Ciara Stynes A00261787 B.Eng. Mech. & Polymer Year 1 Grp.

2
Wheel and Axial

Athlone Institute of Technology

Inustitiúid Teicneolaíochta Bhaile Átha Luain

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Bachelor of Engineering in Polymer & Mechanical Engineering

Year 1 Group 2 2018/2019
Mechanics
Continuous Assessment

Student Name Ciara Stynes

Student Number A00261787

Date Title
08/04/19 Wheel and Axial
Ciara Stynes A00261787 B.Eng. Mech. & Polymer Year 1 Grp.2
Wheel and Axial

Contents
Title........................................................................................................................................................1
Objectives..............................................................................................................................................1
Apparatus..............................................................................................................................................1
Introduction...........................................................................................................................................1
Experimental Procedure........................................................................................................................2
Results...................................................................................................................................................2
Conclusions............................................................................................................................................2
References.............................................................................................................................................2
Ciara Stynes A00261787 B.Eng. Mech. & Polymer Year 1 Grp.2
Wheel and Axial

Differential Wheel and Axel

Objectives
 To determine the mechanical advantage and the velocity ratio of the machine.
 To illustrate graphically the variation of
o Effort
o Mechanical Advantage
o Effort of friction and
o Efficiency

As a function of load.

 To obtain an equation for the relationship between load and effort and the law of the machine.

Apparatus

The apparatus used in this experiment was simplilar to the above diagram.

 Differential wheel and axel.

 Varied slotted masses.
 2 slotted masses hangers.
 Meter stick.

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Ciara Stynes A00261787 B.Eng. Mech. & Polymer Year 1 Grp.2
Wheel and Axial

Introduction
A machine is a device that changes the magnitude and/or direction of the force. A machine does not change the
amount of work that is done but can change the distances and forces used. To do a large amount of work with a
small force a larger distance is required.

Load(N )
Mechanical Advantage =
Efoort (N )
Effort (m)
Velocity Ratio =
Load (m)
Mechanical Advantage
Efficiency =
Velocity Ratio
In a perfect world the efficiency of a machine would be 1, but due to energy lost through friction/heat/etc. it always
less than 1. Efficiency can also be show in a percentage by multiplying by 100.

As the load and the displacement in a machine stay the same the effort (N) is increased to overcome the energy loss.
The extra effort is referred to as friction effort.

Experimental Procedure
 The load and efforts positions from the ground were noted.
 The effort hanger was then moved closer to the ground.
 The load and efforts positions from the ground were noted.
 The displacement of the hanger was then calculated.
 The velocity ratio of the machine was then calculated.

 The load (N) was increased in increments as seen below.

 At each increment the effort (N) was increased until motion occurred.
 The effort (N) at each increment was noted.
 The load and effort were them used to calculate the mechanical advantage at each increment.
 The idea effort (efficiency = 100%) was then calculated.
 The friction was then calculated by the difference between the idea effort and the actual effort at each
increment.
 The efficiency of the machine at each increment was calculated.
 The graphs were then plotted using the appropriate values.

Results
Effort distance from the ground = 85.2cm → 16.1cm

= 69.1 displacement

Load distance from the ground = 75.3cm → 64.2 cm

= 6.9 cm displacement

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Ciara Stynes A00261787 B.Eng. Mech. & Polymer Year 1 Grp.2
Wheel and Axial
Distance Moved by the Effort
Velocity Ratio=
Distance Moved by the Load
69.1/6.9 = 10.01

Load Effort Load Effort Velocity Mechanical Ideal Effort IE = Frictional Efficiency
(Kg) (Kg) (N) (N) Ratio Advantage W/VR Effort = (MA/VR)
M.A. = W/E E-IE x100%
0 0.05 0 0.4905 10.01 0 0 0.4905 0
0.3 0.07 2.943 0.6867 10.01 4.285714 0.294006 0.392694 42.81433
0.55 0.11 5.3955 1.0791 10.01 5 0.539011 0.540089 49.95005
0.8 0.15 7.848 1.4715 10.01 5.333333 0.784016 0.687484 53.28005
1.05 0.19 10.3005 1.8639 10.01 5.526316 1.029021 0.834879 55.20795
1.3 0.22 12.753 2.1582 10.01 5.909091 1.274026 0.884174 59.03188
1.55 0.26 15.2055 2.5506 10.01 5.961538 1.519031 1.031569 59.55583

Load/Effort Graph Load/Mechanical

3 Advatage Graph
7
2.5
f(x) = 0.150857142857143 x + 0.266084571428572 6
Mechanical Edvantage

2 5
Effort (N)

1.5 4

1 3
2
0.5
1
0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Load(N)
Load (N)

Load/Friction Graph Load/Efficency Graph

1.2 70

1 60
50
0.8
Efficiency (%)
Friction (n)

40
0.6
30
0.4
20
0.2 10
0 0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Load (n) Load (n)

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Ciara Stynes A00261787 B.Eng. Mech. & Polymer Year 1 Grp.2
Wheel and Axial

Conclusions
From the data collected we can estimate:

o The amount of effort displacement is required to get the equivalent load displacement (Velocity Ratio),
o The amount of effort force is required to overcome the load force (Mechanical Advantage),
o How much effort force is lost in the system (e.g. Friction/heat),
o The efficiency of the machine (the more efficient = less energy lost).

Possible errors may be due to:

o Creep of the string,

o Slippage of the string on the wheel,
o Parallax when taking readings.

References
Mechanics Semester 2 Lab Notes

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