PENULISAN ILMIAH

Iwan Erar Joesoef

Program Magister Hukum
Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Jakarta
 PENULISAN ILMIAH

PREPARING
THE RESEARCH PROPOSAL
 MASALAH2 DALAM PENULISAN SKRIPSI/TESIS/DISERTASI
 (1) BELUM ADA TOPIK
 (2) ADA TOPIK – TIDAK ADA BAHAN
 (3) ADA TOPIK – ADA BAHAN – BELUM ADA PROMOTOR
 (4) ADA TOPIK – ADA BAHAN – ADA PROMOTOR – TIDAK BISA BACA (INGGRIS)
 (5) ADA TOPIK – ADA BAHAN – ADA PROMOTOR – BISA BACA – TIDAK ADA WAKTU
 (6) ADA TOPIK – ADA BAHAN – ADA PROMOTOR – BISA BACA – ADA WAKTU – BELUM ADA MOOD

NOTE:
a. Penelitian S3 (Disertasi) adalah hukum komparatif, suatu yang baru untuk dijawab secara filosofis
b. Topik Disertasi bisa permasalahan yang sudah lampau atau permasalahan yang sekarang, bisa kita
dapat dari dalam pekerjaan kita atau luar pekerjaan kita atau bidang lain, Contoh: “Punale sanksi
dihapus karena Tembako Deli tidak masuk ke Amerika Serikat dimana pada zaman Soekarno-Hatta,
Indonesia takut pada Amerika Serikat sehingga punale sanksi minta dihapuskan oleh Amerka Serikat,
sedangkan pada zaman Belanda tidak dihapus”.
 TOPICS: how to find and refine them
 Students contemplating a thesis or dissertation sometimes make one of two errors or research paper
error: (1) reflects unrealistically grand thinking, and (2) unrealistically mini-scale thinking. Both errors
reflect poor reality testing, the first shows the candidate is willing to work.
 There are actually 2 steps to coming up with a researchable topics: (1) identify the general area in
which you want to do research, and (2) step involves coming up with a research question and
hypotheses.
 PUT THE RESEARCH QUESTIONS IN RESEARCHABLE FORM – Once you have decided the area
of your topics and the general question to be asked, it is time to word the question so that it can be
studied. Well worded questions share common characteristics: (1) easiest criterion to remember is
that the question should be just that. Phrase what you are going to study in the form of question, (2) a
second criterion is that the question should suggest a relationship to be examined, and (3) the third
criterion requires that the research question implies the possibility of empirical testing. If the question
meets the second criterion, namely, suggests a relationship, it is halfway to meeting the requirements
of the third criterion. It is not enough to suggest a relationship, however, unless that relationship is
empirically testable.
 WHERE TO LOOK – to find the topics: (1) visit the library, (2) ask your adviser to recommend any
especially praiseworthy efforts, (3) check the professional journals, (4) study articles in recent issues
of your professional journals to learn what topics are of high current interest and promise to remain so
far a few years to come, (5) ask the librarians to run a database search on some topic of interest.
 TOPICS: Criteria to keep in Mind
 Once you have come up with a promising idea, you must subject it to careful
scrutiny to determine whether it meets the following criteria:
(1).It must sustain your interest and stimulate your imagination, so that you will
bring to bear upon it your full creative abilities.
(2).It must be within your range of competence.
(3).It must be manageable in size.
(4).It must have the potential to make an original contribution to human
knowledge.
(5).It must be based on obtainable data.
(6).It must permit you to demonstrate your independent mastery of both the
subject and the appropriate research method.

Best Source of Ideas: “is a research topic that you are already doing”.
Worst Source of Ideas: “is a research topic that evokes strong emotional reactions”.
 Menentukan Topik
 Penggalian secara kritis melalui studi pustaka yang
bersangkutan dengan isu tertentu
 Pengalaman peneliti baik sebagai pribadi maupun
kelompok
 Mendalami proses/hasil pertemuan ilmiah, baik yang
dihadiri maupun berdasarkan laporan,

Iwan Erar Joesoef - FH UPN Veteran Jakarta

Untuk menemukan topik-topik misalnya:

- Masalah yang aktual

- Masalah yang mendasar
- Masalah yang kontroversial
- Masalah yang dipandang ‘salah kaprah’
- Masalah yang ‘tidak jelas’ baik aturan
hukumnya maupun implementasinya…
Iwan Erar Joesoef - FH UPN Veteran Jakarta
 Topik & Metode….
Ius Constituendum: Hukum yg dicita2kan (RUU)
Ius Constitutum: Hukum Positif (UU)
Ius Operatum: Law in Action (Sosiologi)

Ius
constituendum

Ius Ius
operatum constitutum
Iwan Erar Joesoef - FH UPN Veteran Jakarta
TEKNIS MENCARI TOPIK, JUDUL, RUMUSAN MASALAH

• Ontologi Hukum: penelitian hakikat

hukum, spt hubungan hukum & moral.
• Aksiologi Hukum: penentuan isi dan
M nilai2, spt nilai keadilan, nilai
penyalahgunaan hak.
E FILSAFAT • Ideologi Hukum: pengolahan
T HUKUM wawasan menyeluruh atas manusia &
masyarakat sbg landasan pranata2
O hukum, spt filsafat hukum marxistik.

DATA D
O
• Epistemologi Hukum: penelitian ttg
pertanyaan sejauhmana pengetahuan
ttg hakikat dari hukum, suatu bentuk
meta-filsafat.
L • Teleologi Hukum: penelitian hal
O menemukan makna dan tujuan dari
hukum.
G
I
ILMU • TEORI HUKUM
HUKUM • DOGMATIK HUKUM

SCIENTIFIC EXPLANATION
 Penelitian Hukum
Normatif vs Empiris

QUALITATIF
(Normatif)
DATA
QUANTITATIF
(Empiris)

Iwan Erar Joesoef - FH UPN Veteran Jakarta

 Penelitian Hukum
Normatif vs Empiris
Empiris-Kualitatif
Data (Non-Statitistik):
Primer Observasi, Interview,
Historis

Normatif
(Kualitatif)

Bahan Hukum
Data (Primer, Secunder,
Sekunder Tersier)
Data

Empiris-Kuantitatif
Empiris Data (Statistik):
(Kuantitatif) Primer Experiment, Survey,
Non-Reactive

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 DATA COLLECTION & ANALYSIS

QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE

 EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH:  FIELD RESEARCH: Observing,

Random Assignment, Making Interview
Comparisons
 HISTORICAL-COMPARATIVE
 SURVEY RESEARCH: Questioner, RESEARCH: Data and Evidence in
Interviewing Historical Context, Comparative
Research
 NONREACTIVE RESEARCH: -
Content Analysis, Existing
Statistics/Documents and
Secondary Analysis

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 Metode Penelitian Hukum

Penelitian

Metode
(Normatif-
Hukum
Empiris)

Data
(Kuantitatif
-Kualitatif) Valid & Publikasi
Reliable

Iwan Erar Joesoef - FH UPN Veteran Jakarta 13

 GOALS of RESEARCH

Exploratory

Goals of
Descriptive
Research

Explanatory
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 GOALS of RESEARCH
EXPLORATORY:
1. Become familiar with then basic facts, setting, and concerns;
2. Create a general material picture of conditions;
3. Formulate and focus questions for future research;
4. Generate new ideas, conjectures, or hypotheses;
5. Determine the feasibility of conducting research;
6. Develop techniques for measuring and locating future data;

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 GOALS of RESEARCH
DESCRIPTIVES:
1. Provide a detailed, highly accurate picture;
2. Locate new data that contradict past data;
3. Create a set of categories or classify types;
4. Clarify a sequence of steps or stages;
5. Document a causal process or mechanism;
6. Report on the background or context of a situation;

Iwan Erar Joesoef - FH UPN Veteran Jakarta

 GOALS of RESEARCH
EXPLANATORY:
1. Test a theory’s predictions or principles;
2. Elaborate and enrich a theory’s explanation;
3. Extend a theory to new issues or topics;
4. Support or refute an explanation or prediction;
5. Link issues or topics with a general principle;
6. Determine which of several explanations is best;

Iwan Erar Joesoef - FH UPN Veteran Jakarta

 GOALS of a LITERATURE REVIEW
1) To demonstrate a familiarity with a body of
knowledge and establish credibility;
2) To show the path of prior research and how a
current project is linked to it;
3) To integrate and summarize what is known in
an area;
4) To learn from others and stimulate new ideas.

Iwan Erar Joesoef - FH UPN Veteran Jakarta

 WAYS TO SELECT TOPICS
1) Personal Experience;
2) Curiosity based on something in the media;
3) The state of knowledge in a field;
4) Solving a problem;
5) Social premiums. It means that some topics are hot or
offer an opportunity;
6) Personal values;
7) Everyday life.

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 Techniques for Narrowing a Topic into a
Research Question
1) Examine the literature;
2) Talk over ideas with others;
3) Apply to a specific context;
4) Define the aim or desired outcome on the study.

Iwan Erar Joesoef - FH UPN Veteran Jakarta

 QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH vs QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
1). Test hypothesis that the researcher
begins with;
2). Concepts are in the form of distinct
variables;
3). Measures are systematically created
before data collection and are
standardize;
4). Data are in the form of numbers
from precise measurement;
5). Theory is largely causal and is
deductive;
6). Procedures are standard, and
replication is assumed;
7). Analysis proceeds by using
statistics, tables, or chart and
discussing how what they show relates
to hypotheses.
Iwan Erar Joesoef - FH UPN Veteran Jakarta
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
1). Capture and discover meaning once
the researcher becomes immersed in the
data;
2). Concepts are in the form of themes,
motifs, generalizations, and taxonomies;
3). Measures are created in an ad hoc
manner and are often specific to the
individual setting or researcher;
4). Date are in the form of words and
images from document, observation, and
transcripts;
5). Theory can be causal or non-causal
and is often inductive;
6). Research procedures are particular,
and replication is very rare;
7). Analysis proceeds by extracting
themes or generalizations from evidence
and organizing data to present a
coherent, consistent picture
 Penjelasan Logik:
EXPLANANS --------- EXPLANANDUM

(covering law model) (causal claim)

Model D-N Model I-S
Explanans Explanans
(Hukum Umum) (Data Statistik)

Explanandum Explanandum
(Kesimpulan) (Kesimpulan)
“why-necessary” “how-possible”
Theoritical Explanation Empirical Explanation

Iwan Erar Joesoef - FH UPN Veteran Jakarta 22

 Penjelasan Deduktif
Kasus: pegawai level rendah Vietnam mendukung serangan kolonial negara

Kebenaran Umum:
Perilaku politik militan dihasilkan dari keadaan depersonalisasi relatif

Teori:
“Motivasi Politik Individual”

Pengujian:
1. Tekanan ekonomi pada semua pegawai level rendah, level atas dan pegawai tanpa keahlian
adalah sama.
2. Kesenjangan antara “harapan” dan “kemampuan” hanya pada pegawai level rendah.

Kasus Konkret:
Situasi ekonomi menciptakan tekanan gaji pada pegawai yang tanpa keahlian

Iwan Erar Joesoef - FH UPN Veteran Jakarta 23

 Deductive Measurement Process for the Hypotheses

Iwan Erar Joesoef - FH UPN Veteran Jakarta 24

 Penjelasan Induktif
Kasus: Kematian Bayi di Bangladesh

Kasus Konkret:
Tingkat Kematian Bayi di Bangladesh tinggi karena pendapatan rendah.

Data Statistik:
- Data Kematian Bayi di Bangladesh
- Tingkat Pendapatan masyarakat Bangladesh

Pengujian:
1. Tingkat kematian bayi ( metode komparatif – negara lain).
2. Tingkat pendapatan (metode komparatif – negara lain).

Kesimpulan Umum:
Ada hubungan antara tingkat kematian bayi yang tinggi dengan tingkat pendapatan masyarakat
yang rendah.

Iwan Erar Joesoef - FH UPN Veteran Jakarta 25

 Inductive Measurement Process for the Proposition

Iwan Erar Joesoef - FH UPN Veteran Jakarta 26

 Hubungan Sebab-Akibat
Dalam Inductive Regularities

False Positif Error. False Negatif Error.

-Variabel sebab-akibat: -Variabel sebab-akibat:

ada hubungan. Tidak ada hubungan.
-Fakta: -Fakta:
Tidak ada hubungan Ada hubungan
Sebab-akibat Sebab-akibat
-Contoh: -Contoh:
Hubungan kegemukan Hubungan bercak nikotin
dan penyakit jantung. Dan penyakit kanker.
Iwan Erar Joesoef - FH UPN Veteran Jakarta 27
Substansi (isi) Judul dan Abstrak
 JUDUL:
 1. Problem
 2. Metode
 3. Result
 4. Filosofis
 ABSTRAK:
 1. Field Establishment
 2. Problem
 3. Solusi
 4. Kontribusi
 5. Evaluasi dan Rekomendasi
 PENDAHULUAN
 CEK DISERTASI (Form Check List) – Eligible atau tidak
 (1) HARUS SESUAI MINAT KITA
 (2) ADA BIDANG HUKUM TERKAIT
 (3) HAL YANG BARU
 (4) ADA GAP YANG BISA DIISI UNTUK ILMU HUKUM
 (5) ADA KONTRIBUSI DAN BELUM DITULIS ORANG – CARI TOPIK DISERTASI YANG BARU (CEK DI
DAFTER TESIS/ DISERTASI) – BACA JURNAL2 HUKUM, ADA KEBARUAN (ORIGINAL)
 (6) MANAGABLE (DAPAT DIKERJAKAN ATAU TIDAK) – Jangan bertahan dgn topic yang tidak
manageable, harus terbuka untuk mengubah topic dgn berkonsultasi dengan Profesor.

NOTE:
a. Isi Disertasi mendalam, bukan meluas (small segment and managable)
b. Isi Disertasi Meluas: misal 400 halaman tapi luas melebar, banyak cerita tapi tidak jelas
c. Isi Disertasi Mendalam: misal 400 halaman sedikit masalahnya tapi lebih mendalam atau topic
yang dipilih kecil (lebih sempit) tapi mendalam.
d. S3 lebih ke Filsafat (PhD), jadi isinya bukan masalah teknis dan bukan untuk pemecahan masalah
teknis. Dalam latar belakang belum masuk filsafat hukum tapi ungkapkan gap/kontroversi.
e. Perumusan Masalah: di cari apakah ada masalah baru, apa ada gap atau ada kontroversi
FORMAT TULISAN ILMIAH (Essay)
General Statement:
(Latar Belakang: mengapa pilih topic ini, apa latar
belakang masalah, apa ada gap atau kontroversi)
Thesis Statement:
(Ada kalimat “pentingnya penelitian ini
karena 3 hal yaitu: ….”, Apa saja
masalahnya & Perumusan Masalah)
Supporting Idea:
(Hal2 yg terkait: hukum kontrak,
privatisasi, putusan PN, dst.)

Conclusoion
 FORMAT PROPOSAL DISERTASI (12-32 halaman)
The • The cover page, which lists the proposed title, the author’s name, address, and telephone number, the name of the institution,
the degree sought, the names of the advisory members, and the date of submission. (1 halaman)
Cover
Page

• Usually written lasts but following the cover page in the proposal submitted to the committee. The divice serves two purposes:
(1) it summarizes for the reader the basic structure of the proposal, and (2) it refreshes the reader’s memory on salient points
Abstract in later discussions. (1 halaman): 350 kata.

State- • Usually accomplish (4-14 halaman): a. Introduction (in which you state as succinctly as possible the nature of the problem as
ment of you perceive it, why you consider it important, and how you hope to contribute to its solution), b. The Research Question, c.
Definitions of Terms, d. Subsidiary Questions, e. Review of Relevant Research and Theory (tinjauan pustaka).
Research
Problem
• Usually accomplish (4-14 halaman) Consist: a. A description of the theoretical or conceptual framework to be employed, b.
The Sources of evidence and authority (instrument dan dokumen reliable / valid), c. Analytical technique and research design
Procedure (analisa data), d. Timetable for completing the dissertation.

A Trial • Usually accomplish (1-2 halaman) (daftar isi sementara/ outline): a. it indicates to the reader the dimensions of the topic, b. it
Table of affords the writer a temporary organizational framework, c. it helps to simplify the process of note taking.
Content

A Brief • Usually accomplish (1-5 halaman): it anables the adviser to form an opinion of the quality of the sources available and to
suggest any useful references the study may have overlooked. Note: 200-250 literature (buku, jurnal, UU, putusan PN, dll)
Bibliogra
phy
 The Reseach Question
(Rumusan Masalah)
 Stated in the form of an interrogative sentence that asks
the relationship between two or more concepts, variables,
phenomena, events, things in your dissertation topic –
your next step is to formulate a research question.
 Great care and thought should be given to phrasing this
initial proposition, which will determine the thrust of
research efforts and point you firmly in the right
direction.
NOTE:
Rumusan masalah dalam bentuk pertanyaan, merupakan
masalah baru, ada gap atau ada yang kontroversi.
 The Reseach Question (Rumusan Masalah)

- Research Question:
Topics: How to find Identify General (Kalimat Tanya)
& refine them Area (S3 area kecil) - Hypotheses:
(Kalimat Deklaratif)

Note:
Remember, the first step is only to identify a research area, not to plan what, you will do
for the entire project. The area you pick must meet 2 key criteria: (1) it must interest you
enough that analyzing data having to do with it, (2) you must find a faculty member
interested in chairing the project.
 The Reseach Question(Rumusan Masalah)
 A Research Question:
How were the fortunes of the Carnegie Institution of Washington
influenced during its formative years, 1901-1904, by its chief
financial benefactor, Andrew Carnegie; its first president, Daniel C.
Gilman; and the chairman of its Board of Trustees, John S. Billing?
 Subsidiary Question:
(1) What position did each of three principals take with regards to the
future of scholarship generally and of scientific scholarship in
particular?
(2) What view did each principal have of the future of the institution?
(3) Precisely what part did each principal play in deciding the major
questions to come before the Executive Committee?
(4) How did each principal think the Carnegie Institution should be
controlled and directed?
 OUTLINING the NARATIVE
Outlining the narrative is for many a vital preliminary step to
the writing of the dissertation. Time spent at this stage is well
invested, for it will help you gain a sense of the narrative as a
whole. It can be especially useful when the organization of the
thesis promises to differ markedly from the original structure
envisioned in the thesis proposal. In any case, an outline helps
to ensure a clear and logical presentation of the material. As
you mass of data, the relationships and relative significance of
your major ideas will become clear, material irrelevant to you
topic will be revealed, and the most effective manner of
presenting ideas, evidence, and conclusions will emerge. When
you begin to write, of course, you may find that your outline is
inadequate or at least needs to be modified. No matter: you
will already have made a good start.
 OUTLINING the NARATIVE
TOPIC OUTLINE: ……….. (topic yang akan anda tulis)
Rumusan Masalah:

BAB I : Pendahuluan (+/- 50 halaman)

BAB II : Judul Bab II ------------------------ Tinjauan Literatur
A. Sub Judul
B. Sub Judul
BAB III : Judul Bab III ------------------------ Jawaban Rumusan Masalah 1
A. Sub Judul
B. Sub Judul
BAB IV : Judul Bab IV ------------------------ Jawaban Rumusan Masalah 2
A. Sub Judul
B. Sub Judul
Bab V : Simpulan dan Saran
Dst…..
Note:
-Paragraf: terdiri dari 4-5 kalimat.
-Kalimat: terdiri dari 6-7 kata.
 PROSES PENULISAN TESIS/DISERTASI

Topics: Find & Refine

Select Chairperson & Committee:
Formulate and Communicate your
Plans – an Overview of the Proposal
Reviewing the Literature – Methodology –
Measurement – Collecting, Managing and
Analyzing the Data

Presenting the Results –

Discussing the Results
Managing Committee Meetings:
Proposal and Oral Defense. -------
Published
 FORMAT
Penulisan Laporan
Penelitian
Sistematika laporan penelitian

1. PENDAHULUAN
Latar belakang masalah
Studi pustaka
Identifikasi masalah
Tujuan peneltian
Kerangka teori & Konseptual

2. METODOLOGI
Pendekatan yang dipergunakan
Tahap penelitian
Sampling (kalau ada)
3. INSTRUMEN PENELITIAN (kalau ada)
Cara pengolahan dan
Analisis data

4. HASIL TEMUAN & ANALISIS

Hasil yang ditemukan oleh peneliti
Analisis/pembahas temuan

5. KESIMPULAN & REKOMENDASI

Kesimpulan
Rekomendasi
 FORMAT
Penulisan Proposal
Skripsi/Tesis/ Disertasi
DIBUAT SETELAH MENDAPATKAN TOPIK
Skripsi/Tesis/Disertasi
Sistematika Proposal Tesis/Disertasi
(Menjadi Bab I Pendahuluan sekitar 30-50 halaman)
1. Latar Belakang ............................................
* Mengapa memilih topic ini?
* Ada yang kontroversi?
* Ada kekosongan yang harus di isi?
*Apa yang baru?
2. Perumusan Masalah ......................................
3. Tujuan Penelitian ........................................
4. Manfaat Penelitian ......................................
5. Batasan Penelitian dan Kerangka Teori ...............
6. Landasan Konsepsioal Penelitian ......................
7. Metode Penelitian ......................................
8. Pertanyaan Penelitian dan Asumsi-Asumsi ..........
9. Ruang Lingkup dan Sistematika Penelitian .........
 JUDUL
• Cek apakah merupakan penelitian Normatif atau Empiris
→ lihat dari masalah dan tujuan.
• Cari masalah filisofis dari masalah2/ topic.
• Tidak semua teori bisa digunakan, jangan gunakan banyak
teori → pilih salah satu teori.
• Judul Penelitian Normatif: hukum sbg “sui generis” (ilmu
tersendiri, bersifat praktis), data diperoleh dari dokumen
tertulis (primer, sekunder, tersier).
• Judul Penelitian Empiris: “Sejauhmana”, “Bagaimana” →
fakta data empiris lapangan.
 JUDUL
Teknis menentukan judul:
• Jangan gunakan kata yang terlalu luas spt: “Indonesia”
• Harus terfokus → ada entry point, masuk ke bidang apa
(perjanjian, lembaga)
• Jangan terlalu banyak entry point.
• Tersirat penelitian hukum dari kata2 judul.
• Asas dan norma hukum apa yang akan diangkat dalam
penelitian disertasi. Contoh: Asas →teori & filsafat, Norma
Hukum → positifisme hukum.
• CONTOH JUDUL:
“Kebebasan Berkontrak dan Perlindungan Yang Seimbang
bagi Para Pihak dalam … (misalnya dalam Perjanjian Kredit
Bank) … di Indonesia: Studi tentang …”.
 RUMUSAN MASALAH
Yang dipertanyakan:
• Cari masalah yang tidak dapat dijawab oleh undang-
undang.
• Caranya: cari rumusan masalah di jurnal-jurnal hukum dan
buku-buku hukum.
• Sifatnya filosofis.
 SINKRONISASI

JUDUL Sinkron RUMUSAN Sinkron TUJUAN KESIMPULAN

MASALAH

• Penelitian • Masalah yg • Jawaban • Jawaban

Normatif tdk dapat yang yang
• Penelitian dijawab UU diharapkan diperoleh
Empiris • Filosofis
BENTUK TULISAN

 KRONOLOGIS
 PERBANDINGAN
 SEBAB-AKIBAT
PENULISAN TABEL, CATATAN KAKI DAN
KEPUSTAKAAN

 LIHAT PEDOMAN DARI UNIVERSITAS

 FORMAT
Penulisan JURNAL

DIBUAT SETELAH MENDAPATKAN TOPIK

Format (Templete) Jurnal
PLAGIAT - ORISINALITAS

 “SCHUBERT SOCIETY”:
 Adalah suatu perkumpulan di Inggris yang
anggotanya adalah para mahasiswa S3 yang
tidak selesai disertasinya.
 Jangan sampai kita menjadi anggota tsb.