UCSP Reviewer Prelims
Social Research - deals with
Social Science - is the broad category of
disciplines that looks into the behavior of an
individual and how he or she interacts with
his or her environment.
Anthropology - study of human kind,
human interconnections and
interdependence of all human experience
- Problems of human persons
- Anthropos (greek) - human
- Logos (greek) - study
- Famous Anthropologist
a. Henry Otley Beyer
b. F. Landa Jocano
c. Peter Bellwood
- Fields of Anthropology
1. Cultural Anthropology - deals with
the evolutionary process of society
and culture
2. Linguistic Anthropology - deals
with the language and patterns that
reflects the structure and
characteristics of a community
3. Archaeology - deals with the study
of human and society through the
rediscovery and recovery of material
and artifacts
4. Physical/Biological Anthropology -
deals with humans as biological
organisms
Sociology - deals with the study of the
behavior of society
- Effects of human person’s problem
in the society
- Socius (Latin) - companion
- Logos (Greek) - study
- Family Relations: Separation &
Divorce
- Reproductive Health: RH Law 2012
- Fields of Sociology
1. Social Organization - deals with the
formation of social groups and
institutions and their behavior
2. Social Psychology - deals with
human behavior as an outcome of
individual personality
3. Social Change - deals with
understanding the society as an
institution by focusing on social
organization
4. Population Studies - deals with the
composition of the population
5.
rediscovery and development of
sociological findings
Politics - deals with the issue of the state,
governance , leadership , bureaucracy
and its interaction with its citizens
- Actions of the government to solve
the problems of human persons
- Politika or Polis (Greek)
- Political Science - affairs of the
cities’ citizens
- Fields of Political Science
1. Political Theory - deals with the
origins and purpose of the stater and
governance
2. Public Law - deals with the structure
and role of the state and government
3. Public Administration - deals with
techniques and methods used in the
management of the government
4. Sikolohiyang Pilipino (Filipino
Psychology) - refers to the
psychology born out of the
experience, thought and orientation
of the Filipinos
5. Colonialism - policy or practice of
acquiring, full or partial political
control over another country
6. Decolonialism - act of getting rid of
colonization
7. Post Colonialism - political or
cultural condition: theoretical
approach in various disciplines that
is concerned with lasting impact in
former colonies
8. Modern Period - beginning in the
quarter of the 20th century and end
of middle ages
9. Enlightenment - action of enlighting
or state of being enlightened
- European intellectual movement
of the late 17th and 18th
centuries
Socrates - “I only know that I know
nothing”
- 469 -399 B.C.
- One of the founders of western
Philosophy
- Was a classical Greek philosopher
credited with laying the fundamentals of
modern Western philosophy.
- He is known for creating Socratic
Irony and the Socratic Method (Elenchus)
 - Death: When the political climate
of Greece turned, Socrates was sentences
to death by Hemlock Poisoning in 399
BC. He accepted this judgment rather
than fleeing into exile
Plato - “Love is a serious mental disease”
- 427 - 347 B.C.E
- Student of Socrates
- A philosopher in Classical Greece
and the founder of Academy in Athens, the
first institution of higher learning in the
Western world
- “All the gold which is under or upon
the earth is not enough to give in exchange
for virtue”
- “Be kind for everyone you meet is
fighting a hard battle”
- “Dictatorship naturally arises out of
democracy, and the most aggravated form of
tyranny and slavery out of the most extreme
liberty”
Aristotle - “We are what we repeatedly do,
Excellence,then, is not an act, but a habit”
- Student of Plato
- Aristotle of Stagira was a Greek
philosopher who pioneered systematic,
scientific examination in literally every area
of human knowledge and was knows, in his
time as “THE MAN WHO KNEW
EVERYTHING”
- Philosopher of:
Notable Ideas
Aristotelian Philosophy
Syllogism
Theory of the Soul
Virtue Ethics
- Death: In 322 B.C, just a year after
he fled to Chalcis to escape prosecution
under charges of impiety, Aristotle
contracted a “Disease of the Digestive
Organs” and died
Before the birth of modern social sciences in
the West, the study of society, culture and
politics we’re based on social and political
philosophy
- In return, social and political
philosophies were informed by theological
reasoning grounded in REVELATION
BASED ON THE HOLY BIBLE
- PHILOSOPHY IS DIFFERENT
FROM SCIENCE
- Science would have not develop if it
remained under the wings of philosophy and
theology
- Philosophy is based on Analytic
understanding of the nature of truth
asserted about specific topics of issues
- The development of the Social
Science during the modern period was made
possible by several large scale
a. Sciences
1. Pure Science
2. Applied Science
b. Social Science
1. Law
2. Linguistics
3. History
c. Humanities
1. Visual Arts
2. Performing Arts
3. Religion
The Unprecedented Growth of Science
- The scientific revolution which
begun with Nicolaus Copernicus refers to
HISTORICAL CHANGES IN
THOUGHT AND BELIEF
- In Europe roughly between 1550
and 1700 with the works of Isaac Newton,
which PROSED UNIVERSAL LAWS OF
MOTION AND MECHANICAL
MODEL OF THE UNIVERSE
- Francis Bacon who established the
SUPREMACY OF REASON OVER
IMAGINATION
The story of human evolution begun in
Africa about six million years ago and it
describes the very long process that our
ancestors went through to ultimately become
modern humans.
Evolution means the changes that occur in a
population over time.
Population means a group of the same
species that share a specific location and
habitat.
Evolutionary changes always
occur on the genetic level.
The Tree of Life
Biological evolution - explains the way all
living things evolved over billions of years
from a single common ancestor. This
concept is often illustrated by the so-called
Tree of Life - Every branch in the tree
represents a species.
The Relationship Between Apes and
Humans - Since scientist developed the
ability to decode the genome and compare
the genetic makeup of species, some people
have been stunned to learn that about 985%
of genes in people and chimpanzees are
identical.
Our common Ancestors - Most scientist
believe our common ancestor existed 5-8
million years ago. The two species broke
off into separate lineages, one ultimately
evolving into gorillas and chimps, the
other evolving into early humans
called hominids.
The Fossil Record - Fossils are the remains
or impressions of living things hardened
in rock. All living organism have not been
preserved in the fossils record
Culture
- Exists anywhere humans exist
- There are no cultures that are exactly
the same
- Made up of elements that form
people’s unique way of life
- imposes limitations and parameters.
It dictates a community on what is
acceptable and not.
- constantly changing and can easily
be lost in time.
- A combination of human knowledge,
beliefs and behavior that we learn
and pass on to future generations
- Culture according to Edward B.
Taylor is a complex whole that
includes knowledge, beliefs, arts,
laws, custom and habits acquired
by an individual as members of
society.
- pertains to a person’s social
identity.
- According to A.L. Kroeber and
Clyde Kluckhohn, it consists of
pattern, explicit and implicit, of
and for behavior acquired and
transmitted their embodiment in
artifacts
- Classification of Culture according
to UNESCO (United Nation
Educational Scientific and
Cultural Organization)
a. Tangible (material) -
immovable, movable,
underwater
b. Non - Tangible (Non
Material) - oral traditions,
performing arts rituals,
knowledge skills
c. Natural Heritage (material)
- Cultural landscape,
Physical, Biological or
geological formations
- Classification of Culture according
to NCCA (National Commission
for Culture and the Arts)
a. Tangible/Physical - church,
museums, park, monument,
artifact, relics, fossils
b. Intangible/Abstract -
knowledge, social norms,
folkways, mores, laws,
values, beliefs, pop culture
- Elements:
1. Social Organization - formation of
a stable structure of ralations inside a
group which provides basis for order
and patterns relationships for new
members
2. Customs and traditions - practice,
belief or any thing which lots of
people do and have done from
generation to generation
3. Religion - belief in and worship of a
superhuman controlling power,
especially a personal God or gods
4. Arts and Literature - visual object,
experience, of written works
consciously created through an
expression of skill or imagination
5. Language - method of human
communication, either spoken or
written, consisting of the use of
words in a structured and
conventional way
6. Forms of government - government
is a system by which a state or
community is controlled; EX:
DEMOCRACY or FEDERALISM
7. Economic System - means by which
countries and governments distribute
resources and trade of goods and
services; EX: PESO
 4. Culture is very adaptive such that
it is always changing and evolving
- Culture is dynamic, it adapts to its
environment from time to time and
from place to place.

How do we become a member of a

society?
1987 Philippine Constitution Section 1
Article IV
- Those who are citizens of the
Philippines at the time of the
adoption of the constitution
- Those whose Father and mother
are citizens of the Philippines
- Who were born before January 17,
1973 of Filipino mothers who elect
Philippine citizenship upon reaching
the age of majority
- Those who are naturalized in
accordance with the law

Naturalization (COMMONWEALTH
ACT NO. 473) - process of learning one’s
culture and how to live within it.
- Must be not less than twenty one
years of age
- Resided in the Philippines for a
continuous period of not less than ten
years
- Must be a good moral character and
believe in the principles underlying
- Characteristics of Culture the Philippine Constitution
- Must own a real estate in the
Philippines worth not less than five
Culture is transmitted from hundred pesos
one generation to another. - Must have some known lucrative
When trade, profession or lawful
one is born, the person occupation
immediately acquires the pattern - Must have enrolled his minor
of behavior and traits of his or her
immediate family. children of school age in any of the
public or private schools by the
Office of Private Education of the
1. Culture is a product of social Philippines
interaction.
- through interaction with other
members of the society that we
understand and acquire their patterns
of behavior
2. Culture is ideational and it implies
conformity.
- sets limitation on a person, such as a
person’s religious orientation, they
are bounded by their faith and
orientation
3. Culture provides a sense of
fulfillment and satisfaction.
- Being familiar and knowledgeable of
one’s culture makes the person very
proud of one’s identity.

Norms - Informal understanding that govern
the behavior of members of a society
Values - criteria people use in assessing
their daily lives which accounting for the
stability of social order
EXAMPLE:
Norms - Greets the teacher
Values - Respect
Socialization (Status) - an individual
obtains a status in the community
- Social position in a group
- Individual’s position in the social
culture
- Agents of Socialization
a. Family - first society that individual
becomes part of
b. Peer Groups absorbs a portion of the
family’s influence
- The new role models of the
individual
c. Church or Religion - provides a major
influence on the individuals NOTION
OF MORALITY AND ETHICS
d. School - serves as the formal agency of
weaning children from home
- Introducing them to the society
e. Workplace - act as school of life or
REALITY
f. Mass Media - makes our life more
interesting through
TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION
Enculturation - practice the requisites of
the culture of one’s surroundings to adopt
values and behavior necessary or
appropriate in a given culture
- Exchange of cultural feature with
foreigh cultures
- Successful Enculturation results in
competencies in language, values
and rituals of culture
Persona Non Grata - unwelcome person
Social Conformity and Deviance
Conformity - observance of the norms and
makes the person accepted in a group or
society
- Acceptance of cultural goals and
legitimate approved means of
achieving them
Deviance - pertains to act that violate the
standard of conduct, expectations or social
norms of a group or society
- Examples: Sexual Deviants, Drug
Addicts, Violation of group norms,
Violation of cultural expectations
- Social Deviants
a. Innovators - subscribe to culturally
approved norms, but change their
way of approaching it, innovating
on the approved norms
b. Rituals - rejects culturally approved
norms but still perform the socially
accepted actions to observe them
c. Retreatists - rejects both the
approve norms and the socially
accepted ways of complying with
them
d. Rebels - alter the status quo and
impose completely new social
platform set-up
Social Control - means to deter or minimize
cases of Deviance
- Types of Social Control
a. Planned or Unplanned
- Gossip & Social Ostracism
b. Persuasive or Coersive
- Laws & Punishments
- Functions of Social Control
a. Internal - Self Control
b. External - Outside Factors
Discipline - situation in which an individual
suppresses his or her base desire
- Happens when one uses reason to
identify the best course of action
regardless of one’s need
- One tries to align his or her values to
one’s goal and do what is the best
Aspiration - strong desire for advancement
striving after something higher that one’s
self
Human Dignity, Rights and the Common
Good
Human Dignity
- Should always be honored
- Universally recognized and not
subject to any restrictions
- Dignity (Basic Right Itself) - all
individuals deserve to be treated with
dignity
Classification of Rights of a Person (De
Leon 200)
- Common Standard for all nation
- All rights emphasized by the
UNITED NATION in its
UNIVERSAL
DECLARATION OF HUMAN
RIGHTS (December 10,1948)
- Natural/Universal Rights - rights
independent of the laws or customs
of a particular culture of government
- Constitutional Rights - enumerated
and protected by the constitution
- Political Rights - rights of people to
participate in the governance
- Civil Rights - personal liberties
given to individual due to their status
as a citizen of a particular country
- Social, Economic and Cultural
Rights - rights of a person to enjoy
life economically and socially
- Rights of the Accused - granted to a
person accused of committing a
crime
- Statutory Rights - rights provided
by the statue or a particular law