion above. Write your answer in your notebook.
POSTTEST
DIRECTIONS: Write the null and alternative hypothesis for each research question.
Write your answers in your notebook.
Null Hypothesis:
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Alternative Hypothesis:
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
2. Does food color have an effect on the amount of food fish eat?
Null Hypothesis:
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Alternative Hypothesis:
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
3. What is the effect of regular watering on Vietnam rose on its growth height?
Null Hypothesis:
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Alternative Hypothesis:
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Null Hypothesis:
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Alternative Hypothesis:
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
5. Does the presence of salt on cakes affect the sweetness of its taste?
Null Hypothesis:
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Alternative Hypothesis:
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
KEY TO CORRECTION
REFERENCES
Ballera, Charlene B., Jonalyn D. Gungon, Mary Jane A. Dalisay and Renee Rose C.
Reyes Practical research 2: learning module for senior high school.
Unpublished, 2019.
Baraceros, Esther L. “Hypothesis.” Content. In Practical Research 2, 1st ed., 65-71.
Manila: Rex Printing Company Inc. 2019.
Crossman, A. Definition of a Hypothesis. ThoughtCo. Retrieved from:
https://www.thoughtco.com/definition-and-types-of-hypothesis-3026350.
2019.
Faltado III, Ruben E., Medardo B. Bombita, Helen B. Boholano and Angeline Pogoy.
Practical research 2: Quantitative research for senior high school. Cubao,
Quezon City: Lorimar Publishing Inc., 2017
Prasad, S., Rao, A., and E. Rehani. 500 Research Methods. Retrieved from:
https://www.public.asu.edu/~kroel/www500/hypothesis.pdf. 2001,