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Marketing Research: An Applied Orientation

Seventh Edition, Global Edition

Chapter 3: Research Design

NAME OR LOGO 1

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1) Introduction to Marketing Research.

2) Defining the Marketing Research Problem and Developing
an Approach.
3) Research Design.
4) Exploratory Research Design: Secondary and Syndicated
Data.
5) Exploratory Research Design: Qualitative Research
COURSE OUTLINE 6) Descriptive Research Design: Survey and Observation
7) Causal Research Design: Experimentation
8) Questionnaire & Form Design
9) Sampling: Design and Procedures
10) Sampling: Final and Initial Sample Size Determination
11) Fieldwork .
12) Report Preparation and Presentation

COURSE MAP Figure 1.6 A Concept Map for the Marketing Research Process

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Step3 : Research design

1) Research Design: Definition
2) Research Design: Classification
3) Exploratory Research
4) Descriptive Research
I. Cross-Sectional Design
II. Longitudinal Design
III. Advantages and Disadvantages of Longitudinal
and Cross-Sectional Designs
CHAPTER 3
5) Causal Research
OUTLINE 6) Relationships Among Exploratory, Descriptive,
and Causal Research
8) Potential Sources of Error
I. Random Sampling Error
II. Non-sampling Error
a. Non-response Error
b. Response Error
9) Budgeting and Scheduling
10) Marketing Research Proposal
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CHAPTER (1) MAP

Marketing research

A Marketing Selecting a Selected

Marketing The Role of
Classification Research Marketing
Definition Research Marketing research
of Marketing Suppliers & Research Career
Process Research supplier.
Research Services. Descriptions.

Problem- Problem Definition Internal External

Research Identification
Research
Development of an full-
Problem- Approach to the Problem service
solving
Marketing Research Research Design Limited
research Formulation service

Data Collection
Market
research Data Preparation and
Analysis

Report Preparation and

Presentation National Domestic International
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CHAPTER (2) MAP

Defining the Marketing Research Problem and Developing
an Approach
Management
The Problem Environmental
Tasks involved in Decision Problem Components of
Definition Context of the
Problem Definition and Marketing an Approach
Process Problem
Research Problem

Discussions with Past Information and Objective / Theoretical

Decision Makers Forecasts Foundations
Resources and
Interviews with Constraints Analytical Model
Industry Experts
Objectives
Research Questions
Secondary Data
Analysis Buyer Behavior
Hypothesis
Qualitative Legal Environment
Research
Specification of
Information Needed
Economic Environment

Marketing and
Technological Skills

Step 2: Developing an
Step 1: Defining the Problem
Approach 7

CHAPTER (3) MAP

Research Design
Relationships
Research Research Among Potential Budgeting Marketing
Exploratory Descriptive Causal
Design Design Exploratory, Sources and Research
Research Research Research
definition Classification Descriptive, and of Error Scheduling Proposal
Causal Research
Exploratory
Research Cross-Sectional Random Non-sampling
Design Sampling Error Error
Descriptive
Research Longitudinal
Design Non-response
Response Error
Causal Error
Research
researcher errors
Interviewer errors
respondent errors

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After reading this chapter, the student should be able to:
1. Define research design, classify various research designs, and
explain the differences between exploratory and conclusive
designs.
2. Compare and contrast the basic research designs: exploratory,
descriptive, and causal.
3. Describe the major sources of errors in a research design,
including random sampling error and the various sources of non-
sampling error.
4. Discuss managerial aspects of coordinating research projects,
particularly budgeting and scheduling.
5. Describe the elements of a marketing research proposal and show
how it addresses the steps of the marketing research process.
6. Explain research design formulation in international marketing
research.
7. Understand the ethical issues and conflicts that arise in
formulating a research design.
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ABBREVIATION: DESIGN

The components of a research design may be

summarized by the abbreviation DESIGN:
D ata analysis plan
E xploratory, descriptive, causal design
S caling and measurement
I nterviewing forms: questionnaire design
G enerating the needed information
N umber: Sample size and plan

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FIGURE 3.1 : RELATIONSHIP OF THIS CHAPTER TO THE MARKETING RESEARCH

PROCESS
Step 1: Defining the Problem
Step 2: Developing an Approach to the Problem
Step 3: Formulating a Research Design
• Secondary Data Analysis (Exploratory Research)
• Qualitative Research (Exploratory Research)
• Survey & Observation Research (Descriptive Research)
• Experimental Research (Causal Research)
• Measurement & Scaling
• Questionnaire & Form Design
• Sampling Process & Sample Size
• Preliminary Plan of Data Analysis
Step 4: Doing Field Work/ Collecting Data
Step 5: Preparing & Analyzing Data
Step 6: Preparing & Presenting the Report
Chapter 3 - 11

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COMPONENTS OF A RESEARCH DESIGN

Exploratory Research
• Secondary Data Analysis
• Qualitative Research

Descriptive Research
• Survey and Observation Research

Causal Research
• Experimental Research

Measurement and Scaling Procedures

Questionnaire and Form Design

Sampling Process and Sample Size

Plan of Data Analysis

Chapter 3 - 12

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FIGURE 3.3 : A CLASSIFICATION OF MARKETING

RESEARCH DESIGNS

Research
design

Conclusive
Exploratory
Research
Research
Design
Design
(definitive)

Causal
Descriptive
Research
Research
(explanatory)

Cross-
Longitudinal
Sectional
Design
Design.
Chapter 3 - 13

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FIGURE 3.3 : A CLASSIFICATION OF MARKETING RESEARCH DESIGNS

Chapter 3 - 14

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1. RESEARCH DESIGN: DEFINITION

 A research design is a framework or
blueprint/plan/outline for conducting the marketing
research project.
 It details the procedures necessary for obtaining the
information needed to structure or solve marketing
research problems.
 Although a broad approach to the problem has already
been developed, the research design specifies the
details of implementing that approach.
 Its purpose is to design a study that will test the
hypothesis, determine possible answers to the
research questions, and provide the information
needed for decision making.

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2. COMPONENTS OF A RESEARCH DESIGN

 The research design involves the following components:

1. Define the information needed (Chapter 2)
2. Design the exploratory, descriptive, and/or causal
phases of the research (Chapters 3 – 7)
3. Specify the measurement and scaling procedures
(Chapters 8 and 9)
4. Construct and pre-test a questionnaire (interviewing
form) or an appropriate form for data collection
(Chapter 10)
5. Specify the sampling process and sample size
(Chapters 11 and 12)
6. Develop a plan of data analysis (Chapter 14)

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QUESTIONS FOR
A research design is a framework or blueprint for conducting
TRAINING
the marketing research project
a. True
b. False

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3. A CLASSIFICATION OF MARKETING RESEARCH DESIGNS

Figure 3.1 A
Classification of
Marketing
Research Designs

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3. A CLASSIFICATION OF MARKETING RESEARCH DESIGNS

EXPLORATORY & CONCLUSIVE RESEARCH DIFFERENCES

Research designs may be broadly classified as exploratory or conclusive.

The primary objective of exploratory research is to provide insights into, and an

understanding of the problem challenging the researcher.

Conclusive/definite research is designed to assist the decision maker in determining,

evaluating, and selecting the best sequence of action to take in a given situation.

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3. A CLASSIFICATION OF MARKETING RESEARCH DESIGNS Table 3.1 Differences

Between Exploratory
EXPLORATORY & CONCLUSIVE RESEARCH DIFFERENCES and Conclusive Research

Exploratory Conclusive/definitive (descriptive and

causal)
Objective: ▪ To provide insights and understanding ▪ To test specific hypotheses and
examine relationships

Characteristics: ▪ Information needed is defined only loosely.
▪ Research process is flexible and
unstructured.
▪ Sample is small and nonrepresentative.
▪ Analysis of primary data is qualitative.
▪ Information needed is clearly defined.
▪ Research process is formal and
structured.
▪ Sample is large and representative.
▪ Data analysis is quantitative.

Findings/Results ▪ Tentative/uncertain ▪ Conclusive/definite/ certain

Outcome ▪ Generally followed by further exploratory ▪ Findings used as input into decision
or conclusive research making

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3. A CLASSIFICATION OF MARKETING RESEARCH DESIGNS Table 3.2 : A

Comparison of Basic
EXPLORATORY & CONCLUSIVE RESEARCH DIFFERENCES Research Designs

Conclusive/definitive
Exploratory Descriptive Causal (explanatory)
Objective: • Discovery of ideas and • Describe market • Determine cause-and-
insights characteristics or functions effect relationships
Characteristics: • Flexible, versatile • Marked by the prior • Manipulation/ handling of
formulation of specific one or more independent
hypotheses variables
• Often the front end of total • Preplanned and structured • Measure the effect on
research design design dependent variable(s)

Methods: • Expert surveys • Secondary data: • Experiments

• Pilot surveys quantitative analysis
• Case studies • Surveys
• Qualitative research • Panels
• Secondary data: qualitative • Observation and other data
analysis

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QUESTIONS FOR
There are three main types of research designs employed in
TRAINING
marketing research: exploratory, descriptive, and conclusive
a. True
b. False

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QUESTIONS FOR
Conclusive research is typically more formal and structured
TRAINING
than exploratory research
a. True
b. False

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A. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH
USES OF EXPLORATORY RESEARCH
 Exploratory research could be used for any of the following
purposes:
 Formulate a problem or define a problem more precisely
 Identify alternative courses/ways of action
 Develop hypotheses
 Isolate key variables and relationships for further examination
 Gain insights for developing an approach to the problem
 Establish priorities for further research

METHODS OF EXPLORATORY RESEARCH

 Survey of experts (discussed in Chapter 2)
 Pilot surveys (discussed in Chapter 2)
 Secondary data analyzed in a qualitative way (discussed in
Chapter 4)
 Qualitative research (discussed in Chapter 5)

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B. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
USE OF DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
 As the name implies, the major objective of descriptive research is to
describe something – usually market characteristics or functions.
 Descriptive research is conducted for the following reasons:
1. To describe the characteristics of relevant groups, such as
consumers, salespeople, organizations, or market areas. For
example, we could develop a profile of the heavy users of prestigious
department stores.
2. To estimate the percentage of units in a specified population
showing a certain behavior. For example, we might be interested in
estimating the percentage of heavy users of prestigious department stores.
3. To determine the perceptions of product characteristics.
4. To determine the degree to which marketing variables are
associated.
5. To make specific predictions. For example, what will be the retail
sales of adidas (specific store) for fashion clothing (specific product
category) in the Dallas area (specific region)?

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B. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
USE OF DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
The Six W’s
A descriptive design requires a clear specification of the who, what, when, where, why,
and way (six w’s) of the research?
 Who – who should be considered a client of a particular department store?
 What – what information should be obtained from the respondents?
 When- when should the information be obtained from the respondents?
 Where – where should the respondents be contacted to obtain the
required information?
 Why – why are we obtaining information from the respondents? Why is
the marketing research project being conducted?
 Way – in what way are we going to obtain information from the
respondents?
In summary, descriptive research, in contrast to exploratory
research, is marked by a clear statement of the problem,
specific hypothesis, and detailed information needs.

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B. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
USE OF DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH

Other examples of descriptive studies

Other examples of descriptive studies are:
1. Market studies: size of the market, buying power of the consumers.
2. Market share studies: to determine the proportion of total sales
received by a company and its competitors.
3. Sales analysis study: which describe sales by geographic region,
product line, type, and size.
4. Image studies: which describes consumer perceptions of the firm and
its products.
5. Product usage studies, which describes consumption patterns
6. Distribution studies, describe number and location of distributors
7. Pricing studies, describe the range and frequency of price changes
8. Advertising studies.

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B. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
METHODS OF DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
 Secondary data analyzed in a quantitative, as opposed to a
qualitative, manner (discussed in Chapter 4)
 Surveys (Chapter 6)
 Panels (Chapters 4 and 6)
 Observational and other data (Chapter 6)

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QUESTIONS FOR
A descriptive design requires a clear specification of the
TRAINING
who, what, when, where, why, and way (the six Ws) of the
research
a. True
b. False

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B. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
CLASSIFICATION

Descriptive research can be

classified into:
 Cross sectional research
(most frequently used)
 Longitudinal research

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B. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH CLASSIFICATION

Cross-Sectional Design Longitudinal Design

• Involve the collection of information from • A fixed sample (or samples) of population
any given sample of population elements only elements is measured repeatedly on the same
once. variables
1. In single cross-sectional designs, there • A longitudinal design differs from a cross-sectional
is only one sample of respondents and design in that the sample or samples remain
information is obtained from this sample the same over time.
only once.
• The same people are studied over time and the
2. In multiple cross-sectional designs,
same variables are measured.
there are two or more samples of
respondents, and information from each • Sometimes the term panel is used interchangeably
sample is obtained only once. with the term longitudinal design. As A panel
Often, information from different consists of a sample of respondents who have
samples is obtained at different times. agreed to provide information at specified time
intervals over an extended period.

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B. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH CLASSIFICATION
CROSS-SECTIONAL VS. LONGITUDINAL

Cross- Sample
Sectional Surveyed
Design at T1

Sample Same Sample

Longitudinal
Surveyed at also Surveyed
Design T1 at T2

Time →
T1 T2

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4. RELATIVE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF LONGITUDINAL AND

CROSS-SECTIONAL DESIGNS
Table 3.3 Relative Advantages and
Disadvantages of Longitudinal and
Cross-Sectional Designs

Evaluation Criteria Cross-Sectional Longitudinal

Design Design
Detecting/ distinguishing change − +
Large amount of data collection − +
Accuracy − +
Representative sampling + −
Response bias + −
Note:
A + indicates a relative advantage over the other design,
whereas a − indicates a relative disadvantage.

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4. RELATIVE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF LONGITUDINAL AND

CROSS-SECTIONAL DESIGNS
Advantage of Longitudinal Design Disadvantage of Longitudinal Design
1. A major advantage of longitudinal design over the 1. Refusal/rejection to cooperate: many
cross-sectional design is the ability to detect individuals and households refuse the panel
change (Substantial/essential Change) as a operation and refuse to participate.
result of repeated measurement of the same 2. Mortality/ death: people who agree to
variables on the same sample. participate may subsequently drop out
2. Longitudinal data enable researchers to examine because they move away or lose interest.
changes in the behavior of individual units and 3. Payment: payment may cause certain types
to link behavioral changes to marketing variables of people to be attracted, making the group
such as changes in advertising, packaging, pricing, unrepresentative of the population.
and distribution.
3. Another advantage of panels/longitudinal is that
relatively large amount of data can be
collected.

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QUESTIONS FOR
Cross-sectional designs involve the collection of information
TRAINING
from any given sample of population elements only once
a. True
b. False

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QUESTIONS FOR
A longitudinal design differs from a cross-sectional design in
TRAINING
that the sample or samples remain the same over time
a. True
b. False

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QUESTIONS FOR
Sometimes, the term sample survey is used
TRAINING
interchangeably with the term longitudinal design
a. True
b. False

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C. CAUSAL RESEARCH
USES & METHODS OF CAUSAL RESEARCH
 Causal research is used to obtain evidence of cause-
and-effect (causal) relationships.
 METHOD: Experiments.
 It is appropriate for the following purposes:
1. To understand which variables are the cause
(independent variables) and which variables are the
effect (dependent variables) of a phenomenon.
2. To determine the nature (positive or negative)
of the relationship between the causal variables and
the effect to be predicted.

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5. RELATIONSHIPS AMONG EXPLORATORY,

DESCRIPTIVE, AND CAUSAL RESEARCH
 We have described exploratory, descriptive, and causal research as major
classifications of research designs, but the differences among these
classifications are not absolute/ fixed.
 A given marketing research project may involve more than one type of
research design and thus serve several purposes.
 Which combination of research designs should be employed depends on
the nature of the problem.
 We offer the following general guidelines for choosing research
designs:
1. When little is known about the problem situation, it is desirable
to begin with exploratory research. Exploratory research is
appropriate when the problem needs to be defined more precisely,
alternative courses of action identified, research questions or hypotheses
developed, and key variables isolated and classified as dependent or
independent.

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5. RELATIONSHIPS AMONG EXPLORATORY,

DESCRIPTIVE, AND CAUSAL RESEARCH
 We offer the following general guidelines for choosing
research designs:
2. Exploratory research is the initial step in the overall
research design framework. It should, in most instances, be
followed by descriptive or causal research. For example, hypotheses
developed via exploratory research should be statistically tested
using descriptive or causal research.
3. It is not necessary to begin every research design with
exploratory research. It depends upon the accuracy with which
the problem has been defined and the researcher’s degree of
certainty about the approach to the problem. A research design could
well begin with descriptive or causal research.
4. Although exploratory research is generally the initial step, it
need not be. Exploratory research may follow descriptive or causal
research. For example, descriptive or causal research results in
findings that are hard for managers to interpret. Exploratory research
may provide more insights to help understand these findings.

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5. RELATIONSHIPS AMONG EXPLORATORY, DESCRIPTIVE,

AND CAUSAL RESEARCH
CASE STUDY: DEPARTMENT STORE PATRONAGE PROJECT.
 In the department store patronage project, exploratory research,
including secondary data analysis and qualitative research, was first
conducted to define the problem and develop a suitable
approach. This was followed by a descriptive study consisting of a
survey in which a questionnaire was constructed and administered by
personal interviews.
 Suppose the patronage study was to be repeated after a year to
determine if any changes had taken place. At that point,
exploratory research would probably be unnecessary, and the
research design could begin with descriptive research.
 Assume that the survey is repeated a year later, and some
unexpected findings are obtained. Management wonders why the
store’s ratings on in-store service have declined when the sales staff has
increased. Exploratory research in the form of focus groups might
be undertaken to probe the unexpected findings. The focus groups
may reveal that while the salespeople are easy to find, they are not
perceived to be friendly or helpful. This may suggest the need for training
the sales staff.

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QUESTIONS FOR
Exploratory research is used in cases when you must define
TRAINING
the problem more precisely, identify relevant courses of
action, or gain additional insights before an approach can
be developed
a. True
b. False

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Creative Advertising

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6. POTENTIAL SOURCES OF ERROR IN RESEARCH DESIGNS

Figure 3.2 Potential

Sources of Error in
Research Designs

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6. ERRORS IN MARKETING RESEARCH

 The total error is the variation between the true mean value in the population of the variable
of interest and the observed mean value obtained in the marketing research project.
 Example : the average income of the population is $2000, as determined from the latest historical records,
but the marketing research project estimates it as $1000 .

Total error
Random sampling error Non-sampling error

❑ Random sampling error is the variation ❑ Non-sampling errors can be attributed to

between the true mean value for the sources other than sampling, and they
population and the true mean value for may be random or nonrandom.
the original sample.
❑ It including errors in problem definition,
❑ Random sampling error occurs because approach, scales, questionnaire design,
the particular sample selected is an interviewing methods, and data
imperfect representation of the population of preparation and analysis.
interest.
❑ Non-sampling errors consist of non-
response errors and response errors.

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6. ERRORS IN MARKETING RESEARCH (1 OF 2)

 Non-sampling errors can be attributed to sources other than sampling,
 Non-sampling errors consist of non-response errors and response errors.

Non-sampling error

Non-response error Response error

❑ Non-response error arises when ❑ Response error arises when

some of the respondents included in respondents give inaccurate
the sample do not respond. answers, or their answers are mis-
recorded or mis-analyzed.
❑ Nonresponse will cause the net or
resulting sample to be different in size or ❑ Response errors consist of
composition from the original sample. researcher errors, interviewer and
respondent errors.
❑ It is the difference between the true
mean value in the original sample
and the true mean value in the net
sample.

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6. ERRORS IN MARKETING RESEARCH

Response error

Response errors made by the researcher include

 Surrogate/replacement information error is the variation between the

information needed for the marketing research problem and the information
required by the researcher. For example, obtaining information on consumer
preferences instead of obtaining information on consumer choice of new brand.
 Measurement error is the variation between the information required and
the information generated by the measurement process employed by the
researcher.
 Population definition error may be defined as the variation between the
actual population relevant to the problem at hand and the population as
defined by the researcher.
 Sampling frame error is the variation between the population defined by
the researcher and the population as implied by the sampling frame (list) used.
 Data analysis error includes errors that occur while raw data from
questionnaires are transformed into research findings. For example, an
inappropriate statistical procedure is used, resulting in incorrect interpretation and
findings.

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6. ERRORS IN MARKETING RESEARCH

Response errors made by the interviewer include

❑ Questioning error denotes errors made in asking questions of the

respondent.
❑ Recording error arises due to errors in hearing, interpreting, and recording
the answers given by the respondents.
❑ Cheating errors arises when the interviewer fabricates answers to a part
or all of the interview.

Response errors made by the respondent include

❑ Inability error results from the respondent’s inability to provide accurate

answers.This may be due to unfamiliarity, question format, question content,
and other factors.
❑ Unwillingness error arises from the respondent’s unwillingness to provide
accurate information.

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QUESTIONS FOR
The total error is the variation between the true mean value
TRAINING
in the population of the variable of interest and the observed
mean value obtained in the marketing research project
a. True
b. False

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7. BUDGETING AND SCHEDULING THE PROJECT

 Once a research design, properly controlling the total error, has been
specified, the budgeting and scheduling decisions should be made.
 Budgeting and scheduling help to ensure that the marketing
research project is completed within the available resources—
financial, time, personnel, and other.
 By specifying the time parameters within which each task
should be completed and the costs of each task, the research
project can be effectively managed.
 A useful approach for managing a project is the critical path
method (CPM), which involves dividing the research project into
component activities, determining the sequence of these activities,
and estimating the time required for each activity. These activities
and time estimates are diagrammed in the form of a network
flowchart.

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7. BUDGETING AND SCHEDULING THE PROJECT

 Budgeting and scheduling

 Critical path method (CPM) : Management technique of
dividing a research project into component activities, determining
the sequence of these components and the time each activity will
require.
 Program evaluation and review technique (PERT): An
advanced version of CPM (A more sophisticated critical path
method) that accounts for the uncertainty in project
completion times (measures the uncertainty of the project
completion times).
 Graphical evaluation and review technique (GERT): An
even more advanced scheduling technique (A sophisticated critical
path method) that accounts for both the completion
probabilities and the activity costs.

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QUESTIONS FOR
Budgeting and scheduling management tools help ensure
TRAINING
that the marketing research project is completed within the
available resources.

a. True
b. False

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8. MARKETING RESEARCH PROPOSAL

 Once the research design has been formulated and budgeting
and scheduling of the project accomplished, a written
research proposal should be prepared.
 The marketing research proposal contains the essence of the
project and serves as a contract between the researcher and
management.
 The research proposal covers all phases of the marketing
research process. It describes the research problem, the
approach, the research design, and how the data will be collected,
analyzed, and reported.
 It gives a cost estimate and a time schedule for
completing the project.

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8. MARKETING RESEARCH PROPOSAL

 Although the format of a research proposal may vary considerably,
most proposals address all steps of the marketing research
process and contain the following elements.
❑ Summary
❑ Background
❑ Problem Definition/Objectives of the Research
❑ Approach to the Problem
❑ Research Design
❑ Fieldwork/Data Collection
❑ Data Analysis
❑ Reporting
❑ Cost and Time
❑ Appendices
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8. MARKETING RESEARCH PROPOSAL

Most proposals address all steps of the marketing research process and contain the following elements:
1. Summary : the proposal should begin with a summary , presenting an overview of the entire proposal.
2. Background: the background to the problem, including the environmental context should be discussed.
3. Problem Definition/Objectives of the Research: a statement of the problem, including the specific components,
should be presented.
4. Approach to the Problem: at a minimum, a review of the relevant academic literature should be presented, along with
some kind of an analytical model. If research questions and hypotheses have been identified, then these should be included
in the proposal.
5. Research Design: the research design adopted, whether exploratory, descriptive, or causal should be specified.
6. Fieldwork/Data Collection: the proposal should discuss how the data will be collected and who will collect it.
7. Data Analysis: the kind of data analysis that will be conducted and how the results will be interpreted should be
described.
8. Reporting: the proposal should specify whether intermediate reports will be presented and at what stages, what will be
the form of the final report, and whether a formal presentation of the results will be made.
9. Cost and Time: the cost of the project and a time schedule, broken down by phases, should be presented.
10.Appendices: Any statistical or other information that is of interest only to a few people should be contained in
appendices.

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QUESTIONS FOR
The marketing research proposal does not include a
TRAINING
reporting section because a separate final report of the
research project findings is provided at the end of the
project.

a. True
b. False

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CHAPTER MAP

Research Design
Relationships
Research Research Among Potential Budgeting Marketing
Exploratory Descriptive Causal
Design Design Exploratory, Sources and Research
Research Research Research
definition Classification Descriptive, and of Error Scheduling Proposal
Causal Research
Exploratory
Research Cross-Sectional Random Non-sampling
Design Sampling Error Error
Descriptive
Research Longitudinal
Design Non-response
Response Error
Causal Error
Research
researcher errors
Interviewer errors
respondent errors

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THANK
YOU
Mohamed khashan
Mansoura university

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