CHAPTER 1

I. RESEARCH TITLE
 should summarize the main idea of the research
 a concise statement of the topic
 include major variables
 show the relationship of the variable under study
 include major tasks of the researcher
 Mention participants and setting in general
 12-15 words only
II. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
 It is the general orientation to the problem area.
 Focus attention on the importance and validity of the problem.
 Answers the question, “what did we know about this topic before I did this study?”
THE BACKGROUND INCLUDES:
 Include summaries of important, relevant research studies.
 The root of the problem being studied
 Discussion of the problem in general and the specific situations as observed and experienced by the researcher
 Concepts and ideas related to the problem including clarification of important terminologies
 Discussion of the existing or present conditions and what is aimed to be in the future or the gap to be filled-in by
the research
III. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
 illustrates what the researcher expects to find in the research
 It gives clear directions to the research
 explains the major variables in the study
 a diagram representing the relationship or connections of variables
THINGS TO CONSIDER IN CREATING THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
1. research title (variables)
2. research questions (focus and path of the study)
3. review of related literature (to know existing ideas and information about your topic)
IV. RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
- A formal statement that presents the expected relationship between an INDEPENDENT and DEPENDENT
variable.
- It is a tentative explanation of the research problem, a possible outcome of the research, or educated guess
about the research outcome.
NATURE OF HYPOTHESIS
 It can be tested
 Hypothesis are not moral or ethical question
 Not too specific not too general
 It is a prediction of consequences
 It is valuable if proven or proven false
V. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
- A definite or clear expression about an area of concern, a condition to be improved upon, a difficulty to be
eliminated, or a question that needs to be answered.
THE PURPOSE OF A PROBLEM STATEMENT IS TO:
1. Introduce the importance of the topic being studied
2. Connects the research questions and hypotheses and offers a concise statement about the purpose of your paper.
3. Place the topic into a particular context
4. Provides the framework for reporting the results and indicates what is necessary to conduct the study.
VI. DEFINITION OF TERMS
- The glossary of terms is intended to assist you in understanding commonly used terms and concepts.
- Also includes general words and phrases defined within
- These terms should be clearly defined according to how they are used in the study
- These terms should be arranged in an alphabetical order
- Make sure to define words that may have special meaning or used differently.
VII. IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY
- Is basically a written statement that explains why your research was important.
- It justifies why your research was needed, the impact of your research in your field, its contribution and how
others would benefit from it.
HOW TO WRITE THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY (5 EASY STEPS)
1. Use your research problem as a starting point
2. State how your research will contribute to the existing knowledge about the topic
 3. Explain how will society benefit from your research
4. Mention the specific persons or institutions who will benefit from your study
5. Indicate how your study may help future studies in the same field
VIII. SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY
- The scope describes the coverage of the study in terms of concept, number of participants or respondents.
- Delimit by citing factors or variables that are not be included and the boundary in terms of timeframe, number
of participants or respondents.
IT ANSWERS THE BASIC QUESTIONS:
What – the topic of investigation
Where – the venue or the setting of the research
When – the timeframe by which the study was conducted
Why – the general objectives of the research
Who – the subject of the study, the population and sampling
How – the methodology of the research and the instrument
CHAPTER 2
IX. LIST OF RELATED LITERATURES
- Is an important component of a research regardless of the type of research
- A major activity in research that makes you examine the concepts related to your research that has been
published in books, journals, or other reading materials in the past.
PURPOSE OF RRL
1. To find connections
2. To know more about theories
3. To discover the relation
4. To obtain information on the accuracy of research question
5. To familiarize with technical terms
CHAPTER 3
X. RESEARCH DESIGN
- A framework of methods and techniques choses by the researchers to combine various components of
research in a reasonably logical manner.
- It provides insight about “how” to conduct research
XI. POPULATION
THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF POPULATION:
1. Target population – the entire group of people or objects to which the researcher wishes to generalize/ make a
conclusion about the study findings.
2. Sample population – the portion of the population to which the researcher has a reasonable access. Maybe a
subset of a population.
TERMINOLOGIES USED TO DESCRIBE THE POPULATION AND SAMPLING IN RESEARCH:
1. Population – a complete set of elements (persons or objects) that possess some common characteristic.
2. Target population – the entire group of people or objects to which the researcher wishes to generate the study
findings.
3. Sample population – a portion of the population to which the researcher has reasonable access, maybe a
subset of the target population.
4. Sample – the selected elements (people or objects) choses for participation in a study; people are referred to
as subjects or participants.
5. Sampling – the process of selecting a group of people, events, behaviors, or other elements with which to
conduct a study.
XII. SAMPLING METHOD
Sampling – means of choosing from a large population to subjects to answer your research questions

TYPES OF SAMPLING:
1. Probability sampling – a sampling technique wherein everybody in the population are given equal chances or
opportunity to form the sample
2. Simple random sampling – choosing respondents based on pure chance
3. Systematic sampling – picking out from the list every nth member listed
4. Stratified sampling – creating different classes within the population
5. Cluster sampling – selecting respondents in clusters rather than in separate individuals
XIII. DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE
- A data that can be counted or expressed in numbers constitute the quantitative data. Commonly it uses a
structured questionnaire asking questions starting with “how much” or “how many”.
- Quantitative data is much sorted for statistical and mathematical analysis making it possible to illustrate it in
the form of charts and graphs
  Probability sampling – a definitive method of sampling carried out by utilizing some form of rando
selection
 Interviews – structured set of questionnaires
 Surveys questionnaires, checklists, and rating scale type of questions - make the bulk of quantitative
surveys.
 Observation – is a simple and straightforward method of collecting quantitative data.
 Document review – a process used to collect existing data or documents
Chapter 4
XIV. DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
- A process that involves examining and molding collected data for interpretation to discover relevant information, draw
or propose conclusions and support decision-making to solve a research problem.
- It involves interpreting data to answer research questions and making research findings.
- Data collected is transformed into information and knowledge about a research performed
- Relationship between variables are explored
- Meanings are identified and information is interpreted
Chapter 5
XV. Summary of findings
- Summary of findings must contain each specific question under the statement of the problem
- The findings should be textual generalizations, that is, a summary of important data consisting of text and numbers.
- Only the important findings, the highlights of the data, should be included in the summary
- Must be stated as concisely as possible
- Use past tense to present the result of findings of the investigation
XVI. CONCLUSIONS
- Unifies your research results, discussions, and elaborates their significance to your research
ELEMENTS OF THE CONCLUSION
 State your topic
 State your thesis statement
 Briefly summarize your main points
 Add the points up
 Make a call of action when appropriate
XVII. RECOMMENDATIONS
- are statements that should bare an introductory statement or paragraph that link them back to the findings and
conclusion, outlining the areas needing attention or immediate course of action.
- It is also the proper place to address academic reports that suggest, propose decisive action for immediate solutions.
ILLUSTRATES HOW TO FORMULATE RECOMMENDATIONS BY FOLLOWING THE SMART ACRONYM
 Specific
 Measurable
 Achievable
 Result-oriented
 Time-bound
XVIII. LIST OF REFERENCES
- A reference list lists only the sources you refer to in your writing. The purpose of the reference list is to allow your
sources to be found by your reader. It also gives credit to authors you have consulted of their ideas.
WEB PAGES
 Author
 Date of publication
 Title of webpage
 Link
