Practical Research 2 – Grade 11

Quarter 3 – Module 17: Research Hypothesis

First Edition, 2020
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Introductory Message
For the Facilitator:
Welcome to Practical Research 2 Self-Learning Module on Research
Hypothesis!
This Self-Learning Module was collaboratively designed, developed, and
reviewed by educators from the Schools Division Office of Pasig City headed by its
Officer-in-Charge Schools Division Superintendent, Ma. Evalou Concepcion A.
Agustin, in partnership with the City Government of Pasig through its mayor,
Honorable Victor Ma. Regis N. Sotto. The writers utilized the standards set by the K
to 12 Curriculum using the Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) in
developing this instructional resource.
This learning material hopes to engage the learners in guided and
independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Further, this also aims
to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills especially the 5 Cs, namely:
Communication, Collaboration, Creativity, Critical Thinking, and Character while
taking into consideration their needs and circumstances.
In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them
to manage their own learning. Moreover, you are expected to encourage and assist
the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
 For the Learner:
Welcome to Practical Research 2 Self-Learning Module on Listing Research
Hypothesis!
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You
will be enabled to process the contents of the learning material while being an
active learner.
This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

Expectations - This points to the set of knowledge and skills

that you will learn after completing the module.

Pretest - This measures your prior knowledge about the lesson

at hand.

Recap - This part of the module provides a review of concepts

and skills that you already know about a previous lesson.

Lesson - This section discusses the topic in the module. 

Activities - This is a set of activities that you need to perform.

Wrap-Up - This section summarizes the concepts and

application of the lesson.

Valuing - This part integrates a desirable moral value in the

lesson.

Posttest - This measures how much you have learned from the
entire module.
 Since we are learning about the basics of Practical Research 2 (quantitative
research), we will include the formulation of the hypothesis. Most of the
quantitative researches have hypothesis especially if that is experimental. We will
know more about it in this module. Let’s start!
At the end of this module, you are expected to:
1. discuss the difference between null and alternative hypothesis;
2. cite the importance of making hypothesis in your research study; and
3. list the hypotheses for your research paper (if applicable).

PRETEST

DIRECTIONS: Read the statements/questions comprehensively and choose the

best answer. Write your answer in your notebook.

1. This is a type of hypothesis that is the default position and tells that there is
no significant relationship or difference between the two measured variables.
A. Nell hypothesis
B. Null hypothesis
C. Alternative hypothesis
D. Alternating hypothesis
2. This is a type of hypothesis that is a position that states something is
happening, a new theory is preferred instead of the default one.
A. Nell hypothesis
B. Null hypothesis
C. Alternative hypothesis
D. Alternating hypothesis

For questions 3 & 4

Research problem: The researchers aim to know if there is a significant difference
between distance learning in the urban area and distance learning in the rural area
given the same modalities.
 3. What is the null hypothesis in the given research problem?
A. There is no significant relationship between distance learning and
modalities.
B. There is a significant relationship between distance learning and
modalities.
C. There is a significant difference between distance learning in the
rural area and in the urban area.
D. There is no significant difference between distance learning in the
rural area and in the urban area.
4. What is the alternative hypothesis in the given research problem?
A. There is no significant relationship between distance learning and
modalities.
B. There is a significant relationship between distance learning and
modalities.
C. There is a significant difference between distance learning in the
rural area and in the urban area.
D. There is no significant difference between distance learning in the
rural area and in the urban area.
5. Which of the following is the NOT importance of stating a hypothesis in a
research study?
A. It provides the investigator with a relational statement that is
directly testable in a research study.
B. It provides direction to the research. It provides a final result for
reporting conclusions of the study.
C. It provides a tentative explanation of phenomena and facilitates the
extension of knowledge in the area.
D. It could be considered as the working instrument of theory. It can be
deducted from theory and other hypotheses.

RECAP
DIRECTIONS: Before proceeding with the lesson proper, differentiate conceptual
and operational definition. Write your answers in your notebook.

Conceptual Definition Operational Definition

 LESSON
HYPOTHESIS

Hypothesis is a prediction of what might be the answer to your research

question/s and it typically focused on the relationship of two different variables
used in the study (Crossman 2019). Formulating a hypothesis is one of the most
tedious tasks in writing a research paper. The hypothesis gives directions to the
collection and interpretation of data thus it should be well-grounded and written
before the said actions.
Prieto, et.al., (2019) stated that the hypothesis is written in declarative
format stating expected relationships between the phenomena to which our
concepts refer. Also, a hypothesis is a tentative explanation that accounts for a set
of facts and can be tested by further investigation.

Examples of a well-written hypothesis:

✔ Replacing the battery yearly can make my car to run more miles.
✔ The more vegetables I eat, the healthier I become.
✔ Watering the plants everyday makes them grow faster and greener.
✔ Playing mobile legends has negative effects on my sleeping pattern.
✔ Smartphone helps people communicate better than the traditional
letters.

However, not all studies or research papers need a hypothesis. Most of the
qualitative type of research does not need hypothesis as they are exploratory.
Exploratory research, if you can recall, explore areas thoroughly to develop some
hypotheses that can be used or tested in future researches. Most of the
quantitative researches, on the other hand, has a hypothesis. The best example is
the experimental type of research where the researcher needs to test if one variable
is affecting the other or if they have a significant relationship, etc.
If the study you are planning to do does not require a hypothesis, it should
not stop you from learning the basics of hypothesis like knowing when to include it
and how to compose it.
Let us now explore the hypothesis, let’s go!
NATURE OF HYPOTHESIS
The hypothesis is a statement of what is intended to be investigated. It
should be specified before the research is conducted. A problem cannot be
scientifically solved unless it is reduced to hypothesis form.
Characteristics of the hypothesis (Baraceros 2019, Prasad et.al. 2001)
✔ It can be tested – verifiable or falsifiable
✔ It is logical
✔ It is directly related to the research problem
✔ Hypotheses are not moral or ethical questions
✔ It is neither too specific nor too general
✔ It is a prediction of consequences
✔ It sets the limits of the study
✔ It is considered valuable even if proven false

PURPOSE AND IMPORTANCE OF HYPOTHESIS IN RESEARCH

Hypothesis serves a very important role in conducting a research. Here are
the importance and purpose of the hypothesis as stated by Baraceros 2019:
1. It provides a tentative explanation of phenomena and facilitates the
extension of knowledge in the area
2. It provides the investigator with a relational statement that is directly
testable in a research study.
3. It provides direction to the research. It provides a framework for reporting
conclusions of the study.
4. It could be considered as the working instrument of theory. It can be
deducted from theory and other hypotheses.

TYPES OF HYPOTHESES
Null Hypothesis (H0) – represents a theory that has been put forward, either
because it is believed to be true or because it is to be used as a basis for argument
but has not been proven.
Alternative Hypothesis (Ha) – is a statement of what a hypothesis test is set up to
establish. This is the opposite of the null hypothesis and can only be reached once
the null hypothesis is rejected. Mostly, the alternative hypothesis is the actual
desired answer of the researcher/s.
Example:
H0 – There is no difference between the two medicines on average.
Ha – The two medicines have different effects, on average.
GENERATION OF RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

Figure 1 shows the process of making the research hypothesis. Research

should start from the research problem (everything should start here), then he has
to gather relative information about her topic (i.e. from the researcher’s
observations or stock knowledge and from the related literature and studies s/he
found either from the internet or other sources). From those observations and
related literature, the researcher can now create or craft his/her statement of the
problem (which includes the general problem and specific objectives). Once the
researcher created the statement of the problem, the next step is to make a
conceptual framework or the research paradigm (we have learned this from
modules 14). From that research paradigm, you can use that as a reference to list
your hypothesis. A research study can have more than 1 hypothesis depending on
the needs of the research paper.
However, you can also create a hypothesis directly from the research
problem. Let us have some examples.
1. Research problem: Is free Facebook messenger effective in conducting P.E.
classes?
Hypothesis: Facebook messenger is not an effective medium in conducting
P.E. classes.
2. Research problem: Which is effective in curing a patient with COVID-19:
dexamethasone or Hydroxychloroquine?
Hypothesis: Dexamethasone is effective than Hydroxychloroquine in curing
patients with COVID-19.
 ACTIVITIES
ACTIVITY 1
DIRECTIONS: Fill out the boxes below by defining/describing null and alternative
hypothesis. Write your answers in your notebook.

ACTIVITY 2
DIRECTIONS: List at least 3 purposes of including hypothesis in a research paper.
Write your answers in your notebook.
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ACTIVITY 3
OPTION 1: If your research paper needs/requires hypothesis, create the null and
the alternative hypothesis relevant to your chosen topic/title. Write your
answer/work in your notebook.
OPTION 2: If your researcher paper does not need/require hypothesis, do this
activity below.
DIRECTIONS: Write the null and alternative hypothesis for each given research
questions. Write your answers in your notebook.
Research Question: Does a senior high school student’s academic
performance in Math have any association with his/her
stress tolerance?
Null Hypothesis:
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Alternative Hypothesis:
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Research Question: Can a new packaging improve the selling power of
unbranded dishwashing liquid?
Null Hypothesis:
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Alternative Hypothesis:
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Research Question: Does the use of social media have an effect on senior high
school students’ attention span in class?
Null Hypothesis:
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Alternative Hypothesis:
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

WRAP – UP
To check your understanding, compare and contrast the two types of
hypothesis and give an example for each. Write your answer in your notebook.
_________________________________________________________________________
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VALUING
DIRECTIONS: Read this quotation and explain what it means based on the
discussion above. Write your answer in your notebook.

“Hypothesis is a toll which can cause trouble if not used

properly. We must ready to abandon our hypothesis as soon
as it is shown to be inconsistent with the facts” ~ William
Ian Beardmore Beveridge
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
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POSTTEST
DIRECTIONS: Write the null and alternative hypothesis for each research question.
Write your answers in your notebook.

1. Does studying with music have an effect on student’s test scores?

Null Hypothesis:
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Alternative Hypothesis:
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

2. Does food color have an effect on the amount of food fish eat?
Null Hypothesis:
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Alternative Hypothesis:
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

3. What is the effect of regular watering on Vietnam rose on its growth height?

Null Hypothesis:
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Alternative Hypothesis:
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

4. Does acid rain in water affect the fish population?

Null Hypothesis:
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Alternative Hypothesis:
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

5. Does the presence of salt on cakes affect the sweetness of its taste?

Null Hypothesis:
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Alternative Hypothesis:
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
 KEY TO CORRECTION

REFERENCES
Ballera, Charlene B., Jonalyn D. Gungon, Mary Jane A. Dalisay and Renee Rose C.
Reyes Practical research 2: learning module for senior high school.
Unpublished, 2019.
Baraceros, Esther L. “Hypothesis.” Content. In Practical Research 2, 1st ed., 65-71.
Manila: Rex Printing Company Inc. 2019.
Crossman, A. Definition of a Hypothesis. ThoughtCo. Retrieved from:
https://www.thoughtco.com/definition-and-types-of-hypothesis-3026350.
2019.
Faltado III, Ruben E., Medardo B. Bombita, Helen B. Boholano and Angeline Pogoy.
Practical research 2: Quantitative research for senior high school. Cubao,
Quezon City: Lorimar Publishing Inc., 2017
Prasad, S., Rao, A., and E. Rehani. 500 Research Methods. Retrieved from:
https://www.public.asu.edu/~kroel/www500/hypothesis.pdf. 2001,