MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY

THE COMPUTER

PATOC STAND ALONE

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
HISTORY OF
COMPUTERS
It started in the year 1600 when the first calculating
machine was invented in China to help the people
perform mathematical computations.
HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
PASCAL ADDING MACHINE

In 1642, Blaise Pascal, a French mathematician invented

the first adding machine.
HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
THE DIFFERENCE ENGINE

In modern times Charles Babbage is considered as

the "Father of Computing." Charles. Babbage was
the chief designer/inventor of a calculator called the
"Difference Engine" developed during the late 1800's.
Babbage also developed the "Analytical Engine"
which was a machine capable of performing more
complex calculations than his previous invention.
HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
TABULATING MACHINES

1. The 1800's also saw many machines such as weaving

looms developed that were controlled by punched cards.
Herman Hollerith developed a sorting and tabulating
machine that was able to process information using 80
column punched cards. This card was known later as the
common "IBM Card." The theoretical basis for electronic
circuitry was also developed during this time.
 HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
THE FIRST ELECTRONIC
COMPUTER

This was developed in 1942 at Iowa State College,

from this point forth there were many firsts as
computers became less mechanical, smaller, faster
and cheaper. Some of the key advances have been
created:

ABC (Atanasoff-Berry Computer)

ENIAC
(Electronic Numerical Integration and
HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
1948

Bell Labs engineers John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and

William Shockley invented the transistor or semiconductor.
This was one of the most important inventions of our time.
The transistor, called a solid state switch, replaced the
vacuum tube. This allowed the start of the miniaturization
trend that still prevails today. Some of the key advantages
of the transistor were:
• a. Used much less power than vacuum tubes.
• b. Much smaller than vacuum tubes.
• c. Circuits made with transistors worked faster.
• d. Costs much less to manufacture.
1š 959 – Texas Instruments engineers invented the
Integrated Circuit (IC). This was a semiconductor
circuit that connected more than one transistor on
the same base. By contrast the first Intel Pentium
processor chip contained more than 6 million
transistors.

1š 969 – Intel corporation developed the 1K bit

memory chip. This chip stored 128 byte of data (1
byte = 8 bits). As a result, a Japanese firm asked
Intel to design 12 logic chips, each with different
function for their calculators. Instead Intel designed
a chip that incorporated all 12 designs in 1 chip. They
also included built-in instructions that allowed the
chip to function in many different circuit board
designs.

1š 971 – Intel develops the first microprocessor. Intel

developed the 4044 which was a 4-bit processor. This
chip could process 4-bits of data a time.
1š972 – Intel developed the 8008 which was an 8-bit
processor. This chip could process 8 bits of data at a time.

1980 – The breakthrough in engineering, brought on by the

development of the Z80 microchip, allowed companies like
Zenith, Commodre, and Radio Shack ( Tandy Corporation)
to introduce some of the first desktop computers designed
for use by the general public. These machines ran very
slow (1.4 Mhz) and had a memory limit of 64,000
characters.

1981 - IBM Corporation developed and marketed the first

IBM PC. This system was based on the 8088 processor chip.
This chip could process two characters at a time but could
transfer only 1 character at a time to an output device. The
speed of the processor was considerably faster than
it’spredecessor (4Mhz).
January 1983 – Apple releases the “Lisa”, one of the
microcomputers with a graphical user interface. With
unreliable hardware and an average price tag of
$10,000 the Lisa is a failure, but it spawns the more
affordable Macintosh a year later. The “Lisa” and
the “Mac” offer what DOS devotees derisively call
the WIMP (windows, icons, mice, pointers) interface,
as well as folders and long filenames – features that
begin to come to Windows with Version 2.0 Some
are not fully implemented until Windows 95.

1š 983-1984 – Toward the last part of 1983, IBM

developed and marketed the IBM 80286 AT
computer. This system was based on the Intel 80286
processor chip. The 80286 could process two
characters at a time and could transfer two
characters at a time to an output device. This chip
could access up to 16 million characters of memory.
1986 to present – Since 1986, We have seen processor chips
developed such as the 80386, 80486, and the Pentium.
Each of these chips has provided major increases to the
computing power and speed of personal computers.
What is Computer?

• šA COMPUTER is an electronic device designed to

process or manipulate data so that useful information
can be generated. Processing or manipulating, means
transforming data into useful information.

• Dš ATA – unprocessed raw material

• šINFORMATION – processed data is meaningful and
useful
4 BASIC
CATEGORIES OF
COMPUTERS
4 BASIC CATEGORIES OF
COMPUTERS
MICROCOMPUTERS

A small desktop or laptop. Common desktop PCs are

Gateway 2000, IBM Dell, Micronics, etc. Common
LAPTOPs are Toshiba, IBM ThinkPad, etc.
4 BASIC CATEGORIES OF
COMPUTERS
MINICOMPUTERS

Mid-size computers, non-portable types. Common

minicomputers are DEC Vax/750 models. They often
appear as mainframes. They are gradually
disappearing from the marketplace.
4 BASIC CATEGORIES OF
COMPUTERS
MAINFRAME COMPUTERS

These are large computers, often occupying a large room.

They are generally used by banks, universities, and some
government functions.
4 BASIC CATEGORIES OF
COMPUTERS
SUPERCOMPUTERS

The most powerful computers. They are very fast,

and have extremely high storage capacity, probably
in the terra byte range. Used in research, weather
forecasting, modeling or simulations, etc.
Capabilities and
Limitations of a
Computer
 CAPABILITIES OF COMPUTER
• Speed – computer can process data faster than any other
machines designed to perform a similar task.
• Repetitiveness – computer can tirelessly perform
Capabilities and • Accuracy – A computer high-speed processing is accurate
• Logical Operation – the computer can make decisions based
Limitations of a on alternative course of action.
• Store and Recall Information – Computer has the capability of
Computer storing and recalling data stored by the user.
• Self Checking – The computer verifies the accuracy of its own
work by means of a parity check. This means the computer will
check the number of characters.
• Self – Operating – the computer is capable of executing the
instructions on its own, without human intervention.
 LIMITATIONS OF COMPUTER
• A computer cannot generate information on its own. Computer
has the capability to gather information’s from different
sources but only if it is programmed by man to do so.
• Computer cannot correct wrong instructions. This means that
computer cannot detect wrong instructions fed by the user. It
Capabilities and has no common sense to tell whether the instructions were right
or wrong. Human intervention is needed to correct wrong
Limitations of a instructions.
• A computer cannot come out with an original decision. Human
Computer beings are capable of making decisions based on alternative
choices but computers do not possess that capability.
Computer chooses between alternative paths but such choices
are limited.
• A computer application must be quantified. Computer has a
capability of comparing information’s based on the standards
given by the user.
Characteristics of a
Computer
 CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER
• It is a machine – it needs outside intervention for it to operate
and perfume the tasks.
• It is electronic – computer is being powered by electricity.

Characteristics of • It is automatic – once started, it continues to run without human

intervention.

a Computer • It can manipulate data – it can perform arithmetic functions

such as addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. It can
also compare data.
• It has memory – computer has the capability to store
information
• It has logical instruction – It can be given set of instructions to
process data and later on produce results upon the completion
of these instructions.
What are the
benefits of using a
computer?
 Computers can be used to do many things that help us at
work and at home. For example computers can:
• Store Personal Information - Allow us to provide our own
information such as typing invoice information into a
spreadsheet program (input).
• Type Letters - Allow us to type letters, books, or whatever else
What are the you would normally do on a type writer (Word Processing).
• Design Charts - Provide us the ability to design fancy charts for
benefits of using a presentations, birthday cards, building designs, etc. (graphical
programs).
computer? • E-Mail - Allow us the opportunity to send and receive electronic
mail, (E-Mail) Fax documents, and connect to information
services.
• Manage Budgets- Allow us to manage budgets, financial
forecasts, etc (electronic spreadsheets).
• Play Games - Allow us to play Games, use an electronic
telephone Keep index cards for notes, play music CDs, etc.
(Accessory Programs).
HOW DO
COMPUTERS
WORK?
In ancient time people had different ways to process
and store informations. They made use of stone tablets
to store informations. The way they processed data are
done manually. They did not have any device that help
them make their work easy.
 Three Elements of Computer

How do • Hardware - Electronic and mechanical equipment

computers • Software - Instructions that tell hardware how to
perform tasks
work? • Peopleware - Person who communicates with a
computer or uses the information it generates
 Four Basic Functions of the Computer
• Input – it is the process of feeding data into the
computer. Devices use for input are keyboard,
mouse, joystick, light pen, touch screen, digital
How do
camera, video camera and scanner
computers • Output – the result of the processed data. Devices
work? uses for output are monitor, printer and speakers.
• Storage – data stored for future use, hard disk and
memory
• Process – manipulation of inputted data into
something useful.
Four Basic Functions of the Computer
Do you have
any questions?
Raise your right hand!
THE HARDWARE
HARDWARE
Hardware Components are usually separated into four
categories. These are control device, memory device,
input and output device. These devices are
interconnected that comprises a computer system.
INPUT DEVICES
Input devices are used to put data into the computer.
They are basically the same as the senses (eyes, Nose,
ears, etc.) you use to feed information into your brain.
INPUT DEVICES
KEYBOARD

is the primary input device used to communicate with the

computer. A computer keyboard closely resembles
conventional typewriter numerous keys are used for
computing functions.
KEYBOARD AND
ITS PARTS
TYPES OF KEYBOARD

• DOME-SWITCH KEYBOARD
• DOME MEMBRANE SWITCH KEYBOARD
• SCISSOR-SWITCH KEYBOARD
• CAPACITIVE KEYBOARD
CORRECT HANDS POSITION
CORRECT HANDS POSITION

• Left Little Finger – is positioned over the character

A. It is use to press letters A,Q,and Z.
• Left Ring Finger - is positioned over the character S.
It is use to press letters W,S and X..
• Left Middle Finger - is positioned over the character
D. It is use to press letters D,E and C.
• Left Point Finger - is positioned over the character F.
It is use to press letters F,R,V,T,G and B.
• Right Little Finger – is positioned over the character
symbol ;. A. It is use to press letters P, : , ; , /.
CORRECT HANDS POSITION

• Right Ring Finger - is positioned over the character

L. It is use to press letters L,O and >.
• Right Middle Finger - is positioned over the
character K. It is use to press letters K,I, <, , .
• Right Point Finger - is positioned over the character
J. It is use to press letters J,U,M,Y,H and N
• Thumb Fingers – Space bar.
INPUT DEVICES
MOUSE

A device that controls the movement of the cursor or

pointer on a display screen
TYPES OF MOUSE

• MECHANICAL MOUSE
• OPTOMECHANICAL MOUSE
• OPTICAL MOUSE
MOUSE OPERATIONS

• Point – position your mouse pointer over the icons,

commands and images,
• Click – click the left button once.
• Right-click – click the right button to display shortcut
commands
• Double-click – produce two successive left click of your
mouse button
• Drag – hold down the left button and move the mouse to
a new location.
• Rotate wheel – to scroll up and down the page manually
• Press wheel – automatic scroll the document without
rotating the wheel.
SYSTEM UNIT

This refers to the big box of your computer system

typically it consists of a metal or (rarely) plastic enclosure
containing the motherboard, power supply, cooling fans,
internal disk drives, and the memory modules and
expansion cards that are plugged into the motherboard,
such as video and network cards.
COMPONENTS OF SYSTEM UNIT
MOTHERBOARD
MOTHERBOARD
PROCESSOR

A central processing unit (CPU), or sometimes simply

processor, is the component in a digital computer that
interprets computer program instructions and processes
data.
MEMORY

Internal storage areas in the computer

TYPES OF MEMORY
VOLATILE MEMORY

Loses its contents when computer's power is turned off

Ex. Random Access Memory (RAM)

TYPES OF MEMORY
NON-VOLATILE MEMORY

Does NOT lose its contents when computer’s power is

turned off.

Ex. Read Only Memory

PORTS
CABLE

refer to wires that are covered in a plastic covering that

connects a computer to a power source or to another
device. The image to the right is an example of what the
power cord may look like for your computer or monitor.
TYPES OF CABLE

• POWER CABLE
• DATA CABLE
STORAGE DEVICES

This is a device used to store and retrieve data.

What is Storage Device and
Storage Medium?
TYPES OF STORAGE
DEVICES
FLOPPY DISK

Thin, circular, flexible film

enclosed between two liners
TYPES OF STORAGE
DEVICES
HARD DISK DRIVE

High-capacity storage medium

that consists of several inflexible,
circular platters that store items
electronically. Components
enclosed in airtight, sealed case
for protection.
TYPES OF STORAGE
DEVICES
SOLID STATE DRIVE

is a solid-state storage device

that uses integrated circuit
assemblies to store data
persistently, typically using flash
memory, and functioning as
secondary storage in the
hierarchy of computer storage
TYPES OF STORAGE
DEVICES
COMPACT DISK

Storage medium Most PCs

include some type of compact disc
drive Available in variety of
formats.
TYPES OF STORAGE
DEVICES
USB FLASHDRIVE

also known as a flash drive or

keychain drive is a plug-and-play
portable storage device that uses
flash memory and is lightweight
enough to attach to a key chain
THE OUTPUT
DEVICE

Any machine capable of representing information

from a computer. This includes display screens,
printers, and plotters.
THE OUTPUT
DEVICE
MONITOR

this is the common output device that produce a soft

copy of data.
THE OUTPUT
DEVICE
PRINTER

The printer is used to make a paper copy (called a

"hard copy") of the documents that you create on
the computer. To print, you need to attach and
install a printer.
Printers Two Major
Classifications
PRINTER

• Impact Printers - An impact printer produces printouts much

in a similar way as typewriters. Characters are formed by a
hammer or pin striking a ribbon saturated with ink against
the paper. Ex. Dot Matrix Printers
• Non-Impact Printers - A non-impact printer does not require
contact to the surface of the paper to produce a printed
image or character. There are several methods used to print
pages such as ink spray, laser heat, or photocopying. Since
the non-impact printer has fewer moving parts, it is the
fastest and quietest of printers available. Ex. Laser Printers,
Inkjet Printers and Color Thermal Printers.
Do you have
any questions?
Raise your right hand!
LET'S GO!
QUIZ TIME!