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Calphad
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/calphad
A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T
Keywords: The Fe-Cr system is re-assessed, focusing on an improved modeling of σ phase. The three sublattice model
Calphad (Cr,Fe)10(Cr,Fe)4(Cr,Fe)16 is parameterized to model the σ phase, solving discrepancies between computed and
σ phase experimental site fractions of previous descriptions. Taking into account relative metastability trends of end-
Crystal structure member compounds from first-principles analysis, only two additional interaction parameters of the σ-FeCr
DFT
description were required for the reproduction of the chemical structure, thermodynamic properties and phase
boundaries.
⁎
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: aurelie.jacob@tuwien.ac.at (A. Jacob).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.calphad.2017.10.002
Received 20 July 2017; Received in revised form 15 September 2017; Accepted 1 October 2017
Available online 21 December 2017
0364-5916/ © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/BY-NC-ND/4.0/).
A. Jacob et al. Calphad 60 (2018) 16–28
additionally affects the spinodal decomposition. Further, the proposed Paxton [22] and Dubiel and Inden [21], the eutectoid temperature can
magnetic parameters of Fe-Cr BCC do not reproduce the experimental be accepted to be between 773 and 802 K.
Curie temperature towards higher Cr-alloying (see Fig. 9 from Xiong The enthalpy of formation of the σ phase at T=923 K has been
et al. [13]). determined from adiabatic calorimeter by Dench [24]. Assessed en-
Xiong et al. [4] provide a better description of the miscibility gap as thalpy data by Müller et al. [25] took into account also other collected
well as of the Curie temperature and the magnetic moment. Their as- data [26] and suggested slightly higher values than the results by Dench
sessment of the Fe-Cr system is based on the revised lattice stability of [24].
pure iron from Chen and Sundman [14], providing a physically im-
proved description of magnetism and no thermal discontinuities of the 2.1.2. Crystal structure of σ phase
Gibbs energy function. So far, the revised lattice stabilities have only The σ phase crystallizes as a tetragonal structure in the P42/mnm
been used in the thermodynamic modeling of the Fe-Cr [4] and Fe-C space group. 30 atoms per unit cell are distributed on five different
[15] systems. For proper extension into ternary and multi-component Wyckoff positions [8]. Thus, the formula A212B415C814D812E814 can be
systems, refinement of all involved lattice stabilities would be required. given, where each letter represents a Wyckoff position, the subscript the
However, associated research activities are still ongoing [16], and number of atoms per position and the higher indices the coordination
combination to full descriptions of higher-order systems and im- number.
plementations into more comprehensive thermodynamic databases, The crystal structure of the σ phase in the Fe-Cr system was in-
such as MatCalc-compatible [17] databases being developed by the vestigated by Yakel [1] by XRD measurements of single crystals. He
authors of this study, is not performed at present. Consequently, we are confirmed the space group P42/mnm and determined that each Wyckoff
still relying on the first-generation lattice stabilities from Dinsdale [18]. position is mixed occupied by Fe and Cr. Details of the crystal structure
Xiong et al. [4] used the simplified two-sublattice model suggestion and information on the atomic positions are given in Table 1.
[8] for the σ phase, which, they claimed, would however be unlikely From structural-chemical investigation of samples annealed at dif-
appropriate in multi-component extensions. ferent temperatures up to 1400 h for the lower temperature, Yakel [1]
The re-calculated phase diagram of the Fe-Cr system based on the concluded that temperature does not influence the site preference sig-
present study is shown in Fig. 1. As expected, the FCC γ-loop is observed nificantly. Cieślak et al. [27] studied the site preferences for different
on the Fe-rich side. The BCC phase has a large miscibility gap between compositions in samples at 973 K annealed for up to 6650 h. The results
Fe-rich (BCC) and Cr-rich (BCC’) alloy compounds. σ phase is stable at of these two studies are shown in Fig. 2.
elevated temperatures. The studies [1,27] of site occupancies (Fig. 2) in σ-FeCr reveal that
Fe prefers the A and D positions, whereas Cr sits preferentially on B, C
2.1. σ phase in the Fe-Cr system and E. The two studies were done at different temperatures, T=923 K
[1] and T=973 K [27], respectively, but provide similar results, con-
2.1.1. Phase stability of σ phase firming the suggestion made by Yakel [1].
The σ phase was discovered for the first time in 1907 in the Fe-Cr
system. It is nowadays known to be present in more than forty binary 2.1.3. Thermodynamic modeling
systems [8]. In the Fe-Cr system, the σ phase is stable from ~44 to Several thermodynamic models [3–5,11], distinguished by the
~50 at% Cr [8]. It is formed by a congruent reaction BCC ↔ σ at number of sublattices and atoms per sublattice, have been proposed for
temperatures between 1093 and 1098 K [19,20] and decomposes by a the σ phase in the Fe-Cr system since the establishment of the com-
eutectoid reaction at T=773 K [21] into BCC+BCC’. pound energy formalism (CEF) [28] for non-stoichiometric phases. The
Reported experimental temperatures of the eutectoid reaction are CEF allows for the energetic description of interactions among different
controversial [21–23]. Williams and Paxton [22] determined this value sorts of atoms, sharing the same sublattice, as well as the combination
to be between 783 and 823 K. According to Dubiel and Inden [21], this of different sublattices. This made the CEF an essential pre-requisite for
temperature lies between 773 and 805 K, whereas Koyano et al. [23] the physically proper modeling of intermetallic phases with relatively
determined this value to be below 783 K, but traces of carbides may complex crystallographic order, such as it is the case for the group of
have blurred the results. Dubiel and Inden [21] annealed their C-free topologically close-packed phases including σ phase. In the CEF, the
Fe-Cr samples for four years, and, thus, likely approached the equili- mathematical model divides the phase into different sublattices.
brium state. Considering the temperature range given by Williams and The molar Gibbs energy of a phase can be formulated as:
Gm = G ref + Gid + Gex . (1)
The first term, G ref , represents the surface of reference. In the σ
phase, with full five-sublattice description, each of the five sublattices
represent distinct Wyckoff positions, and G ref is written
Gid = RT ∑ yi ln (yi ).
i (3)
The last term represents the excess Gibbs energy, i.e. the term
summing up all non-ideal mixing contributions of the phase. This part
represents the focus during the thermodynamic optimization process.
The thermodynamic modeling of σ-FeCr given by Hertzman [11]
Fig. 1. Equilibrium phase stability diagram of Fe-Cr as calculated from the present and Anderson and Sundman [3] was proposed at a time where the
parameters.
quantitative analysis of site distributions in complex intermetallic
17
A. Jacob et al. Calphad 60 (2018) 16–28
Table 1
Crystal structure of σ-CrFe as given by Yakel [1].
Wyckoff position x y z CN
2a (blue) – A 0 0 0 12
4f (red) – B 0.39864 x 0 15
8i (orange) – C 0.46349 0.13122 0 14
8i’ (green) – D 0.73933 0.0661 0 12
8j (grey) – E 0.18267 x 0.25202 14
describe the σ phase from 13.3% to 66.7% of A atoms only. Herein, this
model cannot fully reflect the full homogeneity range of the σ phase in
other systems where this phase is also present. Anyway, the model was
applied in Fe-Cr by Chuang et al. [5] and by Westman [6]. The model
has also been used to model σ phase in Ni-V [29] and Mo-Re [7].
Chuang et al.'s [5] data were not used in ternary extensions due to
unclear formulations of model parameters and Westman did not publish
his results. Nevertheless, his parameterization has already been used in
ternary extensions, such as, Fe-Cr-C [31] and Fe-Cr-Nb [32].
Joubert [8] published a two sublattice alternative, which solved the
modeling problem of σ phase composition ranges. Xiong et al. [4] used
this model, i.e. (Cr,Fe)10(Cr,Fe)20, for σ-FeCr. However, Joubert [8] also
noted the simplifications of the model in terms of site distribution.
Xiong et al. [4] also stated some doubt on the model extension to multi-
component systems.
Calculated phase boundaries using Andersson and Sundman [3],
Westman [6] and Xiong et al. [4] descriptions of σ-FeCr are shown in
Fig. 3. Associated site occupancies of Fe and Cr on the different sub-
lattices are also displayed in the Fig. 4.
Fig. 2. Site occupancies of Fe on the different Wyckoff positions in the σ phase according Clearly, results using (Fe)8(Cr)4(Cr,Fe)18 and (Fe)10(Cr)4(Cr,Fe)16
to Yakel [1] and Cieslak [27].
phases was far less accurate than today. Thus, Andersson and Sundman
[3] used, “for convenience”, the three sublattices model
(Fe)8(Cr)4(Cr,Fe)18. This sublattice model allows Fe on the D site, Cr on
the B site and a mixing on A, C and E sites (See Table 1). While the
model properly reproduces the homogeneity range of σ-FeCr, An-
dersson [3] already speculated that it might be inappropriate for Ni-
containing σ phase. Furthermore, this model wrongly assigned the
moles of atoms in the different sublattices [8]. Joubert [8] revealed that
in several systems (e.g. Ni-V [29]), the homogeneity range of σ phase
cannot be represented by (D)8(B)4(A,C,E)18. Nevertheless, the set of
parameters from [3] have been widely used in extensions to ternary [8]
and multicomponent thermodynamic databases (e.g., TCFE, mc_fe).
In 1997, a scientific group [30] proposed a new sublattice model for
the σ phase, (Fe)10(Cr)4(Cr,Fe)16. This description indeed also re-
presented a simplification compared to the real crystallographic case.
Nevertheless, it obeys the rule to combine experimentally determined
Wyckoff positions of same coordination numbers, i.e. (2A+8D)(4B)
(8C+8E). While, in the binary Fe-Cr system, this description requires Fig. 3. Comparison of calculated σ-FeCr stability region according to Andersson and
only two end-members, none of them lies within the composition range Sundman [3], Westman [6] (i.e. only modification of the σ phase compared to Andersson
of the observed stability of σ phase. Moreover, this model allows to and Sundman [3]) and Xiong et al. [4] compared to Cook and Jones [19].
18
A. Jacob et al. Calphad 60 (2018) 16–28
[3,6] are close to each other, whereas the σ-FeCr phase boundaries 2.1.4. DFT calculations of σ phase
using (Cr,Fe)10(Cr,Fe)20 [4] deviate significantly. It was mentioned that Sluiter et al. [33] reported calculated enthalpies of formation for σ-
the slight “lining off” to the Fe-rich side is an intrinsic consequence of FeCr within the Ising model in the framework of density functional
the model and does not reproduce an experimental feature [19]. None theory (DFT). All of their calculations were done in a non-magnetic
of the up to now available model parameterizations can represent the state. Later, Havránková et al. [34], by using DFT, confirmed the results
crystal chemistry of the σ-Fe-Cr phase properly, as indicated in Fig. 4 by of Sluiter et al. [33]. Both studies reveal that the enthalpy of formation
the deviations of site occupancies from the experimental ones [1,27]. of the different configurations are positive and that the most stable
Previous modeling alternatives of σ phase can be summarized as configurations are - following the sequence of Wyckoff position
suitable approaches for specific questions in a distinct low-order A212B415C814D812E814 as given in Table 1 - FeCrCrFeCr and FeFeCrFeCr.
system, either the reproduction of experimental phase boundaries, or Site occupancies in σ-FeCr have been studies by DFT calculations
that of site occupancies. For the proper extension of σ phase modeling taking into account magnetism by Kabliman et al. [35] as a function of
to multicomponent systems, it is relevant to cope with both of these temperature for the composition Fe0.5Cr0.5. Their results are consistent
features. A proper approach will be presented in Section 3 of this paper. with the experimental data from Yakel [1] and Cieślak et al. [27].
This, in turn, will reflect a higher physical meaningfulness of the as-
sessed description and guarantee the usefulness of the concerning da- 2.2. Solution phases
tabases for kinetic simulations of σ phase evolution during complex
heat treatments of technological alloys [17]. The total Gibbs energy of the solution phase φ is given the same as
in Eq. (1). Its Gibbs energy of reference is
φ φ
G ref , φ = x Cr GCr + xFe GFe , (4)
19
A. Jacob et al. Calphad 60 (2018) 16–28
Table 2
Calculated enthalpy of formation at T=0 K as obtained from DFT.
Compound according to Wyckoff position Compound according to Ferromagnetic Non magnetic References
A212B415C814D812E814 Calphad model
ΔfH (kJ.mol−1.atom−1) Lattice ΔfH (kJ.mol−1.atom−1) Lattice
parameter (Å) parameter (Å)
2.2.2. FCC
Fig. 5. Calculated enthalpies of formation of σ phase at 0 K by DFT compared to previous The austeno-ferritic transformation in Fe-Cr has been investigated
studies [33,50,52,53].
experimentally in refs. [41,42]. Based on these results, several ther-
modynamic assessment have been carried out [3,4,11,43,44]. In the
Where xCr and xFe represent the molar fraction of Cr and Fe, respec- present work, the experimental data of refs. [41,42] are shown to result
tively. The Gibbs energy of mixing describing the excess Gibbs energy in the best optimization of phase boundaries.
is:
n 2.2.3. Liquid
i, φ
Gex ,φ = x Cr xFe ∑ LCr , Fe Solidus and liquidus data have been measured by thermocouple and
i=1 (5) optical pyrometer techniques at high temperature up to 2100 K by
i, φ Adcock [41].
The interaction parameters LCr , Fe among Cr and Fe can be tem-
The enthalpy of mixing of liquid was measured several times
perature dependent.
[45–49]. Among the existing data, huge scatter exists. One study pre-
dicted negative enthalpy [46] of mixing, suggesting a strong interaction
2.2.1. BCC between Fe and Cr, whereas others [47,48] suggest a repulsion of the
Various atomistic studies [10,36–38] have determined the enthalpy atoms in liquid Fe-Cr. These differences are most likely the result of
of mixing of BCC Fe-Cr at 0 K. Consistently, a negative enthalpy of impurities in the samples influencing the measurements and the ex-
mixing below 10 at. % Cr and a maximum around 50 at. % Cr were perimental technique used by Batalin et al. [47]. The studies of Thie-
obtained. The DFT calculations of Levesque [37] and the results of demann et al. [45] and Pavars et al. [49] suggest an almost ideal be-
embedded-atom method from Eich et al. [10] were used in Monte Carlo havior of the enthalpy of mixing, which is consistent with the
simulations [10,37] to determine the miscibility gap α/α’ consistent experimental results for the liquidus [47] and the phase diagram. Thus,
with available experimental data [39]. The miscibility gap has also the results of Thiedemann et al. [45] and Pavars et al. [49] are accepted
been determined experimentally by Mössbauer spectroscopy by Ku- in the present work. The liquid phase was recently re-modeled using the
wano [39], Dubiel and Inden [19] and Dubiel and Zukrowski [21,40]. description of solid phases as described by Andersson and Sundman [3]
The miscibility gap of the Fe-Cr BCC phase [21,40] has been re- by Cui et al. [50]. Their description of liquid was done with the mod-
produced by Xiong et al. [4] using newly suggested lattice stabilities of ified quasi-chemical model, which is not compatible with the software
pure Fe from Chen and Sundman [14]. Xiong et al. [4] reproduced the program MatCalc and cannot be implemented in our databases for
experimental mixing enthalpy at 1529 K [22] well, whereas further thermokinetic computations of multi-component systems.
20
A. Jacob et al. Calphad 60 (2018) 16–28
Table 3
Re-optimized model parameters of the Fe-Cr system.
0 σ
GCr:Fe:Cr = +140486 + 26× 0GCr BCC_A2
+4× 0GFe
BCC_A2
0 σ
GFe:Cr:Cr = +56200 + 20× 0GCr BCC_A2
+10× 0GFe
BCC_A2
0 σ 0 BCC_A2 0 BCC_A2
GFe:Fe:Cr = +46200 + 16× GCr +14× GFe
0 σ
GCr:Cr:Fe = +123500 − 110 × T + 14× 0GCr BCC_A2
+16× 0GFe
BCC_A2
0 σ 0 BCC_A2 0 BCC_A2
GCr:Fe:Fe = 148800 + 10× GCr +20× GFe
0 σ
GFe:Cr:Fe = 152700 + 26× 0GCr BCC_A2
+4× 0GFe
BCC_A2
0 σ 0 BCC_A2
GFe:Fe:Fe = 173333+30× GFe
0 σ
LFe:Cr:Cr , Fe = −170400 − 70 × T
0 σ
LFe:Fe:Cr , Fe = −330839 − 10 × T
Fig. 7. Phase stability of σ phase of the present work compared with previous thermo-
Fig. 6. Gibbs energy of σ phase calculated at T=1000 K obtained with the DFT enthalpies
dynamic [3,4,6] modeling and experimental data [18].
at 0 K, modified DFT, and from previous thermodynamic modeling [3,4,6]. The symbols
show the chemical composition of the end-members according to the model used by each
authors. contributions of non-ideal mixing to the molar Gibbs energy of the
phase. This will particularly be hampering the model extension to
A complete literature review was provided by Xiong et al. [13]. The multicomponent systems. Here, we thus follow the convention of the
interested reader is invited to refer to this paper for further details. Ringberg meeting [26], i.e. combining Wyckoff positions of same co-
ordination number in the sublattice description
(Cr,Fe)10(Cr,Fe)4(Cr,Fe)16. This model is rather similar to the one from
3. Revisions of thermodynamic modeling
Westman [6]. Yet, whereas Westman described σ phase with a
(Fe)10(Cr)4(Fe,Cr)16 model, we allow Fe and Cr on each sublattice in
3.1. σ phase
accordance with its structural-chemical analysis [1]. Importantly, this
allows to cover the composition range of phase stability in closer
3.1.1. Sublattice description:
agreement to the real physico-chemical nature of the σ phase.
Our literature survey of Section 2 suggests that there is a need for an
The total Gibbs energy with the three sublattice model
improved thermodynamic description of the σ phase in terms of its
(Cr,Fe)10(Cr,Fe)4(Cr,Fe)16 is given by
proper computed phase stability and site occupancies. Indeed, a full
sublattice description, considering all of the five Wyckoff positions in
the form of independent sublattices, will result in a large number of
end-member compounds and even more potential interactions for
21
A. Jacob et al. Calphad 60 (2018) 16–28
22
A. Jacob et al. Calphad 60 (2018) 16–28
may be considered as an approximation to the partial disordering of the with a difference of around 3 kJ, which is, as far as our experience goes,
phase. a typical deviation, found likewise for assessed intermetallic phases in
At first, we model the σ phase by using the energy of the end- many systems. For the less stable compounds, the Calphad assessment
members as obtained by DFT (we chose the energy for FM state from leads to large deviation of −8 to −10 kJ. Thereby, the σ phase is in-
Table 2). This however leads to a too unstable σ phase. Any attempt to deed significantly stabilized and temperature dependence was only
stabilize it entropically, by adding some negative temperature depen- necessary for the compound Cr2Cr4Fe8Cr8Fe8 (Cr10Cr4Fe16 in the 3SL
dence to the end-members provoke inevitably the creation of miscibility model, at x(Cr)=0.467) to stabilize the σ-FeCr on the Cr rich side. The
gaps, which is physically not correct and was experimentally not ob- difference between the data obtained by DFT and Calphad is in the
served. The prevention of miscibility gaps and stabilization of σ phase order of 8–10 kJ mol−1. This difference, which is higher than an ex-
could only be obtained with a relatively low weight given to the energy pected error (~5 kJ mol−1), is probably due to the problem of handling
of all end-members as obtained by DFT during the optimization. As a magnetism by DFT (see ΔHmix calculated by DFT [10,36–38]) and due
consequence, the Calphad-assessed enthalpies deviate from the DFT to the simplification made in the Calphad modeling in the CEF (i.e. the
data. For the two most stable end-members, Fe2Cr4Cr8Fe8Cr8 and constraint to a certain lattice, mixing on the same sublattice), leading to
Fe2Fe4Cr8Fe8Cr8, best reproduction of phase boundaries was obtained an error of magnitude of about 10 kJ mol−1.
23
A. Jacob et al. Calphad 60 (2018) 16–28
Fig. 12. Calculated Curie temperature compared to experiments [4] and previous ther-
modynamic modeling [3,4].
Fig. 14. a) Calculated ΔfH (T=1529 K) compared to experimental data [23] (open tri-
angles), thermodynamic modeling [4] and computation from molecular dynamics and
Monte Carlo [10]. b) Calculated ΔHmix at 300 K from the present work and previous
thermodynamic modeling [3,4] compared to enthalpy of mixing obtained by DFT at 0
Fig. 13. Calculated heat capacity at x(Cr)=0.13 compared to experiments [4,59,60] and
K [10,35–37].
previous thermodynamic calculations [3,4].
24
A. Jacob et al. Calphad 60 (2018) 16–28
Fig. 16. Calculated FCC-BCC phase boundary according to the present thermodynamic The BCC phase is the predominant alloy phase in the Fe-Cr system
modeling.
and occurs in direct equilibrium with all the other phases. Thus, we
optimized its model parameters first. Since the BCC phase has adjacent
Table 4 phase boundaries to σ-FeCr, modifications of the thermodynamic de-
Invariant reactions as obtained from the present thermodynamic modeling compared scription of the latter also require adjustments of the description of the
with experiments and their respective references.
former. This, in turn, requires re-adjustments of the FCC and liquid
Reaction Calculated Experiments
phase descriptions in the Fe-Cr system.
25
A. Jacob et al. Calphad 60 (2018) 16–28
mixing at high temperature given by Dench [24] and not the one ob-
tained by their own DFT, which was also problematic for the Calphad
reproduction of the phase diagram [4].
With the present thermodynamic modeling, more Cr compared to
Andersson and Sundman [3], but slightly less than Xiong [4] and Eich
et al. [10] is dissolved in the α-Fe at low temperature. As for the time
being, there is no experimental solubility data available in this part of
the phase diagram, it is difficult to judge about the best optimization. In
any case, it is important that a reasonable amount of Cr is allowed to
dissolve into α-Fe as this will influence important phase stability fea-
tures such as BCC → FCC transformation and spinodal decomposition in
multi-component, i.e. technologically relevant extensions. For instance,
ferrite decomposition to a Fe- and Cr-rich solid solution BCC+BCC’ is in
part responsible for embrittlement of Cr-rich steels at low temperatures.
Therefore, in the context of model extensions and their use in phase
stability simulations of steels, it is important that the spinodal decom-
position is correctly described by the modeling as shown in Fig. 11.
The spinodal, as calculated in the present work (Fig. 11), is in good
agreement with experiments [4,57,58]. The model parametrization for
Fig. 19. Calculated phase boundary Liquid – BCC compared to experimental works [40]. the ferromagnetic to paramagnetic transition in Fe-Cr BCC was recon-
sidered to obtain an improved reproduction of the experimental Curie
temperatures as a function of Cr-alloying. Consistency with the ex-
periment was obtained, as shown in Fig. 12, with the parametrization
include in Table 2. For the magnetic moment we chose +2.15 leading
to close agreement with the experimental Cp peak shape (see Fig. 13).
26
A. Jacob et al. Calphad 60 (2018) 16–28
3.2.2. FCC technological alloys, we believe that this effort will be highly worth-
The thermodynamic modeling of Andersson and Sundman [3] pro- while.
vide the best agreement among various Calphad assessments. The ex- It should be mentioned that the revised σ phase modeling does not
perimental data on the austeno-ferrite transformation from Adcock [41] produce problems for the calculated phase stabilities of the alloy phases
and Kirchner [42] were reproduced (see Fig. 16) with a relative small in the Fe-Cr system. Only relatively slight re-adjustments of the model
re-adjustment of interaction parameters relative to the previous sug- parameterizations are necessary for the reproduction of all phase
gestion [4]. boundaries.
27
A. Jacob et al. Calphad 60 (2018) 16–28
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