APP 002: (1ST AT)

MODULE #1:

Text structure -refers to how information is organized in a passage.

-can change multiple times in a work, and even within a paragraph.

SEVEN MOST COMMONLY USED PATTERNS OF ORGANIZATION:

CAUSE AND EFFECT- the results of something are explained.
CHRONOLOGICAL- information in the passage is organized based on time.
COMPARE AND CONTRAST- two or more things are described; similarities and
differences are discussed.
ORDER OF IMPORTANCE- information is expressed as a hierarchy or in priority
PROBLEM AND SOLUTION- a problem is described and a response or solution is proposed
or explained
SEQUENCE/PROCESS WRITING- information is organized in steps or a process is explained
in the order in which it occurs.
SPATIAL/DESCRIPTIVE WRITING- information is organized in order of space (top to bottom,
left to right)

MODULE #2:

Summary- is a short or abbreviated version of a longer text (about a quarter of its original)
PURPOSE OF SUMMARY:
(1) To help you understand the main points and structure of the author’s argument
(2) To convey understanding to others.
(3) To present background information quickly, and
(4) To refer to another writer’s ideas in the course of making your own original statement.
THREE IMPORTANT SUMMARIZATION TECHNIQUES:
1. SELECTION- select major idea, key words and paraphrases, special terms and
interpretations presented in the original text
2. REJECTION- remove unnecessary data or the specifics
3. SUBSTITUTION- replace long sentences/phrases with shorter ones. Combine
several sentences into one.
Paraphrase- is a restatement and restructuring of ideas for the purpose of clarifying the
meaning of a text.
-Restatement means that you rephrase the original using your own words.You also need to
change the flow of ideas in the effort to make the original meaning clearer.

STEPS IN PARAPHRASING:
1. Read the original passage several times until you understand it fully.
2. Take note of the important details.
 3. Write your paraphrase referring only to your notes.
4. Check your paraphrase against the original to make sure you have not copied
vocabulary or the sentence structure too closely.

MODULE #3:

Thesis statement
-it is a sentence or two that tell/s the reader your topic and what you say about it.
E.g. Biological needs, social environment, and psychological satisfaction are three reasons why
people take risks.
Textual evidence
-it is evidence from a text that you can use to illustrate your ideas and support your
arguments. All textual evidence should:
a. Support a specific point
b. Be cited with a page number at the end of the sentence
c. Be followed by an “connection” that explains the relationship of the evidence to your
main point.

TYPES OF THESIS STATEMENT:

Direct (Stated) Thesis Statement
-outline the main idea and the organization of the essay for the reader
~The main problems facing South American countries are a lack of job opportunities.
Indirect (Implied) Thesis Statement
-introduce the topic, but they do not outline the supporting ideas
~The important problems facing South American countries today require immediate action.

COMPONENTS OF THESIS STATEMENT:

Topic
-The general subject of the essay
~Teenage Smokers
Controlling idea
-Your opinion/belief/view/feeling about the topic
~Public health departments need aggressive promotional campaigns
Sub-topics
-The areas you will focus on to support your idea
~Damages the lungs, increases the risk of cancer, raises the chance of heart disease.
Thesis Statement- Public health departments need to target teenage smokers with
aggressive promotional campaigns in order to combat lung damage, cancer, and heart disease
among this Group.

MODULE #4:

OPINIONS
-subjective statements based on person’s beliefs or attitudes
-opinions are not acceptable as support
-you must support it with facts if you wish to express it

FACTS
-objective statements of truths
-piece of information used as evidence or as support to an opinion
-you must use supporting details(proof) if you wish to strengthen the validity of facts presented

FACT is statement that can be proven true or false

OPINION is an expression of a person’s feelings that cannot be proven

Opinions can be based on facts or emotions and sometimes they are meant to deliberately
mislead each other. It is important to be aware of the author’s purpose and choice of language.

Opinions, for most of the time, contain descriptive words. Descriptive words are subjective. It
may become unclear when most people have the same opinion. This is the time it is important
to know what WORD BIAS means.

A bias is an opinion or an attitude we have for or against something.It usually stems from our
feelings rather than rational thought.

MODULE #5:

CRITIQUE PAPER - a formal analysis and evaluation of a text, production, or performance,

etc. – either one’s own (a self-critique) or someone else’s.

CONTENT OF THE CRITIQUE/REACTION PAPER:

ACCURATE- provides an accurate description of the work being evaluated by giving its
summary and/or background details, like answers to basic reporter questions of who, what,
when, where, and why
EVALUATE- gives the writer’s overall judgment of the work. It makes this judgment
convincing by giving three or more (depending on the length) supporting evaluations of selected
analytical elements of the work being evaluated.
BALANCED- by pointing out weaknesses of a work, if the overall judgment is positive, or the
other way around, by recognizing strong points of a work for which the overall judgment is
negative.

PARTS OF A CRITIQUE PAPER:

INTRODUCTION - typically, the introduction is short (less than 10% of the word length) and
you should:
-Name the work being reviewed, the date it was created and the name of the author/creator.
-Describe the main argument or purpose of the work.
-Explain the context in which the work was created.
-Have a concluding sentence that clues your evaluation of the work will be. For instance, it may
indicate whether it is a positive, negative, or mixed evaluation.

SUMMARY - briefly summarize the main points and objectively describe how the creator
portrays these by using techniques, styles, media, characters or symbols.

CRITICAL EVALUATION - This section should give systematic and detailed assessment of
the different elements of the work, evaluating how well the creator was able to achieve the
purpose of these.
- For example : you would assess the plot structure, characterization and setting of a
novel.
- A critical evaluation does not simply highlight negative impressions. It should
deconstruct the work and identity of both strengths and weaknesses.

Example of key critical questions that could help your assessment include:
- Who is the creator? Is the work presented objectively or subjectively?
- What are the aims of the work? Were the aims achieved?
- What techniques, styles, media were used in the work? Are they effective in portraying
the purpose?
- What assumptions underlie the work? Do they affect its validity?
- What types of evidence or persuasion are used? Has evidence been interpreted fairly?
- How is the work structured? Does it favour a particular interpretation or point of view? Is
it effective?
- Does the work enhance understanding of key ideas or theories? Does the work engage
(or fail to engage) with key concepts or other works in its discipline?
Conclusion
This usually a very brief paragraph, which includes:
● A statement indicating the overall evaluation of the work.
● A summary of the key reasons, identified during the critical evaluation, why this
evaluation was formed
● In some circumstances, recommendations for improvement on the work may be
appropriate.
Reference List
- include all resources cited in your critique.
Module 6:
Critical Approaches

Formalist
- Formalist Criticism emphasizes the form of literacy work to determine its meaning, focusing
on literacy elements and how they work to create meaning.
- Focuses on what the work means (theme) and how it conveys its meaning (form)
- Formalism is a school literary criticism and literary theory having mainly to do with the
structural purposes of a particular text.
- Is the study of a text without taking into account any outside influence.

Psychoanalytic
- emphasizes the process of introspection or looking into the past experience and latent
desires, in order to understand the rationale of human behavior.
- Freud identified three sections of the human psyche, namely id, or the place of deepest secret
desires of humans, the ego, which informs humans on how to act in a socially acceptable
manner, and the superego, which represents people’s unselfish tendencies.

Feminism
- It is concerned with the role, position, and influence of women in a literary text. It asserts
that most “literature” throughout time has been written by men, for men.
Four basic Principles of Feminist Criticism
● Western civilization is patriarchal.
● The concepts of gender are mainly cultural ideas created by patriarchal societies.
● Patriarchal ideals pervade “literature.”
● Most “literature” through time has been gender-biased.

Lesbian/Gay/Queer Criticism
- Queer Criticism examines how certain works display fear of the unknown, especially
homophobia, of the fear of the LGBTQ community, which leads to repression. It also
acknowledges the idea that our gender is a collection of roles that are dictated by society such
as having long hair for girls or not allowing men to wear high heels.

Marxism
- It emphasizes economic and social conditions
- It examines the literature to see how it reflects the way in which dominant groups (typically, the
majority) exploit the subordinate groups (typically, the minority); or the way in which people
become alienated from one another through power, money, and politics.
- It views society based on the economic and cultural theory of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engles.
It assumes that each society is made up of a set of concepts, beliefs, values, and ways of
thinking influenced by economic and class structures.
Module 7:

Concept Paper
- It is an in-depth analysis of any idea, solution, or practice. It can be on anything that you find
significant: it can be a feeling (What is self-esteem?), a cultural practice (What is Filipino
Time?), a belief (What is transmigration?), a situation (What is same sex marriage?)
- it examines the ‘what-ness’ or nature of something.
- It is important to connect theory (can be found in many academic papers) and experience
(day-to-day observation) in making a concept paper.

CONCEPT PAPER HAS TWO TYPES

Project Proposal - Writing it entails not only information but also persuasion to convince the
reader.
Extended Definition - Is written to inform, if the topic or concept is unknown to the audience

Purpose of writing a concept paper

- provide in-depth discussion of a topic
- can be used in obtaining funding for a project
- act as an instructional tool from an existing project
- provide guidance for implementing a program
- discuss best practices, philosophies and other related issue

Definition Paper - Targets the explanation of idea, theory, practice, or principle, for the purpose
of informing a target audience.