Introduction to Computers and Computer Applications

Definition of a computer
• A computer is a digital electronic machine that can be programmed to carry out sequences of
arithmetic or logical operations automatically (Wikipedia, 2022).
• It is an electronic device that transforms data to information.
• A computer an electronic device that accepts raw information (data), processes it according to some
specific instructions, and provides the results as new information.
• A computer is composed of hardware & software and can exist in various sizes and configurations.
It is an electronic device that is used to process data.
• Data - Raw facts.
• Information - Processed data.

Figure 1: Examples of computers

• Computer Hardware are the physical parts of the computer e.g., printers, keyboard etc.
• Computer software are the programs (sets of instructions) that are used to run the computer e.g.,
Word processor, spreadsheet, database, presentation software etc.
 Figure 2: Computer Components

Elements of a computer
• A computer system is made up of the following elements
o Input - Data or raw facts
o Processing - Act of transferring raw facts into meaningful output or information
o Output - Processed data or information
o Storage – Locations for Saving information and data permanently

Figure 3: Elements of a computer

Input Devices
• These are devices that are used to feed the computer with data for processing.
• Input devices are used to provide data and control signals to an information processing system.
• Examples of input devices:
o Keyboard
o Mouse
o Scanners
o digital cameras
o Microphone
o Touch screen
o Bar code readers
o Biometric devices e.g., Face scanners, Hand scanners, Finger scanners, Voice scanner
o Stylus
Figure 4: Computer input devices

Central processing Unit (CPU)

• This is the brain of the computer.
• It processes the information fed in from the input devices to generate meaningful output from it.
• The CPU controls input and output devices
• CPU is made up of three parts, namely:
o Arithmetic Logic Unit – It performs mathematical functions as well as do comparisons
between units of data presented to it.
o Control Unit – Controls the processing of information in a computer
▪ It takes data from an input device to the processor/memory, then to an output device
o Memory unit - Stores data before, during and after processing
Figure 5: Central Processing Unit
Computer memory
• The computer’s memory stores data, instructions required during the processing of data, and output
results.
• Different types of memories, each having its own unique features, are available for use in a
computer:
o Registers
o Cache Memory
o Random Access Memory (RAM)
o Read Only Memory (ROM)
• Registers are the fastest and the most expensive among all the memory types. The registers are
located inside the CPU and are directly accessible by the CPU. The speed of registers is between 1-2
ns (nanosecond). The sum of the size of registers is about 200B.
• Cache memory is next in the hierarchy and is placed between the CPU and the main memory. The
speed of cache is between 2-10 ns. The cache size varies between 32 KB to 4MB.
•

Output Devices
• These are devices that are used to give out information (processed data) from the computer to the
user.
• Examples include Monitors, Plotters, speakers etc. The output could take any of the following forms:
o Soft copy-this is output that not tangible e.g., information that is shown on the screen.
o Hardcopy-this is information that is tangible, printed on paper. E.g., from a plotter, printer.
o Machine readable form- this is output that can only be read using the computer e.g.,
information stored on disks, control signals
Figure 6: Computer hardware devices

Storage Devices

Classification of Computers
• Computers can be classified based on the following criteria:
o Size and Memory
o Purpose
o Functionality

Classification according to Size

• When classified according to size, computers can either be:
o Supercomputer
o Mainframe
o Minicomputer
o Microcomputer
o Desktop
o Laptop
o Palmtops

Classification according to Purpose

• General computers - This computer can do or handle a variety of tasks when loaded with
appropriate programs.
• Special computers - They are designed to serve a specific purpose or to accomplish one
particular task
• Dedicated Computers - They can handle any task, but it is a dedicated to one task
Classification according to Functionality
• Digital computers - They handle discrete data.
• Analog computers - Deals with data that keeps on changing in time (Continuous data).
• Hybrid computers - The computers can handle both analog and digital data.

Areas where Computers are used

• Supermarkets: Used to keep in stock control i.e., keep accounts of what is in the store, what has been
sold, what is out of stock etc.
• Offices: First access and receiving information, automate faster message distribution and document
processes.
• Banks: Special cash dispensing machines called Automated Teller Machine (ATM for cash
withdrawal and deposition service.
o They provide better record keeping and document processing.
• Industries: Monitoring and controlling industrial processes e.g., using robots
• Hospitals: Keeping patients records for easier access to treatment and diagnosis.
o Computerized diagnosis in laboratories.
• Communication: Sending and receiving emails, teleconferencing, telecommuting facsimile and e-
calling.
• Transport: Monitoring automobile traffic, aircraft navigation and making flight reservation.
• Law enforcement: Biometric analysis- study of human biological characteristics to know
fingerprints, voice and facial features. Video cameras e.g., in banks.
o Development of strong military bases which have international coordination by use of
computer radar.
o Jet fighters are computerized with connection to control centres.
• Education: Computer Aided Learning (CAL) and Computer Aided Teaching (CAT).
• Domestic and entertainment/ home: used at home for recreation purposes and keeping budgets.
• Library services: Easy access and update of books and other library materials.

Advantages of a Computer
• Stores large amount of information in a limited space
• Speed: performs tasks in very short periods.
• Efficiency: creates an all-round saving on space and time.
• Consistency: gives the same results given the same data and instructions.
• Secrecy: information is fairly protected if computer system is well managed.
• Versatility: Can do the same thing over and over again without being worn out.

Disadvantages of a Computer
• Computers are very expensive
• Cuts down employment opportunities
• Needs expertise which is expensive to hire and maintain
• They create eye problem
• Loss of information if not well managed
Development of Computers
• The history of computer dates back to the period of scientific revolution (1543 -1678).
• The computer was born not for entertainment or email but out of a need to solve complex number
problems.
• By 1880, the United State (U.S) population had grown so large that it took more than 7 years to
tabulate the U.S Census results. The government sought a faster way to get the job done, giving rise
to the punch-card based computers that took up entire rooms.
• Today, we carry more computing power on a smartphone than was available in the early models of
computers.
• Computers have evolved from their humble beginning to the machines of today that surf the
Internet, play games and stream multimedia in addition to solving complex number problems.
• The following is a brief summary of the history of computers:
o 1623:
▪ Wilhelm Schickard designed and constructed the first working mechanical calculator.
o 1673:
▪ Gottfried Leibniz demonstrated a digital mechanical calculator, called the
▪ Stepped Reckoner. He may be considered the first computer scientist and information
theorist, for, among other reasons, documenting the binary number system.
o 1801:
▪ In France, Joseph Marie Jacquard invents a loom that uses punched wooden cards to
automatically weave fabric designs.
▪ Early computers would use similar punch cards. Home / News / Tech / Health /
Planet Earth / Strange News / Animals / History / Culture / Space & Physics.
o 1820:
▪ Thomas de Colmar launched the mechanical calculator industry when he released his
simplified arithmometer, which was the first calculating machine strong enough and
reliable enough to be used daily in an office environment.
o 1822:
▪ English mathematician Charles Babbage (Father of Computer) conceives of a steam-
driven calculating machine that would be able to compute tables of numbers.
▪ The project, funded by the English government, is a failure. More than a century later,
however, the world's first computer was actually built.
o 1843:
▪ During the translation of a French article on the Analytical Engine, Ada Lovelace
wrote, in one of the many notes she included an algorithm to compute the Bernoulli
numbers, which is considered to be the first published algorithm ever specifically
tailored for implementation on a computer.
o 1885:
▪ Herman Hollerith invented the tabulator, which used punched cards to process
statistical information; eventually his company became part of IBM.
o 1890:
▪ Herman Hollerith designs a punch card system to calculate the 1880 census,
accomplishing the task in just three years and saving the government $5 million.
▪ He establishes a company that would ultimately become IBM.
o 1936:
 ▪ Alan Turing presents the notion of a universal machine, later called the Turing
machine, capable of computing anything that is computable. The central concept of
the modern computer was based on his ideas.
o 1937:
▪ J.V. Atanasoff, a professor of physics and mathematics at Iowa State University,
attempts to build the first computer without gears, cams, belts or shafts.
o 1937:
▪ One hundred years after Babbage's impossible dream, Howard Aiken convinced IBM,
which was making all kinds of punched card equipment and was also in the calculator
business to develop his giant programmable calculator, the ASCC/Harvard Mark I,
based on Babbage's Analytical Engine, which itself used cards and a central
computing unit. When the machine was finished, some hailed it as "Babbage's dream
come true".
o 1939:
▪ Hewlett-Packard is founded by David Packard and Bill Hewlett in a Palo Alto,
California, garage, according to the Computer History Museum.
o 1941:
▪ Atanasoff and his graduate student, Clifford Berry, design a computer that can solve
29 equations simultaneously.
▪ This marks the first time a computer is able to store information on its main memory.
o 1943-1944:
▪ Two University of Pennsylvania professors, John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert, build
the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC).
▪ Considered the grandfather of digital computers, it fills a 20-foot by 40-foot room and
has 18,000 vacuum tubes.
o 1946:
▪ Mauchly and Presper leave the University of Pennsylvania and receive funding from
the Census Bureau to build the UNIVAC, the first commercial computer for business
and government applications.
o 1947:
▪ William Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain of Bell Laboratories invent the
transistor.
▪ They discovered how to make an electric switch with solid materials and no need for
a vacuum.
o 1953:
▪ Grace Hopper develops the first computer language, which eventually becomes
known as COBOL. Thomas Johnson Watson Jr., son of IBM CEO Thomas Johnson
Watson Sr., conceives the IBM 701 EDPM to help the United Nations keep tabs on
Korea during the war.
o 1954:
▪ The FORTRAN programming language, an acronym for FORmula TRANslation, is
developed by a team of programmers at IBM led by John Backus, according to the
University of Michigan.
o 1958:
 ▪ Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce unveil the integrated circuit, known as the computer
chip. Kilby was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2000 for his work.
o 1964:
▪ Douglas Engelbart shows a prototype of the modern computer, with a mouse and a
graphical user interface (GUI).
▪ This marks the evolution of the computer from a specialized machine for scientists
and mathematicians to technology that is more accessible to the general public.
o 1969:
▪ A group of developers at Bell Labs produce UNIX, an operating system that addressed
compatibility issues. Written in the C programming language,
▪ UNIX was portable across multiple platforms and became the operating system of
choice among mainframes at large companies and government entities.
▪ Due to the slow nature of the system, it never quite gained traction among home PC
users.
o 1970:
▪ The newly formed Intel unveils the Intel 1103, the first Dynamic Access Memory
(DRAM) chip.
o 1971:
▪ Alan Shugart leads a team of IBM engineers who invent the "floppy disk," allowing
data to be shared among computers.
o 1973:
▪ Robert Metcalfe, a member of the research staff for Xerox, develops Ethernet for
connecting multiple computers and other hardware.
o 1974 -1977:
▪ A number of personal computers hit the market, including Scelbi & Mark-8 Altair, IBM
5100, Radio Shack's TRS-80 — affectionately known as the "Trash 80" — and the
Commodore PET.
o 1975:
▪ The January issue of Popular Electronics magazine features the Altair 8080, described
as the "world's first minicomputer kit to rival commercial models." Two "computer
geeks," Paul Allen and Bill Gates, offer to write software for the Altair, using the new
Beginners All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code (BASIC) language.
▪ On April 4, after the success of this first endeavour, the two childhood friends form
their own software company, Microsoft.
o 1976:
▪ Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak start Apple Computers on April Fool's Day and roll out
the Apple I, the first computer with a single-circuit board, according to Stanford
University.
o 1977:
▪ Radio Shack's initial production run of the TRS-80 was just 3,000. It sold like crazy.
For the first time, non-geeks could write programs and make a computer do what
they wished.
o 1977:
▪ Jobs and Wozniak incorporate Apple and show the Apple II at the first West Coast
Computer Faire.
 ▪ It offers colour graphics and incorporates an audio cassette drive for storage.
o 1978:
▪ Accountants rejoice at the introduction of VisiCalc, the first computerized
spreadsheet program.
o 1979:
▪ Word processing becomes a reality as MicroPro International releases WordStar.
"The defining change was to add margins and word wrap," said creator Rob Barnaby
in email to Mike Petrie in 2000. "
▪ Additional changes included getting rid of command mode and adding a print
function. I was the technical brains — I figured out how to do it, and did it, and
documented it. "The first IBM personal computer, introduced on Aug. 12, 1981, used
the MSDOS operating system. (Image: © IBM).
o 1981:
▪ The first IBM personal computer, code-named "Acorn," is introduced.
▪ It uses Microsoft's MSDOS operating system. It has an Intel chip, two floppy disks and
an optional colour monitor.
▪ Sears & Roebuck and Computer land sell the machines, marking the first time a
computer is available through outside distributors. It also popularizes the term PC.
o 1983:
▪ Apple's Lisa is the first personal computer with a graphical user interface (GUI).
▪ It also features a drop-down menu and icons.
▪ It flops but eventually evolves into the Macintosh. The Gavilan SC is the first portable
computer with the familiar flip form factor and the first to be marketed as a "laptop."
▪ The TRS80, introduced in 1977, was one of the first machines whose documentation
was intended for non-geeks
o 1985:
▪ Microsoft announces Windows, according to Encyclopaedia Britannica.
▪ This was the company's response to Apple's graphical user interface (GUI).
▪ Commodore unveils the Amiga 1000, which features advanced audio and video
capabilities.
o 1985:
▪ The first dot-com domain name is registered on March 15, years before the World
Wide Web would mark the formal beginning of Internet history.
▪ The Symbolics Computer Company, a small Massachusetts computer manufacturer,
registers Symbolics.com. More than two years later, only 100 dotcoms had been
registered.
o 1986:
▪ Compaq brings the “Deskpro 386” to market. Its 32-bit architecture provides as speed
comparable to mainframes.
o 1990:
▪ Tim Berners-Lee, a researcher at CERN, the high-energy physics laboratory in Geneva,
develops Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML), giving rise to the World Wide Web.
o 1993:
▪ The Pentium microprocessor advances the use of graphics and music on PCs.
o 1994:
 ▪ PCs become gaming machines as "Command & Conquer," "Alone in the Dark 2,"
"Theme Park," "Magic Carpet," "Descent" and "Little Big Adventure" are among the
games to hit the market.
o 1996:
▪ Sergey Brin and Larry Page develop the Google search engine at Stanford University.
o 1997:
▪ Microsoft invests $150 million in Apple, which was struggling at the time, ending
Apple's court case against Microsoft in which it alleged that Microsoft copied the "look
and feel" of its operating system.
o 1999:
▪ The term Wi-Fi becomes part of the computing language and users begin connecting
to the Internet without wires.
o 2001:
▪ Apple unveils the Mac OS X operating system, which provides protected memory
architecture and pre-emptive multi-tasking, among other benefits.
▪ Not to be outdone, Microsoft rolls out Windows XP, which has a significantly
redesigned graphical user interface GUI.
▪ 2003: The first 64-bit processor, AMD's Athlon 64, becomes available to the consumer
market.
o 2004:
▪ Mozilla's Firefox 1.0 challenges Microsoft's Internet Explorer, the dominant Web
browser. Facebook, a social networking site, launches.
o 2005:
▪ YouTube, a video sharing service, is founded. Google acquires Android, a Linux-based
mobile phone operating system.
o 2006:
▪ Apple introduces the MacBook Pro, its first Intel-based, dual-core mobile computer,
as well as an Intel-based iMac.
▪ Nintendo's Wii game console hits the market.
o 2007:
▪ The iPhone brings many computer functions to the smart phone.
o 2009:
▪ Microsoft launches Windows 7, which offers the ability to pin applications to the
taskbar and advances in touch and handwriting recognition, among other features.
o 2010:
▪ Apple unveils the iPad, changing the way consumers view media and jumpstarting
the dormant tablet computer segment.
o 2011:
▪ Google releases the Chromebook, a laptop that runs the Google Chrome OS.
o 2012:
▪ Facebook gains 1 billion users on October 4.
o 2015:
▪ Apple releases the Apple Watch. Microsoft releases Windows 10.
o 2016:
 ▪ The first reprogrammable quantum computer was created. "Until now, there hasn't
been any quantum-computing platform that had the capability to program new
algorithms into their system. They're usually each tailored to attack a particular
algorithm," said study lead author Shantanu Debnath, a quantum physicist and
optical engineer at the University of Maryland, College Park.
o 2017:
▪ The Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) is developing a new
"Molecular Informatics" program that uses molecules as computers. "Chemistry
offers a rich set of properties that we may be able to harness for rapid, scalable
information storage and processing,"
▪ Anne Fischer, program manager in DARPA's Défense Sciences Office, said in a
statement. "Millions of molecules exist, and each molecule has a unique three-
dimensional atomic structure as well as variables such as shape, size, or even colour.
This richness provides a vast design space for exploring novel and multi-value ways
to encode and process data beyond the 0s and 1s of current logic-based, digital
architectures." [Computers of the Future May Be Minuscule Molecular Machines].
• The history of computer is considered with the generations of a computer from first generation to
fifth generation
• Here are the generations of computers:

First Generation Computers (1940 - 1958)

• Used thermionic valves or vacuum tubes
• Vacuum tubes technology made it possible with advent of electronic digital computers
• It was the fastest calculating device that time.
• Too bulky
• Unreliable
• Had limited memory
• Generated a lot of heat
• Consumed a lot of power
• Examples: IBM 650, UNIAC

Second Generation Computers (1958 – 1964)

• They used transistors
• Smaller than first generation computers
• More reliable
• Generated less heat than the first generation
• Less prone to hardware failure
• Required air condition for cooling
• Required frequent maintenance
• It was very expensive
• Examples: IBM1401, Honeywall200, CDC1604

Third Generation Computers (1964 – 1970)

• They used Integrated Circuit (IC)
• Smaller in size
 • More reliable than the previous ones
• Emitted lesser heat than the previous ones
• Less maintenance cost
• Less power consumption than the first and the second generation
• Highly sophisticated for the manufacture of Integrated Circuit
• Costly
• Examples: IBM360, BurroughsB5600

Fourth Generation Computers (1970-1989)

• They are characterized by the use of Large-Scale Integrated Circuit (LSIC)
• Smaller in size
• More reliable than previous generation computers
• Generated negligible heat
• Faster than previous generation computers
• Less prone to hardware failure
• Portable
• Highly sophisticated technology in manufacturing of Large-Scale Integrated chip
• Examples: IBM3033, Buroughs67700

Fifth Generation Computers (Present and Beyond)

• These computers are based on artificial intelligence (AI), are still in development, although there
are some applications such as voice recognition, facial face detector and thumb print that are used
today
• Consist of extremely large-scale integration.
• Parallel processing
• Possession of high-speed logic and memory chip
• High performance, micro-miniaturization
• Ability of computers to mimic human intelligence, e.g., voice recognition, facial face detector, thumb
print.
• Satellite links, virtual reality
• They have billions of circuits per cubic.
• Examples: Supercomputers, Robots, Face detectors, Thumb print (Zakari, 2019)

Computer Laboratory
• A computer laboratory is a room or space equipped with computers (networked or not) for learning
in an educational institution (UNESCO, 2022).
• A computer laboratory must be safe from any disruptive, non-educational content; learners and
teachers may need authorized access credentials.

Computer Laboratory safety precautions and practices

• To protect the computer resources and information in a computer laboratory, the following safety
precautions should be taken:
o Behaviour in Computer Laboratory:
▪ Avoid smoking or exposing computer to dust. Smoke and dust damage computer
components.
 ▪ Avoid carrying food and beverages: may damage components and liquids may cause
rusting and electrical shocks.
▪ Avoid unnecessary movement because you may accidentally knock down
peripherals.
▪ Follow the correct procedure for storing and shutting down computers. Reporting
accidents immediately.
▪ Ask for assistance.
o Ventilation:
▪ to avoid suffocation and overheating. This avoids damage of electronic parts.
o Lighting: to avoid eyestrains that leads to headaches, stress and fatigue. User may adjust
brightness of computer monitor. Also, radiation filter screen may be fitted.
o Protection against fire: Use or fit gaseous fire extinguisher.
o Dust and dump control
▪ Special curtains reduce dust entry
▪ Covering computers
o Regulate humidity to remain at an optimum of 50%.by the use of humidifier and
dehumidifier.
▪ Low humidity allows static electricity to build up and cause damage to computer
components.
▪ High humidity causes corrosion, destroy devices and electrical faults
o Furniture:
▪ Furniture in the computer lab should strong and wide enough to accommodate all
peripheral devices.
▪ User seats must be comfortable and have straight back rest that allows someone to
sit upright to avoid muscle pains and aches
o Burglar proofing:
▪ Fit strong metallic grills and locks on doors and windows
▪ Don’t welcome strangers to computer room
▪ Install security alarms at strategic access points to alert security personnel in case of
break in.
o Stable power supply
▪ Ensure there is stable power supply in the computer laboratory.
▪ Use Uninterruptible power supply to protect the computer against power surges

Mouse and Keyboard Basics

Computer Mouse
• The mouse is a pointing input device. When a mouse connected to the system unit is moved on a
surface, it moves a pointer on the screen.
• The mouse is primarily used to control the mouse pointer on the screen, and it issues commands
when one of its buttons are clicked. Commented [KW1]: Add image of mouse with the
mouse buttons labeled properly
• The mouse has 3 buttons: Left button, right button, and the scroll button.
• Using the mouse, a user can issue various commands by performing the following mouse
operations:
o Left Clicking
▪ Left clicking or simply clicking refers to pressing the left mouse button once
 ▪ Left clicking is used to select an item on the screen
o Right Clicking
▪ Right clicking refers to pressing the right mouse button once
▪ When you right click, a context menu is displayed with a couple of commands you can
issue at the point you have right clicked at.
o Double Clicking
▪ Double clicking refers to pressing the left mouse button twice in a quick succession.
▪ Double clicking is used when you need to open an item in a computer.
o Scrolling
▪ Scrolling refers to rolling the mouse scroll button forward or backwards
▪ Scrolling is used when you want to navigate easily through a large document on the
screen
o Drag and drop
▪ The drag and drop operation allow you to move an item in a computer from one
location to another
▪ The user first selects the item to move by clicking on the item without releasing the
left mouse button. While still holding down the left mouse button, the user then
moves the mouse until the mouse pointer holding the item selected reaches the new
location. The user then releases the left mouse button to drop the item at the new
location

Computer Keyboard
• The computer keyboard is one of the most common input devices.
• The keyboard is a keying input device. When a key on the keyboard is pressed, an instruction or
data is sent to the CPU for processing.
• It is made of several key grouped into the following categories: Commented [KW2]: Add image of computer keyboard
with key categories labeled properly
• Alphanumeric Keys
▪ These keys comprise of numbers 0-9, alphabets A-Z and symbols like @, !,
$, %, ^, &, *, (, ), ?, >, < etc. They also include the Caps lock, Enter key, Tab,
Spacebar, Back space keys.
▪ The Caps lock key is used to turn capitalization on or off. When on, letters
typed appear in uppercase and when off, letters typed appear in lowercase.
▪ The Enter Keys are used to force the cursor to move to the beginning of the
next line.
▪ The Tab key is used to move the cursor at set intervals.
▪ The Backspace key is used to delete characters to the from the cursor
position
▪ The Spacebar is used to insert spacing between words
• Function Keys
▪ They are located along the top of the keyboard
▪ They are labelled F1, F2 … F12
▪ They are used to issue special commands to the computer and mostly used
by advanced user.
• Cursor Movement Keys
▪ These keys are used move the cursor in a document on the screen
 ▪ They comprise of the Arrow keys, Page Down and Page Up, Home and End
keys
▪ The Arrow Keys are used to move the cursor up, down, left and right
▪ Page Up and Page Down keys moves the cursor one page up or down
▪ Pressing the Home Key moves the cursor to the beginning of the current
line
▪ Pressing the End key moves the cursor to the end of the current line.
• Editing Keys
▪ They comprise of the Insert and Delete Key that helps in editing a
document
▪ The Insert Key helps the user insert or replace a character at the cursor
position
▪ The Delete (Del) key deletes characters from left to right at the cursor
position
• Special PC Operation Keys
▪ They are rarely used singly but in combination with other keys to give
special commands to the computer.
▪ They comprise of the SHIFT keys, CTRL (control) keys, ALT keys and ESC
(escape) keys.
• Numeric Keypad
▪ The numeric keypad comprises of a set of numbers 0-9 and the arithmetic
signs +, -, *, %
▪ They are located at the right side of the keyboard.
▪ They are used to either type the numbers and the arithmetic signs or they
can be used as cursor movement and editing keys.
▪ The Num lock key on the numeric keypad is used to control how the keys
are used. When the Num lock is on, the numeric keypad is used to type the
numbers and the arithmetic symbols. When the Num lock is off, the
numeric keypad for cursor movement and editing keys.