Design of Semiautomatic Blood Pressure Final

DESIGN OF SEMIAUTOMATIC BLOOD PRESSURE
Submitted by
Mohammad alhweitat 202010033

Nayef Khaled abuhlalah 202011145
Ahmad hussain alzubaidy 201711013
Under the supervision of
Mr. Bashar Nazih
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in
Biomedical Engineering
Faculty of Engineering
Al-Ahliyya Amman University
Amman – Jordan
[9/2022]
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Approval Page
EXAMINATION COMMITTEE:
The Supervisor: … Eng. Bashar Alhaj
Committee Member: Dr. Mohammad Al-Ayyad
Committee Member: MR. Amani alghraibah
The Degree: 50
Committee Comments:
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Al-Ahliyya Amman University VERSION)
‫جامعة عمان األهلية‬
Dedication
This project is especially dedicated to the teachers who helped and guided us to successfully complete
this project work.
Also, we would like to dedicate this project to my dear father, who has been a wonderful supporter until
my research was completed, and to my beloved mother, who has been encouraging me for months.
Mohammad alhweitat
Nayef Khaled abuhlalah
Ahmad hussain alzubaidy
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Acknowledgment
First of all, I would like to thank the Chairman of our Committee, Mr. Bashar Al-Hajj for his
outstanding support, guidance and encouragement throughout my major project.
We would also like to express our gratitude and appreciation to the department head Mr. Bashar
Al-Hajj for all the help and guidance he provided during my education, and to other members of
my professors.
We would like to thank our family, especially my parents, for their encouragement, patience, and
help over the years. We are forever indebted to our parents, who always kept me in their prayers
Mohammad alhweitat
Nayef Khaled abuhlalah
Ahmad hussain alzubaidy
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Declaration
We hereby certify that the material we include in this project is entirely our work and no portion of the
work referred to in this project has been submitted in support of an application for another degree or
qualification of this or any other university or other institution of learning. The material of the project also
does not breach, to the best of our knowledge, any law of copyright, and has not been taken from the
work of others and to the extent that such work has been cited and acknowledged within the text of our
work.
Student 1 Student 2 Student 3

Name Mohammad Nayef Khaled Ahmad hussain
alhweitat abuhlalah alzubaidy
Signature
Date
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Team Contribution
Hereby we declare that all the study work including data collection, survey performing and
data analyzing was contributed equally upon all the team members.
1. Mohammad alhweitat
2. Nayef Khaled abuhlalah
3. Ahmad hussain alzubaidy
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Abstract
High blood pressure refers to diseases that can lead to cardiovascular disease (stroke and
ischemic heart disease), preeclampsia. over one billion people worldwide have excessive blood
pressure. scarcity of reasonably priced and accurate blood pressure monitors, particularly in
underdeveloped locations, is a significant hindrance to primary healthcare. Semi-automated
measurement is quickly replacing manual BP testing due to environmental concerns about
mercury, poor calibration, incorrect measurement utilizing aneroid devices in clinical practice,
and the better consistent accuracy of approved automated equipment. Our project focuses on
creating a semi-automated gadget and measuring blood pressure, including its characteristics,
regulatory requirements, standards, as well as calibration and maintenance. At a very low cost
and commensurate with all segments of society with regard to dealing with the device in terms of
simplicity. In our project, we will use software such as Multisim and Labview to extract signals
from the circuit that contains a pressure sensor.
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Table of Contents
Table of content ……………………………………………………………………..….… VIII

List of figures ………………………………………………………………………….…. X
List of tables ……………………………………………………………………………... XII
List of acronyms ………………………………………………………………………… XIII
Abstract ………………………………………………………………………………….. VII
1.0 chapter 1: Introduction …………………………………………………………….......1
1.1 The problem ………………………………………………………………………1
1.2 Aim of project …………………………………………………………………….2
1.3 structure of the report ……………………………………………………………..2
2.0 chapter 2: Literature review ………………………………………………………........3
2.1 Blood pressure …………………………………………………………………....3
2.2 Blood pressure range ……………………………………………………………..4
2.3 High-precision…………………………………………………………………….6
2.4 Measurement Mechanism ……….……………………………………………....6
2.5 Non invasive blood pressure NIBP………………………………………………8
2.5.1 Type NIBP ……………………………………………………………......8
2.5.1.1 Mercury sphygmomanometer………………………………..........8
2.5.1.2 Aneroid sphygmomanometer……………………………………...9
2.5.1.3 Automatic NIBP………………………………..……………...…10
2.5.1.4 Semi-automated BPMD …………………………………...……..11
2.6 oscillometr approach …………………………………………………………...12
2.7 previous studies…………………………………………………………………..13
2.7.1 oscillometric method using a common cuff ……………...……………….13
2.7.2 Ultrasonic method ……………………………………………….………..13
2.7.3 palpatory method ……………………………………………………..…. .14
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3.0 Chapter 3: Methodology………………………………………………………………..15

3.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………...15
3.2 cuff …………………………………………………………………………………15
3.3 Pressure sensor ……………………………………………………………………..16
3.4 Medical Air Balloon Vacuum Pump ( inflation bulb) ……………………………..17
3.5 Labview and Data Acquisition system……………………………………………..17
3.6 Software design…………………………………………………………………….19
3.6.1 Reading of acquired data ( Piecewise linear voltage ) ………………………19
3.6.2 Filter …………………………………………………………………………20
3.6.3 Comparator Circuit…………………………………………………………..23
3.6.4 Microcontroller Unit ( MCU ) ……………………………………………...24
3.7 Analog to digital converter ………………………………………………………..25
3.8 Measurement Techniques…………………………………………………………..25
3.9 Design specification ……………………………………………………………….26
4.0 Chapter 4: Result and Discussion …………………………………………………..…27
4.1 Results …………………………………………………………………………..…27
4.2 Discussion ………………………………………………………………………....32
4.3 Design Constraints ………………………………………………………………...33
4.4 Cost& Engineering standards……………………………………………………...34
5.0 Chapter 5: Conclusion and Future Work ……………………………………………...35
5.1 Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………...35
5.2 Future work ……………………………………………………………………….36
References ………………………………………………………………………………...37
Appendix A ……………………………………………………………………………….40
Appendix B ……………………………………………………………………………….41
Appendix C ……………………………………………………………………………….42
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List of Figures
Figure 1 : Blood pressure range …….….…………......……………………….…………..…4
Figure 2 : Measurement Mechanism …………………...…………...…………….......……...7
Figure 3 : Mercury sphygmomanometer……………………………….………….......………9
Figure 4 : Aneroid sphygmomanometer…..…...……………………….…………......……...10
Figure 5 : Automatic NIBP……………….…...……………………….………….......……..11
Figure 6 : oscillation method………….……...……………………….…………........……...13
Figure 7 : block scheme of blood pressure monitor ………….……….…………......…........15
Figure 8 : cuff…………………………….…………………………….…………........……..16
Figure 9 : MPX5050GP pressure sensor .…………………………….…………........………16
Figure 10 : Medical Air Balloon Vacuum Pump .…………………………….…………........17
Figure 11 : labview measurement file .…………………………….…………........…………18
Figure 12 : NI ELVIS II .…………………………….…………........……………………….19
Figure 13 : Piecewise linear voltage .…………………………….…………..........................20
Figure 14: A basic depiction of the four major filter types .………………………………….21
Figure 15 : Filter wizard Low pass filter .…………………………….…………........………21
Figure 16 : Low pass filter specification .…………………………….…………........………22
Figure 17 : Filter wizard band pass filter .…………………………….…………........……..22
Figure 18 : Band pass filter specification .…………………………….…………........……..23
Figure 19 : Op-amp comparator .…………………………….…………........………………23
Figure 20 : final software design .…………………………….…………........……………..24
Figure 21 : the 7 segment display .…………………………….…………........…………….24
Figure 22 : Analog to Digital conversion .…………………………….…………........…….25
Figure 23 : The output voltage from pressure sensor using piecewise linear voltage ……....27
Figure 24 : The output results from LBF and BPF .…………………………….……….......28
Figure 25 : The output results after using two comparator .…………………………………29
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Figure 26 : Final pulse of diastolic pressure .…………………………….………….........…30

Figure 27 : Time period between two pulses .…………………………….…………........…31
Figure 28 : Omron RS2 Wrist Blood Pressure Monitor .……………………………………32
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List of Tables
Table 1 digital blood pressure monitor and our proposed method ……………………..33
Table 2 Cost …………………………………………………………………………….34
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List of Acronyms
BPMD: blood pressure measuring devices

LMICs: Low and middle income countries
NIBP: Non invasive blood pressure
BP : blood pressure
Mmhg: millimeter of mercury
RAM: Random access memory
ROM: read-only memory
EPROM: erasable programmable read-only memory
ADC :Analog-to-Digital converters
MCU: Microcontroller Unit
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Chapter 1: Introduction
The scope of this research on non-surgical humerus BPMD with cuff, using oscillometric
method, which It is the preferred choice for measuring BP. However, this document also
refers to the evidence for aneroid BPMD Where automated and mercury is not available, only
for calibration. It also describes other sleeveless innovations techniques but more evidence is
needed for recommendation.
Cardiovascular disease, such as coronary artery disease, heart failure, chronic renal disease,
stroke, heart attack, dementia, peripheral vascular disease, fetal and maternal death, and
premature death, are all linked to hypertension.
And in our project, we will start designing a device to measure blood pressure and not be
fully automatic, and the benefits of such industries, and we will try as much as possible to
have a low cost so that all segments of society can manufacture such necessary devices
In order to start the design process for a sphygmomanometer and to address the main
components that we need in the design process, we must medically identify what blood
pressure means and how it is measured.
1.1 The problem
Before we talk about any designs or start work, we must identify the existing problem, and on
the basis of the emergence of this problem, this project has been worked on so that we can
find a solution. The problem is the inability of many people to buy devices to measure
pressure at home due to its high price, perhaps or not. There is a real ability for people to deal
with such devices
By manufacturing such devices, we motivate people in society to manufacture and not rely on
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major companies to monopolize the industry and control prices. Therefore, we will work hard
to design this type of device at the lowest possible prices and with readily available parts.
In addition to the above, the work of a device that measures the most important vital
functions in the human body, which is blood pressure, is a wonderful thing in itself, because
this type of vital signs depends on reading a lot of pathological indicators in the body and
even taking medications, especially the old age groups.
1.2 Aim of project

The objective of this project is to build and design a semiautomatic blood pressure device By
following:
1) to acquire data from different person
2) to analyze the data
3) to design filtering circuit (LPF,BPF)
4) to calibration the system depending on the analysis of the data set
1.3 structure of the report

In this report, in which we will talk in detail from the beginning about the objectives of the
project and the problems facing the community in order to manufacture such a device, and
this is in the first chapter. At the beginning, we mentioned the importance of having a blood
pressure monitor that works on batteries for a long time in the first chapter, and we
mentioned the importance of maintaining blood pressure The blood must be within the
normal range, and if not, what are the diseases that accompany it, and we will also mention
the mechanism by which the blood pressure device works and what types are common in the
measurement process, and this is in Chapter 2 We mentioned the old studies and research
about this project and how these devices were manufactured and used and how they were of
great importance Later, we will mention the steps in the details and the parts used in our
project, and this is in the chapter 3. As for the estimated cost to complete the project work,
the mechanism of work, the results we reached, and the problems we faced during the period
of work on this project, we will add them in Chapter 4, we will discuss these results in the
same chapter.
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Chapter 2: Literature Review
2.1 BLOOD PRESSURE

is the force exerted by circulating blood on blood vessel walls. The heart pumps blood
through the circulatory system, which causes the majority of the pressure. The word "blood
pressure" refers to the pressure in the major arteries when used without qualification. In the
cardiac cycle, blood pressure is typically stated as the ratio of systolic pressure (highest
pressure during one heartbeat) to diastolic pressure (minimum pressure between two
heartbeats). Above the surrounding atmospheric pressure, it is measured in millimeters of
mercury (mmHg).
Blood pressure is one of the vital signs that healthcare professionals use to assess a patient's
health, along with respiratory rate, heart rate, oxygen saturation, and body temperature. In an
adult, normal resting blood pressure is 120 millimeters of mercury (16 kPa) systolic over 80
millimeters of mercury (11 kPa) diastolic, which is written as "120/80 mmHg." Although
these average numbers disguise widely different regional trends, the global average blood
pressure has remained nearly the same since 1975, at approx. 127/79 mmHg in males and
122/77 mmHg in women.[ O'Malley, K., Cox, J. P., & O'Brien, E. (1991).]
Traditionally, blood pressure was monitored non-invasively using an aneroid gauge or a

mercury-tube sphygmomanometer and auscultation (listening) with a stethoscope for sounds
in one arm's artery as the artery was compressed closer to the heart. For non-invasive blood
pressure readings in clinic, auscultation is still widely regarded as the gold standard of
accuracy. Semi-automated systems, on the other hand, have become increasingly popular,
owing to worries about mercury toxicity, while cost, ease of use, and application to
ambulatory blood pressure or home blood pressure measures have also affected this trend.
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Blood pressure is affected by cardiac output, systemic vascular resistance, blood volume, and
arterial stiffness, and it fluctuates according to the situation, emotional state, activity, and
relative health/disease statuses. Blood pressure is regulated in the short term by
baroreceptors, which influence the neurological and endocrine systems via the brain.
2.2 BLOOD PRESSURE RANGE

The amount of blood going through your blood vessels and the degree of resistance the blood
encounters while the heart is pounding are factors in determining your blood pressure.
Figure 1 : BLOOD PRESSURE RANGE

Normal: Blood pressure readings that are less than 120/80 mm Hg are deemed normal. If
your findings fall into this category, continue to practice heart-healthy habits such as eating a
well-balanced diet and exercising regularly.
The systolic number is between 120 and 129 mmHg, and the diastolic number is less than 80
mmHg. Doctors usually don’t treat elevated blood pressure with medication. Instead, your
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doctor may encourage lifestyle changes to help lower your numbers.
Hypertension 1: The systolic number is between 130 and 139 mmHg, or the diastolic
number is between 80 and 89 mmHg.
Hypertension 2: The systolic number is greater than 140 mmHg, while the diastolic number
is greater than 90 mmHg.
Hypertension crisis: The systolic pressure is greater than 180 mmHg, and the diastolic
pressure is greater than 120 mmHg. This level of blood pressure necessitates immediate
medical intervention. When blood pressure is this high, any symptoms such as chest pain,
headache, shortness of breath, or vision abnormalities should be treated in the emergency
room.
A sudden, significant, and prolonged increase in blood pressure can immediately damage
blood vessels, while the majority of damage is caused over time by atherosclerosis, which can
be caused by even moderate increases in blood pressure within the normal range. The larger
the increase in normal blood pressure, the more cardiac and blood vessel damage, and the
higher the risk of death.[ Williams, B., Mancia, G., Spiering, W., Agabiti Rosei, E., Azizi,
M., Burnier, M., ... & Desormais, I. (2018)]
the greater the danger When a person's blood pressure remains above a given level, such as
130/80 or 140/90 mm Hg, they are said to have hypertension.
The use of an accurate equipment and an appropriate setting, as well as proper subject
preparation and consistent use of a prescribed standardized measurement technique, are all
critical components of BP evaluation. Accurate blood pressure measurement is critical for
detecting hypertension and guiding treatment decisions, such as when to begin treatment and
when to change the dose. Inaccurate blood pressure measurement can lead to diagnostic
errors, as well as erroneous risk assessment and decision-making. A blood pressure cuff is
used to take a reading. It's critical to have a cuff that fits properly in order to get an accurate
reading. The readings from an ill-fitting cuff may be erroneous.[ Ettehad, D., Emdin, C. A.,
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Kiran, A., Anderson, S. G., Callender, T., Emberson, J., ... & Rahimi, K. (2016)]
2.3 High-precision
Why is it necessary to choose a high-precision instrument for measuring blood
pressure?
When it comes to assessing blood pressure, choosing an accurate, validated BPMD is critical
because these devices deliver reliable and repeatable results. In order to manage
hypertension, precise blood pressure measurements are required, as inaccurate readings can
have a substantial impact on diagnosis and treatment. When blood pressure was tested using a
standardized method rather than a standard clinical method in one investigation, the
diagnostic classification of more than half of the participants altered.
Several obstacles to reliable blood pressure monitoring have been discovered, particularly in
low- and middle-income countries. Limited awareness of the problems associated with
auscultatory BP devices and the mercury hazard; difficulty in maintaining devices; challenges
in ensuring a consistent power source, including concern for environmental damage from
electronic device batteries and the cost of replacement; limited awareness of the problems
associated with auscultatory BP devices and the mercury hazard; and lack of training of
health workers are among them. Practical difficulties addressing the selection of validated BP
devices, assuring appropriate use, and teaching on the need of device validation, regular
calibration, and maintenance are being raised in LMICs.
2.4 Measurement Mechanism

An inflated cuff is wrapped over a patient's upper arm in the palpatory approach. The
pressure applied is displayed on the manometer, which is connected to the cuff by a tube. The
doctor detects the radial pulse and inflates the cuff until the brachial artery collapses and no
blood flow is present. The systolic arterial pressure of the patient is the pressure at which a
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pulse can be detected again while deflating the cuff. This method does not necessitate the use
of a stethoscope or any other specialized skills or equipment, and it can be used in a noisy
environment. It just gives you the systolic arterial pressure. The auscultatory method works in
a similar way: after inflating the cuff to a pressure above the systolic pressure (as evidenced
by the disappearing radial pulse), a stethoscope placed distal to the upper arm cuff can detect
the usual Korotkoff sounds during slow deflation. The sounds begin with the patients' systolic
arterial pressure and end with the patients' diastolic arterial pressure as the cuff pressure
decreases. The benefit of this approach is that it offers the diastolic arterial pressure value;
downsides include the requirement for training on how to effectively use it, as well as the
need for a stethoscope and a calm atmosphere. The oscillometric approach is used in an
automated way to measure blood pressure using an occluding cuff. The cuff is automatically
inflated to a predefined pressure. The pressure is gradually lessened after that. Oscillations in
the vessel are caused by the pressure wave, which the cuff can detect. The maximum of
oscillations corresponds to mean arterial pressure; an algorithm used to the change of
oscillations determines systolic and diastolic arterial pressure values.
These proprietary algorithms vary by manufacturer and are frequently not available to the
public. The presence of generally accurate mean arterial pressure (in normal BP ranges) and
the potential of having an automated tool to assess a patient's BP at a predetermined interval
are the key benefits of oscillometric. Overestimation of low values and underestimating of
high values are disadvantages, as is the possibility of falsifying measurements.
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Figure 2: Measurement Mechanism

Continuous non-invasive BP monitoring techniques have been accessible in recent years,
allowing for the assessment of a real-time BP curve and numerical BP readings (just with
direct BP measurement).
Electronic BP devices use automated and semi-automatic inflation and deflation of a cuff
placed to an extremity to measure and display arterial blood pressure. The cuff is normally
worn on the upper arm to ensure uniform compression of the brachial artery, which is the
conventional location for measuring blood pressure. The cuff is placed over the radial artery
on the wrist in some electronic devices; nevertheless, these devices may provide erroneous
results, especially if the arm is not kept at heart level during measurement and the radial
artery is not equally compressed. A radial BP measurement may not be similar to a brachial
artery measurement since systolic and diastolic pressure fluctuate significantly in different
regions of the arterial tree. As a result, most guidelines advise against using them. Devices for
measuring blood pressure in a digital artery are also no longer suggested since their accuracy
is impaired by limb posture and peripheral vasoconstriction.
2.5 Non invasive blood pressure NIBP

Blood pressure can be monitored invasively (directly) or noninvasively (indirectly)
(indirectly). Non-invasive technologies are utilized for hypertension screening, diagnosis, and
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treatment, whereas invasive monitoring is employed in a hospital setting for cardiovascular

monitoring to allow for faster assessment of both hypertension and hypotension.
Only in specialist health care settings can invasive procedures be employed.
There are a variety of medical devices available for non-invasive blood pressure
measurement, each of which uses a different technique to display the data. Each type has
benefits and drawbacks that make it less or more appropriate for specific uses and levels of
care.
2.5.1 Type NIBP
2.5.1.1 Mercury sphygmomanometer
Blood pressure is measured via sphygmomanometers, which are crucial for healthcare and
research. For many years, devices that register pressure using a mercury column were the
"gold standard" for blood pressure readings, and they are still the "gold standard" today.
Mercury, on the other hand, is poisonous, and mercury-containing products are being phased
out or outlawed. Alternative blood pressure measurement equipment are available, but they
must be validated, maintained, and utilized correctly. Mercury sphygmomanometers, in
particular, may still be valuable as reference devices for the other types.
Sphygmomanometers are used to measure blood pressure in a range of diseases and patients.
For long-term epidemiological investigations, consistency of measuring standards is also
critical.
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Figure 3: Mercury sphygmomanometer
In Mercury sphygmomanometer Detection of Korotkoff sounds through a stethoscope for

auscultation.
2.5.1.2 Aneroid sphygmomanometer

A dial gadget used to measure blood pressure is the Economy Aneroid Sphygmomanometer.
An inflated cuff is attached, which is wrapped around the upper arm for accurate
measurements. The sphygmomanometer measures the pressure in the cuff. A conventional air
release valve is included in the latex inflating system to release the applied pressure. Cuff
pressure gradually lowers as the valve is opened. A stethoscope is used to listen to the sounds
of arterial blood flow. The sphygmomanometer cuff is inflated much above the systolic
pressure that should be present. Blood begins to flow past the cuff when the cuff's pressure
equals artery systolic pressure, circulating blood flow and producing audible sounds. Until
the cuff's pressure falls below the arterial diastolic pressure, the blood flow noises will
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persist. The diastolic pressure is the pressure at which the blood flow stops.
An inflatable cuff that wraps around the patient's arm is used in this aneroid
sphygmomanometer. The inflating bulb is easy to squeeze and fits nicely in your hand.
doctors, and nurses will appreciate the convenient zippered carrying case while traveling. The
aneroid gauge has large, easy-to-read numerals, which is ideal for people who have weak
vision. Aneroid sphygmomanometers must be calibrated on a regular basis.
Figure 4: Aneroid sphygmomanometer
2.5.1.3 Automatic NIBP

The automatic NIBP cuffs use an oscillometric approach to directly measure the mean arterial
pressure. Let's pretend we're getting an NIBP shot in the arm. The cuff inflates at first to
obstruct the brachial artery (no flow). When the cuff pressure is reduced, turbulent flow is
created in the vessel, causing oscillations against the arterial wall. These oscillations attain
their maximum amplitude as the pressure decreases. The cuff then deflates completely,
opening the artery and facilitating more laminar flow while minimizing oscillations.
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Figure 5: Automatic NIBP
Pressure cuff automatically inflates and deflates to determine multiple BP after a

predetermined period of rest and with a predetermined pause between repeated
measurements. All measurements ± an average of measurements is displayed.
In this type Pressure cuff automatically inflates and deflates to determine one BP
2.5.1.4 Semi-automated BPMD:
introduction
Manual cuff inflation and electronic cuff deflation are used in this device. As with other
technological gadgets, blood pressure is estimated. Because the cuff is manually inflated with
a bulb, this gadget is energy efficient.
By semi-automated inflation and contraction of the cuff applied to the extremities, electronic
BP devices measure and display arterial BP. Up until the brachial artery pressure, which is
the conventional site for measuring blood pressure, the cuff is normally placed on the upper
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arm.
2.6 OSCILLOMETR APPROACH:

is a frequently used method for measuring blood pressure (BP) with a cuff. A cuff is put on
the upper arm and inflated and deflated while the pressure inside the cuff is measured in this
method. The cuff pressure rises and falls, with tiny oscillations reflecting pulsatile blood
volume within the brachial artery beneath the cuff. Because the compliance of the brachial
artery varies with transmural pressure, the amplitude of these oscillations vary with the
applied cuff pressure. The amplitudes of the oscillations and the cuff pressure are then used to
calculate blood pressure.[ Sharman, J. E., Segers, P., & Chirinos, J. A. (2022)]
The basic idea is to represent the oscillation amplitude and cuff pressure with a physiological
model and then estimate the patient-specific parameters of the model, which include blood
pressure levels
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Figure 6 : oscillation method
2.7 previous studies
2.7.1 oscillometric method using a common cuff

S. Wassertheurer et al . proposed a new oscillometric method for pulse wave analysis based
on an oscillometric method using a common cuff(ARC Solver). Their method used the pulse
waves assessed. The recordings are carried out at diastolic pressure level for approximately
10 s using a conventional blood pressure cuff. Their resulted in 749 measurements. The
variation estimate of inter- and intra observer measurements was 6.3% for ARC Solver.
[Wassertheurer.(2010)]
2.7.2 Ultrasonic method

Chonghe Wang et al . described the design and operation of an ultrasonic device that is
conformal to the skin and capable of capturing blood pressure waveforms at deeply
embedded arterial and venous sites. The wearable device is ultrathin (240 μm) and stretchable
(with strains up to 60%), and enables the non-invasive, continuous and accurate monitoring
of cardiovascular events from multiple body locations. ,[ C., Li, X., Hu, H., Zhang, L.,
Huang, Z., Lin, M., ... & Xu, S. (2018)]
2.7.3 palpatory method

Sahu Dinesh and Bhaskaran proposed palpatory method of measuring diastolic blood
pressure. their method required only sphygmomanometer as instrument. Mechanism is;
when the cuff of a sphygmomanometer is placed around a patient’s upper arm and inflated to
a pressure above the patient’s systolic blood pressure, and a stethoscope is placed over the
brachial artery in the antecubital fossa in a normal person (without arterial disease), no sound
should be audible. If the pressure is dropped to a level equal to that of the patient’s systolic
530 blood pressure, the blood starts flowing through the brachial artery with turbulence flow,
which produces thrill and can be palpated with palmer surface of the fingers. The difference
were analyzed and found that 102 patients had systolic and diastolic blood pressure measured
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by palpatory method, within + 2 mmHg of auscutatory method.[ Sahu, D., & Bhaskaran, M.
(2010).]
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Chapter 3: Methodology
3.1 Introduction
We will talk about the design and the principle of work in detail in this chapter, and we will
show through the pictures how we made a circuit that contains a pressure sensor to take an
electrical signal from this sensor and then send it to the computer and read it accurately so
that we determine the amount of this signal and we convert it into a value of Pascal and then
perform the operation Converting from Pascal to mercury pressure, and we will use the
Multisim and labView program to take the signal and process it. Figure 7 show the block
diagram of the proposed method .
Figure 7: block scheme of blood pressure monitor
3.2 cuff
A blood pressure cuff is a medical device consisting of a piece of rubber or similar material

that is wrapped around a patient's arm and then inflated in order to measure their blood
pressure.[ Perloff, D., Grim, C., Flack, J., Frohlich, E. D., Hill, M., McDonald, M., &
Morgenstern, B. Z. (1993)]
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Figure 8: cuff
3.3 Pressure sensor
The Blood Pressure Sensor is a non-invasive sensor designed to measure human blood
pressure. It measures systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressure utilizing the oscillometric
method. Pulse rate is also reported. When your heart beats, it contracts and pushes blood
through the arteries to the rest of your body. This force creates pressure on the arteries. Blood
pressure is recorded as two numbers— the systolic pressure (as the heart beats) over the
diastolic pressure (as the heart relaxes between beats) . In propsed method we used
MPX5050GP pressure sensor . [Chung, E., Chen, G., Alexander, B., & Cannesson, M.
(2013).].
Figure 9 : MPX5050GP pressure sensor
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3.4 Medical Air Balloon Vacuum Pump ( inflation bulb)
The inflation bulb is a hand pump that was used to pump air into the cuff, it has very wide
usage and with metal piece valve, it can control the air pressure in and release air by rotating
the knob. It is made of exquisite workmanship and good air tightness quality, so it can use
tens of thousands times[Major, R. H. (1930)].
Figure 10: Medical Air Balloon Vacuum Pump
3.5 Labview and Data Acquisition system
Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineering Workbench (Labview) is a system-design

platform and development environment for a visual programming language from National
Instruments. It is a producer of automated test equipment and virtual
instrumentation software. Common applications include data acquisition, instrument
control and machine vision.
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Figure 11 : labview measurement file
The NI ELVIS II prototyping board is an incredibly useful tool to test your circuits before
you go through all the work of soldering. In our proposed method we used labView and NI
ELVIS II to acquire signal from pressure sensor . The output signal is exported as text file .
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Figure 12 : NI ELVIS II
3.6 Software design

3.6.1 Reading of acquired data ( Piecewise linear voltage )
The main way to make arbitrary signals in Multisim is Piecewise Linear (PWL) source . The
Piecewise Linear Source (PWL) is available as either a voltage source or a current source.
Use this source to control the shape of the waveform by entering pairs of time and
voltage/current values. The component also reads a specified file which contains a table of
time and current or voltage points. Using the data in the table, the component generates a
current or voltage waveform specified by the input text file.
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Figure 13 : Piecewise linear voltage
3.6.2 Filter
A filter is a circuit capable of passing certain frequencies while attenuating other frequencies.
Thus, a filter can extract important frequencies from signals that also contain undesirable or
irrelevant frequencies.
The four primary types of filters include the low-pass filter, the high-pass filter, the band-
pass filter, and the notch filter (or the band-reject or band-stop filter) [Davis, N. (2017)].
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Figure 14: A basic depiction of the four major filter types
Filters can be placed in one of two categories: passive or active.Passive filters include only

passive components—resistors, capacitors, and inductors. In contrast, active filters use active
components, such as op-amps, in addition to resistors and capacitors, but not inductors .
In our proposed method we use Filter Wizard from Multisim to design two types of filters .
firstly we designed Butterworth low pass filter with cutoff frequency 0.3 Hz to extract DC
component .
Figure 15 : Filter wizard Low pass filter
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Figure 16 : Low pass filter specification
Then we designed cascading 6th order Butterworth bandpass filter with frequency range from
1.5 to 7 Hz to extract AC component .
Figure 17 : Filter wizard band pass filter
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Figure 18 : Band pass filter specification
3.6.3 Comparator Circuit
The Op-amp comparator circuit compares two voltages and outputs either a 1 (the voltage at
the plus side) or a 0 (the voltage at the negative side) to indicate which is larger. Comparator
used, to check whether an input has reached some predetermined value.
Figure 19: Op-amp comparator
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Figure 20: final software design
3.6.4 Microcontroller Unit ( MCU )
A microcontroller is a small and low-cost microcomputer, which is designed to perform the

specific tasks of embedded systems like displaying information, receiving remote signals, etc.
[Chowdhury, A. T., Muktadir, M. S., & Zakir, M. G. (2021, July)].the main purposes of
MCU in proposed method are calculated the systolic pressure, diastolic pressure using an
algorithm appropriate . in addition to display them in seven segment display. A seven-
segment display is a form of electronic display device for displaying decimal numerals
Figure 21: the 7 segment display
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3.7 Analog to digital converter
Analog-to-Digital converters (ADC) translate analog signals, real world signals like
temperature, pressure, voltage, current, distance, or light intensity, into a digital
representation of that signal. This digital representation can then be processed, manipulated,
computed, transmitted or stored. Some microcontroller have built-in ADC converter [Barrett,
S. F., & Pack, D. J. (2019)] .
Figure 22: Analog to Digital conversion
3.8 Measurement Techniques
A blood pressure monitor inflates a cuff surrounding an upper arm or a wrist with enough
pressure to prevent blood flow in the local main artery using a manual air pump. This
pressure is then gradually released using the air pump's valve until the blood begins to flow
through the artery. The pressure measured using pressure sensor and then is acquired using
NI ELVIS II and labView . In following , we designed appropriate filters to separate DC and
AC component .
The systolic pressure is determined by the blood pressure measured by a pressure sensor at
this point. The diastolic pressure is determined by the measurement taken when blood flow is
no longer restricted. The microcontroller controls the entire measurement cycle .
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Before data conversion by an analog-to-digital converter, the signal from the pressure sensor
is conditioned with an filters (ADC). In the digital domain, the systolic pressure, diastolic
pressure, and pulse rate are calculated using an algorithm appropriate for the monitor and
sensor used. The resulting systolic, diastolic, and pulse-rate measurements are displayed on
an 7-segment display.
3.9 Design specification

Product Design Descriptors (PDS) are the basic definition of what a product should deliver.
PDS is a statement of what the customer wants the product to achieve. In some cases, the
customer is external and, in some cases, (such as product range extensions for private-
branded products) the customer is internal. In each case, the PDS should be prepared to serve
as a reference for the design objectives
Weight: The weight of the final product depends on many important things, the most
important of which are the size of the project, and the number of pieces used. Depending on
what the project aimed at designing a portable device, we needed to put it in a box in order to
get this quality and output, and this made the weight of the device relatively more than what
was needed to work.
Size: With the primary goal of the project to be easy to carry and move, can be placed
anywhere, tested, and draw accurate results to a certain extent, and does not require much
space. The size of the circuit that was designed was (0.2,0.1) meters
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Chapter 4: Result and Discussion
4.1 Results
In our proposed method we test the system on three cases and the result we showed in this
chapter. Firstly we use NI ELVIS II and labView to acquired output voltage from pressure
sensor at 1000 Hz sampling frequency .The output voltage is exported from labview as text
file .Using the piecewise the text file was reading as input voltage . Figure showed the
output voltage from sensor.
Figure 23 : The output voltage from pressure sensor using piecewise linear voltage.
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As showing in figure the first variation is result from raise pressure from air pump . while
second variation is indicate for blood begins to flow through the artery. In another word it
indicate to the systolic pressure. The data between first and second variation is
approximately zero which indicates the absence of a pulse .
The output voltage from pressure sensor is input to low pass filter to extract DC component .
The pressure voltage is reading from DC component. Parallel to the above, we enter the
output voltage from pressure sensor to band pass filter to extract AC component which
important to extract variation which indicates the presence of a pulse.
Figure 24 : The output results from LBF and BPF
At a certain time, the second variations will increase significantly due to the presence of a
pulse. By observing the eye, we discovered that the voltage reading in the DC component is
about 3 mV at the start of the second variations. Then we enter the output voltage from BPF
and LPF into two separate comparator to convert these variation into pulses .we observe that
DC component of systolic pressure is 3 mV and DC component of diastolic pressure is 4 mV.
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Figure 25 : The output results after using two comparator
We will neglect the readings of the first changes because they are caused by the beginning of
the blowing. While the second variations indicates to systolic pressure .at this point we read
the output voltage from dc component. As we showing in figure 25 output voltage is 1.709 V.
the result from first comparator is indicate to blood flow that mean the first pulse indicates to
systolic pressure . while the result from second comparator is indicate diastolic pressure . so
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the final pulse from second comparator is diastolic . as shown in figure 26 the DC component
of finel pluse is 1.206 V.
Figure 26 : Final pulse of diastolic pressure

In final stage , The main purposes of MCU are convert the output voltage from systolic and
diastolic voltage into kilopascal, then convert it into mmHg .and display values on 7-segment
display. To convert from Volt to kilopascal using this equation :
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Vreading−Voffset
Pressure ( kPa )= ……………..(1)
Vper kPa
Where Voffest equal =0.15 volt
Vper Kpa =0.09 volt
To convert from kPa to mmHg we used this equation :

mmHg=kPa value∗7.50062 …………………(2)
These conversions are the function of the MCU based on two equations. There is also another
function for MCU, which is to get rid of the impulses resulting from the first variations. Other
than extracting systolic and diastolic values, we can also calculate the heart rate. By finding
the time period between two pulses, then dividing it from 60 seconds.
60
h eart rate= ………..(3)
time period between two pulses
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Figure 27 : Time period between two pulses
We conclude from the above as follows ; systolic pressure is 129.9 , diastolic pressure is 88
and heart rate is 70.6.
4.2 Discussion
The main contribution of our proposed method is design of the semi -automatic blood
pressure at the lowest costs and more accurately. Where the majority of the devices designed
for this purpose are used motor for the blowing process. But in our proposed system, we used
a manual air pump. We also replaced the solenoid valve with constant air release valve. Also
in most of the designs used as LCD screen, in our design we will use 7-segment display .
With these adjustments, it will reduce the cost of the device design and increase the life of the
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batteries used.
We tested the systolic and diastolic pressure of the same case that used previously by using
digital blood pressure monitor and the results were as in the figure
Figure 28 :Omron RS2 Wrist Blood Pressure Monitor
The Omron RS2 is an automatic Wrist Blood Pressure Monitor. This blood pressure monitor
is to be worn on your wrist. This blood pressure monitor uses the oscillometric method of
blood pressure measurement. When the cuff inflates, this monitor senses the pressure
pulsations of the artery underneath the cuff. The pulses are called oscillometric pulses. The
electronic pressure sensor displays a digital reading of blood pressure.
Table 1 shows readings from digital blood pressure monitor and our proposed method
Table 1 digital blood pressure monitor and our proposed method
Systolic pressure Diastolic pressure Heart rate
Propose Propose
Case Digital Digital Digital Proposed
d d
1 129 129.9 91 88 68 70.6
2 117 116 73 73 74 70
4.3 Design Constraints:
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We faced many problems in the design stages since the first day of our work on the project,
and here we will talk about the problems we encountered and how they were solved and
overcome in an engineering way. The first is the general idea of the design and how to adopt
the correct way to take the results because this project depends primarily on the accuracy of
reading at the beginning of the design process, work was done on the purchase of electronic
parts and it was difficult for us to determine the type of pressure sensor we want to use due to
the presence of many types, One of the problems we faced was that we needed a pulse signal
and translated it on a screen to show the result, but we had a problem using the main
controller to convert the electricity signal coming from the pressure sensor. We wanted to use
the Arduino, but the engineer Bashar referred us to using the NI ELVIS II located in the
laboratories the University.
After using it, it was easy for us to extract the signal and convert it from an electrical signal to
a specific value in Pascal’s, and then using an online conversion this signal was converted to
a value in Mmhg
And here we must mention this mistake made by our team, which is the lack of accurate
understanding of the whole idea, and from the beginning we were working to extract a signal
from the pressure sensor, but understanding this signal was difficult for us because this is the
first time that we deal with a signal from a sensitive one in this way and how to understand
this signal and with the help of From Eng. Bashar, the idea was clarified to us.
4.4 Cost& Engineering standards
As for the cost of finishing the design, very small amounts have been paid, as it did not
exceed 3.5 Usd so far, and it is divided into the price of a pressure sensor, a cuff, a manual air
pump that contains an internal valve and that these few costs have achieved the general idea
of the project in terms of designing a blood pressure measuring device low cost.
Table 2 Cost
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Component Price Need Engineering standards
Pressure sensor 0.5 Usd 1 MPS20N0040D-D
Cuff 1.2 Usd 1
Microcontroller 0.80 Usd 1
Op-amps LM324 0.7 Usd 2 LM324N - OPERATIONAL

AMPLIFIER, QUAD, 4
AMPLIFIER, 3V TO 32V,
DIP, 14 PINS
PCB 0.3 Usd 1 SINGLE SIDE
PROTOTY
PE PCB
4 digits seven 0.25 Usd 1 4 BITS TM1637 DIGITAL
segments TUBE LED DISPLAY
MODULE WITH CLOCK
FOR ARDUINO
Total price = 4.45 Usd
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Chapter 5
Conclusion and Future Work
5.1 Conclusion :
In this project and at the end of the work, we recall the importance of knowing some terms
and sciences and the usefulness of their knowledge and their connection to our specialization
in biomedical engineering. In the beginning, we learned about the importance of blood
pressure in the human body and what diseases are associated with blood pressure diseases.
Classifications of blood pressure diseases were made, this explains the main idea of the
design And what we benefit from these readings in our project, as through these readings we
can carefully follow the pathological condition The general idea of the project, which was
based on the design of a low-cost and easy-to-carry sphygmomanometer, was adhered to.
Therefore, a design was presented based on the pressure sensor and the readings were taken
with high accuracy using the Multisim software and by simulating NI ELVIS II and
designing an electronic circuit using this software. The resulting signal was extracted from
this The sensor and the use of filters to filter the signal. It is worth noting that this electronic
circuit contains 2 comparator, so the correct reading of the diastolic and systolic was taken. A
manual air pump was used. We have also replaced the solenoid valve with a fixed air release
valve. Also in most designs used as an LCD display, we will use a 7-segment display in our
design.
We tested the systolic pressure and diastolic pressure, and then we measured them with a
digital device to compare the results, whether they were true or false, and they were true, as
explained and detailed. The general idea was the same. Use an oscillometric
sphygmomanometer to measure blood pressure. When the cuff is inflated, this monitor senses
pressure pulsations in the artery below the cuff. The pulses are called oscillometric pulses.
The electronic pressure sensor displays a digital blood pressure reading.
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5.2 Future work:
We will make some future modifications and efforts on the device in terms of expanding
scientific research, including allocating an additional amount of money to use the latest
technology and sensors so that we can reduce the error rate in the results as much as possible.
We are developing a special control panel to perform tests and increase safety in use and
create a new chassis design that increases its strength and rigidity for better and more
accurate results. We hope that we can do something new that everyone can use, especially in
such medical matters where the interviews must be very accurate to not make mistakes. In the
future, we will also work on designing a fully integrated device so that we have the full
ability to take the reading directly from the device by adding an LCD In other words, see
what we are working on to have a user interface screen after having a special microcontroller
that converts the signals into a digital signal We suggest that we work on a new idea and add
it to our project so that the battery is dispensed with from time to time so that a charging
circuit based on the solar system is added, or a new idea is to rely on the vibration pulse that
occurs and the addition of piezoelectric works to convert this vibration into an electrical
signal through which we can work Charging the batteries in the device, but we may encounter
some problems and perhaps this idea cannot be worked on because the vibration from the
artery is for a short period and is very small and we do not know how to benefit from it The
vibratory movement of the patient's hand during the measurement is a noise signal, so this
idea will also be worked on, so that filters are added to remove the other signals surrounding
the main measurement source and remove them completely so that the patient is able to move
during the measurement process.
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References
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Sahu, D., & Bhaskaran, M. (2010). Palpatory method of measuring diastolic blood
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Appendix A
Text file
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Appendix B
MPX5050GP Datasheet
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Appendix C
Specifications of Omron RS2 Wrist Blood Pressure Monitor
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DESIGN OF SEMIAUTOMATIC BLOOD PRESSURE

Mohammad alhweitat 202010033

Under the supervision of

Mr. Bashar Nazih

The Supervisor: … Eng. Bashar Alhaj

Committee Member: Dr. Mohammad Al-Ayyad

Committee Member: MR. Amani alghraibah

Student 1 Student 2 Student 3

Table of content ……………………………………………………………………..….… VIII

3.0 Chapter 3: Methodology………………………………………………………………..15

Figure 26 : Final pulse of diastolic pressure .…………………………….………….........…30

BPMD: blood pressure measuring devices

1.1 The problem

1.2 Aim of project

1.3 structure of the report

Chapter 2: Literature Review

2.1 BLOOD PRESSURE

Traditionally, blood pressure was monitored non-invasively using an aneroid gauge or a

2.2 BLOOD PRESSURE RANGE

Figure 1 : BLOOD PRESSURE RANGE

doctor may encourage lifestyle changes to help lower your numbers.

2.4 Measurement Mechanism

Figure 2: Measurement Mechanism

2.5 Non invasive blood pressure NIBP

treatment, whereas invasive monitoring is employed in a hospital setting for cardiovascular

Figure 3: Mercury sphygmomanometer

In Mercury sphygmomanometer Detection of Korotkoff sounds through a stethoscope for

2.5.1.2 Aneroid sphygmomanometer

Figure 4: Aneroid sphygmomanometer

2.5.1.3 Automatic NIBP

Figure 5: Automatic NIBP

Pressure cuff automatically inflates and deflates to determine multiple BP after a

2.5.1.4 Semi-automated BPMD:

2.6 OSCILLOMETR APPROACH:

Figure 6 : oscillation method

2.7 previous studies

2.7.1 oscillometric method using a common cuff

2.7.2 Ultrasonic method

2.7.3 palpatory method

Figure 7: block scheme of blood pressure monitor

A blood pressure cuff is a medical device consisting of a piece of rubber or similar material

3.3 Pressure sensor

Figure 9 : MPX5050GP pressure sensor

3.4 Medical Air Balloon Vacuum Pump ( inflation bulb)

Figure 10: Medical Air Balloon Vacuum Pump

3.5 Labview and Data Acquisition system

Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineering Workbench (Labview) is a system-design

Figure 11 : labview measurement file

3.6 Software design

Figure 13 : Piecewise linear voltage

Figure 14: A basic depiction of the four major filter types

Filters can be placed in one of two categories: passive or active.Passive filters include only

Figure 15 : Filter wizard Low pass filter

Figure 16 : Low pass filter specification

Figure 17 : Filter wizard band pass filter

Figure 18 : Band pass filter specification

3.6.3 Comparator Circuit

Figure 19: Op-amp comparator

Figure 20: final software design

3.6.4 Microcontroller Unit ( MCU )

A microcontroller is a small and low-cost microcomputer, which is designed to perform the

Figure 21: the 7 segment display

3.7 Analog to digital converter

Figure 22: Analog to Digital conversion