Woojae Sung M Arch Cornell 2011

Design Thesis May 2011
In partial fulfillment of the professional M.Arch degree, Cornell University
REORGANIZING PROCESS
OF UNITE D’HABITATION
The frame developed in Chicago is to modern architecture what the column was to classic architecture.
In his account, not only is the frame the catalyst of modern architecture but it has even become modern
architecture, appearing when not even structurally necessary. - from Surface Architecture by Mohsen Mostafavi
This is the clear statement of what the frame (which is basically Domino System) means in modern
architecture. The frame in modern architecture is the most hegemonic element. My thesis starts from the
curiosity; what if we get rid of the frame from our modern living machines?
WOO JAE SUNG (WS92@CORNELL.EDU)

ADVISORS ALEKSANDR MERGOLD + MICHAEL SILVER
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
Five Points of Architecture by Le Corbusier
1. The pilotis elevating the mass off the ground

2. The free plan, achieved through the separation of the load-bearing columns from the walls
subdividing the space
3. The free facade, the corollary of the free plan in the vertical plane
4. The long horizontal sliding window
5. The roof garden, restoring, supposedly, the area of ground covered by the house.
The pilotis is, needless to say, the most crucial element, because the rest of these points are more or less the
result of the pilotis. However, what makes the Domino system truly the design reference for architects are the
second and third items, where we are talking about design freedom. This is what I call “the Domino spirit.”
The Domino system is, of course, a physical platform. But its physicality should be the underlying premise for
achieving flexibility within efficiency.
...
Since the Industrial Revolution, thanks to the new technologies and materials, modern architecture had faced
major changes. The most significant among them has been the advent of the Domino system. Proposed by Le
Corbusier in the early 20th century, it had a far-reaching impact on modern architecture at both the physical and
conceptual levels.
REORGANIZING PROCESS OF UNITE D’HABITATION . INTRODUCTION . 6 / 7

DOMINO AS A MODULAR SYSTEM
Physically, or tectonically, it re-shaped our built environment with the aid of industrial products and new means
of construction. Its pure and efficient structural system, made out of reinforced concrete slabs and columns,
gave architects much more freedom to design facades, plans, and the building’s form itself. This created a clear
distinction between the Domino system and pre-modern architectures, which were basically style-dependent 01.
Some might argue that there still exist styles in modern architecture, and this might be true. However, styles in
modern architecture are not tied to tectonic issues. Rather, they are closely bonded to particular Isms. In other
words, tectonic issues do not matter anymore in modern architecture thanks to the existence of the efficient
structural system called Domino.
01 Surface Architecture by David Leatherbarrow and Mohsen Mostafavi
GOTHIC AS A STYLE

At the same time, as a reliable structural system, Domino enabled architects to broaden their design perspec-
tives and draw inspiration from outside of architecture, adding another conceptual level on architecture. In this
sense, the Domino system can be thought of as a framework by which architects can have design freedom on
their work. For example, one can design a building inspired by philosophy, art, socio-cultural issues, or even by
the economy, as long as the building stays stable because of Domino system.
This makes it sound like the system is just a physical framework. However, the fact that it freed up modern ar-
chitecture from the tectonic limitations of pre-modern architecture opened up new possibilities for interacting
with the real world beyond the boundary of the discipline. This makes me hesitant to call it a mere tectonic or
physical framework. Rather, it is a virtual framework. The meaning of Domino as a virtual framework can also
be easily found in the Five Points of Architecture described by Le Corbusier himself; a free façade, and an open
floor plan, suggesting that an architect’s desire for freedom in design process can be achieved by having Domino
as a fundamental base system.

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In theory, the Domino spirit, within which the system functions as a virtual framework, should work well to pro-
vide architects with much more room to play around with design issues. However, in reality, it was not as suc-
cessful as expected because people abused the efficiency of the virtual framework by misinterpreting it in an
economic fashion. Sadly enough, that was just the other side of the same coin; the efficient structural system
that was supposed to be a sound foundation for design freedom could be also efficient in an economic sense.
This captured people’s attention, especially during the era of industrial revolution, allowing them to forget the
design issues behind it. The system became a money-saving form-generator or platform. The Chicago frame
would be a good example of this kind of abuse, although it enabled us to rethink the meaning and role of the
architectural skin 01. By the time we arrived at the era of Chicago frame, most of the buildings in cities were
factory-made, which has continued to be the case up until now.
01 Surface Architecture by David Leatherbarrow and Mohsen Mostafavi

Image Left < http://architecturefarm.wordpress.com/2010/02/11/chicago-earthquake/

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There are two major reasons that explain the gap between the ideal and reality: the social paradigm and tech-
nology that supports it. As a result of industrialization, every property in a society got capitalized and needed to
be controlled financially. Under these circumstances, there was no excuse for wasting time, goods, and services.
The beauty of industrialization was in the mass production system that consumed less material, time, and ef-
fort while maintaining a certain level of quality. Mass production, represented by the cast-and-mold system, in
turn created a whole new aesthetic standard, represented by a functional and anti-ornamental thesis of “less
is more.” Of course, there were a few minor movements that exploited technology and new material to pursue
more than just function and efficiency, such as Art Nouveau or the Arts and Craft Movement. However, these
were just not enough to become major trends because they failed to touch the hearts of capitalists.
Image Upper Left < Cast and Mold system

Image Bottom Left < Henry Ford Model T Assembly Line

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Recently, we have moved into an era of the rapid evolution where the old paradigms and systems are quickly
being replaced by new ones, thanks to the advances in technology. Among these, the most significant one
must be mass-customization. This century has witnessed the monotonous characteristic of mass-production,
which depersonalized every single bit of our daily life in one way or another. In order to overcome this uniformity,
people came up with something in between tailor-made and factory-assembled: more precisely speaking, get-
ting tailor-made products by factory assembly systems.
An early example of what we now call the mass-customization can be found in the form of art, for example, in
Marcel Duchamp’s “Fountain.” 01 By adding a signature on a factory-made toilet, he tried to convert the factory-
made into the tailor-made. This rough idea of mass-customization evolved into the component system, which
added extra steps to the existing conveyor belt system to give customers options for their needs and taste.
Furthermore, radical technological improvements such as laser/water jet cutting tools, multi-axis milling ma-
chines, and fiber placement technology 02 are entirely rewriting the concept of production from ”cast and mold”
to “sculpting by machines.” Sculpting by machine, as its name implies, does not rely on a mold, meaning that
there is no limitation in customizing products. More importantly, we don’t have to worry about the high costs
that the customization processes used to have.
01 Image Upper Left < Marcel Duchamp’s “Fountain”

02 Image Bottom Left < Vertical Studio Course Material by Michael Silver

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People always have new ideas, and these ideas push people to invent new technologies to support them. Some-
times, new technologies let us think differently, which can also result in new ideas being generated. Ideas and
technology have been interacting with each other throughout history. Le Corbusier came up with the idea of the
Domino system, inspired by industrialization and new material and technology. The system was then adopted
by the capitalists of the era, modified by their standards, and has been serving as a money-saving for a long
time. As mentioned above, recent advances in technology are now redefining the term “cost-effective,” allow-
ing us to reinterpret the Domino system from as a money saving form giver to an efficient virtual framework
for design freedom.
With that said, in this thesis, I will propose an alternative design method based on the Domino system (or the
Domino spirit), not as a money-saving, physical system, but as an efficient design reference that functions on
a conceptual level. For this purpose, I will analyze a typical housing unit cluster, focusing in particular on the
design and building processes, to determine the implications of the Domino system as a form giver. Next, I
will theoretically remove the rigid form of the building and restore it to its intact condition, revealing only the
programs and the relationships between them. Finally, I will reorganize the malleable relationship with certain
internal/external logics to get a prototype of this new design method. To test the prototype, I will apply it to
one of the most iconic modern living machines, Le Corbusier’s Unite d’Habitation, which is in great part based
on the Domino system.

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PROTOTYPE
Housing is one of the building types that has redefined itself since the Industrial Revolution when
countless people moved into cities in search of new opportunities. Needless to say, finding affordable
places to live was a main concern for many. This naturally increased the density of cities so that hous-
ing needed to be spatially efficient enough to hold as many people as possible within a limited area.
Row houses or town houses 01, which we can still find in many old cities, are good examples of this type
of housing. For a while, row houses were successful. Each unit followed a long and shallow plan that
shared walls with the adjacent units, with couple of small windows at each end of the building. This
might be an ideal system to get the maximum number of structurally stable units into a limited space
with the least number of windows facing out. But the space inside was dark and cramped; due to the
structural nature of the building material (bricks and mortar), the buildings could not have big enough
windows to allow sufficient sunlight in, even in the daytime. Additionally, the brick structure was not
strong enough for bigger/higher buildings to cover the exponentially increasing needs. In addressing
this situation, the Domino system naturally captured architects’ attention because it was structurally
efficient as well as flexible enough to design better living environments, such as those that included big
windows. For this reason, many post-industrial revolution housing types, including Unite d’Habitation,
started to take advantage of the Domino system.
What was the role of the Domino system in modern housing? Was it just a physical form-giver, or a
conceptual reference? As I mentioned in the previous chapter, my answer to this question is the former.
It is evident when we look around our built environment that cities are full of Domino replicas.
In this prototype chapter, I will deconstruct the design/building process of typical housing units and
clusters, removing all physical traces of the Domino system as a form-giver (while maintaining it as a
virtual/conceptual reference system), and reorganize them to propose an alternative prototype.
01 Image Upper Left < Row House, http://www.heritageexplorer.org.uk

Image Bottom Left < Comfort in Cubes, http://prefabcosm.com
REORGANIZING PROCESS OF UNITE D’HABITATION . PROTOTYPE . 22 / 23

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The bubble diagram is one of the most common, but still powerful tools that architects love to use. The dia-
gram, showing bubbles of programs and their connections to each other, is in very flexible and malleable state
with lots of possibilities, before it is fitted into a grid system.
In modern architectural practice, the grid is usually calculated by economic factors such as a building’s possible
structural span, the number of units, or even by the dimensions of a parking spot.
After the grid system is applied on top of the bubble diagram, two-dimensional boundaries are generated to
separate or connect adjacent programs based on the bubble diagram.
The same procedures will be repeated for every floor in the building, stacking them one by one to extrude the
two-dimensional lines vertically. Extrusion is a very common, straightforward, efficient, and easy method of
making walls out of two-dimensional lines.
To see how the grid worked as a form-giver, remove it from the plan. But then we need an alternative way of
organizing the bubbles and expanding them three dimensionally, since we don’t want each bubble to float
around in the air.

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Before we discuss the packing method, we first need to have a clear definition of what the bubbles are and how
they connect to each other.
NE IRCU
NE IRCU
IG
IG
/C
/C
HB ATI
HB ATI
OR ON
OR ON
IN S
IN S
L
L
G
G
PR
PR
OG
OG
RA
RA
M
M
REQUIRED SQUARE FOOTAGE VARIABLE SQUARE FOOTAGE
S
S
(FIXED RADIUS) (VARIABLE RADIUS)
CENTER POINT CENTER POINT

(RELATIVE LOCATION) (RELATIVE LOCATION)
CIRCLE : PROGRAM POINT : CIRCULATION
Bubbles and Points
A bubble is a representation of a specific program. A program has a center point and radius to represent the
required square footage.
A point without a circle around it is a representation of a corridor, a hall, or any other form of space that is dedi-
cated to circulation.
Connecting Lines
Bubbles and points can be connected by lines.

A solid line represents a physical connector such as a door, an opening, or any other form through which one can
move from one space to another.
A dotted line represents visual connectors such as a partial opening, windows, or any other form that we usually
do not pass through but still can see through.

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CIRCLE TO CIRCLE : OVERLAPPING
CIRCLE TO CIRCLE : INTERSECTING
CIRCLE TO CIRCLE : NOT INTERSECTING
CIRCLE TO POINT : INTERSECTING
CIRCLE TO POINT : INCLUDED
CIRCLE TO POINT : EXCLUDED
POINT TO POINT : NOT INTERSECTING

How should we pack the bubbles? Based on cell-packing theory 01, there are seven possible packing scenarios
that fall into three categories.
Circle to Circle
Overlapping - circles that meet at two points
Intersecting - circles that meet at a single point
Not intersecting - circles that do not meet
Circle to Point
Intersecting - a circle and a point that meet at a single point
Included - a point that is inside of a circle
Excluded - a point that is outside of a circle
Point to Point
Not intersecting - points that do not meet
...
Each packing scenario generates boundaries based on the “Circle Set Voronoi / Voronoi” rule 02. As we can see
from the diagram, the boundaries generated by the rule are dependent on bubbles as well as points.
01 The Nature of Order by Christopher Alexander

02 Voronoi Diagram of a Circle Set Constructed from Voronoi Diagram of a Point Set
by Deok-Soo Kim, Donguk Kim, and Kokichi Sugihara

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NOT INTERSECTING PROGRAM SPACES NOT ADJACENT TO EACH OTHER
INTERSECTING PROGRAM SPACES ADJACENT TO EACH OTHER - WALL CONNECTION
OVERLAPPING PROGRAM SPACES CONNECTED TO EACH OTHER THROUGH OPENNINGS - DOOR/OPENNING CONNECTION
CIRCULATION PROGRAM SPACE CONNECTED TO CIRCULATION PATH THROUGH DOORS / OPENNINGS

Not all of the packing examples are meaningful in real space. For example, a point-to-point connection does not
necessarily have to have a boundary between points because in most cases, this type of connection implies a
continuous path or a part of circulation.
By removing some packing scenarios, we can finally arrive at four meaningful packing scenarios.
Not intersecting program spaces not adjacent to each other

Intersecting program spaces adjacent to each other / divided by wall(s)
Overlapping program spaces connected to each other through doors / openings
Circulation connection between a program space and a circulation nodal point.

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PROGRAM : DIFFERENT SIZE PROGRAM : DIFFERENT SIZE
DISCONTINUOUS CONTINUOUS
SURFACES / STRESS FLOW SURFACE / STRESS FLOW
STACKING STRUCTURE PIPE CELL STRUCTURE
EXTRUDING + STACKING LOFTING

DISCONTINUOUS WALLS CONTINUOUS WALLS
FORM FACTOR / VARIABLE FORM FACTOR / VARIABLE

HEIGHT HEIGHT + RELATIVE LOCATION + BUBBLE SIZE
Unlike horizontal connections, vertical ones are simple because of the fundamental human need for flat sur-
faces as inhabitable spaces or platforms for our activities. If a surface has a slope and you cannot rest yourself
on it for a fair amount of time, the surface is not designed for “living.” It might be either for circulation, to com-
pensate for level differences, or for “The Function of Oblique.” 01
That being said, if we stack more than two program bubbles vertically and get boundaries out of them based
on the cell-packing scenarios discussed in the previous pages, they will be curvilinear surfaces in section, which
are not ideal geometries for holding programs. So we usually end up putting series of flat slabs in between pro-
grams stacked vertically, whatever their relationship.
This seems to make vertical connections between (vertically stacked) program bubbles less meaningful than
horizontal ones. That must be the main reason why we spend a lot of time arranging program bubbles in two-
dimensional plans, then “extrude” planar boundaries vertically to get walls. Additionally, technical difficulty and
cost issues on doubly curved surfaces confined architects to only using straight extrusion rather than “lofting.”
Lofting, a now very familiar term to architects, is a technique for making a surface out of more than two curves.
The resulting surface is dependent on the initial curves. For example, let’s say we have three planar curves on
different levels. By straight extrusion, the classic method of transforming two-dimensional data into three-
dimensional, we can make three independent walls that barely have connections with each other. Or, we can
make one continuous, streamlined wall by lofting.
A lofted surface, as its name implies, is a parameter driven by program bubbles or boundaries at different levels.
Its form (wall) comes from the inner logic of a building, in this case, the relative location and size of the program
bubbles. An extruded surface, on the other hand, is from a rigid system made out of something other than inner
logic. In many cases from our history and today’s built environment, the form factor behind it has usually been
frame structures.
01 The Function of the Oblique by Paul Virilio

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When we go back to the Five Points of Architecture by Le Corbusier, the physical characteristics of Domino gave
architects the freedom to play around with plans because, unlike in row houses, the walls in the Domino system
did not have to bear any loads. However, since we got rid of the rigid frame system from the traditional design
method as a part of the study in alternative design processes, we need to somehow figure out how to support
the system.
The single loft surface discussed in the previous pages doesn’t seem to be a stable structure because it has no
additional support to avoid buckling, such as flying buttresses that transfer the load all the way down to the
foundations. However, when we bundle/pack individual lofted surfaces together, this makes a huge difference.
The vascular bundle structure 01 of a plant serves as a good example of how this works. Although an individual
vascular tube is made out of a very thin membrane that is unable even to hold its own weight, the bundled one
constitutes a very efficient and powerful structural system.
01 http://etc.usf.edu/clipart/26100/26164/fibro-vascul_26164.htm

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STRAIGHT EXTRUSION
PLAN TYPE A
TWIST
PLAN TYPE A
PLAN TYPE A
PLAN TYPE A’
PLAN TYPE A
PLAN TYPE A’ (ROTATED)
ZIGZAG
PLAN TYPE B
PLAN TYPE A
PLAN TYPE B
PLAN TYPE A
PLAN TYPE A
PLAN TYPE B
PLAN TYPE A
PLAN TYPE A
Although there might be many different ways to bundle pipes, they share one simple principle: the stability of
the bundle structure is closely related to the geometric configuration of individual pipes. Whatever the geomet-
ric configuration, it must increase friction between individual components of the bundle. The easiest way to do
that might be to increase the facing area to achieve maximum surface friction areas. That is how the bundle
structure achieves stability. We can instinctively imagine that the straight bundle in the illustration will bond
less strongly than the other two because its structure does not share as much surface area.

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CASE 1 : DIFFERENT NUMBER OF PROGRAM BUBBLES
BUNDLING OPTIONS
PLAN TYPE A
PLAN TYPE B
PLAN TYPE C
PLAN TYPES (A / B / C)
CASE 2 : SAME NUMBER OF PROGRAM BUBBLES
CASE 3 : SAME NUMBER OF PROGRAM BUBBLES WITH DUMMIES

For the bundling process, we need to consider the number of program bubbles in each layer, because lofting is
basically a parametric function of at least two curves. This idea gives us two different bundling types; the first
type has a different number of program bubbles in each layer and the second has the exact same number of
bubbles in each layer.
Case 1 : different number of program bubbles
As I briefly mentioned above, when it comes to lofting, having different numbers of bubbles is problematic. We
might need to decide which bubble we should or should not remove to match the number of bubbles in differ-
ent layers. This might sound okay, but it is actually not because it constitutes a critical decision about the entire
form of the building. The selection / screening process for bubbles in this instance inevitably needs to be done
in a random fashion, which means less or no control over the shape of building we are designing.
Case 2 : same number of program bubbles
Since we don’t have to rely on a random process, we have a perfect control in our design; the overall shape of the
building is the product of our input on matters such as the number of programs, the size of the bubbles, and the
relationships amongst bubbles.
However, in reality, it seems almost impossible to have a series of floor plans with exact same number of pro-
gram bubbles. Then how can we compensate for the discrepancies so as to convert this incomplete status into
something complete? The answer to this question would be to use dummy cells.
Case 3 : same number of program bubbles with dummies
The entire body of program bubbles expanded three-dimensionally is a virtual framework that substitutes for
the physical grid system of Domino. More precisely speaking, three-dimensional point grids (points that are the
center points of bubbles) will be the virtual framework, and each program bubble with a specific radius based
on area requirements will sit on top of the point grid shaping building plans. Needless to say, the dummy in this
system will have a variable radius, depending on the size of surrounding programs, in order to accommodate a
smooth transition within and between layers.

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PROTOTYPING PROCESS
Below is the diagram of the overall prototyping process.
BATHRM 12 STUDY 8 BEDRM 16 BATHRM 12 STUDY 8 BEDRM 16
BATHRM 12 STUDY 8 BEDRM 16

BATHRM 12 STUDY 8
CIRCULATION
CIRCULATION BEDRM 16
DOOR CIRCULATION CIRCULATION DINING 32 DOOR CIRCULATION CIRCULATION DINING 32
DOOR CIRCULATION CIRCULATION DOOR
KITCHEN 12 KITCHEN 12
DINING 32 KITCHEN 12
KITCHEN 12 DINING 32
01 BASE PLAN 02 PROGRAM-AREA BUBBLES 03 REMOVE FRAME STRUCTURE 04 REFIT / CIRCLE PACK
BATHRM 12 STUDY 8 BATHRM 12 STUDY 8
BEDRM 16
DOOR DOOR
CIRCULATION CIRCULATION BEDRM 16 CIRCULATION CIRCULATION
KITCHEN 12 KITCHEN 12
DINING 32 DINING 32
05 OUTBOUND CIRCLES 06 CIRCLESET VORONOI
BATHRM 12 STUDY 8
BEDRM 16
DOOR CIRCULATION CIRCULATION
KITCHEN 12
DINING 32
07 PROTOTYPE PLAN
BATHRM 12 STUDY 8
STUDY 8 BATHRM 12
BEDRM 16
DOOR CIRCULATION CIRCULATION
DINING 32
DOOR
CIRCULATION
KITCHEN 12 CIRCULATION
DINING 32
KITCHEN 12
BEDRM 16
08 PLAN TYPE A - 16 POINT-GRID 09 PLAN TYPE B - 16 POINT-GRID
09 3D POINT GRID 10 LOFT
REORGANIZING PROCESS OF UNITE D’HABITATION . PROTOTYPE . 40 / ��

41
REORGANIZING
THE UNITE D’HABITATION
In the previous chapter, we investigated the typical building design process and, by getting rid of the process’
rigid grid system, developed an alternative prototype consisting of the point grid and program bubbles, includ-
ing some dummies. In this chapter, we will choose an existing housing project and reorganize it through the
prototyping process.
For this purpose, I choose Le Corbusier’s Unite d’Hhabitation, an iconic modern housing project heavily reliant
on the Domino system. As I mentioned earlier in the previous chapters, Le Coubusier’s intention in proposing
the Domino system was to use it as a flexible framework that would give architects freedom in their design
processes 01. Although the Unite d’Habitation looks like an aggregation of Domino systems in appearance, it has
long been considered a beloved modern design triumph, especially when we look at the beauty of its various
unit types and the design freedom within them. It is widely known and acknowledged that this freedom was
made possible by the support of Domino system.
At least, that is what we believe.
01 Le Corbusier, The Unite d’Habitation in Marseilles by Foundation Le Corbusier

Image Left < Le Corbusier, L’Unite D’Habitation De Marseille by Jacques Sbriglio
REORGANIZING PROCESS OF UNITE D’HABITATION . REORGANIZING THE UNITE D’HABITATION . 44 / 45

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Unite Types : Le Corbusier-La cite radieuse de Marseille by Richard A Bisch
PLAN TYPE A PLAN TYPE G1S
PLAN TYPE B
PLAN TYPE CS
PLAN TYPE G2S
PLAN TYPE CI
PLAN TYPE CSPI
PLAN TYPE G3S
PLAN TYPE E1S
PLAN TYPE E1I
PLAN TYPE H1S
PLAN TYPE E2S
PLAN TYPE H2S
PLAN TYPE E2I

However, in contrast to commonly accepted belief, the Unite d’Habitation was not a product of the harmonious
combination of the Domino system as a framework, and various types of units as independent objects sitting
freely on top of this framework. Rather, the relationship between these elements is pretty hierarchical, with the
Domino system deciding everything from unit types to building shape.
TYPE A TYPE B TYPE C TYPE Cs
C_CIRCULATION Cs_HALL
C_LOGGIA C_LIVING COR Cs_LOGGIA Cs_BED

A:7.25 R:1.52 A:23.41 R:2.73 A:7.25 R:1.52 A:29.26 R:3.05
C_KITCHEN Cs_BATH
A:5.85 R:1.36 A:7.32 R:1.53
A_BATH B_BATH
A_LOGGIA A_LIVING A:2.93 R:.97 A:2.93 R:.97
A:3.62 R:1.07 A:11.7 R:1.93 A_CIRCULATION B_CIRCULATION
COR B_LOGGIA B_LIVING COR
A:7.25 R:1.52 A:23.41 R:2.73
B_KITCHEN
A:5.85 R:1.36
C_HALL Cs_CIRCULATION
C_LOGGIA C_BED Cs_LOGGIA Cs_LIVING COR

A:7.25 R:1.52 A:29.26 R:3.05 A:7.25 R:1.52 A:23.41 R:2.73
C_BATH Cs_KITCHEN
A:7.32 R:1.53 A:5.85 R:1.36
TYPE Ci TYPE E1s TYPE E1i TYPE E2s
E1s_BATH
A:7.32 R:1.53
E1s_BED
A:20.48 R:2.55
E1s_BATH E2s_BATH
Ci_CIRCULATION E1s_LOGGIA E1s_ROOM A:2.93 R:.97 E1s_HALL E1i_CIRCULATION E2s_BATH A:2.93 R:.97 E2s_ROOM E2s_LOGGIA
A:3.62 R:1.07 A:14.63 R:2.16 R:7.32 R:1.53 A:14.63 R:2.16 A:3.62 R:1.07
Ci_LIVING COR E1i_LIVING COR E2s_BED
A:11.7 R:1.93 A:11.7 R:1.93 A:20.48 R:2.55
Ci_KITCHEN E1s_LOGGIA E1s_ROOM E1i_KITCHEN E2s_HALL E2s_ROOM E2s_LOGGIA
A:5.85 R:1.36 A:3.62 R:1.07 A:14.63 R:2.16 A:5.85 R:1.36 A:14.63 R:2.16 A:3.62 R:1.07
E1s_BATH E2s_BATH
A:2.93 R:.97 A:2.93 R:.97
E1i_BATH
Ci_HALL E1s_KITCHEN E1i_LOGGIA E1i_ROOM A:2.93 R:.97 E2s_KITCHEN
A:5.85 R:1.36 A:3.62 R:1.07 A:14.63 R:2.16 A:5.85 R:1.36
Ci_LOGGIA Ci_BED E1s_LOGGIA E1s_LIVING COR E2s_LOGGIA E2s_LIVING COR
A:7.25 R:1.52 A:29.26 R:3.05 A:7.25 R:1.52 A:23.41 R:2.73 A:7.25 R:1.52 A:23.41 R:2.73
Ci_BATH E1s_CIRCULATION E1i_LOGGIA E1i_ROOM E1i_HALL E2s_CIRCULATION
A:7.32 R:1.53 A:3.62 R:1.07 A:14.63 R:2.16 E1i_BATH
A:2.93 R:.97
E1i_LOGGIA E1i_BED
A:7.25 R:1.52 A:32.19 R:3.2
E1i_BATH
A:7.32 R:1.53
TYPE E2i TYPE G1s TYPE G2s TYPE G3s

G3s_LOGGIA
A:7.25 R:1.52
G1s_BATH G3s_BATH
G1s_LOGGIA G1s_ROOM A:2.93 R:.97 G3s_LOGGIA G3s_ROOM A:2.93 R:.97
A:3.62 R:1.07 A:14.63 R:2.16 A:3.62 R:1.07 A:14.63 R:2.16
G1s_LOGGIA G1s_ROOM G3s_LOGGIA G3s_ROOM G3s_HALL

A:3.62 R:1.07 A:14.63 R:2.16 G1s_BATH A:3.62 R:1.07 A:14.63 R:2.16 G3s_BATH
A:2.93 R:.97 A:2.93 R:.97 G3s_ROOM
G2s_BATH A:35.11 R:3.34
G1s_BATH A:2.93 R:.97
A:2.93 R:.97 G2s_ROOM G2s_LOGGIA
G1s_LOGGIA G1s_ROOM G1s_HALL A:14.63 R:2.16 A:3.62 R:1.07
A:3.62 R:1.07 A:14.63 R:2.16
G3s_LOGGIA G3s_BED
A:7.25 R:1.52 A:32.19 R:3.2
G2s_ROOM G2s_LOGGIA
G1s_LOGGIA G1s_ROOM A:14.63 R:2.16 A:3.62 R:1.07 G3s_BATH
A:3.62 R:1.07 A:14.63 R:2.16 G2s_BATH A:7.32 R:1.53
G1s_BATH A:2.93 R:.97
A:2.93 R:.97 G2s_HALL
G2s_BATH
E2i_KITCHEN A:2.93 R:.97 G2s_ROOM G2s_LOGGIA
A:5.85 R:1.36 A:14.63 R:2.16 A:3.62 R:1.07 G3s_BATH
A:8.78 R:1.67
COR E2i_LIVING G2s_LOGGIA G2s_BED
A:11.7 R:1.93 G1s_LOGGIA G1s_BED A:7.25 R:1.52 A:32.19 R:3.2
A:7.25 R:1.52 A:32.19 R:3.2
E2i_CIRCULATION G2s_BATH G2s_ROOM G2s_LOGGIA
G1s_BATH A:7.32 R:1.53 A:14.63 R:2.16 A:3.62 R:1.07
A:7.32 R:1.53 G2s_BATH
A:2.93 R:.97
E2i_BATH
E2i_LOGGIA E2i_ROOM A:2.93 R:.97 E2i_BATH
A:3.62 R:1.07 A:14.63 R:2.16 A:7.32 R:1.53 G3s_CIRCULATION
E2i_BED E2i_LOGGIA
A:32.19 R:3.2 A:7.25 R:1.52 G3s_LOGGIA G3s_LIVING COR
A:7.25 R:1.52 A:23.41 R:2.73
E2i_LOGGIA E2i_ROOM E2i_HALL
A:3.62 R:1.07 A:14.63 R:2.16 G3s_KITCHEN
E2i_BATH A:5.85 R:1.36
A:2.93 R:.97
G2s_CIRCULATION
G2s_LOGGIA G2s_LIVING COR

A:7.25 R:1.52 A:23.41 R:2.73
G2s_KITCHEN
A:5.85 R:1.36
G1s_CIRCULATION
G1s_LOGGIA G1s_LIVING COR

A:7.25 R:1.52 A:23.41 R:2.73
G1s_KITCHEN
A:5.85 R:1.36
TYPE H1s TYPE H2s
H1s_HALL H1s_BED
A:35.11 R:3.34 H2s_BATH
H1s_BATH A:2.93 R:.97
A:2.93 R:.97 H2s_ROOM H2s_LOGGIA
H1s_LOGGIA H1s_ROOM A:14.63 R:2.16 A:3.62 R:1.07
A:3.62 R:1.07 A:14.63 R:2.16
H2s_HALL
H2s_ROOM H2s_LOGGIA
H1s_LOGGIA H1s_ROOM A:14.63 R:2.16 A:3.62 R:1.07
A:3.62 R:1.07 A:14.63 R:2.16 H2s_BATH
H1s_BATH A:2.93 R:.97
A:2.93 R:.97
H2s_BATH
H1s_BATH A:2.93 R:.97
A:2.93 R:.97 H2s_ROOM H2s_LOGGIA
H1s_LOGGIA H1s_ROOM H1s_BATH A:14.63 R:2.16 A:3.62 R:1.07
A:3.62 R:1.07 A:14.63 R:2.16 A:8.78 R:1.67
H2s_LOGGIA H2s_BED
A:7.25 R:1.52 A:32.19 R:3.2
H2s_BATH H2s_ROOM H2s_LOGGIA
H1s_LOGGIA H1s_ROOM A:7.32 R:1.53 A:14.63 R:2.16 A:3.62 R:1.07
A:3.62 R:1.07 A:14.63 R:2.16 H2s_BATH
H1s_BATH A:2.93 R:.97
A:2.93 R:.97
H2s_KITCHEN
H1s_KITCHEN A:5.85 R:1.36
A:5.85 R:1.36
H2s_LOGGIA H2s_LIVING COR
H1s_LOGGIA H1s_LIVING COR A:7.25 R:1.52 A:23.41 R:2.73
A:7.25 R:1.52 A:23.41 R:2.73
H2s_CIRCULATION
H1s_CIRCULATION

��
A_LIVING A_BATH B_BATH

CELL TYPE: x10 CELL TYPE: x3 CELL TYPE: x3 CIR
CIR
A_LOGGIA CIR B_LIVING CIR
CELL TYPE: x20
CELL TYPE: x4
COR COR COR
B_LOGGIA C_LOGGIA Cs_LOGGIA Cs_BED
CELL TYPE: x8 CELL TYPE: x8 C_LIVING CELL TYPE: x8
x28
B_KITCHEN CELL TYPE: x20 C_KITCHEN CELL TYPE:
Cs_BATH
CELL TYPE: x6 CELL TYPE: x6 CELL TYPE: x6
CIR
CIR
COR
C_LOGGIA Cs_LOGGIA
C_BED
CELL TYPE: x8
CELL TYPE: x28 CELL TYPE: x8 Cs_LIVING
C_BATH CELL TYPE: x20 Cs_KITCHEN
CELL TYPE: x6 CELL TYPE: x6
E2s_BATH
CELL TYPE: x3
CIR
E1s_BATH E2s_BATH
E1s_BED CELL TYPE: x6 CELL TYPE: x6 E2s_ROOM
CELL TYPE: x22 E2s_LOGGIA
COR
E1i_LIVING E2s_BED
CELL TYPE: x12 E1i_KITCHEN CELL TYPE: x22
CELL TYPE: x6 CIR E2s_ROOM E2s_LOGGIA
E2s_BATH CELL TYPE: x13 CELL TYPE: x4
CELL TYPE: x3
E1s_BATH
CIR CELL TYPE: x3
Ci_LIVING CIR
x12
CELL TYPE:
E1s_LOGGIA E1s_ROOM
COR
E1s_ROOM
CELL TYPE: x13
Ci_KITCHEN
CELL TYPE: x6 E1s_LOGGIA E1s_BATH
CELL TYPE: x4
CELL TYPE: x3
E1i_ROOM
CELL TYPE: x13 E1i_BATH
CELL TYPE: x3
E2s_KITCHEN
E1i_LOGGIA E2s_LIVING CELL TYPE: x6
COR
E1i_ROOM
CELL TYPE: x13 E2s_LOGGIA
CELL TYPE: x8
CIR
E1i_LOGGIA E1i_BATH CIR
CIR E1s_KITCHEN
CELL TYPE: x6
COR
Ci_LOGGIA E1s_LOGGIA
CELL TYPE: x8
Ci_BED CELL TYPE: x8 E1s_LIVING
CELL TYPE: x28 Ci_BATH x20
E1i_LOGGIA
CELL TYPE:
x8 E1i_BED
CELL TYPE: x6 CIR CELL TYPE:
x30
CELL TYPE:
E1i_BATH
CELL TYPE: x6
TYPE E2i TYPE G1s TYPE G2s TYPE G3s
G1s_ROOM
CELL TYPE: x13 G1s_BATH
CELL TYPE: x3
G3s_LOGGIA
G1s_LOGGIA CELL TYPE: x8
CELL TYPE: x4
G1s_ROOM G2s_BATH G3s_ROOM

G3s_BATH
CELL TYPE: x3
CELL TYPE: x3
G2s_ROOM G2s_LOGGIA
G1s_LOGGIA G1s_BATH G3s_LOGGIA
CELL TYPE: x13
CELL TYPE: x3
G3s_ROOM
G1s_BATH CELL TYPE: x13
CELL TYPE: x3
CIR CIR
G2s_ROOM G2s_LOGGIA
G1s_LOGGIA G1s_ROOM CIR G2s_BATH G3s_LOGGIA G3s_BATH
CELL TYPE: x13
CELL TYPE: x4 CELL TYPE: x13 CELL TYPE: x3 CELL TYPE: x4 CELL TYPE: x4
CELL TYPE: x3
G3s_ROOM
E2i_KITCHEN G1s_ROOM CELL TYPE: x32
CELL TYPE: x13
G2s_BATH
G2s_BED G2s_ROOM
G1s_LOGGIA G1s_BATH G2s_LOGGIA
COR CELL TYPE: x4
CELL TYPE: x4
CELL TYPE: x3
E2i_LIVING
CELL TYPE: x12 G2s_LOGGIA G3s_LOGGIA
CELL TYPE: x8 CELL TYPE: x8 G3s_BED
G2s_BATH CELL TYPE: x30 G3s_BATH
G1s_BED x6 G2s_BATH G2s_ROOM
CIR CELL TYPE: x30
CELL TYPE:
CELL TYPE: x13
G2s_LOGGIA CELL TYPE: x6
G1s_LOGGIA
CELL TYPE: x8
G1s_BATH G3s_BATH
E2i_ROOM E2i_BATH
CELL TYPE: x13 E2i_BATH
CELL TYPE: x6
CELL TYPE: x3
E2i_LOGGIA
CELL TYPE: x4
E2i_ROOM E2i_BED
CELL TYPE: x13 CELL TYPE: x30 E2i_LOGGIA
CELL TYPE: x8
E2i_LOGGIA
E2i_BATH
CIR
CELL TYPE: x4
CELL TYPE: x3
CIR CIR CIR

G1s_LIVING G2s_LIVING
G3s_LIVING
CELL TYPE: x20
COR COR COR
G1s_LOGGIA G2s_LOGGIA G3s_LOGGIA
G1s_KITCHEN G2s_KITCHEN G3s_KITCHEN
TYPE H1s TYPE H2s
H2s_BATH
CELL TYPE: x3
CIR CIR H2s_ROOM H2s_LOGGIA

H1s_BED
H1s_ROOM CELL TYPE: x32
CELL TYPE: x13
H1s_BATH
CELL TYPE: x3
H1s_LOGGIA H2s_BATH H2s_ROOM H2s_LOGGIA

CELL TYPE: x3
H1s_ROOM
CELL TYPE: x13
H2s_BATH
CELL TYPE: x3
H2s_BED
H1s_LOGGIA H1s_BATH CELL TYPE: x30 H2s_ROOM H2s_LOGGIA
CELL TYPE: x3
H1s_ROOM H2s_LOGGIA
CELL TYPE: x13
H1s_BATH
H1s_BATH H2s_BATH
H1s_LOGGIA CELL TYPE: x8 CELL TYPE: x6 H2s_BATH H2s_ROOM H2s_LOGGIA
CELL TYPE: x4 CELL TYPE: x3 CELL TYPE: x13 CELL TYPE: x4
H1s_ROOM
CELL TYPE: x13
H1s_LOGGIA H1s_BATH
CELL TYPE: x4
CELL TYPE: x3
H1s_KITCHEN H2s_KITCHEN
H1s_LIVING CELL TYPE: x6 H2s_LIVING CELL TYPE: x6
COR COR
H1s_LOGGIA H2s_LOGGIA
CIR CIR
For example, it is believed that in the Unite d’Habitation there are fourteen distinct unit types that are purely
unique in terms of their typology 01. However, the typology diagram shows that there are overlapping/redun-
dant unit types among these fourteen, and when we remove the redundancy, they boil down to only six unique
types. This indicates that the fourteen unit types are not the product of typological thoughts or needs, but of
the ad-hoc, situational needs arising from the need to morph them into the grid system.
In the simplified network diagram below, we can easily see that there are only six unique unit types.
01 Le Corbusier-La cite radieuse de Marseille by Richard A Bisch
U.TYPE 1 U.TYPE 4 U.TYPE 5 U.TYPE 6
LG LV LG LV LG LV LG
CIR CIR CIR
COR HAL CIR LV
BT KC KC KC
LG LG LG
HAL BD BD BD
COR CIR CIR CIR
HAL
U.TYPE 2 BT COR BT BT
HAL
COR
LG
LV LG LG LG
BD BD BD
HAL CIR CIR CIR
COR BT
BT BT BT
KC
LG LG LG
BD BD BD
CIR CIR CIR
BT BT BT
U.TYPE 3
LV LG LG LG
CIR BD BD
CIR CIR
KC BT BT
HAL
COR
LG LG
BD BD
CIR CIR
BT BT

��
In addition, these six types share some parts, meaning that they are the product of mixing and matching three
unique cell cluster types. As we can see from the Diagram 1, they are composed of four cells. However, their
formations are slightly different from one another. For example, Cell Cluster Type 1 (C.C. TYPE1) has one cell in
the first place and another cell in the next, followed by two other cells, creating a 1-1-2 format. Cell Cluster Type
2 (C.C. TYPE 2) has a 0-2-2 format, while C.C. TYPE 3 has a 1-2-1.
LG LV LG LV LG LV LG
CIR CIR CIR
COR HAL CIR LV
BT KC KC KC
LG LG LG
HAL BD BD BD
COR CIR CIR CIR
HAL
U.TYPE 2 BT COR BT BT
HAL
COR
LG
LV LG LG LG
BD BD BD
HAL CIR CIR CIR
COR BT
BT BT BT
KC
LG LG LG
BD BD BD
CIR CIR CIR
BT BT BT
U.TYPE 3
LV LG LG LG
CIR BD BD
CIR CIR
KC BT BT
HAL
COR
LG LG
BD BD
CIR CIR
BT BT
As is discussed in the prototype chapter, the different number of cells in the clusters will cause a significant
problem in lofting and bundling them together. That being said, we somehow need to match the number of
cells and their formations, which can be easily done by adding some dummy cells to the clusters.
Adding dummy cells will make the clusters have the same numbers of cells and exactly the same cell formation,
in this case, 1-2-2. This formation will be the smallest scale, non-divisible framework on top of which program
bubbles can be mapped.
C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1 - Reformatted
LG
LG
LV
LV
CIR
CIR
DM
BT
BT
4 CELLS (1-1-2) 5 CELLS (1-2-2)

LG
LG
LV
LV
CIR
BT
BT
KC
KC
4 CELLS (0-2-2) 5 CELLS (1-2-2)

BD
LG
LV
LG
CIR
CIR
DM
KC
KC
4 CELLS (1-2-1) 5 CELLS (1-2-2)

��
The diagram shows the entire map of the six unit types and how these are organized by the three cell-cluster
types.
U.TYPE 1 U.TYPE 2 U.TYPE 3

COR.HAL.01(CIR.LV.KC.LG.DM) LG
COR.HAL.01(CIR.LV.KC.LG.BT) COR.HAL.01(CIR.LV.KC.LG.DM).01(CIR.LV.DM.LG.BT)
LV
LV
LG
LG
LV
COR HAL HAL
CIR
CIR
COR
CIR
DM
DM
KC
BT
HAL
BT
KC
COR
LG
LV
CIR
DM
BT
U.TYPE 4 U.TYPE 5 U.TYPE 6
COR.HAL.01(CIR.LV.KC.LG.DM).03(CIR.LV.DM.LG.BT) COR.HAL.01(CIR.LV.KC.LG.DM).04(CIR.LV.DM.LG.BT) COR.HAL.01(CIR.LV.KC.LG.DM).05(CIR.LV.DM.LG.BT)
LV
LV
LV
LG
LG
LG
CIR
CIR
CIR
DM
DM
DM
KC
KC
KC
LG
LG
LG
LV
LV
LV
HAL
COR
CIR
CIR
CIR
DM
DM
DM
BT
BT
BT
LG
LG
LG
LV
LV
LV
HAL HAL
COR COR
CIR
CIR
CIR
DM
DM
DM
BT
BT
BT
LG
LG
LG
LV
LV
LV
CIR
CIR
CIR
DM
DM
DM
BT
BT
BT
LG
LG
LV
LV
CIR
CIR
DM
DM
BT
BT
LG
LV
CIR
DM
BT
For example, a three-bedroom apartment type can be expressed with
COR.HAL.01(CIR.LV.KC.LG.DM).03(CIR.LV.DM.LG.BT),
where (CIR.LV.KC.LG.DM) represents a cell cluster of one circulation, living room, kitchen, and loggia; and
03(CIR.LV.DM.LG.BT) represents three cell clusters each consisting of one circulation, bedroom, bathroom, and
loggia.
U.TYPE 4
COR.HAL.01(CIR.LV.KC.LG.DM).03(CIR.LV.DM.LG.BT)
CELL CLUSTER TYPE 3
UNIT TYPE 4
CELL CLUSTER TYPE 1

LV
LG
CIR
DM
KC
LG
LV
HAL
COR
CIR
DM
BT
LG
LV
CIR
DM
BT
LG
LV
CIR
DM
BT

��
C_CIRCULATION
C_LIVING Cs_BED Cs_HALL
A:23.41 R:2.73 A:29.26 R:3.05
COR
C_LOGGIA Cs_LOGGIA
A:7.25 R:1.52 A:7.25 R:1.52
C_KITCHEN Cs_BATH
A:5.85 R:1.36 A:7.32 R:1.53
A_LIVING B_BATH
A_BATH A:2.93 R:.97
A:11.7 R:1.93 A:2.93 R:.97
B_LIVING B_CIRCULATION
A_LOGGIA A:23.41 R:2.73
A:3.62 R:1.07
A_CIRCULATION COR COR
B_LOGGIA
A:7.25 R:1.52
B_KITCHEN
A:5.85 R:1.36
C_BED C_HALL Cs_LIVING Cs_CIRCULATION

A:29.26 R:3.05 A:23.41 R:2.73
COR
C_LOGGIA Cs_LOGGIA
A:7.25 R:1.52 A:7.25 R:1.52
C_BATH Cs_KITCHEN
A:7.32 R:1.53 A:5.85 R:1.36
E1s_BED E1s_BATH
A:20.48R:2.55 A:7.32 R:1.53
E2s_BATH
E1s_ROOM A:2.93 R:.97
A:14.63R:2.16 E2s_ROOM
E1s_BATH E2s_BATH A:14.63 R:2.16
Ci_CIRCULATION E1i_CIRCULATION R:7.32 R:1.53
Ci_LIVING A:2.93R:.97 E1s_HALL E1i_LIVING E2s_BED E2s_LOGGIA
A:11.7 R:1.93 E1s_LOGGIA A:11.7 R:1.93 A:20.48 R:2.55 A:3.62 R:1.07
A:3.62 R:1.07 E1s_ROOM
COR COR
A:14.63R:2.16 E2s_HALL
Ci_KITCHEN E1i_KITCHEN E2s_LOGGIA

A:5.85 R:1.36 E1s_LOGGIA E1s_BATH A:5.85 R:1.36 E2s_ROOM A:3.62 R:1.07
A:3.62 R:1.07 A:2.93R:.97 A:14.63 R:2.16
E2s_BATH
A:2.93 R:.97
E1i_ROOM
E1s_KITCHEN A:14.63R:2.16 E1i_BATH
A:5.85 R:1.36 A:2.93 R:.97
Ci_BED Ci_HALL E1s_LIVING E2s_LIVING E2s_KITCHEN
A:29.26 R:3.05 A:23.41R:2.73 E1i_LOGGIA A:23.41 R:2.73 A:5.85 R:1.36
A:3.62 R:1.07
COR E1i_ROOM COR
Ci_LOGGIA E1s_LOGGIA A:14.63R:2.16 E2s_LOGGIA
A:7.25 R:1.52 A:7.25 R:1.52 A:7.25 R:1.52
Ci_BATH E1i_HALL
A:7.32 R:1.53 E1s_CIRCULATION E1i_LOGGIA E1i_BATH E2s_CIRCULATION
A:3.62 R:1.07 A:2.93 R:.97
E1i_BED
A:32.19R:3.2
E1i_LOGGIA
A:7.25 R:1.52
E1i_BATH
A:7.32 R:1.53
TYPE E2i TYPE G1s TYPE G2s TYPE G3s G3s_LOGGIA

A:7.25 R:1.52
G3s_ROOM
G1s_ROOM
A:14.63R:2.16
A:14.63R:2.16 G1s_BATH G3s_BATH
A:2.93R:.97 A:2.93 R:.97
G1s_LOGGIA G3s_LOGGIA
A:3.62 R:1.07 A:3.62 R:1.07
G1s_ROOM
A:14.63R:2.16 G1s_BATH G3s_HALL
A:2.93R:.97
G1s_LOGGIA G3s_LOGGIA G3s_BATH
A:3.62 R:1.07 A:3.62 R:1.07 G3s_ROOM
A:14.63R:2.16 A:2.93 R:.97 G3s_ROOM
G1s_ROOM G2s_BATH G2s_ROOM
A:14.63R:2.16 G1s_BATH A:14.63R:2.16 A:35.11R:3.34
A:2.93 R:.97 G2s_LOGGIA
A:2.93R:.97 G1s_HALL A:3.62 R:1.07
G1s_LOGGIA
A:3.62 R:1.07
G1s_ROOM G2s_ROOM
A:14.63R:2.16 A:14.63R:2.16 G3s_LOGGIA
G2s_LOGGIA A:7.25 R:1.52 G3s_BED
G2s_HALL A:3.62 R:1.07 A:32.19R:3.2 G3s_BATH
G2s_BATH A:7.32 R:1.53
G1s_LOGGIA G1s_BATH A:2.93 R:.97
A:3.62 R:1.07 A:2.93R:.97
E2i_KITCHEN G2s_BATH
A:5.85 R:1.36 A:2.93 R:.97
G2s_BED G2s_LOGGIA
A:32.19R:3.2 A:3.62 R:1.07 G3s_BATH
G2s_ROOM
COR A:8.78 R:1.67
A:14.63R:2.16
E2i_LIVING
A:11.7 R:1.93 G2s_LOGGIA
G1s_LOGGIA A:7.25 R:1.52
A:7.25 R:1.52 G1s_BED G2s_BATH G2s_LOGGIA
E2i_CIRCULATION A:32.19R:3.2 G1s_BATH A:7.32 R:1.53 G2s_ROOM A:3.62 R:1.07
A:7.32 R:1.53 G2s_BATH
A:2.93 R:.97 A:14.63R:2.16
E2i_ROOM
A:14.63R:2.16 E2i_BATH
E2i_BATH
A:2.93 R:.97 A:7.32 R:1.53 G3s_CIRCULATION
E2i_BED G3s_LIVING
E2i_LOGGIA A:32.19 R:3.2 A:23.41R:2.73
A:3.62 R:1.07 E2i_ROOM E2i_LOGGIA
A:14.63R:2.16 A:7.25 R:1.52 COR
G3s_LOGGIA
A:7.25 R:1.52
E2i_LOGGIA E2i_HALL G3s_KITCHEN
E2i_BATH A:5.85 R:1.36
A:3.62 R:1.07 A:2.93 R:.97
G2s_CIRCULATION
G2s_LIVING
A:23.41R:2.73
COR
G2s_LOGGIA
A:7.25 R:1.52
G2s_KITCHEN
A:5.85 R:1.36
G1s_CIRCULATION
G1s_LIVING
A:23.41R:2.73
COR
G1s_LOGGIA
A:7.25 R:1.52
G1s_KITCHEN
A:5.85 R:1.36
TYPE H1s TYPE H2s
H1s_BATH H1s_HALL H2s_BATH

A:2.93 R:.97 H1s_BED A:2.93 R:.97
H1s_ROOM A:35.11R:3.34
A:14.63R:2.16 H2s_LOGGIA
H2s_HALL H2s_ROOM A:3.62 R:1.07
H1s_LOGGIA A:14.63R:2.16
A:3.62 R:1.07
H1s_ROOM
A:14.63R:2.16 H2s_LOGGIA
H2s_BATH H2s_ROOM A:3.62 R:1.07
H1s_LOGGIA H1s_BATH A:14.63R:2.16
A:2.93 R:.97
A:3.62 R:1.07 A:2.93 R:.97
H1s_ROOM
A:14.63R:2.16 H1s_BATH H2s_BATH
H2s_BED A:2.93 R:.97 H2s_LOGGIA
A:2.93 R:.97 H1s_BATH A:32.19R:3.2 H2s_ROOM A:3.62 R:1.07
H1s_LOGGIA A:8.78 R:1.67
A:14.63R:2.16
A:3.62 R:1.07
H1s_ROOM H2s_LOGGIA
A:14.63R:2.16 A:7.25 R:1.52
H2s_BATH H2s_LOGGIA
A:7.32 R:1.53 H2s_ROOM A:3.62 R:1.07
H1s_LOGGIA H1s_BATH A:14.63R:2.16
A:3.62 R:1.07 H2s_BATH
A:2.93 R:.97 A:2.93 R:.97
H2s_KITCHEN
A:5.85 R:1.36
H2s_LIVING
H1s_LIVING H1s_KITCHEN A:23.41R:2.73
A:23.41R:2.73 A:5.85 R:1.36
COR
COR H2s_LOGGIA
H1s_LOGGIA A:7.25 R:1.52
A:7.25 R:1.52
H2s_CIRCULATION
H1s_CIRCULATION
CELL SIZE (EXISTING)
1.0 1.2 1.4 1.7 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.6 2.8 3.1 3.2 3.3
CELL TYPOLOGY (EXISTING)
CIR HAL COR LV LG BT KC BD
CELL SIZE (PROPOSED)
CIR HAL / COR 1.5 ~ KT / BT 2.0 ~ 1.6 LG 2.5

LV / BD / RM
DUMMY CELL SMALL CELL MEDIUM CELL LARGE CELL

FLEXIABLE RADIUS RADIUS 1.5 OR BELOW RADIUS 1.6 TO 2.0 RADIUS 2.5
In the previous discussion, we established the framework for the alternative design process and also mapped
required programs on the framework. Now we need to figure out the size of individual program bubbles based
on their actual footprints.
From the room data sheet, we can get twelve different sizes of program bubbles that fall into roughly five
categories; points without area data, dummy bubbles with a flexible area, small (radius of 1.5 meters or below),
medium (radius from 1.6 – 2.0 meters) and large (radius from 2.1 – 2.5 meters) bubbles, depending on the pro-
grams they contain.
A point without area data, represented by single dot, is for circulation that usually does not have any areal
requirement. For planning efficiency, circulation areas usually need to be minimized. Dummy bubbles can rep-
resent a hallway or a closet space, depending on how the overall plan looks. Small-sized bubbles with a radius
of less than 1.5 meters can accommodate a kitchen or bathroom. Medium-sizes bubble with radius between 1.6
and 2.0 meters can be the best spot for a loggia, and large-sized ones with a radius bigger than 2.1 meters, for
a bedroom or living room.
UNIT TYPE CELL NAME AREA RADIUS CELL TYPES UNIT CODE (BY PROGRAM) EA UNIT TYPE CELL NAME AREA RADIUS CELL TYPES UNIT CODE (BY PROGRAM) EA
x03 x04 x06 x08 x10 x12 x13 x20 x22 x28 x30 x32 x03 x04 x06 x08 x10 x12 x13 x20 x22 x28 x30 x32
A A_BATH 3.30 1.00 1 01(CIR.LV.BT.LG) 8 G1s G1s_BATH 3.30 1.00 1 01(CIR.LV.KC.LG).05(CIR.BD.BT.LG) 3
A_LOGGIA 4.40 1.20 1 G1s_BATH 3.30 1.00 1
A_LIVING 11.00 1.90 1 G1s_BATH 3.30 1.00 1
A_CIRCULATION G1s_BATH 3.30 1.00 1
A_HALL G1s_LOGGIA 4.40 1.20 1
B B_BATH 3.30 1.00 1 01(LV.KT.BT.LG) 26 G1s_LOGGIA 4.40 1.20 1
B_KITCHEN 6.60 1.40 1 G1s_LOGGIA 4.40 1.20 1
B_LOGGIA 8.80 1.70 1 G1s_LOGGIA 4.40 1.20 1
B_LIVING 22.00 2.60 1 G1s_BATH 6.60 1.40 1
B_CIRCULATION G1s_KITCHEN 6.60 1.40 1
B_HALL G1s_LOGGIA 8.80 1.70 1
C C_BATH 6.60 1.40 1 01(CIR.LV.KC.LG).01(CIR.BD.BT.LG) 7 G1s_LOGGIA 8.80 1.70 1
C_KITCHEN 6.60 1.40 1 G1s_ROOM 14.30 2.10 1
C_LOGGIA 8.80 1.70 1 G1s_ROOM 14.30 2.10 1
C_LOGGIA 8.80 1.70 1 G1s_ROOM 14.30 2.10 1
C_LIVING 22.00 2.60 1 G1s_ROOM 14.30 2.10 1
C_BED 30.80 3.10 1 G1s_LIVING 22.00 2.60 1
C_CIRCULATION G1s_BED 33.00 3.20 1
C_HALL G1s_CIRCULATION
Ci Ci_BATH 6.60 1.40 1 01(CIR.LV.KC.LG).01(CIR.BD.BT.LG) 45 G1s_HALL
Ci_KITCHEN 6.60 1.40 1 G2s G2s_BATH 3.30 1.00 1 01(CIR.LV.KC.LG).05(CIR.BD.BT.LG) 15
Ci_LOGGIA 8.80 1.70 1 G2s_BATH 3.30 1.00 1
Ci_LIVING 13.20 2.00 1 G2s_BATH 3.30 1.00 1
Ci_BED 30.80 3.10 1 G2s_BATH 3.30 1.00 1
Ci_CIRCULATION G2s_LOGGIA 4.40 1.20 1
Ci_HALL G2s_LOGGIA 4.40 1.20 1
Cs Cs_BATH 6.60 1.40 1 01(CIR.LV.KC.LG).01(CIR.BD.BT.LG) 6 G2s_LOGGIA 4.40 1.20 1
Cs_KITCHEN 6.60 1.40 1 G2s_LOGGIA 4.40 1.20 1
Cs LOGGIA
Cs_LOGGIA 8 80
8.80 1 70
1.70 1 G2s BATH
G2s_BATH 6 60
6.60 1 40
1.40 1
Cs_LOGGIA 8.80 1.70 1 G2s_KITCHEN 6.60 1.40 1
Cs_LIVING 22.00 2.60 1 G2s_LOGGIA 8.80 1.70 1
Cs_BED 30.80 3.10 1 G2s_LOGGIA 8.80 1.70 1
Cs_CIRCULATION G2s_ROOM 14.30 2.10 1
Cs_HALL G2s_ROOM 14.30 2.10 1
E1i E1i_BATH 3.30 1.00 1 01(CIR.LV.KC.LG).03(CIR.BD.BT.LG) 13 G2s_ROOM 14.30 2.10 1
E1i_BATH 3.30 1.00 1 G2s_ROOM 14.30 2.10 1
E1i_LOGGIA 4.40 1.20 1 G2s_LIVING 22.00 2.60 1
E1i_LOGGIA 4.40 1.20 1 G2s_BED 33.00 3.20 1
E1i_BATH 6.60 1.40 1 G2s_CIRCULATION
E1i_KITCHEN 6.60 1.40 1 G2s_HALL
E1i_LOGGIA 8.80 1.70 1 G3s G3s_BATH 3.30 1.00 1 01(CIR.LV.KC.LG).04(CIR.BD.BT.LG) 2
E1i_LIVING 13.20 2.00 1 G3s_BATH 3.30 1.00 1
E1i_ROOM 14.30 2.10 1 G3s_LOGGIA 4.40 1.20 1
E1i_ROOM 14.30 2.10 1 G3s_LOGGIA 4.40 1.20 1
E1i_BED 33.00 3.20 1 G3s_BATH 6.60 1.40 1
E1i_CIRCULATION G3s_KITCHEN 6.60 1.40 1
E1i_HALL G3s_BATH 8.80 1.70 1
E1s E1s_BATH 3.30 1.00 1 01(CIR.LV.KC.LG).03(CIR.BD.BT.LG) 7 G3s_LOGGIA 8.80 1.70 1
E1s_BATH 3.30 1.00 1 G3s_LOGGIA 8.80 1.70 1
E1s_LOGGIA 4.40 1.20 1 G3s_LOGGIA 8.80 1.70 1
E1s_LOGGIA 4.40 1.20 1 G3s_ROOM 14.30 2.10 1
E1s_BATH 6.60 1.40 1 G3s_ROOM 14.30 2.10 1
E1s_KITCHEN 6.60 1.40 1 G3s_LIVING 22.00 2.60 1
E1s_LOGGIA 8.80 1.70 1 G3s_BED 33.00 3.20 1
E1s_ROOM 14.30 2.10 1 G3s_ROOM 35.20 3.30 1
E1s_ROOM 14.30 2.10 1 G3s_CIRCULATION
E1s_LIVING 22.00 2.60 1 G3s_HALL
E1s_BED 24.20 2.80 1 H1s H1s_BATH 3.30 1.00 1 01(CIR.LV.KC.LG).05(CIR.BD.BT.LG) 1
E1s_CIRCULATION H1s_BATH 3.30 1.00 1
E1s_HALL H1s_BATH 3 30
3.30 00
1.00 1
E2i E2i_BATH 3.30 1.00 1 01(CIR.LV.KC.LG).03(CIR.BD.BT.LG) 111 H1s_BATH 3.30 1.00 1
E2i_BATH 3.30 1.00 1 H1s_LOGGIA 4.40 1.20 1
E2i_LOGGIA 4.40 1.20 1 H1s_LOGGIA 4.40 1.20 1
E2i_LOGGIA 4.40 1.20 1 H1s_LOGGIA 4.40 1.20 1
E2i_BATH 6.60 1.40 1 H1s_LOGGIA 4.40 1.20 1
E2i_KITCHEN 6.60 1.40 1 H1s_KITCHEN 6.60 1.40 1
E2i_LOGGIA 8.80 1.70 1 H1s_BATH 8.80 1.70 1
E2i_LIVING 13.20 2.00 1 H1s_LOGGIA 8.80 1.70 1
E2i_ROOM 14.30 2.10 1 H1s_ROOM 14.30 2.10 1
E2i_ROOM 14.30 2.10 1 H1s_ROOM 14.30 2.10 1
E2i_BED 33.00 3.20 1 H1s_ROOM 14.30 2.10 1
E2i_CIRCULATION H1s_ROOM 14.30 2.10 1
E2i_HALL H1s_LIVING 22.00 2.60 1
E2s E2s_BATH 3.30 1.00 1 01(CIR.LV.KC.LG).03(CIR.BD.BT.LG) 89 H1s_BED 35.20 3.30 1
E2s BATH
E2s_BATH 3.30
3 30 1.00
1 00 1 H1s CIRCULATION
H1s_CIRCULATION
E2s_LOGGIA 4.40 1.20 1 H1s_HALL
E2s_LOGGIA 4.40 1.20 1 H2s H2s_BATH 3.30 1.00 1 01(CIR.LV.KC.LG).05(CIR.BD.BT.LG) 1
E2s_BATH 6.60 1.40 1 H2s_BATH 3.30 1.00 1
E2s_KITCHEN 6.60 1.40 1 H2s_BATH 3.30 1.00 1
E2s_LOGGIA 8.80 1.70 1 H2s_BATH 3.30 1.00 1
E2s_ROOM 14.30 2.10 1 H2s_LOGGIA 4.40 1.20 1
E2s_ROOM 14.30 2.10 1 H2s_LOGGIA 4.40 1.20 1
E2s_LIVING 22.00 2.60 1 H2s_LOGGIA 4.40 1.20 1
E2s_BED 24.20 2.80 1 H2s_LOGGIA 4.40 1.20 1
E2s_CIRCULATION H2s_BATH 6.60 1.40 1
E2s_HALL H2s_KITCHEN 6.60 1.40 1
H2s_LOGGIA 8.80 1.70 1
H2s_LOGGIA 8.80 1.70 1
H2s_ROOM 14.30 2.10 1
H2s_ROOM 14.30 2.10 1
H2s_ROOM 14.30 2.10 1
H2s_ROOM 14.30 2.10 1
H2s_LIVING 22.00 2.60 1
H2s_BED 33.00 3.20 1
H2s_CIRCULATION
H2s_HALL
28 27 24 22 1 3 26 10 2 3 6 2

��
By combining bubble-size types and cell-cluster types (pinpoint connection types), we can get the four complete
cell cluster types. Each type is flexible because the radius of small, medium, or large bubbles is not decisive, but
has a little room for changing, and because the dummy cells are totally flexible in their size as well.
To make them easier to control, large cells for living rooms / bedrooms are moved to the center of cell clusters.
Since their range of size fluctuation is relatively less than those of medium or small cells, we set their size as
fixed so we can use them as pivotal points in the cell clusters.
DUMMY
DUMMY
TYPE 01
TYPE 01
TYPE 02
FLEXIBLE ANGLE FLEXIBLE ANGLE FLEXIBLE ANGLE FLEXIBLE ANGLE FLEXIBLE ANGLE
SMALL SMALL LARGE
MEDIUM CELL
MEDIUM CELL : LOGGIA MEDIUM CELL : LOGGIA RELA
RELATIVE SIZE RELATIVE SIZE
DUMMY DUMMY SMALL CELL : KITCHEN SMALL CELL : KITCHEN

RELATIVE SIZE RELATIVE SIZE RELATIVE SIZE RELATIVE SIZE
LARGE CELL : LIVING/ROOM LARGE CELL : LIVING/ROOM LARGE CELL : LIVI

ROTATION PIVOT POINT ROTATION PIVOT POINT FIXED SIZE ROTATION PIVOT POINT FIXED SIZE ROTATION PIVOT POINT F
SMALL CELL : BATH ROOM SMALL CELL : BATH ROOM

SMALL CELL : BATH ROOM SMALL CELL : BATH ROOMPASSAGE PASSAGE
RELA
HALL HALL RELA

CORRIDOR CORRIDOR
CORRIDOR CORRIDOR
Then based on the way each cell cluster was organized in the previous discussion, we rearrange other cells while
maintaining their original relationship with the large cells. We also need to add one more flexible-sized cell at
the top of the cell cluster diagram, which will help us to define the outer boundary of building when we apply
circle sets with Voronoi logic. In addition, to make shared connection points between cell clusters, we add two
more cells at the bottom of the diagram, one for internal circulation and the other for external circulation. Red
lines represent the boundary of cell clusters that will be shared with the adjacent cell cluster types.
Now four cell cluster types can be flexible, with one pivotal point at the center marked in red.
TYPE 01
TYPE 02
TYPE 02
TYPE 03
TYPE 03
XIBLE ANGLE FLEXIBLE ANGLE FLEXIBLE ANGLE FLEXIBLE ANGLE FLEXIBLE ANGLE
SMALL LARGE LARGE LARGE LARGE
MEDIUM CELL : LOGGIA MEDIUM CELL : LOGGIA MEDIUM CELL : LOGGIA MEDIUM CELL : LOGGIA
MEDIUM CELL : LOGGIA MEDIUM CELL : LOGGIA RELATIVE SIZE RELATIVE SIZE RELATIVE SIZE RELATIVE SIZE
SMALL CELL : KITCHEN SMALL CELL : KITCHEN SMALL CELL : KITCHEN SMALL CELL : KITCHEN
GE CELL : LIVING/ROOMLARGE CELL : LIVING/ROOM LARGE CELL : LIVING/ROOMLARGE CELL : LIVING/ROOM LARGE CELL : LIVING/ROOMLARGE CELL : LIVING/ROOM
FIXED SIZE ROTATIONFIXED SIZEPOINT
PIVOT ROTATION PIVOT POINT FIXED SIZE ROTATIONFIXED SIZEPOINT
PIVOT ROTATION PIVOT POINT FIXED SIZE FIXED SIZE
PASSAGE SMALL CELL : BATH ROOM SMALL CELL : BATH ROOM

PASSAGE PASSAGE DUMMY PASSAGE DUMMY PASSAGE PASSAGE
RELATIVE SIZE RELATIVE SIZESIZE
RELATIVE RELATIVE SIZE RELATIVE SIZE RELATIVE
RELATIVE SIZESIZE RELATIVE SIZE RELATIVE SIZE RELATIVE SIZE
HALL HALL HALL HALL

HALL HALL RELATIVE SIZE RELATIVE SIZE RELATIVE SIZE RELATIVE SIZE
CORRIDOR CORRIDOR CORRIDOR CORRIDOR


��
EXISTING CONDITION ROTATED MERGED MERGED
(3 CORES / 7 CORRIDORS) (7 CORES / 3 CORRIDORS) (3 CORES) (3 CORES)
note : diagram doesn’t represent building factors such as numbers of unit types
Examining the existing structure of the building in terms of how individual units are tied together will help to
reorganize those four cell clusters into a whole building. The first thing that we notice from the diagram of the
existing floor plan is that there are three main cores in the building. The second thing might be the fact that
only seven floors have corridors, though the building is seventeen stories high, because of how units, including
duplexes, are organized vertically. It would be a good starting point to consider keeping three main cores while
maintaining the way in which units are attached or bound to the corridors.
For this, we will first horizontally rotate long corridors by 90 degrees to make them vertical. Then we will com-
bine those seven corridors into three by mixing and matching.
G1s
V.CIR
V.CIR
V.CIR
G2s
G2s
G2s
G2s
G2s
G2s
G2s
E2s
Cs
Cs
Cs
Cs
Cs
Cs
Ci
Ci
Ci
Ci
Ci
Ci
Ci
Ci
Ci
Ci
E1i
E1s
E2i
E2i
E2i
E2i
E2i
E2i
E2i
E2i
E2i
E2i
E2i
E2i
E2i
E2i
Ci
Ci
Ci
Ci
Ci
Ci
Ci
Ci
Ci
Ci
Ci
Ci
Ci
Ci
Ci
LEVEL 16
E1i
E1s
V.CIR
V.CIR
V.CIR
G2s
G2s
E2s
E2s
E2s
E2s
E2s
E2s
E2s
E2s
E2s
E2s
E2s
E2s
E2s
E2s
E2s
E2s
E2s
E2s
E2s
E2s
E2s
E2s
E1i
E1i
E1s
E2i
E2i
E2i
E2i
E2i
E2i
E2i
E2i
E2i
E2i
E2i
E2i
E2i
E2i
E2i
E2i
E1i
E2i
E2i
E2i
E2i
E2i
E2i
E2i
E2i
Ci
Ci
Ci
LEVEL 13
H1s
G1s
V.CIR
V.CIR
V.CIR
G2s
G2s
E2s
E2s
E2s
E2s
E2s
E2s
E2s
E2s
E2s
E2s
E2s
E2s
E2s
E2s
E2s
E2s
E2s
E2s
E2s
E2s
E2s
E2s
E1i
E1i
E1s
E2i
E2i
E2i
E2i
E2i
E2i
E2i
E2i
E2i
E2i
E2i
E2i
E2i
E2i
E2i
E2i
E2i
E2i
E2i
E2i
E2i
E2i
E2i
E2i
E2i
Ci
Ci
Ci
LEVEL 10
G3s
Ci
V.CIR
V.CIR
V.CIR
B
B
Ci
Ci
B
B
B
B
LEVEL 08
Ci
Ci
V.CIR
V.CIR
V.CIR
A
Ci
V.CIR
C
Ci
B
B
LEVEL 07
Ci
E1s
V.CIR
V.CIR
V.CIR
G2s
G2s
E2s
E2s
E2s
E2s
E2s
E2s
E2s
E2s
E2s
E2s
E2s
E2s
E2s
E2s
E2s
E2s
E2s
E2s
E2s
E2s
E2s
E2s
E1i
E1i
E1s
E2i
E2i
E2i
E2i
E2i
E2i
E2i
E2i
E2i
E2i
E2i
E2i
E2i
E2i
E2i
E2i
E1i
E2i
E2i
E2i
E2i
E2i
E2i
E2i
E2i
Ci
Ci
Ci
LEVEL 05
H1s
G1s
V.CIR
V.CIR
V.CIR
G2s
G2s
E2s
E2s
E2s
E2s
E2s
E2s
E2s
E2s
E2s
E2s
E2s
E2s
E2s
E2s
E2s
E2s
E2s
E2s
E2s
E2s
E2s
E2s
E1i
E1i
E1s
E2i
E2i
E2i
E2i
E2i
E2i
E2i
E2i
E2i
E2i
E2i
E2i
E2i
E2i
E2i
E2i
E1i
E2i
E2i
E2i
E2i
E2i
E2i
E2i
E2i
Ci
Ci
Ci
LEVEL 02
G3s

��
DUMMY DUMMY DUMMY DUMMY
U.TYPE 3 U.TYPE 4 U.TYPE 4 U.TYPE 4 U.TYPE 4
U.TYPE 2 U.TYPE 6 DUMMY DUMMY DUMMY
DUMMY DUMMY DUMMY DUMMY DUMMY DUMMY DUMMY DUMMY DUMMY DUMMY DUMMY DUMMY DUMMY

U.TYPE 4 U.TYPE 3 U.TYPE 4 U.TYPE 4 U.TYPE 4 U.TYPE 4
DUMMY U TYPE 2
U.TYPE DUMMY DUMMY
DUMMY DUMMY DUMMY DUMMY DUMMY DUMMY DUMMY DUMMY DUMMY DUMMY DUMMY DUMMY DUMMY DUMMY DUMMY
DUMMY DUMMY DUMMY DUMMY DUMMY DUMMY

U.TYPE 1 DUMMY DUMMY DUMMY DUMMY
U.TYPE 5

DUMMY U.TYPE 2 DUMMY DUMMY

U.TYPE 2 DUMMY U.TYPE 1 U.TYPE 6 DUMMY
DUMMY DUMMY
DUMMY D UMMY
DUMMY
DUMMY U.TYPE 6 DUMMY DUMMY
DUMMY DUMMY
U.TYPE 3 U.TYPE 4 U.TYPE 4 U.TYPE 3 U.TYPE 4 U.TYPE 4 U.TYPE 3 U.TYPE 4
DUMMY DUMMY


DUMMY DUMMY
DUMMY U.TYPE 6 U.TYPE 6 U.TYPE 2
DUMMY DUMMY DUMMY DUMMY DUMMY DUMMY DUMMY DUMMY DUMMY DUMMY DUMMY
DUMMY DUMMY
U.TYPE 4 U.TYPE 3 U.TYPE 4 U.TYPE 3 U.TYPE 4 U.TYPE 3 U.TYPE 4
DUMMY U.TYPE 2 U.TYPE 6

DUMMY U.TYPE 2 U.TYPE 2 DUMMY
DUMMY DUMMY DUMMY DUMMY DUMMY

U.TYPE 2 DUMMY DUMMY U.TYPE 6 DUMMY DUMMY


DUMMY U.TYPE 1 DUMMY DUMMY DUMMY

As we can see from the diagram on the left, these vertical circulations are not efficient in terms of flow.
If we can relocate small units to the bottom and big ones to the top, the circulation becomes more ef-
ficient. The table in the left shows the existing unit array where different units intermingle in random
fashion to morph themselves into the physical frame. The one in the right, on the other hand, is a rear-
ranged unit array diagram based on their size, where we can see the optimized vertical circulation flow.






DUMMY DUMMY DUMMY

DUMMY DUMMY DUMMY
DUMMY DUMMY
DUMMY DUMMY
DUMMY DUMMY DUMMY

DUMMY DUMMY DUMMY
DUMMY DUMMY
DUMMY DUMMY
DUMMY DUMMY DUMMY

DUMMY U.TYPE 2 DUMMY

DUMMY U.TYPE 2 DUMMY U.TYPE 2
DUMMY DUMMY DUMMY

U.TYPE 2 DUMMY U.TYPE 2
DUMMY DUMMY DUMMY

U.TYPE 2 U.TYPE 6 U.TYPE 6 DUMMY DUMMY U.TYPE 6
DUMMY DUMMY DUMMY DUMMY DUMMY DUMMY DUMMY DUMMY DUMMY
DUMMY DUMMY DUMMY

U.TYPE 6 DUMMY DUMMY U.TYPE 6 U.TYPE 2

U.TYPE 4 U.TYPE 4
U.TYPE 5

��
UNIT TYPE 1 U.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1 < ENT
3EA / BUNDLE
UNIT TYPE 2 U.TYPE 2 C.C.TYPE 2 < ENT

9 EA / BUNDLE
UNIT TYPE 3 C.C.TYPE 1
U.TYPE 3
20 EA / BUNDLE C.C.TYPE 3 < ENT
UNIT TYPE 4 C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1

U.TYPE 4
77 EA / BUNDLE C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 3 < ENT
UNIT TYPE 5 C.C.TYPE 1
1 EA / BUNDLE C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 3 < ENT

U.TYPE 5
C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1
UNIT TYPE 6 C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1
7 EA / BUNDLE U.TYPE 6 C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 3 < ENT

C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1
DUMMY TYPE DUMMY






DUMMY DUMMY DUMMY

DUMMY DUMMY DUMMY
DUMMY DUMMY
DUMMY DUMMY
DUMMY DUMMY DUMMY

DUMMY DUMMY DUMMY
DUMMY DUMMY
DUMMY DUMMY
DUMMY DUMMY DUMMY

DUMMY U.TYPE 2 DUMMY

DUMMY U.TYPE 2 DUMMY U.TYPE 2
DUMMY DUMMY DUMMY

U.TYPE 2 DUMMY U.TYPE 2
DUMMY DUMMY DUMMY

U.TYPE 2 U.TYPE 6 U.TYPE 6 DUMMY DUMMY U.TYPE 6
DUMMY DUMMY DUMMY

U.TYPE 6 DUMMY DUMMY U.TYPE 6 U.TYPE 2

U.TYPE 4 U.TYPE 4
U.TYPE 5
As discussed previously, each unit type is made up of different combinations of cell cluster types. By substitut-
ing unit types with cell cluster types, we can get an entire map of one of three cores. This also gives us ten dif-
ferent floor types. The rest of the floor types are repetitions of some of these ten.
35 C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1 DUMMY C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1 DUMMY C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1 DUMMY C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1 DUMMY C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1 DUMMY
33 DUMMY C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1 DUMMY C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1 DUMMY C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1 DUMMY C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1 DUMMY C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1
FLOOR TYPE 10 26 C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 3 DUMMY C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 3 DUMMY C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 3 DUMMY C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 3 DUMMY C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 3 DUMMY
FLOOR TYPE 09 24 DUMMY C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 3 DUMMY C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 3 DUMMY C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 3 DUMMY C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 3 DUMMY C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 3
DUMMY
23 DUMMY C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1 DUMMY C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1 DUMMY C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1
21 C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1 DUMMY C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1 DUMMY C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1
FLOOR TYPE 08 18 DUMMY C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 3 C.C.TYPE 3 C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 3 DUMMY C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 3 C.C.TYPE 3 C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 3 DUMMY C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 3
FLOOR TYPE 07 16 C.C.TYPE 3 C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 3 DUMMY C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 3 C.C.TYPE 3 C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 3 DUMMY C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 3 C.C.TYPE 3 C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 3
15 C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1 DUMMY C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1 DUMMY C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1 DUMMY C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1
FLOOR TYPE 06 14 C.C.TYPE 3 C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 3 DUMMY C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 3 C.C.TYPE 2 C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 3 C.C.TYPE 3 C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 3 DUMMY C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 3
13 DUMMY C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1 DUMMY C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1 DUMMY C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1 DUMMY C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1
FLOOR TYPE 05 12 DUMMY C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 3 C.C.TYPE 2 C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 3 C.C.TYPE 3 C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 3 DUMMY C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 3 C.C.TYPE 2 C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 3
11 DUMMY C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1 DUMMY C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1 DUMMY C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1
FLOOR TYPE 04 10 C.C.TYPE 2 C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 3 C.C.TYPE 3 C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 3 DUMMY C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 3 C.C.TYPE 2 C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 3 C.C.TYPE 3 C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 3
9 DUMMY C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1 DUMMY C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1 DUMMY C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1
FLOOR TYPE 03 8 C.C.TYPE 2 C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 3 C.C.TYPE 3 C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 3 C.C.TYPE 3 C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 3 DUMMY C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 3 DUMMY C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 3
7 DUMMY C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1 DUMMY DUMMY DUMMY DUMMY C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1 DUMMY DUMMY DUMMY DUMMY C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1
DUMMY
6 C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1 DUMMY C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1 DUMMY C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1 DUMMY C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1
FLOOR TYPE 02 5 C.C.TYPE 3 C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 3 C.C.TYPE 3 C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 3 DUMMY C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 3 DUMMY C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 3 C.C.TYPE 2 C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 3
4 DUMMY DUMMY DUMMY DUMMY C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1 DUMMY DUMMY DUMMY DUMMY C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1 DUMMY DUMMY DUMMY
3 DUMMY C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1 DUMMY DUMMY C.C.TYPE 1 DUMMY C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1 DUMMY C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1 DUMMY C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1
FLOOR TYPE 01 2 C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 3 C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 3 C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 3 C.C.TYPE 2 C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 3 C.C.TYPE 2 C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 3
1 DUMMY DUMMY DUMMY DUMMY C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1 DUMMY C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1 DUMMY DUMMY DUMMY DUMMY C.C.TYPE 1 C.C.TYPE 1

��
DUMMY DUMMY DUMMY
180.00
DUMMY
179.51
179.00
178.61
PIVOT ANGLE = 178.61 PIVOT ANGLE = 179.00 PIVOT ANGLE = 179.51 PIVOT ANGLE = 180.00
C.TYPE 01 C.TYPE 01 C.TYPE 01
180.00
C.TYPE 01
179.76
179.00
178.88
180.00
C.TYPE 02
178.92
177.87
174.59
180.00
C.TYPE 03
178.92
177.87
174.59
FLOOR TYPE 02
4
5
6
C.TYPE 03 C.TYPE 03 C.TYPE 03 C.TYPE 03

DUMMY
C.TYPE 01
C.C.TYPE 3
C.C.TYPE 1

C.TYPE 03
C.TYPE 03 C.TYPE 03
C.TYPE 03
C.TYP
E 03 C.TYPE 01
C.TYPE 01
DUMMY
C.C.TYPE 1
C.C.TYPE 1
C.TYPE 01
C.TY
ITERATION 03
PE 0
1 C.TYPE 03 C.TYPE 03
C.TYPE 03
C.TY
PE 0 DUMMY
3 DUMM DUMMY
DU Y
MM C.TYPE 01
DUMMY
Y C.TYPE 01
C.C.TYPE 3
C.C.TYPE 1
C.TYPE
C.T 01
C.T YPE C.TYPE 03
01 C.TYPE 03
C.TYP
YPE
03 C.T E 03
C.T YPE DUMMY
YP 03 DUMMY
DU DUM
MY
E0
C.TYPE 01
1
MM
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C.T
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C.C.TYPE 3
C.C.TYPE 1
YP C.TYPE 01
E C.T C.TYP
E 01
YP C.TYPE 03
02 C.T
E0
1 C.TYPE 03
YP
C.T C.TY
YP PE 0
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3 3 C.TYPE 02
C.T
E0
3 C.TYPE 02
YP
E C.T C.TY
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DU
01 PE 0 C.TYPE 01
M E0 2
C.C.TYPE 1
C.C.TYPE 1
C.C.TYPE 1
M
2
C.T
C.T
C.TYPE 01
Y
Y C.TY
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PE
PE 0
1 C.TYPE 03
E0
C.T
C.T
01
3
Y
C.TYPE
03
YP
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C.T
3
03
1
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M
C.TYPE
M
PE
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C.T
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Y
Y
YPE
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C
03
03
C.T
PE
C.C.TYPE 1
C.C.TYPE 3
C.C.TYPE 1
E0
.TY
C.T C.TYPE
YP
3
01
01
C.T
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YPE
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E0
01
1
03
YPE
YPE
C.TY
C.T C.TYPE
C.TY
03
P
YPE
03
03
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03 C.TYPE 03
PE 0
.TYPE
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E 01
C.T
3
C.TYP
C.TYP
E 03
PE 0
YP
03
C.TYPE
1
MY
E0 C.TYPE 01
C.TYPE
3
DUMMY
DUMMY
DUMMY
E 03
C.T
01
C.TYP
DUMMY
03
C.TYPE 03
YP E 01
C.TYPE 01
C.TYPE 01
C.TYPE 02
E0
C.TYPE 03
C.T 1 C.TYPE 03
YP C.TYP
E0 E 03
DU 3 DUMMY
MM DUM
Y MY
C.T C.TYPE 01
DUMMY
YP
C.C.TYPE 1
C.C.TYPE 1
E0 C.TYP
C.T 1 E 01
YP C.TYPE 03
E0 C.TYP
DU 3 E 03
M DUMMY
M
C.T Y DUM
MY
YP
E0 C.TYPE 01
DUMMY
C.T 1
C.C.TYPE 3
C.C.TYPE 1
C.TY
YP PE 0
1
C.T E0
3 C.TYPE 03
YP C.TY
PE 0
E0 3
C.T
2 C.TYPE 02
YP
C.TY
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PE 0
C.T
2
01
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C.TYPE 01
PE
DUMMY
DUMMY
DUMMY
C.TY
C.T
03
PE 0
1
YP
C.TYPE 03
C.T
E0
C.TY
YP
C
PE 0
3
E0
.TY
C.TYPE 03
C
C.TY
E0
PE 0
.TY
3
C
P
C.TYPE 01
.TY
C.TY
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C.C.TYPE 1
C.C.TYPE 1
C.C.TYPE 1
C
P
3
ITERATION 02
PE 0
1
.TY
E0
C.TYPE 03
D
P
1
C.TY
E0
C
PE 0
UM
3
.TY
C.TYPE 03
P
C.TY
C.T
PE
03
E0
DU
1
YPE
C.T C.TYPE 01
C.T
YPE
03
C.C.TYPE 1
C.C.TYPE 3
C.C.TYPE 1
MM
01
YPE
C.TY
C.T C.TYPE 03
YPE
PE
C.TY
01
03
C.TY
03
DU
DUMMY
C.TY
PE
MM
E 02
Y
01
C.T
PE 0
C.TYPE 01
3
YPE
DUMMY
DUMMY
01
C.C.TYPE 2
C.T
YPE
03 C.TYPE 03
DU
MM
Y DUMMY
C.T
YPE
01 C.TYPE 01
DUMMY
C.T
C.C.TYPE 1
C.C.TYPE 1
YPE
03 C.TYPE 03
ITERATION 01
C.T
YP
E0
C.T 2 C.TYPE 02
YP
E0
C.T 1 C.TYPE 01
DUMMY
YP
C.C.TYPE 3
C.C.TYPE 1
E0
3
C.TYPE 03
INITIAL CONDITION
Now let’s apply four cell cluster types to the floor types.
In the first step, we arrange them loosely as they are. For clarity purposes, we forget about the rest of cells for
now, except for the large one that comes with pivotal points at the center.
In the step two, by changing the angle of the boundary lines, we find the optimal solution for packing entire cell
cluster types. Diagrams are iteration process done in Grasshopper plug-in of Rhino 3d, to find optimal angles for
all cell cluster types through series of trial-error method.
PIVOT ANGLE = 167.29

C.TYPE 01
C.TYPE 02
C.TYPE 03
C.TYPE 01
C.TYPE 02
C.TYPE 03
DUMMY
DUMMY
C.TYPE 03
C.TYPE 01
03
3
C.TYPE
PE 0
01
C.TY
YPE
03
C.TYPE 03
01
YPE
C.T
E 03
C.TYPE
3
Y
C.T
03
PE 0
M
C.TYP
M
01
1
YPE
E0
1
DU
C.TY
E0
167.29 178.47 172.44 172.44
PE
165.16
YP
177.72 170.93 170.93
C.T
YP
E0
3
.TY
C.T E0
3
E0
C.T
YP
C
P
YP
.TY
03
C.T
C.T
C Y
E
M
YP
Y M
MM
C.T
DU
1
E0
DU 1
E0
YP
1 C.T YP
PE 0 C.T
C.TY
Y
MM 03
DU YPE
E 03 C.T
C.TYP 03 PE
C.TY MY
C.TYPE 02 DUM
E 01
C.TYP
DUMMY
C.TYPE 02 ITERATION 04 C.TYPE 03

C.TYPE 03 ITERATION 05 C.TYPE 02
C.TYPE
C.TYPE 03 C.TYPE 01 C.TYPE
01 01
C.TYP
C.TY
C.TY
C.TYP PE 0
E 01 E 03 3 PE 0
3
C.TY
C.T
C.T
DUM YPE
MY PE YPE
03 03
03
C.T
C.T
C.T
YPE YP C.T
YP
01
E0 YP
E0 1 E0
C.T
C.T
3 C.T C.T 1
YP
YP
YP
E0 E0 YP
E0
3 3 E0
DU 3
C.T
1 DU
C.T
M
YP
M
M
YP
C.T
E0
M
Y
C.T
Y
E0
C.T
3
C.T
YP
C.T
YP
3
E0
YP
YP
C.T
C.T
Y
C.T
E0
E0
C.TY
E0
PE
YP
Y
DUM
C
C.TY
YP
1
3
PE
1
.TY
C.TYPE 01
DU
E0
DUMMY
C.TYPE 03
PE 0
E0
2
C.TY
01
C.TY
PE
3
MM
PE 01
C.TYP
MY
3
C.TYPE
C.TYPE
3
C.TYPE 02
03
PE 0
C.TYPE 03
C.TYPE 01
PE 0
Y
E 01
3
1
03
03

C.TYPE 01
C.TYPE 02
C.TYPE 03
C.TYPE 01
C.TYPE 02
C.TYPE 03
DUMMY
DUMMY
C.TYPE 03
C.TYPE 03
C.TYPE 03
C.TYPE 01
C.TYPE 02
C.TYPE 03
01
01
C.TYP 01
E 01
E 02
3
MY
C.TYYPE 03
E0
C.TYPE
C.TYPE
C.TYPE
03
03
03
PE 0
DUM
C.TYP
C.TYP
03
YPE
YPE
YPE
1
1
YPE
01
E0
E0
C.T
163.67
1
176.10 171.52 171.52

C.T
C.T
163.67 170.88
C.T
175.24 170.88
E0
E
YP
YP
3
C.T
YP
E0
YP
C.T
C.T
Y
C.T
YP
C.T
E0
Y
M
M
C.T
Y
YP
DU
M
DU M
C.T
3
Y E0 M
M DU
3 YP
E0 M
YP
DU
C.T 1
C.T 1 E0
E0 YP
01 YP C.T
YPE
1
PE 0 C.T
3
C.TY C.T PE 0
3 MY C.TY
PE 0 DUM
3
C.TY
E0
C.TYP
Y
DUMM
C.TYPE 03
C.TYPE 03 DUMMY
C.TYPE 01 C.TYPE 01
ITERATION
C.TYPE 01
C.TYPE 01
ITERATION 06 C.TYPE 03
COMPLETED
C.TYPE 03
C.TYPE
C.TYPE 03
03
C.TYPE
C.TYPE 02
C.TY
C.TYP 03
PE 0
E 03
2 C.TY
C.TY PE 0
C.TY
C.T
PE 0 1
YPE
PE 0 1
01 C.T
YPE
1 C.T
C.T C.T
YPE 03
YPE YP 03
C.T
02 E0 C.T YP
C.T C.T 3 YP E0
YP YP E0
C.T 3
E0 E0 3 C.T
YP
3 3 YP E0
C.T
C.T
1
E0
YP
YP
C.T
C.T
1
C.T
E0
E0
DU
YP
YP
1
YP
E0
1
C.T
MM
C.TY
E0
C.T
C.TY
E0
3
C.TYP
YP
2
C.TYP
YP
C.T
C.TYPE 03
Y
C.T
PE 0
DUMMY
E0
PE 0
YPE
C.TY
Y
03
DUM
3
E 01
PE
3
DUMM
E 01
C.TYPE 03
C.TYPE 01
3
01
PE 0
01
3
Y

��
TEN FLOOR TYPES WITH PIVOTAL CELLS ONLY.
TEN FLOOR TYPES WITH ALL CELLS INCLUDED.
TEN FLOOR TYPES WITH A VORONOI CIRCLE SET BOUNDARY.
TEN FLOOR TYPES

REORGANIZING PROCESS OF UNITE D’HABITATION . REORGANIZING THE UNITE D’HABITATION . 66 / ��
67
CONCLUSION
TEN FLOOR TYPES OVERLAY DIAGRAM
TYPE 03
TYPE 01
TYPE 01
TYPE 04
TYPE 03
03
03
TEN FLOOR TYPES OVERLAY DIAGRAM

TYPE
TYPE
03
04
TYPE
TYPE
E 04
01
TYP
TYPE
01
01
01
TYPE
TYPE
TYPE
03
PE
04
03
TY
PE
03
PE
TY
PE
TY
TY
03
04
03
PE
04
PE
PE
TY
PE
TY
TY
TY
01
PE
TY
01 01 01
TY
PE PE PE
TY TY
03
PE
TY
04
02
03 PE
PE
PE TY
TY
TY
02
PE
TY
03
TYPE
04
TYPE
03
TYPE
01
TYPE
E 01 01
TYPE
TYP
TYPE 01
03
TYPE
TYPE 03 TYPE 04
TYPE 04
TYPE 03
TYPE 03 TYPE 04 TYPE 03
TYPE 01
TYPE 01 TYPE 01
TYPE 01
TYPE 04
TYPE
03 TYPE TYPE 04
03
TYPE
03
TYPE TYPE
03
TYPE
03 04
TYPE
01
TY TYPE TY
PE PE
01
01 01
TY TY
TY PE
PE 03
TY PE
04
03 PE
03
TY
PE
TY
04
TY
TY
PE
PE
PE
03
04
03
FLOOR TYPES 03 PLAN

TY
PE
01
TY
TY
PE
TY
PE
01
PE
01
TYPE
01
03
TYPE
TYPE
TYPE
TYPE
04
03
03
04
TYP
TYPE
TYP
TYPE
E 03
E 01
04
TYPE
TYPE 01
TYPE 03
03
TYPE 01
TYPE 04
TYPE 03
TYPE 02
01
FLOOR TYPES 03 PLAN FLOOR TYPES 08 PLAN
FLOOR TYPES 08 PLAN

VERTICAL CIRCULATIONS TEN FLOOR TYPES
CELL CLUSTERS
/ UNIT TYPES
REORGANIZING PROCESS OF UNITE D’HABITATION . CONCLUSION . 70 / 71

��
��
��
This project was initiated by a simple question: why are most of the walls/façades around us perpendicular
to the floor? There might be pros and cons, but as is clearly investigated in “The Oblique Function” by Claude
Parent and Paul Virilio, we could also use them in different ways, unless they are perpendicular to the floor
plate. From the history of conflict amongst walls, façade, or cladding versus the structural skeleton described
in Mohsen Mostafavi’s Surface Architecture, our era has already witnessed the separation of walls/façade from
the overall structure of a building. Although there might be technical / economic difficulties in actively design-
ing and building non-vertical walls, it seemed to me that there must also be something profound behind the
process that forces us to stick with rectilinear extrusion building types.
So I traced back the history of architecture to the point when wall / façade did not have to work as load-bearing
element, and that brought me to the era of the Domino system proposed by Le Corbusier. From that point
onward, no radical change has been made from a structural point of view. Although this is somehow tied up
with “International Style,” as its name implies, the style is rather a universal logic that is widely adaptable to
site-specific conditions. In that sense, the style that came with the Domino system was to provide a flexible
framework allowing architects greater design freedom, rather than functioning as a formal language associ-
ated with structural ideas, as the pre-modern styles did. Le Corbusier’s Five Points of Architecture constitute
another clear message that the intention of the Domino system was to encourage architects’ free will in their
design processes.
However in reality, the system, which was supposed to be a flexible framework, does not work as planned.
Instead, it functions more as a formal style made out of a monotonous series of slabs and columns, as we can
easily see from our built environment. This misappropriation—combined with other reasons such as material,
building techniques, as well as cost—is actually holding back architects from moving on creatively. Then why not
remove this rigid system from our buildings and see how that works?
Through the prototyping process, I proposed a flexible point grid system with various sizes of program bubbles,
including dummy cells, which in turn creates an organic building shape while maintaining the rational logic of
the Domino system as a virtual framework. Although I used the prototype to reorganize the Unite d’Habitation
based on its existing inner logic, I suppose it is also capable of accommodating other logic from outside of archi-
tecture that might serve as a malleable framework.

��
References
Surface Architecture by David Leatherbarrow and Mohsen Mostafavi

Le Corbusier, L’Unite D’Habitation De Marseille by Jacques Sbriglio
The Adaptable House by Avi Friedman
Spatial Synthesis in Computer-Aided Building Design by Charles N. Eastman
Algorithms and Computation, Lecture Notes in Computer Sceience 1969
Architectural Morphology by Philip Steadman
Shape as Memory by Michael Leyton
Paul Virilio by Ian James
Re Constructing Architecture by Thomas A. Dutton
Objectile by Bernard Cache + Patrick Beaucé
Modern Housing Prototypes by Roger Sherwood
On Growth and Form by D’Arcy Wentworth Thompson
The Paul Virilio Reader by Steve Redhead
Softspace by Sean Lally and Jessica Young
Super - Recursive Algorithms by Mark Burgin

��

Woojae Sung M Arch Cornell 2011

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Design Thesis May 2011

In partial fulfillment of the professional M.Arch degree, Cornell University

WOO JAE SUNG (WS92@CORNELL.EDU)

1. The pilotis elevating the mass off the ground

REORGANIZING PROCESS OF UNITE D’HABITATION . INTRODUCTION . 6 / 7

01 Surface Architecture by David Leatherbarrow and Mohsen Mostafavi

REORGANIZING PROCESS OF UNITE D’HABITATION . INTRODUCTION . 8 / 9

REORGANIZING PROCESS OF UNITE D’HABITATION . INTRODUCTION . 10 / 11

01 Surface Architecture by David Leatherbarrow and Mohsen Mostafavi

REORGANIZING PROCESS OF UNITE D’HABITATION . INTRODUCTION . 12 / 13

Image Upper Left < Cast and Mold system

REORGANIZING PROCESS OF UNITE D’HABITATION . INTRODUCTION . 14 / 15

01 Image Upper Left < Marcel Duchamp’s “Fountain”

REORGANIZING PROCESS OF UNITE D’HABITATION . INTRODUCTION . 16 / 17

REORGANIZING PROCESS OF UNITE D’HABITATION . INTRODUCTION . 18 / 19

01 Image Upper Left < Row House, http://www.heritageexplorer.org.uk

REORGANIZING PROCESS OF UNITE D’HABITATION . PROTOTYPE . 22 / 23

REORGANIZING PROCESS OF UNITE D’HABITATION . PROTOTYPE . 24 / 25

REQUIRED SQUARE FOOTAGE VARIABLE SQUARE FOOTAGE

(FIXED RADIUS) (VARIABLE RADIUS)

CENTER POINT CENTER POINT

Bubbles and Points

Bubbles and points can be connected by lines.

REORGANIZING PROCESS OF UNITE D’HABITATION . PROTOTYPE . 26 / 27

CIRCLE TO CIRCLE : INTERSECTING

CIRCLE TO CIRCLE : NOT INTERSECTING

CIRCLE TO POINT : INTERSECTING

CIRCLE TO POINT : INCLUDED

CIRCLE TO POINT : EXCLUDED

POINT TO POINT : NOT INTERSECTING

01 The Nature of Order by Christopher Alexander

REORGANIZING PROCESS OF UNITE D’HABITATION . PROTOTYPE . 28 / 29

INTERSECTING PROGRAM SPACES ADJACENT TO EACH OTHER - WALL CONNECTION

CIRCULATION PROGRAM SPACE CONNECTED TO CIRCULATION PATH THROUGH DOORS / OPENNINGS

Not intersecting program spaces not adjacent to each other

REORGANIZING PROCESS OF UNITE D’HABITATION . PROTOTYPE . 30 / 31

STACKING STRUCTURE PIPE CELL STRUCTURE

EXTRUDING + STACKING LOFTING

FORM FACTOR / VARIABLE FORM FACTOR / VARIABLE

01 The Function of the Oblique by Paul Virilio

REORGANIZING PROCESS OF UNITE D’HABITATION . PROTOTYPE . 32 / 33

REORGANIZING PROCESS OF UNITE D’HABITATION . PROTOTYPE . 34 / 35

PLAN TYPE A’ (ROTATED)

REORGANIZING PROCESS OF UNITE D’HABITATION . PROTOTYPE . 36 / 37

CASE 2 : SAME NUMBER OF PROGRAM BUBBLES

CASE 3 : SAME NUMBER OF PROGRAM BUBBLES WITH DUMMIES

Case 1 : different number of program bubbles

Case 2 : same number of program bubbles

Case 3 : same number of program bubbles with dummies

REORGANIZING PROCESS OF UNITE D’HABITATION . PROTOTYPE . 38 / 39

Below is the diagram of the overall prototyping process.

BATHRM 12 STUDY 8 BEDRM 16 BATHRM 12 STUDY 8 BEDRM 16

BATHRM 12 STUDY 8 BEDRM 16

BATHRM 12 STUDY 8 BATHRM 12 STUDY 8

05 OUTBOUND CIRCLES 06 CIRCLESET VORONOI

DOOR CIRCULATION CIRCULATION

DOOR CIRCULATION CIRCULATION

08 PLAN TYPE A - 16 POINT-GRID 09 PLAN TYPE B - 16 POINT-GRID

09 3D POINT GRID 10 LOFT

REORGANIZING PROCESS OF UNITE D’HABITATION . PROTOTYPE . 40 / ��

At least, that is what we believe.

01 Le Corbusier, The Unite d’Habitation in Marseilles by Foundation Le Corbusier