Module Number 4

Module Title Communication for General Purposes

Welcome to Module 4!
This module focuses its discussion on three important topics and considerations in
public speaking: Principles and Types of Speech Delivery, Non-verbal
Communication, and Connecting to Audience. This module has three lessons and each
Module Overview
lesson, you will be immersed with the discussions and with tasks that you have to
accomplish. On the last part, you will have to apply all that you have learned in this
module by making and delivering your own speech. Don’t worry! The lessons here will
greatly help you in achieving the culminating task.

At the end of this module, you will be able to:

a. discuss the principle of effective public speaking;
b. identify the types of speech delivery;
c. determine situation where public speaking can take place;
d. make a speech script outline;
e. explain the relationship between non-verbal and verbal communication;
f. describe why non-verbal communication is important in any speech
Module situation;
Outcomes g. differentiate types of non-verbal communication;
h. analyze non-verbal cues of a politician delivering a speech on current
events;
i. explain audience dynamics;
j. identify ways on how to connect with your audience;
k. define audience analysis;
l. differentiate informative speaking and persuasive speaking;
m. deliver a speech applying all the considerations in speech delivery.

Module Number 4
Module Title Communication for General Purposes
Lesson 1 Principles and Types of Speech Delivery

A research conducted by Marinho (2016) revealed that college students are

more afraid and challenge when it comes to speaking tasks. Are you one of them?
Speaking, as what this study revealed is challenging, but is very powerful weapon for
influencing others.
Description of
The speaking can inspire or dispirit, build or destroy, incite quarrels or make
the Lesson
friends, turn hostile group in to a supportive one and vice versa, stir people to revolt or
become docile, persuade people to take long march or stay at home etc. This lesson will
prepare you and give you insights on how to become a better speaker ready you in your
future speaking events and activities.
 At the end of this unit, you should be able to:
a. discuss the principle of effective public speaking;
Lesson b. identify the types of speech delivery;
Objectives c. determine situation where public speaking can take place;
d. make a speech script outline.

Lesson Proper
Warm-Up

1. Try to recall an event that you attended or TV show you have watched where a
speech was delivered.

2. Think about what should happen before a public speaking experience. Consider
the variables that might affect the actual speech delivery. Make a list of the
Activity preparation process as you see it and another list for the things to be
considered when delivering a speech.

3. Share your answers to your class by sending your answers in the official
group chat of your section or by commenting on the discussion portion on the
moodle/by sending your thoughts in the official Facebook Group of your
class.

Looking back on those times where you were asked to speak in front of the class
or in front of the entire student body, were you nervous? Were you able to deliver
your thoughts well?

Analysis Your apprehensions when it comes to public speaking is normal. Research shows
that 6 out of 10 students are afraid and conscious when they are talking in front of a
big crowd. How do we avoid fidgeting? How do we deliver our speech or opinions
well without being nervous? Let us find out.

Essentials of Oral Communication

Think about a time that you had to stand in front of a bunch of people and
tell them something. Maybe it was an oral report in grade school or a proposal at
work. After gathering your materials and preparing what to say, you arrived at the
Abstraction podium and started talking. This is an example of public speaking, and it
involves communicating information before a large audience.
What makes public speaking different than, say, just talking to a crowd of people,
is in the way information is conveyed. In public speaking, the information
is purposeful and meant to inform, influence or entertain a group of listeners. It is the
process of communicating information to an audience. It is usually done
before a large audience, like in school, the workplace and even in our personal lives
(Centeno, 2016).
The benefits of knowing how to communicate to an audience include
sharpening critical thinking and verbal/non-verbal communication skills.
Four time-tested Principles of Effective Public Speaking
(4 Ms: Material, Message, Method, and Manners in Speech)
Material
Material refers to the topic, which can be about your experiences,
observations, inspirations, or anything you are interested to talk about. If you cannot
think of any idea about your topic, one best strategy is to get a pen and paper and write
down everything that is in your mind. Then, circle or underline the one that you are
interested in and knowledgeable about. Once you have identified your topic, it is
important to know more about it. Therefore, you have to research about your topic if
necessary.
Message
Message refers to the content or the main point of your speech, which can be
supported by personal stories or anecdotes – humorous or inspiring – and relevant
statistics or ideas from newspapers and academic journals, among others.
When you are developing your message, it is very important to know the needs,
beliefs, and values of your audience so that you can engage with them easily in your
speech. Once you have connected with your audience, it will be easy for you to
convey your message according to your goal or purpose: to inform, to entertain, or
to persuade.
Method s od Delivery
Manuscript speech is delivered by speakers who intend to read aloud their
speech word for word to their audience. One example is writing and/or reading a
proclamation paper, public announcement, or court decision. Since this is literally
reading to the audience, manuscript speakers will have difficulty in grabbing the
attention of and connecting with their audience.

Memorized speech is delivered by speakers who intend to memorize their

speech word for word. This occurs when one delivers a declamation or oratorical piece
for a contest during a gathering. In addition, this method is usually written by or for
speakers who are inexperienced or uncomfortable in public speaking; thus, memorizing
the speech written by them or for them can be a good option. Some common problems
that you can encounter using this method are time and commitment to memorize,
memory lapses, awkward or unnatural delivery, eye contact, and audience rapport,
among others.

Impromptu speech is delivered by speakers who are suddenly asked or

requested by someone or a group of people to say a few words about something.
As an illustration, you are asked by your teacher to share with the class about your
holiday vacation, or you are unexpectedly requested by an emcee to give your birthday
wishes for your friend who is celebrating his/ her birthday. Since you have little time
to gather your thoughts in this method, you may have trouble in organizing and finding
the appropriate words for your thoughts.

Extemporaneous speech is delivered by speakers who intend to

present a well-crafted speech. That speech is fully prepared and perfectly
rehearsed ahead of time. As an example, you accepted an invitation of your former
school to give an inspirational talk to the graduates. So, you give yourself enough time to
deliver a speech that can motivate and inspire your audience to do and think good deeds
at all times. During your delivery, you may need some notes, not for you to read but for
you to be guided.

Checkpoint: Trivia

Glossophobia, or a fear of public speaking, is a very common phobia

and one that is believed to affect up to 75% of the population. Some individuals
may feel a slight nervousness at the very thought of public speaking, while
others experience full-on panic and fear.

They may try to avoid public speaking situations at all cost or if

they must speak in public, they endure shaking hands and a weak, quavering
voice. How to overcome a fear of public speaking? With persistence and
preparation, it is entirely possible to beat glossophobia. How? Visit the
websites below:

 To Overcome Your Fear of Public Speaking, Stop Thinking About

Yourself By Sarah Gershman
https://hbr.org/2019/09/to-overcome-your-fear-of-public-speaking-stop-
thinking-about-yourself

 Public Speaking Anxiety

https://nationalsocialanxietycenter.com/social-anxiety/public-speaking- anxiety/

Manners in Speech
Manners in speech refer to the ethical standards in delivering a speech in
public. Lucas (2011) specified some of them.

1. Observe ethically sound goals. Avoid criticizing your family, friends, and other
people or teachers, promoting mass destruction, for instance, hacking.
2. Prepare all the time. You have a full responsibility to yourself and to your
audience when you are asked to deliver a speech. So, in order to fulfill
it, you have to be prepared.
 3. Tell the truth. Be accurate with your sources and data. Acknowledge the author
of your borrowed ideas including quotes, songs, phrases, and statistics,
among others. Simply observe, "honesty is the best policy.
4. Be sensible and sensitive. Your audience come from different
backgrounds, so as much as possible, respect their identity, affiliation, religion,
beliefs, values, preferences, and orientation through your language and
gesture.

After going through this part of the Lesson you might like to have
further discussion on some points and clarification on others. You
may post this in your section’s official Facebook Group using the
hashtag #pointsforclarification or #pointsfordiscussion, these will help
us in hashtag sorting to immediately locate and respond to you.

Components of Speech
I. Introduction
A. Attention getter
B. Relevance of the topic to the audience
C. Self-Introduction (optional)
D. Thesis statement

II. Body
A. Main Idea 1
- Supporting detail 1
- Supporting detail 2
B. Main Idea 2
- Supporting detail 1
- Supporting detail 2
C. Main Idea 3
- Supporting detail 1
- Supporting detail 2
D. Conclusion
- Closure (letting your audience know that you are about to end
your speech)
- Summary
- Call to action

Knowing the Types and Principles of Speech Delivery, you can now go back
and recheck and confirm the items you have listed in the warm-up activity.

Application From the items, you have listed in the warm-up activity, select the top 3 most
important considerations in public speaking from your list and explain why such are
important.

1.
 Explanation:
2.
Explanation:
3.
Explanation:

Task 1
Based on the ideas you have gained from this lesson, identify at least five
situations where public speaking can take place. For each situation, identify an
appropriate purpose and method of delivery. Write your responses on the table below.
Be guided by the example given.

METHOD OF
SITUATION PURPOSE
DELIVERY
Example:
Symposium on Climate To inform Extemporaneous
Change

Metacognition

Task 2
Assume that you have been selected to be your organization
representative to deliver a speech about your opinion on online class learning set up.
Make an outline of your speech using the component of speech outline. Keep
your outline for you will develop your own speech script at the end of this module.

Suggested Videos:
Be a More Confident Public Speaker https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tShavGuo0_E
Suggested
ED’s Secret to Great Public Speaking
Videos
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-FOCpMAww28

Barrot, Jessie S. and Philippe John F. Sipacio (2018). Purposive Communication in the
21st Century. Quezon City: C & E Publishing, Inc.
References
Black, Rosemary (2020). Glossophobia (Fear of Public Speaking): Are You
Glossophobic?
 Retrieved from https://www.psycom.net/glossophobia-fear-of-public-speaking

Centeno, Antonio (2016). An Introduction to Public Speaking. The Art of

Manliness. Retrieved from https://www.artofmanliness.com/articles/an-
introduction-to-public-speaking/

Kat Kadian-Baumeyer (2019). What Is Public Speaking and Why Do I Need to Do It?
Retrieved from https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-public- speaking- and-
why-do-i-need-it.html.

Module Number 4
Module Title Communication for General Purposes
Lesson 2 Non-verbal Communication
In this lesson, you will be able to recall some of your discussion in your Oral
Communication class you had in your senior high school. This time, you will be
Description of
immersed with additional concepts about non-verbal communication and how to
the Lesson
effectively apply them in you public speaking tasks.

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

a. explain the relationship between non-verbal and verbal
communication;
Lesson b. describe why non-verbal communication is important in any
Objectives speech situation;
c. differentiate types of non-verbal communication; and
d. analyze non-verbal cues of a politician delivering a speech on
current events;

Lesson Proper
Warm-up
Looking back to your previous public speaking experiences and in your output
in the culminating activity, what specific topic/s here do you think you still need to
Activity
improve more? What do you think are the ways that you can do to improve and better
your future public speaking engagements?

You may have witnessed a speaker who is stiff during the entire speech, reading
his/her notes, and making no connections at all with the audience. What did you feel
Analysis
while listening to them? What does such situation imply?

Meaning and Importance of Non-verbal Communication

Abstraction
 Non-verbal communication is a behavior that conveys and represents
meanings. All kinds of human responses that are not expressed in words are
classified as non-verbal communication. Example are your states, smiles, tone,
movement, manners of walking, standing and sitting, appearance, style of attire, attitude
towards punctuality and space, and personality.

Here is a list of some reasons why mastery of non-verbal

communication is important:
1. It enhances and emphasizes the message of your speech.
2. It can communicate all feelings, attitudes, and perceptions as well as
express anything without saying a word.
3. It can sustain attention of listeners and keep them engaged in the speech.
4. It makes you more dynamic and animated in your delivery.
5. It can build connections with listeners.
6. It makes you credible as a speaker.
7. It serves as a channel to release tensions and nervousness.

Aspects of Non-verbal Communication

Non-verbal communication occurs without using any oral or written word.
Instead of written or oral words, it relies on various non-verbal cues like physical
movements, tasks, colors, signs, symbols, signals charts, etc. to express
feelings, attitudes or information.

Although no word is used in non-verbal communication, it can effectively

communicate many human feelings more accurately than verbal methods of
communication. The following are some aspects of non-verbal communication.

1. Facial Expressions
Without a doubt, the most common—and telling—nonverbal means of
communication is through facial expressions. Smiling, frowning,
blinking, and eye-rolling, are the strongest and most relatable
expressions. The most surefire way to establish a connection with a
stranger, client, or an audience: Smile! A smile is welcoming, warm, and
establishes your presence and connection with your listeners.

2. Body Movements
Body movements, or kinesics, include common practices like hand gestures
or nodding. Very often, body movements convey enthusiasm or excitement. It
is important to use gestures properly and effectively especially when you are
in any communicative situation. Make natural gestures, never exaggerate and
avoid too many gestures especially in professional speaking.

3. Posture
 Posture is critical in making a strong impression. How you stand or sit is one
of the important elements in how you are perceived by others. Someone
who stands with their back straight and head held high exudes
confidence, assurance, and strength, while, conversely, someone who is
slouched or facing the floor demonstrates uncertainty, indifference, or even
weakness. To express friendliness and positivity, maintain an open posture.
Keep your head raised and relax your facial expression. A closed posture,
especially crossed arms across the chest, gives the impression of boredom or
hostility.

4. Eye Contact
Perhaps the best way to build rapport with a stranger is by maintaining eye
contact. Eyes can indicate interest, attention, and involvement, while failing
to make eye contact may be interpreted as disinterested, inattentive, or rude.
However, this does not mean you have to stare directly into the face of
another person—quite the opposite, in fact. There is nothing more aggressive
than staring intensely into someone’s eyes. Experts suggest that healthy eye
contact consists of looking semi- randomly at the area around the eyes, which
includes the eyelids and eyebrows.

5. Paralanguage
Any parent with small children is familiar with the phrase “don’t use that tone
of voice with me.” This is a perfect example of how paralanguage— the aspects
of the voice that differ from the words—affects the message. The most obvious
example is sarcasm, in which the tone of what’s being said conveys the
opposite of the message. Odds are that someone who drawls “Grreeeattt” in a
laconic tone is less than thrilled at what’s being presented. Less obvious
paralanguage includes the speed, volume, and pitch of speaking. Be conscious
of how quickly you talk, and be sure to speak clearly and loud enough to be
heard. But be sure to take care not to be too loud, as this comes off as
belligerent and off-putting.

6. Proxemics
Thanks largely to Seinfeld, the notion of a “close talker” has become part
of our consciousness. People are very protective of their personal space,
particularly the area that Mehrabian calls the “intimate space” (i.e., 6 to 18
inches). This is a zone generally reserved for family, close friends, or romantic
partners. When engaging in business conversation, you always want to be far
enough that the other person is comfortable, but you do not want to be too far,
suggesting that you are distancing yourself or uninterested in the
conversation.

7. Clothing and Appearance

Clothing and appearance are considered as vital in creating first
impressions of you as a speaker. In addition, the way look and what you

wear matter as these contribute significantly to the success of your speech.

Observe this mantra: “Dress to succeed!”
 After going through this part of the Lesson, you might like to
have further discussion on some points and clarification on others. You
may post this in your section’s official Facebook Group using the
hashtag #pointsforclarification or #pointsfordiscussion, these will
help us in hashtag sorting to immediately locate and respond to
you.

Checkpoint: Reminder!
Non-Verbal Communication Is Linked To Culture

It is been well-documented that culture and communication are intimately

linked. The same goes for non-verbal communication – it’s joined to
culture at the hip.

While there are general similarities between non-verbal cues used all
over the world, you cannot just assume that the same non-verbal
cues that you use in your culture can be used in another.

For instance, in the United States, it is normal to smile at a stranger –

that is seen as a warm and welcoming sign.
Go to Russia and they will not view it the same way. There, you can even
come across as impolite if you smile for a stranger.
Fly on over to Asia and a smile can have a different meaning depending
on the context. In some Asian cultures, a smile can imply that you are
embarrassed and not happy.

The moral of this is that as a businessperson, understanding your

audience is key to nailing both verbal and non-verbal communication.

Source: Seven Proven Facts about Non-verbal Communication:

https://cubicleninjas.com/7-facts-about-non-verbal-communication/

Identify a politician, local or national, who has recently delivered a speech

on a current issue in politics, internal relations, health, environment, development, or
any civic or social concerns. You can use YouTube to find one or from a TV news.
Then, analyze his/her vocal elements, distance, physical appearance, and other non-
verbal aspects. Use the following guide for your analysis:
Application
Name of Politician:
Speech Focus:
How effective did he/she use facial expressions, eye contact, posture, and
movements?
 How effective did he/she use tone, pitch, and rate?
Were the non-verbal cues helpful in delivering his/her message?
Over all, in a scale of 1-10 (1 being the lowest and 10 the highest), how effective
was his/her use of non-verbal cues. Explain.

Reflect on the Learning that you have gained from this lesson by completing the chart
below.

What were your misconceptions What new or additional learning

about the topic prior to taking up have you gained from this lesson
this lesson? in terms of skills, content, and
Metacognition attitude?

I thought . . . I learned that . . .

How Nonverbal Signals Affect Verbal Discourse

Suggested
https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-nonverbal-communication-1691351
Readings
How to Read Body Language
Suggested Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nmp_-JByPaY

Barrot, Jessie S. and Philippe John F. Sipacio (2018). Purposive Communication in the
21st Century. Quezon City: C & E Publishing, Inc.

References Smentek, Rob (2016). Aspects of Non-verbal Communication. Chauffeur

Driven. Retrieved from https://www.chauffeurdriven.com/news-features/in-this-
issue/1264-7-aspects-of-nonverbal-communication.html

Module 4
Number
Communication for General Purposes
Module Title
Connecting to the Audience
Lesson 3
Before we start to deliver a speech or even when we write, we need to understand who our
Description of audience will be. Knowing our target audience helps adjust and shape the tone of our words.
the Lesson In this lesson, we will both define and analyze how to choose a
target audience.
 In order for a message to be effective, it has to be impactful, clear and relatable to an
audience. Learn about some key steps to analyzing an audience in order to identity the
correct way to deliver and write a message.
At the end of this lesson, you will able to:
a. explain audience dynamics;
Lesson b. identify ways on how to connect with your audience;
Objectives c. define audience analysis;
d. differentiate informative speaking and persuasive speaking.

Lesson Proper
Warm-Up

1. YES OR NO: Try to watch a TV show for Kids. Do you find them
entertaining or did you enjoy watching those compared to your Netflix or TV
Activity
show drama?
2. YES OR NO: Think of an elementary pupil trying to read a book in Law. Will
the pupil finish a chapter or even a few pages?

In the warm-up activity, most probably, you both answered “No” to those two
scenarios presented. What could be the reason for your answers in the warm-up
activity?

This situation may vary but for most of the time, in scene 1, you do not find such
show entertaining anymore just like in scene 2 (again, this might not be true to all), the pupil
Analysis would not even finish a page. Why? Because a kid’s show does not target someone from
your age, their target audience are kids.
As for the Law book, its target readers are not pupils but those who are
studying Law. This situation is the same in public speaking, your target audience
matters. How are you going to match your speech to your audience? This lesson will help
you on that.

As a Speaker
As a speaker, it is vital to make a personal connection with the audience.
Your ability to establish this connection can make the difference between being
evaluated positively or negatively, being believed or doubted, or delivering an
effective or ineffective presentation.

As a speaker, before you inspire your audience, you have to strive to establish a
Abstraction
connection with them. So, how do you make this connection? The initial step in building
connection with your audience is to know them, which can be achieved through
audience analysis.

Audience Analysis
A target audience is the person or group of people your speech is intended to
reach. When a speaker knows the target audience, he or she will shape both the
purpose and tone of the speech to match the audience's needs and, sometimes,
expectations.
Audience analysis is the process of looking into the behavior, values, beliefs, or even
the culture of the audience. This is done before your presentation. By doing so, you will
know what not to say, how to say it, and when to say it.

Some Time-Tested Principles

1. Consider the needs of your audience. You might want to ask the following
questions for consideration: Will the message of my speech contribute to the
professional growth and fulfillment of my audience? What are they thinking?
What do they need to know? What do they want to hear?
2. Identify you audience size and set-ups. Coordinate with the area
personnel, conference committee or the ones knowledgeable about the details,
so that you can make necessary adjustments to your speech.
3. Smile and be polite. Smiling and greeting your audience are the kindest
things that you can do to your audience. They will feel more comfortable and not
intimidated when you do so.
4. Use pronoun “we” or “you” frequently. This is to minimize the gap
between you and the audience.
5. Use only those examples which your audiences are familiar with. Make
sure that your examples are simple and relatable.
6. Use layperson’s terms in your word choice. Avoid words or phrases that
only you can understand.
7. Reinforce your verbal message through effective use of non-verbal
skills.
8. Feel what your audience feels; think what they think. This is related to
psychological factor.
9. Watch your words. Use words that are not offensive or biased.
10. Listen attentively to feedback after your speech.
11. Acknowledge and appreciate positive reactions.
12. Allow audience participation when necessary.
13. Use humor appropriately and effectively.
14. Handle questions effectively.

You can also use the Audience Analysis Sheet below.

Criteria Description
Age Range
Male – Female Ratio
Nationalities
Place of Residence
Degree programs
Occupations of Parents
Language Spoken
Religious Affiliations/ Beliefs
Topics Preferred
Motivations
Size and set-up preferred
 After going through this part of the Lesson, you might
like to have further discussion on some points and
clarification on others. You may post this in your
section’s official Facebook Group using the hashtag
#pointsforclarification or #pointsfordiscussion, these
will help us in hashtag sorting to immediately locate

Aside the Audience Analysis, you should also consider specific type of speech you
will deliver. There are two most common types: Informative and Persuasive.

An informative speech provides information about a specific subject to an

audience. The main goal of an informative speech is to provide enlightenment regarding
a specific topic the audience knows nothing about. It may demonstrate how to use a new
type of software, explain a new concept in the field of science, describe an expedition an
archaeologist took, or provide details about a person of interest that the audience wants to
learn more about. The topics covered in an informative speech should help the audience to
understand a subject better and to remember what they learned later. The details need to be
laid before the audience so that they can make an educated decision or learn about a
subject they are interested in.

A persuasive speech is a specific type of speech in which the speaker has a goal
of convincing the audience to accept his or her point of view. The speech is arranged in
such a way as to hopefully cause the audience to accept all or part of the expressed
view. Though the overarching goal of a persuasive speech is to convince the audience to
accept a perspective, not all audiences can be convinced by a single speech and not all
perspectives can persuade the audience. The success of a persuasive speech is often measured
by the audience’s willingness to consider the speaker’s argument.

Task 1
Directions: Read the following statements. Write TRUE if the statement is true and FALSE if
otherwise.

1. It is important for a speaker to make a connection with the audience.

Application
2. One way to make connection to audience is to conduct and
audience analysis.
3. All questions from the audience must be answered even if it is too
personal.
4. Simple words such as “thank you”, “much appreciated”, or “lovely to hear
from you” can stir positive emotions in your audience.
 5. When you disagree with a point given by your audience, start an
argument.
6. If your audience is not listening, directly call their attention.
7. One of the things you have to consider in doing audience analysis is their
language spoken.
8. It is necessary to consider physical arrangement.
9. Use technical terms and highfalutin words in your speech to create a good
impression.
10. Open casual conversation with your audience before and after your speech.

Task 2: Audience Analysis Sheet

Conduct a survey to at least 10-15 students in your section using the

Audience Analysis Sheet provided in this lesson. Before you conduct your survey, make sure
that you will follow the necessary ethical considerations (ex. Asking for permission or
telling them what your survey is for). You can conduct your survey through any means
that you can reach them.

Think of a school activity or any event that you have attended where there was a
resource speaker. Identify what type of speech was used by the speaker. Follow the format
below:

Event Name:
Metacognition
Topic:
Audience:
Speech Type:
Why did you say so? Explain.

Engaging Your Audience

https://www.hamilton.edu/academics/centers/oralcommunication/guides/how-to- engage-
Suggested your-audience-and-keep-them-with-you
Readings Persuasive versus Informative Speaking
https://lumen.instructure.com/courses/218897/pages/linkedtext54302?module_item
_id=5007181

6 Public Speaking Tips To Hook Any Audience https://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=k8GvTgWtR7o6%20Public%20Speaking%20Ti ps%20To%20Hook%20Any
Suggested
%20Audience
Videos:
3 tips to boost your confidence - TED-Ed
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l_NYrWqUR40
 References:

Barrot, Jessie S. and Philippe John F. Sipacio (2018). Purposive Communication in the 21st
Century. Quezon City: C & E Publishing, Inc.

Lucas, Stephen (2019). The Art of Public Speaking, Tenth Edition; Beebe, Beebe,
& Ivy's Communication Principles for a Lifetime, Fourth Edition.
References
Retrieved from https://www.gvsu.edu/speechlab/connecting-with-the-
audience-26.htm

Watt, Sarah S. and Joshua Trey Barnett (2016). Informative vs Persuasive

Speaking. Retrieved from https://2012books.lardbucket.org/pdfs/a-primer-on-
communication-studies/s11-informative-and-persuasive-spe.pdf