Practical

Research

Taguig Integrated School

Senior High School

 Objective

 Define What is Research.

 Differentiate a research from other form s of reports.
 Enumerate and give essential features or parts of a research.
 Scientific Research is a
composed of two words,
“re”and ‘search”

What is a research
Research

– “re” is a prefix meaning again, anew or over again and

search is a verb meaning to examine closely and
carefully, to test and try, or to probe or to study
thoroughly. Together they form a noun describing a
careful, systematic, patient study and investigation in
some field of knowledge, undertaken to establish fats or
principles.
RESEARCH

– In research – 23 components

there are 5
Chapters
Think- pair-share

– Which skills do you

consider yourself to be
best at?
For each skills, give yourself a grade
on a scale of 1(low) to 10(high)
– READING - WRITING
– OBSERVING - PRESENTING/COMMUNICATING
– LISTENING
– WATCHING
– CHOOSING
– QUESTIONING
– SUMMARIZING
– ORGANIZING
QUESTION

– WHY HAVE I DECIDED TO DO SOME

RESEARCH?
– HOW CAN I REMAIN INTERESTED IN MY
RESEARCH?
– WHAT SKILLS AND EXPERIENCE DO I HAVE
WHICH MIGHT HELP IN MY RESEARCH?
– Create 3 Practical Question you
encounter in your daily lives and
connect it to your strand
THEFIVE‘WS’

– When you start to think about your research project, a useful way of
remembering the important questions to ask is to think of the five ‘Ws’:
– X What?
– X Why?
– X Who?
– X Where?
– X When
What?

– What is your research? This

question needs to be answered as
specifically as possible
Why?

– Why do you want to do the

research? What is its purpose?
Who?

– Who will be your participants? (In this

book, people who take part in research
will be called participants or
respondents, rather than ‘subjects’,
which is a term that I have never liked.)
Where?

– Where are you going to conduct

your research?
When?

– When are you going to do your

research?
EXERCISE 1

– Have a look at the three projects below and

see if you can spot any potential problems.
What questions would you ask to make the
researchers focus in on their proposed
project? Do you have any suggestions for the
improvement of these statements?
Statement 1:

– This research aims to find out what

people think about television.
Statement 2:

– My project is to do some research into

Alzheimer’s disease, to find out what people
do when their relatives have it and what
support they can get and how nurses deal
with it
Statement 3

– We want to find out how many of the

local residents are interested in a play
scheme for children during the summer
holiday.
The major sources of knowledge according to
Ary, Jacobs, and Razavieh

– Experience
– Authority
– Deductive reasoning
– Inductive reasoning
– Scientific approach
EXPERIENCE

– EXPERIENCE IS A FAMILIAR AND WELL-USED

SOURCE OF KNOWLEDGE, THE MOST FREE,
BY PERSONAL EXPERIENCE. YOU CAN FIND
THE ANSWER TO MANY OF THE QUESTIONS
YOU FACE.
AUTHORITY

– FOR THINGS DIFFICULT OR POSSIBLE TO KNOW BY

PERSONAL EXPERIENCE, PEOPLE FREQUENCY TURN TO
AUTHORITYTHAT IS, THEY SEEK KNOWLEDGE FROM
SOMEONE WHO HAS HAD AN EXPERIENCE WITH THE
PROBLEM OR HAS SOME OTHER SOURCE OF EXPERTISE.
PEOPLE ACCEPT THE WORLD OF RECOGNIZED
AUTHORIZED AUTHORITIES.
DEDUCTIVE REASONING

– A THINKING PROCESS IN WHICH YOU

PROCEES FROM GERERAL TO SPECIFIC
STATEMENT USING PRESCRIBED RULES
OF LOGIC
INDUCTIVE REASONING

– APPROACHED TO KNOWING.
KNOWLEDGEMENT REQUIRED THAT THE
THINKER OBSERVE NATURE ITSELF, GATHER
PARTICULAR FACTS AND FORMULATE
GENERALIZATRIONS FROM THESE FINDINGS
SCIENTIFIC APPROACH

– THE USED OF BOTH DEDUCTIVE AND

INDUCTIVE REASONING IS
CHARACTERISTICS OF MODERN
SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY
RESEARCH CAN BE CLASSIFIED TO
DIFFERENT CATEGORIES. THEY MAY BE
GROUPED ACCORDING TO;

– IMPORTANCE
– METHOD
– PROCESS
– PURPOSE
– LOCALE
ACCORDING TO IMPORTANCE,
RESEARCH IS A BASIC OR APPLIED

– BASIC RESEARCH IS DESIGNED TO ADVANCE KNOWLEDGEMENT

WITH NO APPLICATION TO EXISTING PROBLEMS IN VIEW.
( LEARNING MORE ABOUT A PHENOMENA)
– APPLIED RESEARCH SURVEY RESEARCH OR MARKETING
RESEARCH, THIS IS THE ART AND SCIENCE OF SYSTEMATICALLY
ASKINFG QUESTIONS AND OBSERVING BEHAVIOR TO OBTAIN
INFORMATION FROM A POPULATON OF INTEREST.
ACCORDING TO METHOD

– Qualitative research- Explores attitudes, behavior and

experiences through such methods as interviews or focus groups
– Quantitative research - Generates statistics through the
use of large-scale survey research, using methods such as
questionnaires or structured interviews
ACCORDING TO PROCESS

– PURE RESEARCH
– APPLIED RESEARCH
– ACTION RESEARCH
ACCORDING TO PURPOSE

ANALYTICAL – A RESEARCH THAT USES EVIDENCE TO

ANALYZE THE DIFFERENT FACETS OR SIDES OF AN
ISSUE
ARGUMENTATIVE – ONE THAT USES EVIDENCE TO
ATTEMPT TO CONVINCE THE READER OF A PARTICULAR
STANCE OR VIEW
EXPLORATORY – HARDLY ANYTHING KNOWN IS ABOUT
THE MATTER AT THE OURSET OF THE PROJECT.
ACCORDING TO LOCALE

– LIBRARY RESEARCH – WHERE ANSWER TO SPECIFIC QUESTIONS

OR PROBLEMS OF THE STUDY ARE AVAILABLE.
– FIELD RESEARCH – CONDUCTED IN A NATURAL WAY SETTING. NO
CHANGES ARE MADE IN THE ENVIRONMENT.
– LABORATORY RESEARCH – CONDUCTED IN ARTFICIALOR
CONTROLLED CONDITIONSBY ISOLATING THE STUDY
INRIGOROUSLYSPECIFIEDAND OPERATIONALIZED AREA
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH

Practical Research
 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

– Qualitative research is concerned with developing

explanations of social phenomena. That is to say, it aims
to help us to understand the social world in which we live
and why things are the way they are. It is concerned
with the social aspects of our world and seeks to answer
questions
There are many different types of
qualitative research
– Ethnography
– Case study
– Document or content Analysis
– Naturalistic Observations
– Focused Interviews
– Phenomenological studies
– Grounded Theory
– Historical Research
CHARACTERISTICS OF
RESEARCH
– EMPIRICAL- is based on direct experience or observation by the researcher
– LOGICAL- is based on valid procedure and principles
– CYCLICAL- it starts with a problem and ends with a problem
– ANALYTICAL – research utilized proven analytical procedures in gathering the
data, whether historical, descriptive, experimental or case study
– REPLICABILITY – design and procedures are replicated to enable the researcher
to arrive at valid and conclusive results.
– CRITICAL – research exhibits careful and precise judgement
GOOD CHARACTERISTICS OF A
RESEARCHERS

– 1. INTELLECTUAL CURIOSITY
– 2. PRUDENCE
– 3. HEALTHY CRITICISM
– 4. INTELLECTUAL HONESTY
RESEARCH VS. COMMON SENSE

– The difference is that an observation made

by the researcher should be systematic,
arguable and challengeable.
CODE OF ETHICS

– Once you have been open and honest about what you
are doing and people have agreed to take part in the
research, it is useful to provide them with a Code of
Ethics. The best time to do this is just before they take
part in a focus group or interview, or just before they fill
in your questionnaire.
SUMMARY

– Our research would not be possible without the help and co-
operation of other people. If we expect people to continue helping
us, we should treat them with honesty and respect.
– Disruption to a participant’s life should be kept to a minimum.
– False hopes or expectations should not be raised.
– Confidential or anonymous data does not enjoy legal privilege.
Chapter 2. The
Research
Problem

TOPIC
OBJECTIVES;

After studying this lesson, you are expected to:

– Demonstrate your skills in identifying, selecting or formulating a problem
– Distinguish the different types of hypothesis and determine how these are
formulated.
– Enumerate the criteria in choosing a topic, and
– Present a good title for a research topic
SOME GUIDELINES ARE SUGGESTED IN THE
FORMULATION OF THE TITLES OF YOUR RESEARCH.

The title must contain the following elements:

– The subject matter or research problem
– The setting or locale of the study.
– The respondents or participants involved in the study
– The time or period when the study was conducted
– The title must be broad enough to include all aspects of the study but should be
brief and concise as possible.
– The use of terms such as “Analysis of” “ A Study of “ An Investigation of’ and the
like should be avoided. All these are understood to have been done in a
research.
– If the title contains more than one line, it should be written in on inverted
pyramid.
– When typed or encoded in the title page all words in the title should be in
capital letters.
– If possible the title should not be longer than 15 words
– Avoid a long, detailed title that gives too much information.
– To shorten your title, you may delete the terms” assessments’ or “evaluation” if
these are already emphasized in the text.
Characteristics of Good Titles

– A title should give readers information about the contents of the paper and is
preferable to one that is vague or general
– Choose a title that is a phrase rather than a complete sentence.
– (Books and Article titles are not complete sentences)
– Choose a straightforward title over others kinds.
– Use no punctuation at the end of a time.
– Do not underline the title of a research or enclose it in quotation marks
WORKSHOPS 1.1

Write your proposed title, follow the

instructions and observe the
guidelines.
Do you need an outline?

– Preparing your outline is the next step after the identification of the problem.
Every researcher prepares an outline in order to have a general plan or
framework for the research project. It is the most practical method of
organizing the project.it enables the researcher to estimate more accurately the
time, the effort, and the material needed for the project. It helps in ensuring
unity and organization of the whole project. It is a concise plan consisting of the
main topics and subtopics which are arranged in an orderly fashion.
WHICH OUTLINE FORMAT WOULD YOU
LIKE TO USE?

The mentioned outlines may use any of two types

of format
– The number-letter sequences and
– The decimal pattern
– The number-letter sequence looks like this:
– A.a. II. A.B.a (a)C
– 1.1;1.1.1; 1.1.1.1; 1.2; 1.1.2; 1.1.3;
WORKSHOP 1.2

– Prepared an outline of your project by following

the discussed guidelines in lesson. Choose any of
the formats in outlining. Submit the prepared
outline for your evaluation.( IN A SHORT BOND
PAPER)
SUMMARY

You must take time to think about your research as this will save you problems later.
When you’re thinking about your research, ask yourself the five ‘Ws’:
– What is my research?
– Why do I want to do the research?
– Who are my research participants?
– Where am I going to do the research?
– When am I going to do the research?
– Sum up your research project in one sentence.
Chapter 3 Preparing the
Research Proposal
OBJECTIVES;

– After studying this lesson, you are expected to:

– Have prepared already your research project
– Be able to explain the objectives of your research
proposal, and
– Be able to submit a well-constructed research proposal
The Research Proposal

The proposal follows as the plan in the construction of a

great building in making the plan. The writer is careful to
include in the proposal the more important aspects and
phases of the work he /she has in the mind and to include
also all the elements he wants to incorporate in each major
phase of the work.`
HOW TO PREPARE THE PROPOSAL

A proposal is a written offer to solve a technical

problem in a particular way.
You have to be guided by a checklist for a proposal
prepared for you. From the checklist you can easily
expand the proposal into full-blown research.
Components of Chapter 1
 Some authors suggest that CHAPTER 1: THE
PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND should
consist of the following parts
• Introduction  Introduction( or Background)
• Background of the study  Theoretical framework
• Statement of the problem  Conceptual framework
• Hypotheses  Statement of the problem
• Theoretical framework  Hypothesis
• Conceptual framework  Scope and delimitation of the
• Significance of the study study
• Scope and limitations  Significance of the study
• Definitions of terms  Definition of terms
 IDENTIFYING YOUR AREA OF
INTEREST

The most important ingredient in a

successful research project is the passion
of the researcher: what is it that makes
YOU want to learn more?
WORKSHOPS 1.3

Write your proposed title, connected

with your proposal research. Follow the
instructions and observe the guidelines.
Lesson 1: INTRODUCTION

This part of your research includes a background information which

would focus attention on the importance and validity of the problem,
should be able to present the scenario of the study from a macro-
perspective. The mood of the Introduction should encourage the
readers to continuously read further “inner” details of the study
starting with Chapter 1. Further, this part should be able to briefly
present the study in 1 and 2 pages by making the readers informed
or aware about the study.
Exercise 1.4

Select one (1) topic to develop the statement of

Introduction.
– Expanded program on Immunization
– Unemployed
– Special education
Lesson2: THE THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

A theory is an integrated set of propositions that serves as

an explanation for a class of phenomena. This could be a
single theory or a multi-theory based on the study variables
and research design. Each discipline ( i.e., education,
nursing, business administration and psychology) has a
particular set of theories that may be used to prove its
usability in the study
 In presenting the theory in the study, the following
should be included;

– Name of the theory

– History( if applicable) and year the theory was
recognized created, or established
– Theorist
– Theory statement
Sample Introduction Statement in the
Theoretical Framework
Sample Presentation of a Theory in
the Theoretical Framework

Protected Poor Health high

-Level wellness

( in favorable environment) ( in favorable environment)

Health Axis

Poor Health Emergent high-level wellness

( in unfavorable environment) ( in unfavorable environment)

Exercise 1.5

Select one (1) topic to create a theoretical Framework. (Introduction and

Presentation)
– 1. Expanded program on Immunization
– 2. Unemployed
– 3. Special education
SUMMARY

Why use theory in research?

Theory is used in research because:
1. As orientation, theories narrow down the range of facts that one needs to study.
2. Any problems may be studied in a number of different ways; theory suggest which
ways are likely to yield the greatest meaning.
3. A theory is used in organizing existing data meaningfully in a specific investigation.
4. A theory can be useful device in interpreting, criticizing, and unifying established
scientific laws, modifying them in the face of unparticipating data, guiding the
discovery of new and more powerful generalizations.
Lesson3: THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

The Conceptual Framework serves as the guide of the

researcher in going about his study because this part present the
conceptual variables based on the original model theory. Either
the entire theory or a part of it may be utilized in the study,
depending on the design of the study.
And serves as the “map” of the researcher since it basically
presents the independent variable/s and the dependent/s
variables of the study.
FOR BASIC RESEARCH: we can use the cause-effect relationship.
This is usually represented by the independent-dependent variable
model. It look like this:

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE DEPENDENT VARIABLE

Example of Hypothesis: “Organizational commitment (dependent variable) is caused by

job satisfaction (independent variable)
PREDICTOR RESPONSE

FOR APPLIED RESEARCH: we can use the means-and-ends relationship

Example of the topic: Music (means) stimulates production (end)

FACTOR FACTOR OUTCOME

Exercise 1.4

Select one (1) topic to create a Conceptual Framework.

– 1. Expanded program on Immunization
– 2. Unemployed
– 3. Special education

Criteria 2 4 7 10
Visual text presentation        
Presentation is emerging in Produces a visual presentation Effective produces a clear, Professional-done with the reader in
attention to clarify and that is basically clear and relevant visual presentation mind
relevance relevant Presentation enhances the text

Completed with care and        

creativity Limited or none somewhat sufficient Sophisticated and masterful
 
Lesson4: STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

After you identified your problem which may have come from the
following sources – your specialization, observation, intuitions, or
both. You have to settle first the problem of selecting which problem
to research on.
You may use any of the following criteria as the basis for selecting
your problem: Technical and Personal.
 Technical Criteria Personal criteria

 Significant to chosen field/  Interest

advancement of science or  Training
specialization  Expertise
 Pioneering or novel  Financial capacity
 Originality  Time factor involved in the project.
 Arouse intellectual curiosity
 Relevance to degree
 Availability or manageability of data
 Availability of instruments
 The statement of the problem is an important
introductory material found in Chapter 1

Why do we have a research question? Boden,

et al. (20050 justify the presence of research
questions in a study:
1. Having a question focuses our analysis and forces to have an arguments
that runs through our work. This is important because it protects us from the
temptation of indulging in pure description without trying to achieve the deeper
understanding reached by theorizing what we are doing.
2. Developing research questions delimit what the researcher is going to do
and become very focused in the study.
3. It is also kinder to readers, users and/ or beneficiaries of your research to
start with specific questions.
4. Having clearly set out questions avoids the perils of pugilistic, or even
friendly or well mentioned, questioner at conferences or vivas who takes great
delight in asking why you have not looked at whatever their particular hobby
horse is.

Research in Various Disciplines p. 36

WAYS OF STATING YOUR RESEARCH
PROBLEM

1. Statement of Research Objectives. Focus on a clear goal or objective. State your

precise goal. The problem should be limited enough in scope making a definite
conclusion possible. The major statement or question may be followed by minor
statements or question. The introductory statement must be the purpose/aim or
the objectives of the study.
Example

– The main objective of this study is to determine

the causes of insurgency in Cagayan.
Furthermore, it attempts to find out how two
groups of respondents differ in their perception
of the causes of insurgency in the province.
You will notice that this is a clearly stated sentence or two which tell exactly what
you expect to do.
2. Statement of hypothesis to be answered or tested by the research.
If the goal is specifically to test a given hypothesis then state so. In many cases, the
objective will be a more general statement than that of a hypothesis alone.

Example:

The primary objective of this study is to test the hypothesis that there is a
relationship between salary increase and job satisfaction.
3. Statement of problem question to be answered by the research.
These are sometimes called investigation questions.

Investigative questions are the specific topical questions that you must resolve
in order to achieve your research objective or to test your hypothesis.
Example:

Specifically, it attempts to find answer to the following questions:

1. How do the three groups of respondents perceive the impact of insurgency on
the social life of the Cagayanos?
2. What is the perception of the three groups of respondents regarding the impact
of insurgency on business in Cagayan?
Some Examples

Poor: How effective are homogeneous and heterogeneous groups?

Improved: What is the effect of homogeneous grouping on the achievement in science
among Grade IV pupils?
Poor: Will there be differences between the more accepted and less accepted freshman
students?
Improved: Will there be differences between the more accepted and the less accepted and
the less accepted students in terms of personal and social adjustments?
Poor: What is the creativity level of college freshman students?
Improved: What is the creativity level of college freshman students in this study in terms of
fluency, flexibility and originality?
THE PROBLEM SHOULD BE
STATED IN A DECLARATIVE
STATEMENT OR IN QUESTION
FORM.
SOME MISTAKES COMMITTED
IN PROBLEM FORMULATION
1.Undertaking research without reviewing the existing professional literature on the
subject.
2.Collecting data without a well-defined plan or purpose
3.Taking available data and attempting to fit meaningful research questions to it.
4.Defining objectives in general or ambiguous terms causing interpretations and
conclusions to be arbitrary on invalid.
5.The research makes no contributions to the general body of knowledge
6.Failure to recognize the limitations of your approach.
7.Failure to base research on a sound theoretical and/or conceptual framework.
8.Failure to anticipate alternative rival hypothesis that would also account for a given set
of findings and which could challenge the interpretations and conclusions reached by the
investigation.
 
Exercise 1.5

Create your own Statement of the Problem, connected with your proposal
research. Follow the instructions and observe the guidelines.

Criteria 2 4 7 10

Visual text presentation        

Presentation is emerging in Produces a visual Effective produces a clear, Professional-done with the reader in
attention to clarify and presentation that is basically relevant visual presentation mind
relevance clear and relevant Presentation enhances the text

Completed with care and        

creativity Limited or none somewhat sufficient Sophisticated and masterful
 
Mercado (2006) suggest the main criteria for selecting a research problem:
1. Has societal, organizational, or personal theoretical and/ or practical value
2. Doable within a timeframe
3. Has available data or information
4. Factors or variables to be studied are observable and measureable
5. Knowledge, interest, and skill of the thesis students and faculty members
– According to Boden (2005) a good research question……
– ……….does not invite true/false testing in the way hat hypothesis would.
– ……… does not have the answer contained or implied within them.
– ……….does not invite “yes” or “no” answer. Instead, the answer are likely to be
complex and rich nuanced.
– …….. are answerable through investigation and do not rely on belief or faith
– ………facilitates a close focused investigation, helping to keep the researcher on track.
– ………should be brief.
In sum, good research question are
doable and answerable. They focus the
mind, the enquiry, and the product.
Lesson5: HYPOTHESIS

Gay (1976) defines Hypothesis as a tentative explanation

for certain behaviors. phenomena or events which have
occurred or will occur, McGulgan (1978) says that a
hypothesis is a testable statement of a potential
relationship between two or more variables.
– The notion of a “hypothesis” comes from the natural sciences. The
classical scientific method of research, as described by Karl Popper in
this book, the logic of Scientific Discovery published in 1934,
commences with the development of hypotheses. A hypothesis is a
formal statement, usually grounded in observation. For example, “
Living creatures can fly if they have feathers”. Using the scientific
method, the objective is to test such hypothesis. By their nature,
they cannot be proven because there might be others effects that
explain a phenomenon.
 While a hypothesis cannot ever be proven with absolute certainly,
they can be disproved. For instance, to use the example above, the
scientist might discover flying insects (which of course do not have
feathers). This process of disproving hypotheses is known as
‘falsification’. All hypotheses must be a falsifiable; that is, capable of
being tested.
Is HYPOTHESIS NECESSARY?

A basic reason why a hypothesis is necessary is to

keep you from being biased. Your biases might
affect the research process when you state the
expected relationship among variables. You might
have been influenced by early researches when
they disseminated their findings.
TYPES OF HYPOTHESES

 Null Hypothesis
 Alternative Hypothesis/ research hypothesis/ theoretical
hypothesis
 The null hypothesis (H_0) is statement of “ no significant difference”
or of “ no significant relationship between two or more variables or
groups that are to be measured and tested through inferential
statistics”. It is stated in the negative form so it could be treated
statistically.
On the other hand, the alternative hypothesis (H_1) is the reverse
statement of a null hypothesis (Subong, 2005). It states that “ There
is a significant difference…..” or There is a significant relationship….”
In the sleeping disorder study, an example would be:
 Sample of a Hypothesis Statement

Hypothesis
The following hypothesis will be tested for acceptance and approval:
H_0: There is no significant difference on the efficiency of nurses with known
sleeping disorders as compared to nurses without sleeping disorders in Ospital ng
Makati in terms of demographic data and patient care.
H_1: There is a significant difference on the efficiency of nurses with known
sleeping disorders as compared to nurses without sleeping disorders in Ospital ng
Makati in terms of demographic data and patient care.
To demonstrate the relationship of the hypotheses to the statement of the problem,
the last research question indicates a question to test the hypothesis
A hypothesis consist of the Independent Variable (IV) and
the Dependent Variable (DV).
It may also consist of one IV and several DVs or vice versa
or both.