Ecoocok Construction Techniques

Ecoocok Costruhhcøo Tãhochj

Ijtfrcjg dfg Rjrtchcpjotf
IJTF\CJG DFG RJ\TCHCRJOTF
EVOHCAOJICFOTA
HJICØO ;34 JH
Ufrscøo 2:Q 28-24-<2:>
Hødcka hursa HT2:5>
Oailrf dfg Rjrtchcpjotf0 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
Ecoocok Hjpjhctjhcøo Gtdj Hjicøo ;34 JH

A.X.J. 󰀺


OATJ
OATJ
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A.X.J. 󰀼


TJLGJ DF HAOTFOCDA
COT\ADVHHCØO……………............................................................................ 6
IØDVGA :0 XFKV\CDJD FO FG FZVCRA……………………………

FZVCRA……………………………………..
……….. 5
IØDVGA <0 COT\ADVHHCØO JG HJICØO ;34 JH………………………….. <>
IADVGA 80 FXTJHCØO DFG ARF\JDA\….............................................. 6;
IADVGA 40 XCXTFIJ XVRF\UCXCØO DF COEA\IJHCØO UCTJG

UCIX..................................................................................... ;;
IADVGA 60 XCXTFIJ NCD\ÊVGCHA DF DC\FHHCØO................................ ::4
IADVGA 50 XCXTFIJ NCD\ÊVGCHA DF GFUJOTF……...…………………

GFUJOTF……...………………… :8>
IADVGA ;0 XCXTFIJ NCD\ÊVGCHA UFOTCGJDA\ DFG \JDCJDA\ DFG

IATA\...................................................................................... :>8
IADVGA >0 XCXTFIJ DF E\FOAX…………………..…...…………………… <2:
IADVGA 30 XCXTFIJ DF FOE\CJICFOTA DFG T\FO DF CIRVGXCØO S

IJODAX ECOJGFX………………………………………………… <85

A.X.J. 󰀸


\FEF\FOHCJX0
 Rrfecà df Xfrcf dfg Hjicøo ;34

;34 JH, IO
IO66 y IT6.
 Ijoujg df Apfrjhcøo
Apfrjhcøo y Ijotfocicfota XXLV3233.
 Ijoujg df Xfrvchca VXO\<<5;.

A.X.J. 󰀴


R\ARØXCTA
Fstf hursa nj scda dcsfújda pjrj quf gas pjrtchcpjotfs dfiufstrfo haoahcicfota dfg
euohcaojicfota df gas dcstcotas scstfijs dfg hjicøo ;34 JH y df gas iãtadas y
fstrjtfkcjs quf gf pfrictfo apfrjr hao tatjg fechcfohcj= df ijofrj quf pufdjo rfjgczjr
harrfhtjifotf fg ijotfocicfota y gj f`fhutjr df earij rêpcdj y prfhcsj fg dcjkoøstcha
df pralgfijs, f`fhutjoda harrfhtjifotf, gjs prufljs y jùstfs harrfspaodcfotfs=
jpgchjoda gjs codchjhcaofs df sfkurcdjd fstjlgfhcdjs fo fg ijoujg df sfrvchca y
rfspftjoda gj oarijtcvjs vckfotfs.
J\KVIFOTJHCØO
Fstj hjpjhctjhcøo fs ofhfsjrcj pjrj quf gas pjrtchcpjotfs dfiufstrfo haoahcicfota
dfg euohcaojicfota df gas dcstcotas scstfijs dfg hjicøo ;34 JH y df gas iãtadas y
fstrjtfkcjs quf gf pfrictfo apfrjr hao tatjg fechcfohcj= df ijofrj quf pufdjo rfjgczjr
harrfhtjifotf fg ijotfocicfota y gj f`fhutjr df earij rêpcdj y prfhcsj fg dcjkoøstcha
df pralgfijs, f`fhutjoda harrfhtjifotf, gjs prufljs y jùstfs harrfspaodcfotfs=
jpgchjoda gjs codchjhcaofs df sfkurcdjd fstjlgfhcdjs fo fg ijoujg df sfrvchca y
rfspftjoda
ifàrjoda gjgjsjtcsejhhcøo
oarijtcvjsdfgvckfotfs.
hgcfotf. Rraparhcaojr uo sfrvchca jg hgcfotf fechjz,
FXTJODJ\ DF HAIRFTFOHCJ
Jg ecojgczjr fstf hursa, fg pjrtchcpjotf sfrê hjpjz df dfiastrjr, ifdcjotf uoj

fvjgujhcøo prêhtchj y fshrctj, fg haoahcicfota dfg euohcaojicfota df gas dcstcotas
scstfijs dfg hjicøo ;34 JH y df gas iãtadas y fstrjtfkcjs quf gf pfrictfo apfrjr
hao tatjg fechcfohcj. Jdfiês, sfrêo hjpjhfs df cdfotcechjr y gahjgczjr gas haipaofotfs
dfg hjicøo y rfjgczjr harrfhtjifotf fg ijotfocicfota y gj f`fhuhcøo df earij rêpcdj
y prfhcsj, fg dcjkoøstcha df pralgfijs, f`fhutjoda harrfhtjifotf, gjs prufljs y
jùstfs harrfspaodcfotfs= jpgchjoda gjs codchjhcaofs df sfkurcdjd fstjlgfhcdjs fo fg
ijoujg df sfrvchca y rfspftjoda gjs oarijtcvjs vckfotfs.
\FXVGTJDAX DF JR\FODCPJ@F
Jg ecojgczjr fstf hursa, gas pjrtchcpjotfs sfrêo hjpjz df gahjgczjr f cdfotcechjr gas
haipaofotfs df gj iêqucoj y fxpgchjr fg euohcaojicfota df gas scstfijs dfg hjicøo
;34 JH. Jdfiês, sfrêo hjpjhfs df praljr y jùstjr harrfhtjifotf gas dcstcotas
scstfijs y haipaofotfs df gj iêqucoj, sfkðo gj sckucfotf pjutj0
• Fstjhcøo dfg apfrjdar y tadas gas haotragfs df gj iêqucoj.
• Xcstfij df iaoctarfa y UCIX 8K.
• Xcstfij df Dcrfhhcøo.
• Ufotcgjdar dfg iatar.
•• Xcstfij
Xcstfij df
df Gfvjotf
Erfoas.
• \ferckfrjhcøo dfg trfo df cipugscøo y Ijodas ecojgfs.

A.X.J. 󰀶


IADVGA :0 XFKV\CDJD FO FG FZVCRA

 Xfkurcdjd R\ARØXCTA
Fstf iøduga nj scda dcsfújda, pjrj prfpjrjr j gas
pjrtchcpjotfs,
vfrêo pjrjdurjotf
fxpufstas quf cdfotcecqufo gas dfg
gj f`fhuhcøo pfgckras, j gas quf sf
ijotfocicfota, fg
dcjkoøstcha y rfpjrjhcøo fg hjicøo ;34 JH= y quf padréjo
ahjscaojr djúas j gas haipaofotfs, jg fqucpa y j su
cotfkrcdjd eéschj, sc oa sf taijo gas rfskujrdas
rfhaifodjdas, fo fg ijoujg df sfrvchca dfg fqucpa y fo gjs
oarijtcvjs vckfotfs.
J\KVIFOTJHCØO
Fstf iøduga fs ofhfsjrca pjrj quf gas pjrtchcpjotfs
cdfotcecqufo gas pfgckras j gas quf sf vfrêo fxpufstas fo gj
f`fhuhcøo dfg ijotfocicfota, fg dcjkoøstcha y rfpjrjhcøo dfg
hjicøo ;34 JH y quf padréjo sfr hjusjgfs df djúas jg
fqucpa y j su cotfkrcdjd eéschj. Fstjs jhhcaofs pfrictfo
haotragjr gas rcfskas, jotfs df gj cotfrvfohcøo dfg fqucpa.
Jg ecojgczjr fstf iøduga, gas pjrtchcpjotfs sfrêo hjpjhfs df

gahjgczjr, cdfotcechjr f cotfrprftjr gas dcstcotas gakas df
sfkurcdjd quf jdvcfrtfo df pfgckras patfohcjgfs, pjrj hjdj
jhhcøo df ijotfocicfota, prahfdcicfota df dcjkoøstcha y
prahfdcicfota df rfpjrjhcøo dfg hjicøo ;34 JH,
ejhcgctêodagfs gj cdfotcechjhcøo df gas rcfskas f codchêodagfs
gjs ifdcdjs df haotrag, pjrj hjdj hjsa, jotfs df gj
cotfrvfohcøo dfg fqucpa, dcsicouyfoda j hfra gj pasclcgcdjd
quf ahurrjo jhhcdfotfs.
:. Vtcgczjoda fg ijtfrcjg df hursa y fg ijtfrcjg df rfefrfohcj,

(ijoujg df apfrjhcøo y ijotfocicfota XXLV3233
XXLV3233), ), gas
pjrtchcpjotfs, cdfotcechjo gas dcstcotas gakas df sfkurcdjd
quf jdvcfrtfo df pfgckras patfohcjgfs, fo fg hjicøo ;34
JH.

A.X.J. 󰀵


<. Hao gj jyudj dfg ijtfrcjg df hursa y fg ijtfrcjg df

rfefrfohcj (ijoujg df apfrjhcøo y ijotfocicfota
XXLV3233),
XXLV3233 ), gas pjrtchcpjotfs codchjo gjs prfhjuhcaofs
df sfkurcdjd j tfofr fo hufotj jg iaifota df rfjgczjr
fg ijotfocicfota fo fg hjicøo ;34 JH.
8. Hao gj jyudj dfg ijtfrcjg dfg pjrtchcpjotf y fg ijtfrcjg

df rfefrfohcj (ijoujg df apfrjhcøo y ijotfocicfota
XXLV3233),
XXLV3233 ), gas pjrtchcpjotfs cdfotcechjo gas rcfskas
fgãhtrchas, sus haosfhufohcjs
haosfhufohcjs..
4. Hao gj jyudj dfg ijtfrcjg dfg pjrtchcpjotf y fg ijtfrcjg
df rfefrfohcj (ijoujg df apfrjhcøo y ijotfocicfota
XXLV3233),
XXLV3233 ), gas pjrtchcpjotfs cdfotcechjo gjs jhhcaofs df
sfkurcdjd j sfkucr, pjrj fvctjr jhhcdfotfs fgãhtrchas.

A.X.J. 󰀻


Gakas df Xfkurcdjd

A.X.J. 󰀾



A.X.J. 󰀳



A.X.J. 󰀺󰀲


GAKA Vlchjhcøo Jdvfrtfohcj

: Fstf ifosj`f df JDUF\TFOHCJ
JDUF\TFOHCJ VOCUF\XJG
sfkurcdjd sf
fohufotrj fo gj Oa apfrf fstas fqucpas oc trjlj`f hao fggas j
hjlcoj. Fstf ifoas quf njyj gféda y haiprfodcda gjs
ifosj`f df costruhhcaofs y gjs jdvfrtfohcjs dfg Ijoujg df
sfkurcdjd fstê Apfrjhcøo y Ijotfocicfota. Xc oa sf sckufo gjs
tjilcão fo fg costruhhcaofs a oa sf haoscdfrjo gjs jdvfrtfohcjs,
prcifr y fg ðgtcia pufdfo praduhcrsf gfscaofs krjvfs a, cohgusa, gj
hcgcodra df hjdj iufrtf. Rjrj altfofr coearijhcøo salrf gas
gjda df gas iatarfs ijoujgfs df rffipgjza, haiuoéqufsf hao uo
df :, <, :6 y :5 dcstrclucdar Hjt. Vstfd fs rfspaosjlgf dfg hucdjda
hcgcodras.
hcgcodras. jprapcjda.
< Fstf ifosj`f df RFGCK\A DF JRGJXTJ
JRGJXTJICFOTA
ICFOTA
sfkurcdjd sf
fohufotrj fo hjdj Hcgcodra df jgtj prfscøo. Oa quctf ocokuoj
uoa df gas hujtra vêgvugj, haofxcøo ncdrêugchj a oðhgfa df vêgvugj, oc
hcgcodras df gj dfsjrif ocokuoj pcfzj njstj quf oa sf njyj
suspfoscøo. jgcvcjda gj prfscøo.
Rjrj jgcvcjr gj prfscøo, sf dflf su`ftjr lcfo fg
ljstcdar
jdvfrtfohcjdfg hjicøo. Df oa huipgcr
sf praduhcrê hao fstj
uo iavcicfota
cofspfrjda df gj iêqucoj quf pufdf rfsugtjr fo
gfscaofs krjvfs a iartjgfs.
Haosugtf fo su Ijoujg df Xfrvchca gas
prahfdcicfotas harrfhtas pjrj jgcvcjr gj prfscøo y
harrfkcr gas prahfdcicfotas df hjrkj.
Haosugtf hao su dcstrclucdar Hjtfrpcggjr qucão tcfof
gjs nfrrjicfotjs y gj coearijhcøo dftjggjdj pjrj
fefhtujr fg sfrvchca y hjrkjr gas hcgcodras.
8 Fstf ifosj`f df HCGCOD\A DF JGTJ R\FXCØO.
sfkurcdjd sf
fohufotrj fo hjdj Oa quctf ocokuoj vêgvugj, haofxcøo ncdrêugchj a
uoa df gas hujtra oðhgfa df vêgvugj oc dfsjrif ocokuoj pcfzj dfg
hcgcodras df gj hcgcodra njstj quf njyj jgcvcjda gj prfscøo. Fo hjsa
suspfoscøo. haotrjrca, padréj suercr gfscaofs pfrsaojgfs a
iartjgfs.
Ufj fo fg ijoujg df sfrvchca fg prahfdcicfota
harrfhta pjrj jgcvcjr gj prfscøo y pjrj hjrkjr gas
hcgcodras.
4 RFGCK\A DF F^RGAXCØO
Fstf ifosj`f df
sfkurcdjd fstê fo ¡Rfgckra df fxpgascøo! Gj haofxcøo coharrfhtj df
gj tjpj dfg rfhcota gas hjlgfs juxcgcjrfs df jrrjoquf pufdf rfsugtjr fo
ljtfréj..
df gj ljtfréj.. gfscaofs krjvfs y iartjgfs. Gjs ljtfréjs pufdfo
fstjr hagahjdjs fo haipjrtcicfotas sfpjrjdas.
Ufj fg prahfdcicfota harrfhta pjrj jrrjohjr hao
hjlgfs juxcgcjrfs fo fg Ijoujg df Apfrjhcøo y
Ijotfocicfota.

A.X.J. 󰀺󰀺


6 Xc gj iêqucoj R\ADVHT GCOM

hufotj hao Rraduht
Gcom, fstf ifosj`f Fstj iêqucoj tcfof uo dcspasctcva df
df sfkurcdjd fstê haiuochjhcøo Rraduht Gcom df Hjtfrpcggjr. Hujoda
ulchjda fo fg sf utcgczjo dftaojdarfs fgãhtrchas, sf dflf
cotfrcar df gj dfsjhtcvjr fstf dcspasctcva df haiuochjhcøo j :<
hjlcoj,
vcsclgf fopjrj
uo êrfj
fg i (42 pcfs)
ljsjdas f odfgsjtãgct
fo sctca fs
df traojdurj
sjtãgctfs fotra pjrj
y ddfotra df gasgas 8scstfijs
i (:2
apfrjdar.
apfrjdar. pcfs) dfg ssctca
ctca df traojdurj pjrj ga gass scst
scstfijs
fijs
ljsjdas fo hfgugjrfs, a dfotra df gj dcstjohcj
fstjlgfhcdj par gas rfqucsctas gfkjgfs pfrtcofotfs.
Oa njhfrga padréj hjusjr cotfrefrfohcjs hao gjs
apfrjhcaofs df traojdurj y pravahjr gfscaofs
krjvfs a cohgusa gj iufrtf.
Fo gas hjsas fo gas quf oa sf pufdf cdfotcechjr fg
tcpa df iøduga Rraduht Gcom, Hjtfrpcggjr
rfhaicfodj quf sf dfsnjlcgctf fg dcspasctcva j oa
ifoas df :< i (42 pcfs) dfg pfréiftra dfg sctca df
traojdurj.
5 HVÚJX DF \VFDJX
Fstf ifosj`f df
sfkurcdjd fstê Gj costjgjhcøo coharrfhtj df gjs huújs pjrj rufdj
ulchjda hfrhj dfg padréj pfrictcr
pfrict cr fg iavcicfota df gj iêqucoj, ga quf
sapartf df gas pufdf hjusjr gfscaofs krjvfs a iartjgfs. Gj
hjghfs pjrj rufdjs iêqucoj dflf fstjhcaojrsf fo uoj supfrechcf
(sc tcfof).
tcfof). narczaotjg jdfhujdj hao fg erfoa df
fstjhcaojicfota
fstjhcaojicfo ta haofhtjda. VtVtcgchf
cgchf gjs huújs pjrj
rufdj fo pjrf`js.
Gjs huújs pjrj rufdj quf aerfhf Hjtfrpcggjr, sc
tcfof, sf dflfo usjr søga fo tfrrfoa narczaotjg. Xc
sf vjo j costjgjr huújs, fo uo tfrrfoa cohgcojda, sf
dflf jojgczjr fg tfrrfoa y fvjgujr gjs vjrcjlgfs quf
pufdfo jefhtjr su fefhtcvcdjd. Fs dfhcscøo df hjdj
usujrca dftfricojr gj ifàr huúj y fg ifàr
iãtada df lgaqufa pjrj su jpgchjhcøo fo
pjrtchugjr. Xf dflfo dfsjrraggjr y praljr tãhochjs
fo fg sctca df trjljà pjrj dftfricojr sc sf pufdfo
usjr gjs huújs, pjrj rufdj fo fsjs jpgchjhcaofs.
Jgtfrojtcvjifotf, gjs rufdjs dfgjotfrjs df gj
iêqucoj pufdfo arcfotjrsf njhcj uoj lfrij
jdfhujdj a hagahjrsf fo uoj huoftj df
fstjhcaojicfota.
; Fstf ifosj`f df \FE\CKF\JOTF

\FE\CKF\JOTF HJGCFOTF L
LJ@A
J@A R\FXCØO
sfkurcdjd fstê
ulchjda fo fg Fg rferckfrjotf hjgcfotf, fg vjpar y gjs sustjohcjs
tjoquf df jghjgcojs pufdfo praduhcr gfscaofs pfrsaojgfs.
fxpjoscøo ùota j J gj tfipfrjturj df apfrjhcøo, fg rferckfrjotf dfg
gj tjpj df ggfojda iatar fstê hjgcfotf y j prfscøo. Fg rjdcjdar y tadjs
dfg rjdcjdar.
rjdcjdar. gjs tulfréjs j gas hjgfotjdarfs a jg iatar
haotcfofo hao
haotjhta rferckfrjotf hjgcfotf
fggas pufdf a vjpar.
hjusjr Hujgqucfr
qufijdurjs
sfrcjs.

A.X.J. 󰀺󰀼


Zuctf gfotjifotf gj tjpj df prfscøo dfg scstfij df

foercjicfota pjrj jgcvcjr gj prfscøo søga hujoda fg
iatar fstê pjrjda y fspfrf uo tcfipa prudfohcjg
pjrj quf fg scstfij df foercjicfota sf foeréf.
Oa cotfotf jùstjr gjs haofxcaofs df gjs
ijokufrjs hujoda fg rferckfrjotf fstã hjgcfotf, gj
ijokufrj
Fg jdctcvasf df
pufdf sjgcr y pravahjr
rferckfrjotf dfg qufijdurjs.
scstfij df
foercjicfota haotcfof sustjohcjs jghjgcojs. Fvctf fg
haotjhta hao gj pcfg y gas aàs.
> Fstf ifosj`f df Hcoturøo df sfkurcdjd
sfkurcdjd fstê
ulchjda fo fg pastf Fg hcoturøo df sfkurcdjd dflf fstjr jlrahnjda
dfgjotfra czqucfrda tada fg tcfipa quf gj iêqucoj fstê euohcaojoda
dfg scstfij \ARX. pjrj fvctjr gfscaofs krjvfs a iartjgfs fo hjsa df
jhhcdfotf a df vufgha df gj iêqucoj. Xc oa sf tcfof
fg hcoturøo df sfkurcdjd hujoda gj iêqucoj fstê
euohcaojoda sf pufdfo suercr gfscaofs pfrsaojgfs
a iartjgfs.
3 JHVIVGJDA\
Fstf ifosj`f df
sfkurcdjd fstê Hcgcodra df jgtj prfscøo.
ulchjda fo fg
jhuiugjdar df Voj dfshjrkj rêpcdj jg dfshaofhtjr a dfsjrijr,
jiartckujhcøo df gj pufdf hjusjr gfscaofs pfrsaojgfs y iartjgfs.
na`j, quf fstê Haosugtf j su dcstrclucdar Hjtfrpcggjr pjrj altfofr
ulchjda fo fg gjda nfrrjicfotjs f costruhhcaofs pjrj jgcvcjr gj prfscøo
czqucfrda dfg a pjrj hjrkjr fg hcgcodra. Vsf sagjifotf kjs
ljstcdar dfgjotfra.
dfgjotfra. octrøkfoa sfha pjrj gj prfhjrkj.
:2 Fstf ifosj`f df RFGCK\A DF FGFHT\AHVHCØO
sfkurcdjd sf
fohufotrj fo gj RFGCK\A0
RFGCK\A0 Rfgckra df dfshjrkj
rf`cggj dfg fgãhtrchj/fgfhtrahuhcøo - Oa apfrf fstf fqucpa a
rftjrdjdar, fo fg trjlj`f fo ãg j ifoas quf njyj gféda y
kfofrjdar y fo gj haiprfodcda gjs costruhhcaofs y jdvfrtfohcjs dfg
hj`j dfg f`f trjsfra.
trjsfra. Ijoujg df Xfrvchca. Fg cohuipgcicfota a gj
coalsfrvjohcj df fstjs costruhhcaofs pufdf
hjusjr gfscaofs pfrsaojgfs a cohgusa gj iufrtf.
:: Fstf ifosj`f df JDUF\TFOHCJ DF XVRF\ECHCF HJGCFOTF
sfkurcdjd fstê fo
fg hcgcodra 8 y fo fg Fg haotjhta hao haipaofotfs hjgcfotfs pufdf
hcgcodra 4. ahjscaojr qufijdurjs a gfscaofs. Oa df`f quf gas
haipaofotfs hjgcfotfs taqufo gj pcfg. Ggfvf rapj
df pratfhhcøo a fqucpa df pratfhhcøo pjrj pratfkfr
gj pcfg.
:< Fstf ifosj`f df OA ARF\J\
sfkurcdjd fstê fo
gj tjpj df vêgvugjs Oa apfrf oc trjlj`f fo fg iatar njstj quf njyj
y fo fg Iøduga df gféda y haiprfodcda tadjs gjs costruhhcaofs y
Haotrag
(FHI, Fgfhtrøocha
Fgfhtraoch jdvfrtfohcjs haotfocdjs foXc oa
Apfrjhcøo y Ijotfocicfota. fg sfIjoujg df
sckufo gjs
Haotrag Iadugf). costruhhcaofs a oa sf njhf hjsa df gjs

A.X.J. 󰀺󰀸


jdvfrtfohcjs, sf pufdfo hjusjr gfscaofs

pfrsaojgfs a iartjgfs.
:8 Fstf ifosj`f df JHVIVGJDA\ DF JGTJ R\FXCØO
sfkurcdjd fstê fo
gas jhuiugjdarfs ¡Xcstfij prfsurczjda!
df gj dcrfhhcøo y fo
gas
dfg jhuiugjdarfs
erfoa. Gas Gas jhuiugjdarfs ncdrêugchas haotcfofo kjs y
jhfctf j jgtj prfscøo. OA dfshaofhtf gjs tulfréjs
jhuiugjdarfs df gj oc dfsjrif gas haipaofotfs df uo jhuiugjdar
dcrfhhcøo fstêo prfsurczjda. Xf dflf quctjr tada fg kjs df
ulchjdas hfrhj df prfhjrkj dfg jhuiugjdar, tjg haia sf codchj fo fg
gj pjrtf dfgjotfrj, Ijoujg df Xfrvchca, jotfs df djr sfrvchca a
fo fg rcfg czqucfrda fgcicojr fg jhuiugjdar, a hujgqucfrj df sus
fxtfrcar dfg haipaofotfs.
ljstcdar. Gas Xc oa sf sckufo gjs costruhhcaofs y gjs
jhuiugjdarfs dfg jdvfrtfohcjs, sf pufdfo praduhcr gfscaofs krjvfs
erfoa fstêo a gj iufrtf.
ulchjdas fo fg rcfg Xaga utcgchf kjs octrøkfoa sfha pjrj rfhjrkjr gas
dfg ljstcdar cotfrcar jhuiugjdarfs.
czqucfrda, hfrhj dfg
kfofrjdar.
:4 Fstf ifosj`f df RFGCK\A DF FGFHT\AHVHCØO
sfkurcdjd fstê fo
fg kfofrjdar y fo fg
Rfgckra df fgfhtrahuhcøo
fgfhtrahuhcøo/dfshjrkj
/dfshjrkj fgãhtrchj-Oa
kjlcoftf dfg
apfrf fstf fqucpa oc trjlj`f fo ãg njstj quf njyj
covfrsar. gféda y haiprfodcda gjs costruhhcaofs y
jdvfrtfohcjs haotfocdjs fo fg Ijoujg df
Apfrjhcøo y Ijotfocicfota. Xc oa sckuf gjs
costruhhcaofs a oa njhf hjsa df gjs jdvfrtfohcjs,
sf pufdfo hjusjr gfscaofs krjvfs a iartjgfs.
:6 Fstf ifosj`f df F@F KC\JTA\CA
sfkurcdjd fstê fo
fg kfofrjdar. Rfgckra df kagpf a jtrjpjicfota par f`f fo
ratjhcøo. Fg f`f dfljà df fstj tjpj scfiprf fstê
fo ratjhcøo hujoda fg iatar fstê euohcaojoda. Fg
haotjhta hao uoa f`f
gfscaofs krjvfs fo ratjhcøo
iartjgfs. Ijotfokjpufdf
gjs hjusjr
ijoas
jgf`jdjs.
jgf`jdjs.
:5 Fstf ifosj`f df HJLGFX DF \FTFOHCØO DF GJ HJ@J DFG
sfkurcdjd fstê fo HJICØO
gj pjrtf trjsfrj df
gj iêqucoj, hfrhj Hujoda sfj ofhfsjrca trjlj`jr dfljà df gj
df gas puotas df iêqucoj hao gj hj`j gfvjotjdj, su`ftf gas hjlgfs
haofxcøo df gas df rftfohcøo df gj hj`j fo gas pjsjdarfs df
hjlgfs df rftfohcøo rftfohcøo df gj hj`j. Costjgf gas pjsjdarfs df
df gj hj`j dfg rftfohcøo df gj hj`j j trjvãs df gas fxtrfias
fxt rfias df gas
hjicøo. hjlgfs df rftfohcøo. Vtcgchf scfiprf jilas hjlgfs
df rftfohcøo.
Xc oa sf su`ftj harrfhtjifotf gj hj`j sf pufdfo
hjusjr gfscaofs krjvfs a iartjgfs.
iartjgfs.

A.X.J. 󰀺󰀴


Rufstj fo ijrhnj y D
Dftfohcøo
ftfohcøo Xfkurj dfg Hjicøo ;34 JH
Jhhcøo Rrahfdcicfota
:. Ufrcecquf ocvfgfs.
<. \fjgchf uoj cospfhhcøo vcsujg y ifhêochj.
8. Cospfhhcaof fg iatar pjrj dftfricojr sc njy pfgckras
Jotfs df Jrrjojhjr patfohcjgfs.
fg iatar. 4. Ufrcecquf fg fstjda df gas ofuiêtchas.
ofuiêtchas .
6. Tadas gas ppratfhtarfs
ratfhtarfs y tad
tadjs
js gjs hulc
hulcfrtjs
frtjs pratfhtarjs tcfofo
quf fstjr costjgjdjs, sc sf vj j jrrjohjr fg iatar pjrj fefhtujr
gas prahfdcicfotas df sfrvchca.
5. Oa jrrjoquf fg iatar oc iufvj ocokuoa df gas haotragfs sc njy
uoj ftcquftj df jdvfrtfohcj "OA ARF\J\", a uoj ftcquftj
scicgjr, su`ftjdj jg cotfrruptar df jrrjoquf a j gas haotragfs.
;. Jotfs df jrrjohjr fg iatar, jsfkðrfsf df quf oa njyj ojdcf
fohcij, dfljà a hfrhj dfg iatar. Jsfkðrfsf df quf oa njyj
pfrsaojg fo fg êrfj.
>. Xc tcfof, jsfkðrfsf df quf fg scstfij df guhfs dfg iatar sfj
jdfhujda pjrj gjs haodchcaofs.
3. Oa dfrcvf gas hcrhuctas jutaiêtchas df jpjkjda dfg iatar.
:2. Oa dfsjhtcvf gas hcrhuctas jutaiêtchas df jpjkjda dfg iatar.
Fstas hcrhuctas sf praparhcaojo pjrj jyudjr j fvctjr gjs
gfscaofs pfrsaojgfs. Gas hcrhuctas tjilcão sf praparhcaojo
pjrj jyudjr j fvctjr gas djúas jg iatar.
::. Ufrcecquf erfoa df fstjhcaojicfota
fstjhcaojicfota jhtcvjda.
:<. Ufrcecquf lgaqufa scstfij ncdrêugcha df cipgfifota jhtcvjda.
:8. Ufrcecquf trjosicscøo fo ofutra.
:4. Jùstf gas fspfàs rftravcsarfs.
:6. Cospfhhcaofs fg fstjda dfg hcoturøo df sfkurcdjd.
:5. Jùstf fg jscfota, pjrj njhfr fg rfharrcda haipgfta dfg pfdjg.
:;. Jùstf gj jgturj y gj paschcøo gaokctudcojg dfg iøduga df haotrag.
:>. Df haotjhta hao gj ggjvf df jrrjoquf.
jrrjoquf.
:3. Ufrcecquf fg eeuohcaojicfota
uohcaojicfota hharrfhta
arrfhta df gas codchjdarfs ddfgfg
pjofg df supfrvcscøo.
<2. fstjda.
Jsfkðrfsf df quf fg scstfij df cguicojhcøo fstf fo lufo
<:. Jvcsf quf paodrê fg iatar fo ijrhnj, jhhcaof gj lahcoj uoj
vfz.
<<. Jsfkðrfsf df quf ojdcf fstã dfotra dfg êrfj df sfkurcdjd df
gj iêqucoj, dfgjotf, jg gjda, jtrês oc dfljà df gj iêqucoj.
:. Fg fshjpf dfg iatar haotcfof praduhtas df hailustcøo quf
pufdfo sfr pfrùdchcjgfs pjrj su sjgud. Xcfiprf jrrjoquf y
Jrrjoquf dfg iatar apfrf fg iatar fo uo êrfj lcfo vfotcgjdj. Xc sf jrrjohj fg iatar
y gufka dfg fo uo rfhcota hfrrjda, vfotcgf fg fshjpf dfg iatar njhcj fg
Jrrjoquf. fxtfrcar.
<. Jrrjoquf fg iatar dfsdf fg haipjrtcicfota dfg apfrjdar a hao
fg cotfrruptar df jrrjoquf dfg iatar.
8. Jrrjoquf scfiprf fg iatar df jhufrda hao fg prahfdcicfot
prahfdcicfotaa quf
sf dfshrclf fo fstf Ijoujg df Apfrjhcøo y Ijotfocicfota
Jrrjoquf dfg, "iatar"
prahfdcicfota harrfhta(sfhhcøo Apfrjhcøo).
pufdf jyudjr j fvctjrFgdjúas
haoahcicfota
ijyarfs dfg
fo

A.X.J. 󰀺󰀶


gas haipaofotfs dfg iatar. Fg haoahcicfota dfg prahfdcicfota

tjilcão jyudjrê j fvctjr gfscaofs pfrsaojgfs.
4. Rjrj jsfkurjrsf df quf fg hjgfotjdar df jkuj df gjs hjicsjs
(sc tcfof) y fg hjgfotjdar dfg jhfctf df gulrchjhcøo (sc tcfof) fstêo
euohcaojoda harrfhtjifotf, rfvcsf fg ifdcdar dfg jkuj y dfg
jhfctf durjotf fg euohcaojic
e uohcaojicfota
fota dfg hjgfotjdar.
6.
5. Kcrf
Rruflfgj ggjvf df jrrjoquf,
gj dcrfhhcøo pjrj jrrjohjr fg iatar.
sfhuodjrcj.
;. Ufrcecquf fg euohcaojicfota dfg haotrag df gj dcrfhhcøo.
>. Rruflf gas erfoas df sfrvsfrvchca.
chca.
3. Rruflf gj dcrfhhcøo, fo jilas sfotcdas.
:. Rcdj j tada fg pfrsaojg quf sf rftcrf df gj iêqucoj y dfg êrfj.

<. Zuctf tadas gas alstêhugas dfg hjicoa df rfharrcda df gj
Jotfs df gj iêqucoj.
Apfrjhcøo df gj 8. Haipruflf quf gjs vfotjojs fstão gcipcjs.
Iêqucoj. 4. Ec`f gjs pufrtjs fo paschcøo hfrrjdj.
6. Ec`f gjs vfotjojs fo paschcøo jlcfrtj a hfrrjdj.
5. Jùstf gas fspfàs rftravcsarfs, pjrj gakrjr gj iêxcij vcsclcgcdjd
pasclgf hfrhj df gj iêqucoj.
;. Jsfkðrfsf df quf gj lahcoj, gj jgjrij df rftrahfs
rftrahfsaa (sc gj tcfof)
y gas dfiês dcspasctcvas df jdvfrtfohcj euohcaofo df ijofrj
jdfhujdj.
>. Jotfs df iavfr gj iêqucoj jhhcaof gj lahcoj < vfhfs, sc fg
iavcicfota fo jvjohf y/a 8 vfhfs, sc sfrê fo rftrahfsa.

A.X.J. 󰀺󰀵


Coearijhcøo Xalrf Rfgckras Fgãhtrchas
Al`ftcva
 Rfgckras Jg tãricoa gas

df fstj gfhhcøo gas pjrtchcpjotfs
Fgãhtrchas cdfotcechjr dcstcotas pfgckras fgãhtrchas, jsfrêo hjpjhfs
gas quf df
padréjo
vfrsf fxpufstas, jg cotfrvfocr gas scstfijs dfg hjicøo ;34 JH,
fo fspfhcjg, gas scstfijs fgãhtrchas df patfohcj.
Cotraduhhcøo
Df gj tatjgcdjd df gas jhhcdfotfs fgãhtrchas fo gj Codustrcj y fo
gj Icofréj, fg 52% fs praduhcda par jrha fgãhtrcha y fg
parhfotj`f rfstjotf fstê jsahcjda j gj hcrhugjhcøo df harrcfotf
hao fgfhtrahuhcøo (Xnahm Fgãhtrcha).
Fg hjicøo ;34 JH pasff uo trfo df cipugscøo fgãhtrcha, fg quf
fs jgcifotjda hao harrcfotf jgtfroj, j pjrtcr df uoj harrcfotf
haotcouj. Gas vagtj`fs pufdfo cr dfsdf gas <4 vagt df hh j
:6.222 vagt, fo harrcfotf jgtfroj. Rar tjg rjzøo fs df vctjg
cipartjohcj quf, tjota fg apfrjdar y fo fspfhcjg gas
ijotfofdarfs, tfokjo haoahcicfota df gas rcfskas fgãhtrchas,
j gas quf sf padréjo vfr fxpufstas
\fefrfohcj0
 Rrfvfohcøo df \cfskas Fgãhtrchas df gj JHNX
 Oarij OERJ ;2F (Ojtcaojg Ecrf Rratfhhcøo
jssahcjtcao)

A.X.J. 󰀺󰀻


Haohfptas Kfofrjgfs
Hnaquf Fgãhtrcha
Xf dfoaicoj hnaquf fgãhtrcha a jhhcdfotf fgãhtrcha j

 Rfgckras uoj gfscøo praduhcdj par fg fefhta df gj harrcfotf fgãhtrchj fo fg
sfr nuijoa.
Fgãhtrchas
Fefhtas Eéschas Coifdcjtas

hjrdéjha0 Xf praduhf hujoda gj harrcfotf pjsj par fg
Rjra hjrdéjha0
harjzøo y su fefhta fo fg arkjocsia sf trjduhf fo uo pjra
hcrhugjtarca par dftfohcøo hjrdéjhj.
Jsecxcj0 Hujoda gj harrcfotf fgãhtrchj jtrjvcfsj fg tørjx, sf
Jsecxcj0
tftjoczj fg dcjerjkij y haia haosfhufohcj df fgga gas
pugiaofs oa tcfofo hjpjhcdjd pjrj cokrfsjr jcrf oc pjrj
fxpugsjrga.
Zufijdurjs0 Cotfrojs a fxtfrojs, par fg pjsa df gj cotfoscdjd
Zufijdurjs0 Cotfrojs
df harrcfotf j trjvãs dfg hufrpa. Xf praduhfo zaojs df
ofhrascs (tf`cdas iufrtas) y gjs qufijdurjs pufdfo ggfkjr j
jghjozjr ørkjoas praeuodas, iðshugas, ofrvcas f cohgusa j gas
nufsas.
Tftjoczjhcøo0 Haotrjhhcøo iushugjr, quf jougj gj hjpjhcdjd
Tftjoczjhcøo0 Haotrjhhcøo
df rfjhhcøo iushugjr, cipcdcfoda gj sfpjrjhcøo vaguotjrcj dfg
puota df haotjhta (gas iðshugas df gjs ijoas y gas lrjzas sf
haotrjfo sco padfr rfgj`jrsf).
vfotrchugjr0 Xf praduhf hujoda gj harrcfotf pjsj
Eclrcgjhcøo vfotrchugjr0 Xf
par fg harjzøo y sf trjduhf fo uo pjra hcrhugjtarca par jgtfrjhcøo
dfg rctia hjrdéjha. Fg harjzøo, jg euohcaojr
dfshaardcojdjifotf, oa pufdf lailfjr sjokrf. Fgga fs krjvf
fo fg hfrflra
daodf fs ciprfshcodclgf uoj axckfojhcøo haotcouj.
pfrijofotfs0 Rraduhcdjs par dfstruhhcøo df gj
Gfscaofs pfrijofotfs0
pjrtf jefhtjdj dfg scstfij ofrvcasa (pjrêgcscs, haotrjhturjs
pfrijofotfs, fth.).
Fefhtas Oa Coifdcjtas
rfojgfs0 Gas rcúaofs pufdfo qufdjr
Ijocefstjhcaofs rfojgfs0
lgaqufjdas par gjs qufijdurjs,
hjotcdjd df icakgalcoj yj quf
y nfiakgalcoj qufdflfo fgcicojr
gfs covjdf krjo
dfspuãs
df jljodaojr gas iðshugas jefhtjdas, jsé haia gjs sustjohcjs

A.X.J. 󰀺󰀾


tøxchjs quf rfsugtjo df gj dfshaipaschcøo df gas tf`cdas

dfstrucdas par gjs qufijdurjs.
hjrdcavjshugjrfs0 Gj dfshjrkj fgãhtrchj pufdf
Trjstaroas hjrdcavjshugjrfs0
pravahjr pãrdcdj dfg rctia hjrdéjha y df gj haoduhhcøo juréhuga-
vfotrchugjr f cotrjvfotrchugjr, ijocefstjhcaofs df cosuechcfohcjs
haraojrcjs jkudjs quf pufdfo ggfkjr njstj fg coejrta df
icahjrdca, jdfiês df tjquchjrdcjs, vãrtcka, hfejgfjs, fth.
ofrvcasas0 Gj véhtcij df uo hnaquf fgãhtrcha
Trjstaroas ofrvcasas0
pufdf suercr trjstaroas ofrvcasas rfgjhcaojdas hao pfqufújs
nfiarrjkcjs, eruta df gj dfscotfkrjhcøo df gj sustjohcj ofrvcasj
hfotrjg a ifdugjr. Rar atrj pjrtf, fs iuy erfhufotf gj jpjrchcøo
df ofurascs df tcpa euohcaojg iês a ifoas krjvfs, trjosctarcjs
a pfrijofotfs.
Trjstaroas sfosarcjgfs, ahugjrfs y judctcvas0 Trjstaroas
ahugjrfs ahjscaojdas par gas fefhtas guicoasas y hjgaréechas
dfg jrha fgãhtrcha. Fo gj ijyaréj df gas hjsas sf trjduhfo fo
ijocefstjhcaofs
aà. coegjijtarcjs
Gas trjstaroas dfg eaoda y sfkifota
judctcvas haipraljdas jotfrcar
pufdfo ggfkjr dfg
njstj
gj sardfrj tatjg y sf dflfo kfofrjgifotf j uo trjuijtcsia
hrjofjg, j uoj qufijdurj krjvf df jgkuoj pjrtf dfg hrêofa a
j trjstaroas ofrvcasas.
ofrvcasas.
Rfgckra df Dfshjrkj Fgãhtrchj
Vo jhhcdfotf fgãhtrcha pufdf salrfvfocr jg fotrjr fo haotjhta

dcrfhta hao gj eufotf df fofrkéj, a jg fotrjr fo haotjhta
codcrfhta,
costjgjhcøo,dflcda j jggjsaga
f cohgusa dfechcfohcj
jhfrhjrsfdf
j gjjcsgjicfota df gj
eufotf df fofrkéj,
j trjvãs df uo jrha fgãhtrcha.

A.X.J. 󰀺󰀳


Rfgckra df Jrha Fgãhtrcha
Xc oa sf rfspftjo gjs costruhhcaofs df sfkurcdjd, df

jcsgjicfota y lgaqufa df hcrhuctas fgãhtrchas, y sc oa sf
rfspftjo gjs dcstjohcjs iéocijs j gj eufotf df fofrkéj, jg
cospfhhcaojr scstfijs fofrkczjdas= sf pufdf kfofrjr uo jrha
fgãhtrcha, haia rfsugtjda df uoj ijgj ijocalrj a hjédj df
haipaofotfs. uo jrha fgãhtrcha sf praduhf jg caoczjrsf fg êcrf,
ga quf pfrictf gj hcrhugjhcøo df harrcfotf fgãhtrchj, j trjvãs df
ãg, pudcfoda hjusjr gfscaofs krjvfs j gjs pfrsaojs y/a djúa j
gas haipaofotfs.
Vo jrha fgãhtrcha pufdf kfofrjr gas sckucfotf0
 Guz cotfosj.
 Jgtj tfipfrjturj, pudcãodasf jghjozjr
jghjozjr gas :3.42; ²h
 Kfofrjhcøo df vjpar df halrf, fg quf sf fxpjodf
5;.222 vfhfs.
 Euodchcøo df gas iftjgfs.
 Fxpjoscøo rêpcdj dfg jcrf hjgcfotf.
 Aodjs df prfscøo.
 \jyas df iftrjggjs.
Fovfrkjdurj dfg Djúa df uo Hnahm Fgãhtrcha

Fgãhtrcha
Vo jhhcdfotf fgãhtrcha pufdf ahjscaojr dcvfrsas tcpas df

gfscaofs. Rufdfo prfsfotjrsf gfscaofs ofrvcasjs, jgtfrjhcaofs
quéichjs, sc nj scda par harrcfotf haotcouj, djúas tãrichas,
hujoda gj erfhufohcj fs iuy fgfvjdj y/a atrjs haosfhufohcjs
df jhhcdfotfs sfhuodjrcas, par hjédjs a kagpfs (haia par
f`fipga erjhturjs øsfjs).

A.X.J. 󰀼󰀲


Ejhtarfs quf Haodchcaojo gas Djúas par Hnahm Fgãhtrcha

@uota j gjs ijkoctudfs df gj tfoscøo fgãhtrchj,fgãhtrchj, df
gj dfoscdjd df harrcfotf
harrcfotf y df gj cotfoscdjd df harrcfotf,
harrcfotf,
tjilcão sf dflf haoscdfrjr fg tcpa df harrcfotf,
harrcfotf, jgtfroj a
haotcouj, jsé haia tjilcão huêota tcfipa
tcfipa y par quã véj fg
hufrpa df gj pfrsaoj nj scda jtrjvfsjda par gj harrcfotf
fgãhtrchj.
Hufrpa
Cotfoscdjd df Harrcfotf par fg Hufrpa
Gj harrcfotf quf hcrhugf par fg hufrpa dfpfodf df gj eufotf, gj
tfoscøo df gj eufotf y par salrf tada gj rfscstfohcj dfg hufrpa.
Haia vjgar df arcfotjhcøo kfofrjg, sf pufdf supaofr
gj rfscstfohcj dfg hufrpa fo uo rjoka fotrf gas 622 anicas j
anicas. Fsta rckf pjrj uo jdugta y uoj rutj df gj
8 mcga anicas.
harrcfotf, par f`fipga, df gj ijoa dfrfhnj jg pcf czqucfrda a
dfrfhna.
hjsa df gjfopcfg
fg ecoj
hjsa(haia
dfg haotjhta df uoja zaoj
fo gas lflãs) fo gasfxtfosj, fodf
rfharrcdas fg
dcstjohcjs iês hartjs, fstf vjgar pufdf sfr coefrcar. fstf vjgar
dcsicouyf hao gj nuifdjd harparjg
Fefhtas df gj Harrcfotf
J pjrtcr df uoj cotfoscdjd df :2 icgcjipfrcas df harrcfotf
jgtfroj df lj`j erfhufohcj (fg uilrjg ljà fg hujg oa ggfkj j
jgtfroj
praduhcrsf jefrrjicfota) sf dfsfohjdfojo haotrjhhcaofs df gj
iushugjturj fsqufgãtchj. sco filjrka, dflcda j gj haostctuhcøo
iês ecrif df gas iðshugas egfxarfs, rfspfhta df gas iðshugas
fxtfosarfs fstjs haotrjhhcaofs pufdfo ggfvjr j quf gj pfrsaoj
"sf jefrrf" j gj eufotf df harrcfotf fgãhtrchj y hao fgga j uo
tcfipa iês pragaokjda df fxpaschcøo.
J pjrtcr df 82-62 icgcjipfrcas,
icgcjipfrcas, pufdf salrfvfocr uoj
haotrjhhcøo tarêhchj quf, jg cipgchjr gj tfoscøo df gas iðshugas
rfspcrjtarcas y dfg dcjerjkij durjotf gj durjhcøo dfg eguà df
harrcfotf, pufdf praduhcr uo pjra rfspcrjtarca. fsta tjilcão
pufdf ahurrcr hujoda fg eguà df harrcfotf jefhtj jg hfotra
rfspcrjtarca dfg traoha dfg fohãejga.
nfrtz, pufdf haoduhcr gj iufrtf par
Gj harrcfotf jgtfroj df 62 nfrtz,
pjra hjrdéjha, cohgusa j pjrtcr df uoj cotfoscdjd df :2 ij,
ij, sc gj
durjhcøo df gj fxpaschcøo fs df iês df <
df < sfkuodas.
sfkuodas.

A.X.J. 󰀼󰀺


Paojs ‗Tcfipa/Harrcfotf, df gas fefhtas df gj HJ, df :6 j :22 Nz, salrf gjs

pfrsaojs.
Rjrj gj erfhufohcj df 62 nfrtz (tépchj pjrj gj ijyaréj df gas

pjésfs) gj harrcfotf jgtfroj jhtðj :22 vfhfs par sfkuoda salrf
gj ejsf sfosclgf dfg iðshuga hjrdéjha. fstj dupgchjhcøo rfsugtj
df quf tjota fg sfichchga (gj ifdcj aodj) pasctcva, haia fg
sfichchga ofkjtcva df gj harrcfotf jgtfroj y tcfofo fefhta
lcagøkcha.
Gj harrcfotf haotcouj praduhf hjilcas quéichas fo fg hufrpa,
dflcda j gj fgfhtragcscs.
Gj jgtj erfhufohcj j pjrtcr df :22 mNz praduhf jpfojs uoj
fstciugjhcøo ofrvcasj iéocij y salrf gas 822 mNz oa praduhf
jlsagutjifotf ocokuoj. sco filjrka, pufdfo prfsfotjrsf
tfoscøo.
gjs gfscaofs tãrichjs quf sao dfpfodcfotfs df gj tfoscøo.
Gj ijkoctud rfjg dfg eguà fgãhtrcha dfpfodf df gj rfscstfohcj
fgãhtrchj quf fg hufrpa nuijoa a jocijg prfsfotf jg sfr
jtrjvfsjda par gj harrcfotf. fstj rfscstfohcj oa fs haostjotf y
dfpfodf j su vfz df vjrcas pjrêiftras.

A.X.J. 󰀼󰀼


Dcstjohcj df Xfkurcdjd j gj Eufotf df Fofrkéj

Gjs sfpjrjhcaofs iéocijs, ifdcdjs fotrf hujgqucfr puota hao
tfoscøo y gj pjrtf iês prøxcij dfg hufrpa dfg apfrjrca a df gjs
nfrrjicfotjs oa jcsgjdjs par ãg utcgczjdjs fo gj sctujhcøo iês
dfsejvarjlgf quf pudcfrj praduhcrsf, sfrêo gjs sckucfotfs0

A.X.J. 󰀼󰀸


Haoscdfrjhcaofs Kfofrjgfs
Gj cotfrvfohcøo dfg hjicøo ;34 JH fxckf gj rfvcscøo
hucdjdasj df gas prahfdcicfotas sfkurcdjd df ijotfocicfota
dcspufstas fo fg ijoujg df sfrvchca y gj vfrcechjhcøo df gj
oarijtcvj df gj Xupfrcotfodfohcj df Fgfhtrchcdjd y
4/<28, quf tcfof par al`fta ec`jr
Hailustclgfs, ‗OHN Fgfh. 4/<28,
gjs haodchcaofs iéocijs df sfkurcdjd quf dflfo huipgcr gjs
costjgjhcaofs fgãhtrchjs df haosuia fo Lj`j Tfoscøo, hao fg
eco df sjgvjkujrdjr j gjs pfrsaojs quf gjs apfrjo a fstêo j
hjrka df gj f`fhuhcøo df gjs tjrfjs df ijotfocicfota.
Haia rfkgj kfofrjg sf dflf huipgcr ga sckucfotf0
:. Xf dflf utcgczjr fg fqucpa df pratfhhcøo haotrj jgta vagtj`f

jprapcjda, sfkðo sf dfecof ifdcjotf gjs oarijs y gas
rfkgjifotas gahjgfs.
<. Xaga pfrsaojg hujgcechjda df sfrvchca dflf fefhtujr fg
sfrvchca fo scstfijs df jgta vagtj`f.
8. OA quctf gjs tjpjs oc jlrj gas kjlcoftfs df covfrsarfs, yj
quf qufdjréjo fxpufstas gas haipaofotfs fgãhtrchas
fofrkczjdas df jgta vagtj`f.
4. OA fefhtðf fg sfrvchca oc fg ijotfocicfota fo haipaofotfs
fgãhtrchas df jgta vagtj`f, hao gj costjgjhcøo fofrkczjdj.
Fg jgta vagtj`f pufdf hjusjr fgfhtrahuhcøo, ga quf pufdf

ahjscaojr gfscaofs pfrsaojgfs a gj iufrtf.
Gas haipaofotfs y gjs haofxcaofs df jgta vagtj`f dflfo rfhclcr
fg ijotfocicfota jprapcjda.
Haosugtf fg Ijoujg df Apfrjhcøo y Ijotfocicfota, pjrj
altfofr coearijhcøo jdchcaojg.
Fo gas haipaofotfs df jgta vagtj`f, pufdf qufdjr fofrkéj
rfscdujg, cohgusa dfspuãs df quf sf njyj dftfocda apfrjhcøo.
Jsuij scfiprf quf pufdf njlfr uo ocvfg df vagtj`f pfgckrasa.
jpgcquf gjs rfkgjs df ara jotfs df rfjgczjr cotfrvfohcaofs fo
gas scstfijs fgãhtrchas.

A.X.J. 󰀼󰀴


\fkgjs df Ara jg Cotfrvfocr Costjgjhcaofs Fgãhtrchjs
Gas sckucfotfs sao gas j sfkucr, quf jsfkurjo uo trjljà fo

costjgjhcaofs fgãhtrchj, gclrf df fofrkéj.
:. Dfshaofhtjr gj pjrtf df gj costjgjhcøo fo gj quf sf

trjlj`jr jcsgêodagj df tadjs gjs pasclgfs eufotfs
vj j trjlj`jr jcsgêodagj
df tfoscøo.
rfjgcifotjhcøo,
<. Rrfvfocr hujgqucfr pasclgf rfjgcifotjhcøo,
costjgjoda uo dcspasctcva df lgaqufa dfg ifhjocsia df
ijocalrj
Ufrcechjr gj jusfohcj df tfoscøo fo tadas gas
8. Ufrcechjr
fgfifotas jhtcvas df gj zaoj df trjljà.
4. Raofr j tcfrrj y fo hartahcrhucta tadjs gjs pasclgfs
tfoscøo.
eufotfs df tfoscøo.
6. Rratfkfr gj zaoj df trjljà erfotf j gas fgfifotas
prøxcias fo tfoscøo y fstjlgfhfr uoj sfújgczjhcøo df
sfkurcdjd pjrj dfgcictjrgj.
Oatj0
Vtcgchf gjs nfrrjicfotjs df ifdchcøo fgãhtrchj hao hjpjhcdjd
pjrj ifdcr gas haipaofotfs df jgta vagtj`f quf sf rfvcsjo.
Dflfrê haoecrijrsf quf fg ocvfg df vagtj`f prfsfotf sfj coefrcar
j 62 UHH, jotfs df praduhcrsf hujgqucfr fxpaschcøo j gas
haipaofotfs df jgta vagtj`f.
Gfj y haiprfodj gjs costruhhcaofs y gjs jdvfrtfohcjs dfg
Ijoujg df Apfrjhcøo y Ijotfocicfota XXLV3233, XXLV3233,
"Fgfhtrchjg Xnutdawo jod Uagtjkf Dcshnjrkf", pjrj fefhtujr gj
dfshaofxcøo harrfhtj dfg scstfij fgãhtrcha y dfshjrkjr gas
haipaofotfs fgãhtrchas df jgta vagtj`f.

A.X.J. 󰀼󰀶


Fgfifotas df Rratfhhcøo Rfrsaojg pjrj Trjljàs

Fgãhtrchas
Xf dflf haotjr hao gas fgfifotas df pratfhhcøo pfrsaojg, pjrj
fg rcfska df snahm fgãhtrcha (haotjhta dcrfhta a codcrfhta, hao
hcrhugjhcøo df harrcfotf fgãhtrchj par fg arkjocsia) y pjrj
fvfotas df jrha fgãhtrcha (jrh egjsn).
Rjrj pfrsaojg fgfhtrchcstj, fg fqucpjicfota iéocia
rfhaifodjda fs rapj df jgkadøo. Xf rfhaicfodj fg usa df
kujotfs jcsgjdas hgjsf 22 (njstj 622 U),
U), pjrj cotfrvfohcaofs
cot frvfohcaofs
fo trjljàs fo lj`j tfoscøo y hjgzjda jcsgjotf.
Fg fgfhtrchcstj jutarczjda oa dflf utcgczjr fgfifotas iftêgchas,
haia jocggas, pugsfrjs, rfga`fs u atrjs àyjs, quf pufdjo fotrjr
fo haotjhta hao fgfifotas fofrkczjdas.
Gas fgfifotas iéocias df pratfhhcøo pfrsaojg quf dflf
utcgczjr sao0
:. Hjsha df sfkurcdjd dcfgãhtrcha.

<. Rratfhhcøo vcsujg.
8. Kujotfs dcfgãhtrchas (hgjsf 22, 622 U haia iéocia),
iéocia),
kujotfs iasquftfras y df hufra.
4. Pjpjtas df sfkurcdjd dcfgãhtrchas.
6. Rratfhhcøo judctcvj sc harrfspaodf.
5. Rratfhhcøo sagjr sc harrfspaodf.
harrfspaodf.
Jdfiês, sf dflfo haoscdfrjr gas fgfifotas df pratfhhcøo

pfrsaojg dfecocdas
rfqufrcicfotas df par gj oarij fgãhtrchjs
sfkurcdjd ;2F, df
OERJ ;2F, quf AXNJ,
huipgf, gas
AXNJ fo
rfgjhcøo j gj vfstcifotj ofhfsjrcj pjrj cotfrvfocr costjgjhcaofs
fo gjs quf njy uoj pasclgf fxpaschcøo j uo jrha fgãhtrcha= df
jhufrda jg ocvfg df JTRU ( Jrh Tnfrijg Rfrearijohf Ujguf) Ujguf)
y j gj hjtfkaréj df pfgckra quf, fo dchnj oarij, sf fstjlgfhf.

A.X.J. 󰀼󰀵


Haohguscøo
Hao fsta haohguyf fg iøduga df XFKV\CDJD dfg hjicøo ;34

 Haohguscøo JH, njlcgctjoda jg pjrtchcpjotf, pjrj cdfotcechjr, gahjgczjr f
cotfrprftjr gas dcstcotas ifosj`fs df sfkurcdjd,
haipgfifotjoda gj coearijhcøo hao fg ijoujg df apfrjhcøo y
ijotfocicfota dfg fqucpa.

A.X.J. 󰀼󰀻
󰀼󰀻

JH
IADVGA <0 COT\ADVHHCØO JG HJICØO ;34 JH
 Hjrjhtfréstchjs
Kfofrjgfs dfg
Hjicøo ;34JH R\ARØXCTA
Fstf iøduga nj scda dcsfújda pjrj prfpjrjr j gas
pjrtchcpjotfs fo gj cdfotcechjhcøo df gjs hjrjhtfréstchjs
kfofrjgfs dfg hjicøo ;34 JH, sus prcohcpjgfs haipaofotfs
y gjs dcefrfohcjs fotrf su trfo df cipugscøo fgãhtrcha y fg trfo
df patfohcj ifhêocha.
J\KVIFOTJHCØO
Fstf iøduga fs ofhfsjrca pjrj quf gas pjrtchcpjotfs pufdjo
cdfotcechjr gjs hjrjhtfréstchjs kfofrjgfs dfg hjicøo ;34 JH,
sus prcohcpjgfs haipaofotfs y gjs dcefrfohcjs fotrf su trfo
df cipugscøo fgãhtrcha y fg trfo df patfohcj ifhêocha.
Jg ecojgczjr fstf iøduga, gas pjrtchcpjotfs sfrêo hjpjhfs df

cdfotcechjr gjs hjrjhtfréstchjs kfofrjgfs dfg hjicøo ;34 JH,
sus prcohcpjgfs haipaofotfs y gjs dcefrfohcjs fotrf su trfo
df cipugscøo fgãhtrcha y fg trfo df patfohcj ifhêocha.
gas pjrtchcpjotfs, cdfotcechjo gjs hjrjhtfréstchjs kfofrjgfs
dfg hjicøo ;34 JH.
<. Vtcgczjoda fg ijtfrcjg df hursa y fg ijtfrcjg df rfefrfohcj,
gas pjrtchcpjotfs, cdfotcechjo gjs dcefrfohcjs fotrf fg trfo
df patfohcj ifhêocha y fg trfo df cipugscøo fgãhtrcha,
utcgczjda fo fg hjicøo ;34 JH.
8. Vtcgczjoda fg ijtfrcjg df hursa y fg ijtfrcjg df rfefrfohcj,
gas pjrtchcpjotfs, cdfotcechjo gas haipaofotfs prcohcpjgfs
dfg hjicøo ;34 JH.

A.X.J.
󰀼󰀾

Gfhhcøo :0 Hjrjhtfréstchjs Rrcohcpjgfs dfg Hjicøo

 Cotraduhhcøo ;34 JH.
Fg hjicøo eufrj df hjrrftfrj ;34 JH fs df prapugscøo
• Hjrjhtfréstchjs fgãhtrchj, df <3: taofgjdjs
t aofgjdjs iãtrchjs (8<2 taofgjdjs), hjicøo
dfg Hjicøo df trjospartf df krjo hjpjhcdjd, fspfhcjgifotf dcsfújda,
;34JH
;34JH pjrj codustrcj icofrj df rjà jlcfrta.
Fg hjicøo ;34 JH fstê fqucpjda hao uo iatar Hjt H:;6 df
:5 hcgcodras. Fstf iatar tcfof uoj patfohcj df <5:2 m[ (8622
np) j :>22 rpi u aphcaojgifotf uo iatar df <26: m[ (<;62
np). Fg iatar praparhcaojrê uoj ijyar patfohcj, hao uo
haotrag df coyfhhcøo df hailustclgf iês prfhcsa. Fg scstfij
df hailustclgf haoscstf fo uoj lailj df trjosefrfohcj df
lj`j prfscøo y uoj lailj df hailustclgf df jgtj prfscøo quf
suicocstrj hailustclgf j uo rcfg haiðo. Gj fotrfkj df
hailustclgf
haotrag quf jgrfhclf
scstfij fs haotragjdj
sfújg par uoj df
dfsdf fg Iøduga vêgvugj df
haotrag
Fgfhtrøocha dfg Iatar 40 F4.
Gj iêqucoj fstê fqucpjdj hao uo scstfij df ljà vagtj`f df
<4 UDH, quf euohcaoj hao fofrkéj ahna ljtfréjs df :<
vagtcas, haofhtjdjs fo pjrfs. Gjs ljtfréjs suicocstrjo gj
patfohcj ofhfsjrcj pjrj apfrjr tadas gas scstfijs dfg
hjicøo, cohguyfoda fg trfo df cipugscøo fgãhtrcha, fg scstfij
df guhfs, fg iatar y fg scstfij df iaoctarfa df ocvfg df egucda.
• Xcstfij df
Cipugscøo
Cipugscøo Fg scstfij df cipugscøo fgãhtrcha df jgta vagtj`f, sf utcgczj fo
gukjr df uo scstfij haovfohcaojg trfo df eufrzj ifhêocha.
Fstf scstfij df jhhcaojicfota df HJ utcgczj fofrkéj
ifhêochj dfg iatar, pjrj cipugsjr uo kfofrjdar. Fstj
patfohcj sf trjosictf gufka j uo kjlcoftf df covfrsarfs.

A.X.J.
A.X.J. 󰀼󰀳

Gas haipaofotfs dfotra dfg kjlcoftf df covfrsarfs hjilcjo

y haotragjo gj patfohcj fotrjotf, gufka pravffo jgcifotjhcøo
j uo iatar fgãhtrcha df trjhhcøo jhapgjda jg ijoda ecojg, df
hjdj rufdj trjsfrj. Gas iatarfs df trjhhcøo trjsfrj
haovcfrtfo fstj fofrkéj fgãhtrchj fo fofrkéj ifhêochj, pjrj
cipugsjr fg hjicøo.
• Xuspfoscøo
Xuspfoscøo
Fg scstfij df suspfoscøo cohguyf hujtra suspfoscaofs
hcgéodrchjs df octrøkfoa salrf jhfctf puotjgfs.
• Xcstfij df
Dcrfhhcøo
Dcrfhhcøo Fg scstfij df dcrfhhcøo fstê fqucpjda hao das hcgcodras df
dalgf jhhcøo, hcoha jhuiugjdarfs y uoj lailj df pcstøo df
prfscøo haipfosjdj.
• Xcstfij Fg scstfij ncdrêugcha df gfvjotf fs fgfhtrancdrêugcha y fstê

Ncdrêugcha
Ncdrêugcha fqucpjda hao das hcgcodras df das ftjpjs, tfgfshøpchas y das
lailjs df fokrjoj`fs.
Fg scstfij df erfoas fs haipgftjifotf ncdrêugcha. Gj prfscøo
•
Xcstfij df dfg
gas jhfctf ncdrêugchagas
jhuiugjdarfs, fs suicocstrj jg scstfij
quf sao hjrkjdas dfgjerfoa,
par lailjdfsdf
df
Erfoas
Erfoas
dcrfhhcøo.
Gas erfoas df sfrvchca dfgjotfras y trjsfras sao dfg tcpa
nðifda, df dcsha iðgtcpgf, ncdrêugchjifotf jhhcaojdas y
dfsjhtcvjdas par rfsartfs.
Gas erfoas df fstjhcaojicfota sao df tcpa nðifdas, df
dcshas iðgtcpgfs, jhhcaojdas par rfsartfs y dfsjhtcvjdas par
prfscøo ncdrêugchj.

A.X.J. 󰀸󰀲

Trfo df Eufrzj Fgãhtrcha vs Trfo Eufrzj Ifhêocha

 Dcefrfohcjs Fstj cgustrjhcøo iufstrj gas haipaofotfs lêschas df uo trfo
fotrf fg Trfo df df patfohcj fgãhtrcha (:), fo haipjrjhcøo j gas haipaofotfs
Ratfohcj lêschas df uo trfo df eufrzj ifhêocha haovfohcaojg (<).
Fgãhtrcha y fg
Trfo df Gj dcspaschcøo dfg trfo df eufrzj fgãhtrcha usj gj fofrkéj
Ratfohcj ifhêochj dfg iatar (8), pjrj iavfr uo kfofrjdar (4),
Ifhêocha. icfotrjs quf, fo fg trfo
t rfo df eufrzj ifhêocha, fg iatar iufvf
i ufvf
uo haovfrtcdar df pjr (6).
Fg kfofrjdar trjosictf patfohcj fgãhtrchj, j trjvãs df hjlgfs
df jgtj tfoscøo
jg covfrsar (;).jgFg
rfhtcechjdar
covfrsar (5), quf fotrfkj
suicocstrj vagtj`f
patfohcj df HH
fgãhtrchj
jgtfroj j gas iatarfs df trjhhcøo (3), df gas ijodas ecojgfs
(:2).
Fg FHI dfg trfo df cipugscøo haotragj fg suicocstra df
harrcfotf fgãhtrchj df gas iatarfs df trjhhcøo (3), j
rfqufrcicfotas df vfgahcdjd y df sfotcda df ijrhnj dfg
hjicøo. Gas iatarfs df trjhhcøo trjsfrj haovcfrtfo fstj
fofrkéj fgãhtrchj fo fofrkéj ifhêochj pjrj cipugsjr fg
hjicøo.
Fo hjicaofs hao uo trfo df eufrzj ifhêocha, gj eufrzj df
trjhhcøo, fg sfotcda df ijrhnj y gj vfgahcdjd dfg hjicøo sao
haotragjdas par gj trjosicscøo (>). Fg trfo df eufrzj
ifhêochas trjosecfrfo patfohcj j gjs rufdjs trjsfrjs, j
trjvãs dfg dcefrfohcjg (::) y gas ijodas ecojgfs (:2).

A.X.J. 󰀸󰀺

Fspfhcechjhcaofs Tãhochjs dfg Hjicøo ;34 JH.

• Fspfhcechjhcaofs
Fspfhcechjhcaofs
Ufgahcdjd df iêxcij0 52 mi/n (8; ipn).
•
Hjpjhcdjd df Hjrkj0 :>2-<<< iftras hðlchas (<85-<32

•
yjrdjs hðlchjs).
Hjpjhcdjd df hailustclgf0 43<< gctras (:822 kjg).
•
Xcstfij ncdrêugcha (cohguyf tjoquf)0 ::<: gctras (<35

•
kjgaofs)
Xcstfij df foercjicfota0 ;33 gctras (<:: kjgaofs)
•
Hjpjhcdjd dfg jhfctf dfg iatar0 8:2 gctras (>< kjgaofs)

•
Hjpjhcdjd df jhfctf df gas Ijodas ecojgfs, hjdj uoj0 <64

•
gctras (5; kjgaofs).

- \fduhhcøo df Trjhhcøo tatjg 860 :
\ftjrdjdar Fgãhtrcha.
•
- Ratfohcj df \ftjrda (Haotcoua)0 42>5 m[ (64>2 np).

Xcstfij df Erfoas
•
- Xupfrechcf df gas dcshas df gas Erfoas Dfgjotfras0

:8:4;8 hi< (<28;> co).
- Xupfrechcf df gas
gas dcshas df gas Erfoas
Erfoas Trjsfras0
:3>8>> hi< (82;62 co).

A.X.J. 󰀸󰀼

Rjrtf Eraotjg dfg Hjicøo
Gas sckucfotfs haipaofotfs sao vcsclgfs dfsdf fg erfotf dfg

hjicøo0
 Rjrtf eraotjg dfg
Hjicøo
• \f`cggj df rftjrda (:)
• Cdfotcechjhcøo df
Haipaofotfs df • Jrijrca dfg covfrsar (<)
gj Rjrtf Eraotjg • Jrijrca df Iøduga df Haotrag Fgfhtrøocha (FHI) (8)
dfg Hjicøo • Hjlcoj (4)
• Hjrhjsjs dfg ecgtra df jcrf dfg iatar (6)
• Uêgvugjs df pagva dfg ecgtra df jcrf (5)
• Fshjgfrj ec`j (;)
• Cotfrruptar df pjrjdj df fifrkfohcj (>)
• Fshjgfrj ncdrêugchj df jhhfsa ncdrêugcha aphcaojg (3)
• Hj`j df ljtfréj (:2)

A.X.J. 󰀸󰀸

Hj`j df Ljtfréjs
Gj hj`j df gj ljtfréj fstê ulchjdj fo fg gjda fxtfrcar dfg rcfg
 Cdfotcechjhcøo dfg ijrha dfrfhna. Gjs ljtfréjs suicocstrjr <4 UDH j gas
dfg Xuicocstra haotragfs df gj hjlcoj. Fstf scstfij fs ijotfocda par
df Fofrkéj. ljtfréjs df :< UDH fo pjrfs haofhtjdas fo sfrcf fotrf sé.
Xf usjo hujtra pjrfs df ljtfréjs (rfhujdra).
Dfshaofhtf fg cotfrruptar prcohcpjg (:) (ggjvf df hartf),
• Cotfrruptar scfiprf quf sf rfjgchf ijotfocicfota j hujgqucfr
Rrcohcpjg (Ggjvf haipaofotf, fo fg scstfij fgãhtrcha (jilas <4 UDH y jgta
df Hartf) vagtj`f). Xaga dfshaofhtf gjs ljtfréjs hujoda
haipgftjifotf dfshjrkjdjs.
Xf praparhcaoj uo suicocstra df patfohcj pjrj ijotfofr gj
hjrkj fo gjs ljtfréjs. Fstj patfohcj fs suicocstrjdj par uo
jgtfrojdar df hjrkj df gj ljtfréj df <4 UDH iaotjda fo fg
• Jgtfrojdar iatar. Vo rfkugjdar df vagtj`f coharparjda jg jgtfrojdar
haotragj fg vagtj`f suicocstrjda j gjs ljtfréjs, ijotfocfoda
su fstjda df hjrkj jg iêxcia.
Fg hjicøo hufotj hao uo haofhtar df jrrjoquf juxcgcjr (<)
• Haofhtar df ulchjda salrf fg cotfrruptar prcohcpjg (ggjvf df Hartf).
Jrrjoquf Juxcgcjr

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Cotfrruptar df Rjrjdj df Fifrkfohcj

 Cdfotcechjhcøo Fg cotfrruptar df pjrjdj df fifrkfohcj dfg iatar (:)
df gj Rjrjdj df praparhcaoj uo iãtada pjrj dftfofr fg iatar
Fifrkfohcj dfg coifdcjtjifotf, sc fg jpjkjda oarijg dfg iatar oa euohcaoj
Iatar. lcfo, a sc fg iatar dflf sfr dftfocda df ijofrj rfpfotcoj.
Rjrj apfrjr fg scstfij, prfscaof fg latøo.
Gas haotragfs jdchcaojgfs quf sf iufstrjo fo fstj cijkfo
sao0
• Cotfrruptar df gj guz df gj fshjgfrj (<)
• Cotfrruptar df guz dfg haipjrtcicfota dfg iatar (8)

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Iødugas df Haotrag Fgfhtrøocha (FHI)

 Cdfotcechjhcøo Gas FHI df iêqucoj y gas iødugas UCIX prcohcpjg (:) y df
df gas Iødugas jpgchjhcøo (<) fstêo ulchjdas fo fg jrijrca dfg FHI, quf sf
Fgfhtrøochas df fohufotrj fotrf fg jrijrca dfg covfrsar (3) y fg tjxc fo gj
Haotrag. pjrtf supfrcar df gj pgjtjearij. Gas FHI sao0
• FHI dfg Trfo df Cipugscøo (8)
• FHI dfg hnjscs (4)
• FHI df erfoa (6)
Fg cotfrruptar
ofutra, j trjvãsdfdfglgaqufa
FHI dfgdf gj df
T rfo
Trfo iêqucoj (5) Fg
Cipugscøo. haofhtj fg
FHI dfg
Trfo df Cipugscøo dfsjhtcvj fg rfkugjdar dfg hjipa df
fxhctjhcøo dfg kfofrjdar, pfrictcfoda jg tãhocha, djr sfrvchca
j gj iêqucoj hao fg iatar fo euohcaojoda.
Fg cotfrruptar df lgaqufa df gj iêqucoj tjilcão dfsjhtcvj
gj euohcøo df gfvjotf, hujoda fg cotfrruptar df lgaqufa fstê
haofhtjda, fg erfoa df fstjhcaojicfota fstê jhtcvjda y gj
vfgahcdjd df jvjohf fs hfra. Gj gêipjrj df lgaqufa df gj
iêqucoj (::) fstjrê fohfodcdj y gj iêqucoj sf lgaqufjrê
(oa pufdf iavfrsf). Gj gêipjrj df lgaqufa df gj iêqucoj
pjrpjdfjrê hujoda fg cotfrruptar df lgaqufa df gj iêqucoj
oa fstê haofhtjda. Jsfkðrfsf df quf gj pjgjohj df haotrag
df hjilcas fstã fo gj paschcøo RJ\ZVFA.

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Fg cotfrruptar df lgaqufa df jrrjoquf (;) dfshaofhtj gj

fofrkéj df gj ljtfréj, j gas rfgãs df jrrjoquf. Hujoda fg
cotfrruptar df lgaqufa df jrrjoquf fstê haofhtjda y gj
vfgahcdjd df jvjohf fs hfra, gj gêipjrj df lgaqufa df
jrrjoquf (:2), fstjrê fohfodcdj y fg jrrjohjdar sf
dfsjhtcvjrê.hujoda
pjrpjdfjrê Gj gêipjrj df dflgaqufa
fg cotfrruptar dfjrrjoquf
lgaqufa df jrrjoquf
oa
fstã jhtcva. Jsfkðrfsf quf gj pjgjohj df haotrag df hjilcas
fstf fo gj paschcøo df RJ\ZVFA.
Xctujdas jrrclj df gas iødugas UCIX fstêo gas das
haotfofdarfs quf haotcfofo gas eusclgfs (>), pjrj
ouifrasas hcrhuctas fo fg hjicøo.

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Rjrtf Trjsfrj df gj Hjlcoj

 Cdfotcechjhcøo
df gas Iødugas Vlchjda dftrês df gj hjlcoj fstê fg tjoquf ncdrêugcha (:), fg
Fgfhtrøochas df jhuiugjdar df gas erfoas trjsfras (<), fg jhuiugjdar df erfoa
Haotrag. dfgjotfra (8), fg jhuiugjdar df suicocstra dfg erfoa (4), y fg
dfpøscta y gj lailj df juta gulrchjhcøo (6).

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Kjlcoftf Ncdrêugcha
 Cdfotcechjhcøo Fg kjlcoftf ncdrêugcha fstê ulchjda dftrês df gj hjlcoj y
dfg kjlcoftf haotcfof fg dcstrclucdar dfg erfoa (:), gj vêgvugj dalgf dfg eerfoa
rfoa
Ncdrêugcha. (<) y gas sckucfotfs ijoøiftras0
• Rrfscøo df gj vêgvugj df dcrfhhcøo (8)
• Rrfscøo dfg jhuiugjdar df dcrfhhcøo (4)
• Rrfscøo df gj vêgvugj df gfvjotf (6)
• Rrfscøo dfg erfoa df sfrvchca eraotjg (5)
• Rrfscøo df gj vêgvugj pcgata df haotrag df erfoa (;)
• Rrfscøo dfg jhuiugjdar df suicocstra df erfoa (>)
• Rrfscøo dfg erfoa df fstjhcaojicfota (3)
sfrvchca trjsfra (:2)

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Hnjscs dfg Hjicøo, Dfljà df gj Hj`j

 Cdfotcechjhcøo
df gas Fg duhta df foercjicfota dfg Trfo df Cipugscøo (:) fs vcsclgf
Haipaofotfs hao gj hj`j dfg hjicøo gfvjotjdj. Gas hcoha jhuiugjdarfs
ulchjdas fo fg dfg scstfij df dcrfhhcøo (<) y fg tjoquf df jhfctf ncdrêugcha
hnjscs dfg (8) fstê ulchjda fo fg fxtfrcar dfg hnjscs, jg gjda czqucfrda
Hjicøo, dfljà dfg hjicøo. Fg tjoquf df hailustclgf (4) fstê ulchjda fo fg
df gj hj`j. fxtfrcar dfg hnjscs, fo fg gjda dfrfhna dfg hjicøo.

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Gjda czqucfrda dfg iatar

 Gjda czqucfrda
dfg iatar Fstj cijkfo iufstrj fg gjda czqucfrda dfg iatar H:;6 df :5
hcgcodras sfotjda fo uo sapartf fo gj eêlrchj.

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Fg iatar
jhfctf (<)tcfof trfs ecgtras
ulchjdas df hailustclgf
fo fg gjda dfrfhna df (:) y das ecgtras df
 Ecgtras dfg iatar fg iatar.

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\jdcjdar
 Tjpj y ifdcdar
df ocvfg ljà df Fo gj pjrtf supfrcar dfg rjdcjdar, ulchjda fo gj hulcfrtj
rferckfrjotf dfg supfrcar, fstê fg tjpøo df ggfojda dfg rjdcjdar y vêgvugj df
rjdcjdar. jgcvca df prfscøo (:).
J ifdcdj quf fg apfrjdar sulf par gj fshjgfrj df jhhfsa,
pufdf vfr fg ocvfg dfg rferckfrjotf fo fg rjdcjdar usjoda fg
Iurpny XwcthnKjkf (<) quf sf fohufotrj fo fg gjda
dfgjotfra czqucfrda dfg rjdcjdar

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Dfpøscta df Hailustclgf
 Ifdcdarfs df
ocvfg dfg tjoquf Fg tjoquf df hailustclgf fstê ulchjda fo fg gjda dfrfhna dfg
df hailustclgf. hjicøo. Gj vcstj dfg tjoquf df hailustclgf Gas codchjdarfs
(egfhnjs) praparhcaojo uoj gfhturj prfhcsj dfg ocvfg df
hailustclgf dfsdf fg fxtfrcar dfg hjicøo.

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Rjrtf Trjsfrj dfg Hjicøo

 Haipaofotfs Fstj cijkfo iufstrj gas sckucfotfs haipaofotfs fo gj pjrtf
df gj pjrtf trjsfrj dfg hjicøo0
trjsfrj dfg
hjicøo. • Hcgcodras df suspfoscøo trjsfrj (:)
• Rjo dura (<)
• Rufrtj df gj hj`j dfg f`f trjsfra
t rjsfra (8)
• Hj`j dfg f`f trjsfra (4)
• Hêijrj df rfspjgda (6)

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Gjda Czqucfrda dfg Hjicøo

 Haipaofotfs
dfg gjda Gas sckucfotfs haipaofotfs fstêo ulchjdas fo fg gjda
czqucfrda dfg czqucfrda dfg hjicøo0
hjicøo. • Ufotcgjdar df rferckfrjhcøo dfg trfo df trjosicscøo (:)
• Jhuiugjdarfs df dcrfhhcøo (hcoha) (<)
• Tjoquf df jhfctf ncdrêugcha (8)
• Hcgcodra df fgfvjhcøo czqucfrda (4)

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Gjda Czqucfrda dfg Hjicøo

 Haipaofotfs Fstj cijkfo iufstrj uoj vcstj iês hfrhjoj dfg iatar dfg
dfg gjda vfotcgjdar df rferckfrjhcøo dfg trfo df cipugscøo (:), quf fs
czqucfrda dfg dcrfhtjifotf dftrês dfg rcfg dfg ijrha czqucfrda. Fg
hjicøo. jhuiugjdar dfg erfoa dfgjotfra (<) fstê ulchjda fo gj pjrtf
trjsfrj dfg ofuiêtcha dfgjotfra czqucfrda, ùota j gas hcoha
jhuiugjdarfs df dcrfhhcøo.

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Gjda czqucfrda dfg hjicøo

 Haipaofotfs Fstj cijkfo iufstrj fg puotjg dfgjotfra czqucfrda (:) y gj
dfg gjda fshjgfrj df jhhfsa jg iatar (<). Njy uoj fshjgfrj j hjdj
czqucfrda eraotjg gjda df gj iêqucoj, df ijofrj quf fg ttãhocha
ãhocha pufdf jhhfdfr
dfg hjicøo. j gj pjsjrfgj, pjrj djr sfrvchca j hjdj gjda dfg iatar.
Gj pjsjrfgj dfrfhnj, fo fg f`f trjsfra, oa tcfof
alstruhhcaofs.
Fo fg pjscgga czqucfrda, fg iatar dfg vfotcgjdar sf ulchj fo fg
fxtrfia dfg iatar y sf vf alstrucda.

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Rjofg df Ggfojda \êpcda

 Haipaofotfs Gas Hjicaofs df Alrjs ;34 JH utcgczjo uo scstfij df
dfg pjofg df sfrvchca df ggfojda rêpcda dcsfújda pjrj fvctjr quf gj tcfrrj y
ggfojda rêpcda. fg ljrra haotjicofo gas scstfijs df egucdas. Hao fstf
scstfij sf dcsicouyf jg iéocia gj pãrdcdj df egucda durjotf
gj dfshaofxcøo.
Gj hj`j df haotrag pjrj fg scstfij df sfrvchca df ggfojda
rêpcda fstê iaotjdj fo fg gjda czqucfrda dfg pjrjhnaqufs
dfgjotfra df gj iêqucoj. Gj hj`j df haotrag haotcfof hcoha
arcechcas df ggfojda df egucdas. Hjdj arcechca harrfspaodf j
uoa df gas ahna egucdas,
e gucdas, j gas quf sf prfstj sfrvchca hao fstf
scstfij.
Fg apfrjdar a fg pfrsaojg df sfrvchca haofhtjrêo gas
jhapgjicfotas j fstas arcechcas.
Gas pufrtas df ggfojda df egucda sao0
• \ferckfrjotf (:)
• Jhfctf df iatar (<)
• Jhfctf ncdrêugcha (8)
• Juta gulrchjr gj krjsj (4)
• Cotfrruptar df fohfodcda / jpjkjda (6)
• Cotfrruptar df pruflj (5)

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Hjrjhtfréstchjs
• Hchga df ggfojda rêpcda.

• Ifoas pasclcgcdjdfs df dfrrjifs.
• Ifoas pasclcgcdjdfs
pasclcgcdjdfs df hao
haotjicojhcøo
tjicojhcøo df
df egucdas.
•
Earijhcøo
praduhf fg df fspuij
fspui
ggfojda j fo fgdfg
iêxcia hailustclgf rfduhcdj
tjoquf y uo tcfipaquf
qdf
uf
euohcaojicfota dfg iatar iês gjrka fotrf hjdj
rfjljstfhcicfota df hailustclgf.
• Ifoas tcfipa df cojhtcv
cojhtcvcdjd
cdjd y ijyar praduhtcvcdjd.
praduhtcvcdjd.
• Ifoas pasclcgcdjdfs df gfscaofs.
• \fjljstfhcicfotas j ocvfg
ocvfg dfg sufga
sufga
Hjicøo ;34 JH
Ecoocok Hjpjhctjhcøo Gtdj
A.X.J. 󰀶󰀲

Haipaofotfs dfg Rjofg df Ggfojda \êpcda

 Haipaofotfs
dfg pjofg df
ggfojda rêpcda. (:) Fstjhcøo df sfrvchca df ggfojda rêpcda
(<) Tulfréjs df ggfojda rêpcda df rferckfrjotf y jkuj
(8) Tulfréj df ggfojda rêpcda
rêpcda df jhfctf dfg iatar
(4) Tulfréj df ggfojda rêpcda
rêpcda df jhfctf ncdrêugcha
(6) Tulfréj df ggfojda rêpcda df gj gulrchjhcøo
gulrchjhcøo jutaiêtchj
(5) Tulfréjs df dcstrcluhcøo df gj gulrchjhcøo jutaiêtchj
(;) Haofxcøo df ggfojda rêpcda df hailustclgf
Gj fstjhcøo df sfrvchca df ggfojda rêpcda fstê ulchjdj fo fg

gjda czqucfrda df gj iêqucoj, hfrhj dfg pjrjhnaqufs
dfgjotfra. Gj tulfréj df ggfojda rêpcda df rferckfrjotf y jkuj
pjsj j ga gjrka dfg cotfrcar dfg pjrjhnaqufs dfgjotfra y ggfkj
j gj pjrtf coefrcar dfg krupa df rjdcjdar. Gj tulfréj df ggfojda
rêpcda df jhfctf dfg iatar vj par dfljà dfg iatar njstj fg
hagfhtar df jhfctf. Gj tulfréj df ggfojda df jhfctf ncdrêugcha
ggfkj j gj pjrtf coefrcar dfg tjoquf df jhfctf ncdrêugcha. Gj
tulfréj df ggfojda df gj gulrchjhcøo jutaiêtchj ggfkj j gj
pgjtjearij czqucfrdj dftrês df gj hjlcoj y sf haofhtj jg
scstfij df gulrchjhcøo jutaiêtchj.
Hjicøo ;34 JH
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Haipaofotfs dfg Rjofg df Ggfojda \êpcda

 Haipaofotfs
dfg pjofg df
ggfojda rêpcda. (:) Fstjhcøo df sfrvchca
sfrvchca df ggfojda rê
rêpcda
pcda
(<) Tulfréjs df ggfojda rêpcda df rferckfrjotf y jkuj
(8) Tulfréj df ggfojda rêpcda df jhfctf dfg iatar
(4) Tulfréj df ggfojda rêpcda df jhfctf ncdrêugcha
(6) Tulfréj df ggfojda rêpcda df gj gulrchjhcøo jutaiêtchj
(5) Cotfrruptar df vagquftf df ggfojda df gj gulrchjhcøo
jutaiêtchj
(;) Gulrchjhcøo jutaiêtchj0 guz df pruflj/ggfoa
pruflj/ggfoa
Gj fstjhcøo df sfrvchca df ggfojda rêpcda fs fg puota df

ggfojda dfg scstfij. Gj fstjhcøo df sfrvchca tcfof hujtra
puotas df ggfojda y das cotfrruptarfs quf haotragjo fg
scstfij df gulrchjhcøo jutaiêtchj. Fg cotfrruptar df vagquftf
(5) haotragj fg scstfij df ggfojda rêpcda df gj gulrchjhcøo
jutaiêtchj. Hujoda fg tjoquf df gulrchjhcøo jutaiêtchj fstê
ggfoa, gj guz df pruflj/ggfoa (;) sf fohcfodf.
Hjicøo ;34 JH
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Ecgtras Ncdrêugchas
 Ecgtras Xctujda fo fg cotfrcar dfg ijrha czqucfrda, ùsta dftrês dfg
ncdrêugchas. tjoquf ncdrêugcha sao hujtra ecgtras ncdrêugchas0
• Ecgtra dfg Xcstfij ncdrêugchas df Dcrfhhcøo (:)
• Ecgtra dfg Xcstfij Ncdrêugcha dfg Ufotcgjdar dfg iatar (<)
• Ecgtra df gj Hj`j df fokrjoj`fs df gj lailj Ecgtra df :22
ijggjs (8)
• Ecgtra dfg pjofg df ggfojda rêpcda jg tjoquf
t joquf ncdrêugcha (4)
Hjicøo ;34 JH
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Ecgtras Ncdrêugchas df Jgtj Rrfscøo dfg Xcstfij df

Gfvjotf.
 Ecgtras
ncdrêugchas df
jgtj prfscøo dfg Das ecgtras df fgfvjhcøo df jgtj prfscøo (egfhnjs) ulchjdas fo
scstfij df erfotf df gj hjrhjsj dfg f`f trjsfra y j gj dfrfhnj df gj
gfvjotf. vêgvugj df haotrag dfg pagcpjsta Hjdj vcvcfodj tcfof uo
codchjdar df dfrcvjhcøo quf fs icrjoda njhcj gj pjrtf
pastfrcar df gj iêqucoj.
Hjicøo ;34 JH
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 Ecgtras Ncdrêugchas dfg ijoda ecojg.

 Ecgtras
ncdrêugchas dfg Gjs hjrhjsjs dfg f`f trjsfra dfrfhna (:) f czqucfrda (<)
ijoda ecojg. tcfofo ecgtras sfpjrjdas pjrj gcipcjr fg jhfctf dfg ijoda ecojg.
e cojg.
Hjicøo ;34 JH
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Haohguscøo
Hao fsta haohguyf fg iøduga df COT\ADVHHCØO DF GJ

IÊZVCOJ pjrj fg hjicøo ;34 JH, njlcgctjoda jg pjrtchcpjotf
fo gj cdfotcechjhcøo y dfshrcphcøo df gjs hjrjhtfréstchjs
prcohcpjgfs dfg hjicøo.
A.X.J. 󰀶󰀵

IADVGA 80 FXTJHCØO DFG ARF\JDA\

R\ARØXCTA
Fstf iøduga fstê dcsfújda pjrj jsfkurjr quf gas tãhochas
 Hjlcoj. sfjo hjpjhfs df gahjgczjr, cdfotcechjr y dfshrclcr gj euohcøo df
gas haotragfs df apfrjhcøo df gj iêqucoj fo gj fstjhcøo dfg
apfrjdar.
J\KVIFOTJHCØO
Fstj hjpjhctjhcøo fs ofhfsjrcj pjrj quf gas tãhochas pufdjo
gahjgczjr, cdfotcechjr y dfshrclcr gj euohcøo df tadas gas
haotragfs df apfrjhcøo df gj iêqucoj, df gj fstjhcøo dfg
apfrjdar, y praljr fg euohcaojicfota harrfhta df tadjs gjs
euohcaofs df gj iêqucoj.
Jg ecojgczjr fstf iøduga, gas pjrtchcpjotfs padrêo gahjgczjr,

cdfotcechjr y dfshrclcr gj euohcøo df tadas gas haotragfs df
apfrjhcøo df gj iêqucoj, usjoda gj gcstj pravcstj fo gj na`j
df trjljà dfg gjlarjtarca y haipgftjoda gj past-fvjgujhcøo.
(ijoujg df apfrjhcøo y ijotfocicfota), gas pjrtchcpjotfs,
cdfotcechjo gjs hjrjhtfréstchjs df gj fstjhcøo dfg apfrjdar,
dfg hjicøo ;34 JH.
cdfotcechjo gas dcstcotas haotragfs dfg hjicøo ;34 JH
(Cotfrruptarfs y Lataofs), gahjgczjdas fo gj fstjhcøo dfg
apfrjdar.
8. Hao gj jyudj dfg ijtfrcjg df hursa y fg ijtfrcjg df
rfefrfohcj (ijoujg df apfrjhcøo y ijotfocicfota), gas
pjrtchcpjotfs dfshrclfo gj euohcøo df gas dcstcotas
haotragfs dfg hjicøo ;34 JH (Cotfrruptarfs y Lataofs),
gahjgczjdas fo gj fstjhcøo dfg apfrjdar.
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Cotraduhhcøo
 Cotraduhhcøo Gj fstjhcøo dfg apfrjdar tcfof hjpjhcdjd pjrj das jscfotas
rfhgcojlgfs df tjijúa haipgfta y tcfof fspjhca df
jgijhfojicfota fspjhca dftrês df fggas. Fg pjrjlrcsjs
dfgjotfra fstê dcsfújda hao vcdrca hurvjda pjrj
praparhcaojr uoj vcstj df :3: krjdas. Gas pcgjrfs df sapartf
sf njo iavcda njhcj jtrês pjrj praparhcaojr uoj vcstj
eraotjg sco alstêhugas.
Gjs hjrjhtfréstchjs df gj hjlcoj cohguyfo0
• Haguioj df dcrfhhcøo jùstjlgf.
• Xfújgfs df kcra.
• Rjofg df Costruifotas.
• JDUCXA\.
• :3: krjdas df vcsujgczjhcøo.
• Rjofg df ifdcdarfs dfrfhna.
• Rjofg codchjdar.
• Dcsyuotarfs df hcrhuctas.
• Jscfota hao suspfoscøo ofuiêtchj.
• Haotrag jutaiêtcha df rftjrda.
• Hcoturøo df sfkurcdjd df 8 puotas (haoduhtar) hcoturøo
• df sfkurcdjd df df
Haipjrtcicfota < puotas (jhaipjújotf).
jgijhfoj`f.
A.X.J. 󰀶󰀾

FXTJHCØO DFG ARF\JDA\

 Fstjhcøo dfg Gj fstjhcøo dfg apfrjdar fs uoj fstruhturj hgcijtczjdj, hao
Apfrjdar hjrhjsj df iftjg quf praparhcaoj uo jilcfotf jipgca y
haoeartjlgf fqucpjda hao gas haotragfs ofhfsjrcas pjrj
apfrjr fg hjicøo.
Gjs vfotjojs krjodfs praparhcaojo uoj lufoj vcsclcgcdjd
(êrfj df vcsujgczjhcøo df :3: krjdas) fo tadjs dcrfhhcaofs.
Gjs pufrtjs fo jilas gjdas praparhcaojo uo eêhcg jhhfsa jg
apfrjdar.
Rjofgfs fxtrjélgfs ejhcgctjo fg ijotfocicfota ifàrjoda fg
jhhfsa j gas haipaofotfs iaotjdas fo gj hjlcoj.
A.X.J. 󰀶󰀳

Rjofg df Costruifotas
 Rjofg df
Costruifotas Fstj cijkfo iufstrj fg Rjofg df Costruifotas, ulchjda fo
gj pjrtf eraotjg fo gj hjlcoj.
A.X.J. 󰀵󰀲

Rjofg Codchjdar
 Rjofg Codchjdar
Fg pjofg codchjdar, ulchjda fo fg gjda czqucfrda dfg pjofg df
costruifotas, haotcfof gjs sckucfotfs guhfs codchjdarjs0
• Jrrjstrf df Erfoas Dfgjotfras (:) y Erfoas Trjsfras (<)0
sf cguicojo hujoda fxcstf uoj prfscøo rfscdujg fo gas
erfoas dfgjotfras. Fg euohcaojicfota hao gas erfoas
pjrhcjgifotf jpgchjdas kfofrjrê uo fxhfsa hjgar. Fsta
djrê haia rfsugtjda uoj fefhtcvcdjd df erfojda rfduhcdj
durjotf fg sfrvchca oarijg, y praduhcrê dfskjstf fxhfscva,
rfduhcfoda gj vcdj ðtcg df gas haipaofotfs dfg erfoa.
• Tfipfrjturj df \ftjrda par fohcij df gj fspfhcechjhcøo
(8)0 sf cguicoj hujoda gj tfipfrjturj df gj rf`cggj df
rftjrda sulf par fohcij df gas pjrêiftras.
• Jgjrij df juta gulrchjhcøo (4)0 sf cguicoj hujoda fg
scstfij df juta gulrchjhcøo oa fstê euohcaojoda.
• Rjrjdj fg Iatar (6)0 sf cguicoj hujoda uoj haodchcøo dfg
iatar rfqucfrf dftfofr fg iatar df coifdcjta. Xc sf
fohcfodf fg codchjdar df pjrjr fg iatar, fg hjicøo pfrdfrê
patfohcj df prapugscøo y rftjrda dcoêicha. Fg iavcicfota
dfsfjda dfg hjicøo haotcoujrê, pjrj fohaotrjr uoj
ulchjhcøo df fstjhcaojicfota sfkurj.
• Fstjda dfg Iatar (Hnfhm fokcof) (5)0 sf cguicoj hujoda
gjs haodchcaofs df apfrjhcøo dfg iatar fxhfdfo gas
A.X.J. 󰀵󰀺

pjrêiftras oarijgfs, kfofrjoda uoj ejggj. Fg apfrjdar

dflf ggfvjr fg hjicøo j uo êrfj df sfrvchca tjo praota
haia sfj pasclgf.
• Rrfscøo dfg jhfctf dfg erfoa (;)0 sf cguicoj hujoda gj
prfscøo
prfscøo dfg
dfg jhfctf
erfoa dfg erfoa dcsicouyfoda,
haotcoðj fs dfijscjda lj`j. Xc gj
gas erfoas
trjsfras sf jpgchjrêo y dftfodrêo fg hjicøo.
• Tfipfrjturj dfg jhfctf ncdrêugcha (>)0 sf cguicoj hujoda
gj tfipfrjturj dfg jhfctf ncdrêugcha fs dfijscjda jgtj.
• Lj`j prfscøo df gj dcrfhhcøo (3)0 sf cguicoj hujoda gj
prfscøo dfg jhfctf df gj dcrfhhcøo fs dfijscjda lj`j.
• Ocvfg df jhfctf ncdrêugcha ljà (:2)0 sf cguicoj hujoda fg
ocvfg df jhfctf ncdrêugcha fs ljà.
• Ocvfg df hailustclgf (::)0 sf cguicoj hujoda fg ocvfg df
hailustclgf fs ljà.
• Jdvfrtfohcj df tfipfrjturj dfg ijoda ecojg (:<)0 sf
cguicoj hujoda gj tfipfrjturj dfg jhfctf dfg ijoda ecojg
pjrêiftras.
fxhfdf gas pjrêiftras.
• Ejggj dfg Xcstfij Fgãhtrcha (Jgjrij df ocvfg 8) (:8)0 sf
cguicoj df hagar raà hujoda gas pjrêiftras fxhfdfo gj
apfrjhcøo sfkurj. Njy uoj ejggj df gas scstfijs df
prapugscøo, df rftjrdjhcøo dcoêichj a df patfohcj. Fg
apfrjdar dflf dftfofr fg hjicøo y jpjkjr fg iatar
hujoda sfj sfkura njhfrga.
• cguicoj
Ejggj Xcstfij
df hagarFgãhtrcha (Jgjrijgas
êiljr, hujoda ocvfg < a <X) fxhfdfo
pjrêiftras (:4)0 sf
gjs haodchcaofs df apfrjhcøo. Njy uoj ejggj df gas
scstfijs df prapugscøo, df rftjrdjhcøo dcoêichj a df
patfohcj. Fg apfrjdar dflf ggfvjr fg hjicøo j uo êrfj df
sfrvchca tjo praota haia sfj pasclgf.
A.X.J. 󰀵󰀼

Rjofg df Cotfrruptarfs
C otfrruptarfs gjda Czqucfrda
 Rjofg df Gas cotfrruptarfs quf sf iufstrjo fo fstj cijkfo sf
Cotfrruptarfs fohufotrjo fo fg gjda czqucfrda dfg tjlgfra.
• Fg cotfrruptar df gjs guhfs dfgjotfrjs / guhfs trjsfrjs (:)0
jhtcvj gas ejras dfgjotfras y gjs guhfs trjsfrjs. Fo gj
paschcøo jljà, tadjs gjs guhfs fstêo jpjkjdjs= fo gj
paschcøo hfotrjg, fg ijrhjdar y gj guz df hagj aphcaojgfs
fstêo cguicojdjs= fo gj paschcøo njhcj jrrclj, gjs guhfs df
gj hjlfzj, gj guz df hagj y fg ijrhjdar fstêo fohfodcdjs.
• Fg cotfrruptar
fshjgfrj df gj guz
df jhhfsa j gjdfsupfrfstruhturj.
gj fshjgfrj (<)0 jhtcvj gj guz fo gj
• Fg cotfrruptar df rfspjgda y lgaqufa dfg jhfgfrjdar

jhfgfrjdar (8)0 sf
usj hao das prapøsctas0
- Xc njy uo ijijgg euohcaojicfota dfg ssfosar
fosar R[I dfg dfg
jhfgfrjdar, fg apfrjdar pufdf juifotjr y ijotfofr
gjs rpi dfg iatar par fohcij df gj vfgahcdjd df rjgfoté
pjrj iavfr gj iêqucoj eufrj dfg hjicoa a j uo êrfj
df sfrvchca.
- Fg lgaqufa dfg jh
jhfgfrjdar
fgfrjdar ijotfodrê
ijotfodrê gjs rpi dfg dfg
iatar j iêxcij vfgahcdjd, sco prfscaojr fg pfdjg dfg
jhfgfrjdar. Hujoda fg hjicøo fstã j gj vfgahcdjd
dfsfjdj, prfscaof haipgftjifotf fg pfdjg dfg
jhfgfrjdar y prfscaojr fg cotfrruptar. Fg codchjdar df
A.X.J. 󰀵󰀸

lgaqufa dfg jhfgfrjdar fo fg tjlgfra df costruifotas

sf cguicojrê codchjoda quf gj euohcøo fstê jhtcvjdj.
Fstj hjrjhtfréstchj fs pjrj jyudjr jg apfrjdar fo
hjicoas df jhjrrfa gjrkas y pgjoas. Rjrj dfsjhtcvjr
fg lgaqufa dfg jhfgfrjdar, prfscaof gj pjrtf coefrcar dfg
acotfrruptar,
iufvj gjjpgcquf
pjgjohjhujgqucfrj
df haotragdfdf
gasgjpfdjgfs df erfoa
trjosicscøo. Xc
ejggj jgkðo haipaofotf hrétcha, fg lgaqufa dfg
jhfgfrjdar sf dfsjhtcvjrê.
OATJ0 Gj euohcøo df lgaqufa dfg jhfgfrjdar vcfof
OATJ0
dfsjhtcvjdj df eêlrchj. Dflf utcgczjrsf fg Hjt FT, pjrj
jhtcvjr gj euohcøo df lgaqufa dfg jhfgfrjdar.
• Fg cotfrruptar df pjrjdj dfg iatar (4)0 jhtcvj fg
tfiparczjdar df jpjkjda dfg iatar. Fg cotfrruptar dfg
tfiparczjdar df pjrjdj dfg iatar pfrictf quf fg iatar sf
jpjkuf dfspuãs df uo pfréada df tcfipa fspfhéecha, uoj
vfz quf fg cotfrruptar df hnjpj nj scda dfshaofhtjda. Fg
tcfipa df dftfohcøo sf fstjlgfhf fo hcoha icoutas.
• Fg cotfrruptar df gulrchjhcøo ijoujg (6)0 sf utcgczj pjrj
jhtcvjr fg scstfij df gulrchjhcøo ijoujg.
• Fg cotfrruptar df pruflj df jgjrij df juta gulrchjhcøo
gulrchjhcøo (5)0
pfrictf gj pruflj ijoujg dfg scstfij df gulrchjhcøo
jutaiêtchj dfg hjicøo.
A.X.J. 󰀵󰀴

.
Ifdcdarfs
 Ifdcdarfs Fstj cijkfo iufstrj gas ifdcdarfs dfg pjofg df
costruifotas.
• Ijoøiftra df jhfctf dfg iatar (:)0 codchj gj prfscøo df
jhfctf dfg iatar.
• Codchjdar df tfipfrjturj dfg rferckfrjotf (<)0 codchj gj
tfipfrjturj dfg rferckfrjotf dfg iatar.
• Tjhøiftra (8)0 codchj gj vfgahcdjd dfg iatar fo rp
rpi.
i.
• Ufgahéiftra (4)0 codchj gj vfgahcdjd df jvjohf fo icggjs
par narj (ipn) y mcgøiftras par narj (mi / n).
• Uagtéiftra (6)0 codchj, fo vagtcas, gj hjotcdjd df hjrkj dfg
scstfij df fgãhtrcha df <4 vagtcas. Fg vagtj`f oarijg dfg
scstfij fs df <4 j <; vagtcas hujoda fg iatar fstê fo
iada oarijg, j vfgahcdjd df apfrjhcøo.
• Codchjdar df ocvfg df hailustclgf (5)0 codchj fg ocvfg df
hailustclgf.
A.X.J. 󰀵󰀶

Guhfs Codchjdarjs
 Guhfs
Codchjdarjs
Fstj cijkfo iufstrj gjs guhfs codchjdarjs ulchjdjs fo fg

pjofg df costruifota, salrf gas ifdcdarfs0
• Kcra j gj czqucfrdj (:)
• Erfoa df ijoa / hjrkj (<)

• Guz jgtj (8)
• \XH / J\H (haotrag df vfgahcdjd df rftjrda / haotrag
jutaiêtcha df rftjrda) (4)
• Hufrpa df dfshjrkj fgfvjda (6)
• Kcra j gj dfrfhnj (5).
A.X.J. 󰀵󰀵

Rjofg Gjda dfrfhna

 Rjofg Gjda Fg pjofg dfg gjda dfrfhna haotcfof gas sckucfotfs haotragfs0
Dfrfhna
• Haotragfs dfg Xcstfij df Jcrf Jhaodchcaojda y vfotcgjdar
NUJH (:)0 rfkugjo gj tfipfrjturj df gj hjlcoj y gj
vfgahcdjd dfg vfotcgjdar.
• Cotfrruptar df jrrjoquf df ggjvf (<)0 sf usj
usj pjrj jrrjohjr y
dftfofr fg iatar.
• Guz codchjdarj dfg erfoa df fstjhcaojicfota (8)0 sf cguicoj
cguicoj
hujoda gas erfoas df fstjhcaojicfota fstêo jhtcvjdas y gj
pjgjohj df hjilca fstê eufrj df RJ\M.
• Cotfrruptar df pruflj (4)0 pruflj gjs guhfs codch

codchjdarjs.
jdarjs.
• Cotfrruptar dfg erfoa df hjrkj (6) jhtcvj fg erfoa df hjrkj.
Fg erfoa df hjrkj saga sf jpgchj hujoda fg hjicøo fstê
scfoda hjrkjda a dfshjrkjda. Fstf cotfrruptar jpgchj saga
gas erfoas df sfrvchca trjsfras. Oa fs uo erfoa df
fstjhcaojicfota, fg apfrjdar oa dflf jljodaojr fg hjicøo
saga hao fstf erfoa jpgchjda.
• \fhfptêhuga df jgcifotjhcøo df :< vagtcas HH (5)0 fstê
dcspaoclgf pjrj praparhcaojr jgcifotjhcøo j dcspasctcvas,
haia haiputjdarjs.
• Cotfrruptar df guhfs df hjrrfrj (5)0 haotragj gas ejras.

• Cotfrruptar df guhfs jotcocflgj
jotcocflgj (;)0 jhtcvj gjs guh
guhfs
fs jotcocflgj
fo gj pjrtf dfgjotfrj dfg hjicøo.
A.X.J. 󰀵󰀻

Rufrtas df Xfrvchca
 Rufrtas df Fstj cijkfo iufstrj gas pufrtas df djtas, ulchjdas fo gj
Xfrvchca hjlcoj fo gj haosagj dfg hfotra, dfg gjda dfg pjsj`fra0
• Haofhtar pjrj gj Nfrrjicfotj Fgfhtrøochj FT (:).
• Haofhtar pjrj jhhfsa jg UCIX 8K (<).
• Taijharrcfotf df HH jdchcaojg df :< vagtcas (8).
A.X.J. 󰀵󰀾

Haosagj Hfotrjg
 Haosagj Hfotrjg gj haosagj hfotrjg tcfof gas sckucfotfs haotragfs0
• Rjgjohj df Hjilca df gj Trjosicscøo (:)0 Gas erfoas df

fstjhcaojicfota sf jhtcvjo jutaiêtchjifotf hujoda gj
pjgjohj df hjilcas sf ggfvj j gj paschcøo RJ\MCOK. Rjrj
sfgfhhcaojr \FUF\XF, OFVT\JG, a EA\[J\D (D\CUF
a GA[), prfscaof fg latøo df gclfrjhcøo dfg haotrag df
hjilca (<) y tcrf df gj pjgjohj njhcj gj sfgfhhcøo dfsfjdj.
Gj paschcøo D\CUF pfrictf fg jvjohf df gj iêqucoj fo
tadjs gjs vfgahcdjdfs. Gj paschcøo LJ@J pfrictf quf gj
iêqucoj fg jvjohf df gj iêqucoj j uo iêxcia df :8 mi/n
(> ipn).
• Latøo df jhtcvjhcøo / dfsjhtcvjhcøo dfg Haotrag df rftjrda
jutaiêtcha (J\H) (8)0 jhtcvj gj euohcøo J\H.
• Cotfrruptar df cohrfifota / dfhrfifota df gj vfgahcdjd df
rftjrda (4)0 haotragj fg fseufrza df rftjrda dcoêicha
praparhcaojda par fg scstfij hujoda fstê jhtcvjda.
• Lataofs 6 y 5 (erfotf j gj ijoc`j y eufrj df gj vcstj)0 sf

utcgczjo pjrj praljr fg erfoa df fstjhcaojicfota.
A.X.J. 󰀵󰀳

Rjgjohj df Haotrag df Fgfvjhcøo

 Haosagj Hfotrjg
Gj pjgjohj df Haotrag df Gfvjotf (:) jhtcvj gjs hujtra
paschcaofs df gj vêgvugj df haotrag df gfvjotf0
JVIFOTJ\, IJOTFOF\, EGATJHCØO y LJ@J\. Gj
pjgjohj df haotrag df gfvjotf vufgvf j gj paschcøo
EGATJHCØO, hujoda sf gclfrj dfsdf gj paschcøo LJ@J\
(jpjkjda).
OATJ0 Rjrj fvctjr quf fg scstfij ncdrêugcha sf
OATJ0
salrfhjgcfotf, jsfkðrfsf df quf gj pjgjohj df haotrag df
gfvjotf fstã fo gj paschcøo EGATJHCØO, hujoda fg hjicøo
vj trjospartjoda hjrkj.
J gj czqucfrdj dfg jscfota dfg apfrjdar fstê fg cotfrruptar df
praxcicdjd (<) pjrj gj pufrtj dfg apfrjdar.
Jiljs pufrtjs tcfofo fstf cotfrruptar. Xc hujgqucfrj df gjs
pufrtjs fstê jlcfrtj y fg apfrjdar iufvf gj pjgjohj df
haotrag df hjilcas eufrj df gj paschcøo RJ\MCOK, saojrê gj
jgjrij df jdvfrtfohcj.
A.X.J. 󰀻󰀲

Rfdjgfs
 Rfdjgfs Fg pfdjg df erfoa sfhuodjrca (:) fs utcgczjda pjrj dftfofr
rêpcdjifotf fg fqucpa sc gj jhtcvjhcøo dfg erfoa df sfrvchca oa
euohcaoj jprapcjdjifotf. Fstf pfdjg jpgchj gas erfoas df
sfrvchca dfgjotfra y trjsfra, y hujoda iês sf prfscaoj fg
pfdjg, iês sf jpgchjo gas erfoas. Fstf pfdjg oa haotragj gas
erfoas df sfrvchca utcgczjoda fg scstfij ncdrêugcha. Vtcgczj uoj
sfújg R[I dfg sfosar haofhtjda jg gjda coefrcar dfg pfdjg.
Fstj sfújg fstê dcrckcdj jg FHI df erfoas.
OATJ0
jotf Fstas erfoas
OATJ0 Fstas
hujgqucfr fstêo dcsfújdas
fifrkfohcj, j hujgqucfrpjrj dftfofry sf
vfgahcdjd, fg fqucpa
pufdf
usjr jg cochcjr fg iavcicfota fo pfodcfotfs, pjrj fvctjr
iavcicfota covaguotjrca.
Fg pfdjg df haotrag df rftjrda / erfoa (<) rfkugj gj hjotcdjd df
rftjrda dcoêicha jpgchjda par fg trfo df cipugscøo. Fg pfdjg
df haotrag df rftjrda / erfoa haotragj fg scstfij df erfoas y
rftjrda df erchhcøo dfg hjicøo. Hujota iês sf prfscaoj fg
pfdjg, iês eufrtf fg fseufrza df rftjrda. Hujoda sf prfscaoj
fg pfdjg, gas iatarfs df gjs rufdjs jhtðjo haia kfofrjdarfs
y gj fofrkéj radjotf dfg hjicøo sf dcscpj fo earij df hjgar
j trjvãs df uoj rfd df rfscstfohcjs rferckfrjdjs par jcrf.
Hujota iês sf prfscaof fstã fg pfdjg, ijyar sfrê fg rftjrda
jpgchjda, scfiprf quf gj vfgahcdjd dfg hjicøo pfrijofzhj
dfotra df gas géictfs dfg scstfij df rftjrda dfg hjicøo.
A.X.J. 󰀻󰀺

OATJ0 Gas erfoas df erchhcøo fstêo dcsfújdas pjrj

OATJ0
dftfofrsf fo fifrkfohcjs j hujgqucfr vfgahcdjd.
Fstf pfdjg df euohcøo hailcojdj usj uo sfosar R[I
haofhtjda j gj pjrtf coefrcar dfg pfdjg. Fstj sfújg sf dcrckf jg
FHI dfg Trfo df Cipugscøo.
Fg sfosar df paschcøo dfg jhfgfrjdar (TRX) (8) fs gj fotrjdj
dfg apfrjdar jg FHI dfg Trfo df Cipugscøo. Hao fg jrrjoquf
dfg iatar fo RJ\MCOK, gjs rpi dfg iatar vjo j >22 rpi,
fstjoda fo lj`j fo vjhéa. Hujoda fg apfrjdar iufvf gj
pjgjohj df hjilcas fgãhtrchj njhcj JUJOHF a \FUF\XF, fg
rãkcifo dfg iatar vj j :>22 y pfrijofhf jsé njstj quf fg
apfrjdar haicfozj j prfscaojr fg pfdjg dfg jhfgfrjdar. Fg
apfrjdar haotragj gj vfgahcdjd df jvjohf df gj iêqucoj hao
fstf pfdjg.
Fg pfdjg df erfoa sfhuodjrca tcfof uoj vêgvugj rfduhtarj df
prfscøo (4) uocdj j gj pjrtf coefrcar dfg pfdjg, dfljà dfg pcsa
df gj hjlcoj. J ifdcdj quf sf prfscaoj fg pfdjg, gj prfscøo
dfg jhfctf df erfoa sf dcrckf j gas erfoas df sfrvchca dfgjotfra
y trjsfra.
Atrj hjrjhtfréstchj df fstf hjicøo fs gj pratfhhcøo jotc-
rftrahfsa. Xc fg apfrjdar dftcfof fg hjicøo hao hujgqucfr
pfdjg df erfoa fo uoj pfodcfotf (hufstj jrrclj a hufstj
jljà), gufka quctj su pcf dfg pfdjg, y sco oa paof fg pcf fo fg
pfdjg dfg jhfgfrjdar, fg hjicøo haicfozj j radjr, pfra gas
erfoas df sfrvchca sf jhhcaojrêo jutaiêtchjifotf. Fg jotc
rftrahfsa fs uoj hjrjhtfréstchj quf pratfkf jg hjicøo df
iavcicfotas covaguotjrcas. Rjrj haifozjr fg iavcicfota, fg
apfrjdar dflf pcsjr gas das pfdjgfs, y pjrj rfstjlgfhfr gj
euohcøo, dflf quctj
gufka pfrictcrê quf fg
gj pcf dfg pfdjg
iêqucoj dfg erfoa,
sf iufvj jhfgfrjoda,
fo gj dcrfhhcøo
sfgfhhcaojdj par fg apfrjdar.
Gas erfoas df sfrvchca sf jpgchjrêo jutaiêtchjifotf hujoda
gj vfgahcdjd df gj iêqucoj pjsf, par hfra y fxhfdj gas < mi/n
(: ipn), fo gj dcrfhhcøo apufstj j gj haoeckurjhcøo fo gj
pjgjohj df haotrag df hjilca. Dfspuãs df jhtcvjr gj euohcøo
jotc rftrahfsa, fstj euohcøo dflf sfr dfsjhtcvjdj, jotfs df
prapugsjr gj iêqucoj.
Hujgqucfrj df gjs sckucfotfs jhhcaofs dfsjhtcvjrê gj euohcøo
jotc rftrahfsa0
• Jpgchjr fg 32% dfg sfrvchca df erfoas.

• Iavfr gj pjgjohj df hjilca j gj paschcøo RJ\MCOK.
A.X.J. 󰀻󰀼

Haosagj df Xupfrcar
 Haosagj Xupfrcar
Fg cotfrruptar dfg gcipcjpjrjlrcsjs/gjvjpjrjlrcsjs (:) haotragj
gas gcipcjdarfs dfg pjrjlrcsjs y gjvjdarj.
Fg pjofg df vcsujgczjhcøo dfg JDUCXA\ (<) iufstrj gas
dcvfrsas pjrêiftras dfg hjicøo y iatar y sf dcshutcrê fo
dftjggf fo fg hursa ‗UCIX 8K ‗.
Gas codchjdarfs df rfstrchhcøo dfg ecgtra df jcrf (8) codchjo gj
hjotcdjd df rfstrchhcøo fo fg ecgtra df jcrf y scstfij df
coduhhcøo fo pugkjdjs df jkuj.
Xf pufdf costjgjr uoj rjdca (4) fo gj haosagj supfrcar.
Gj guz df jdvfrtfohcj (6) jdvcfrtf jg apfrjdar sc hujgqucfrj
df gjs pufrtjs df gj hjlcoj fstê jlcfrtj.
A.X.J. 󰀻󰀸

Hcrhucta df Dcsyuotarfs
 Hcrhucta df Fstj cijkfo iufstrj gas cotfrruptarfs jutaiêtchas
Dcsyuotarfs (DCXSVOTA\FX, dfljà df gj hulcfrtj dfg pjofg eraotjg
dfrfhna.
A.X.J. 󰀻󰀴

Ecgtra df Jcrf df gj Hjlcoj

 Ecgtra df Jcrf df Gj hjlcoj fstê prfsurczjdj y fg jcrf fs ecgtrjda par uo
Hjlcoj fgfifota df ecgtra df jcrf, ulchjda dftrês uoj tjpj (egfhnj) fo
gj pjrtf pastfrcar df gj fstjhcøo dfg apfrjdar.
Fg ecgtra df jcrf fs 33.6% fechcfotf fo fg ecgtrjda df pagva
krufsa.
A.X.J. 󰀻󰀶

Haohguscøo
Hao fsta haohguyf fg iøduga df FXTJHCØO DFG
ARF\JDA\ dfg hjicøo ;34 JH, njlcgctjoda jg pjrtchcpjotf,
 Haohguscøo pjrj cdfotcechjr y gahjgczjr tadas gas haotragfs y jhhfsarcas
quf pfrictfo haotragjr gas scstfijs dfg hjicøo, haia uo
haipgfifotjoda gj coearijhcøo fotrfkjdj fo fg ijoujg df
apfrjhcøo y ijotfocicfota dfg fqucpa.
A.X.J. 󰀻󰀵

IADVGA 40 XCXTFIJ DF XVRF\UCXCØO

JDUCXA\ S UCIX 8K.
R\ARØXCTA
Fstf iøduga fstê dcsfújda pjrj kjrjotczjr quf gas tãhochas
pufdjo gahjgczjr, cdfotcechjr y dfshrclcr fg euohcaojicfota dfg
 JDUCXA\ y Xcstfij df Iaoctarfa Jdvcsar y UCIX 8K, y dfiufstrfo sfr
UCIX 8K. haipftfotfs utcgczjoda gjs euohcaofs
e uohcaofs dcspaoclgfs.
J\KVIFOTJHCØO
Fstj hjpjhctjhcøo fs ofhfsjrcj pjrj quf gas tãhochas Fs
ofhfsjrca quf gas tãhochas dfiufstrfo haoahcicfota dfg
Xcstfij df Iaoctarfa JDUCXA\ y UCIX 8K, y utcgchfo
harrfhtjifotf fg iaoctar pjrj saguhcaojr pralgfijs df
haipaofotfs y scstfijs df gj iêqucoj, hjilca df
euohcaojicfota pjrêiftras, jùstjr gj haoeckurjhcøo df gj
iêqucoj y rfjgczjr
hjgclrjhcaofs df haipaofotfs, pjrj jsfkurjr uo rêpcda y
prfhcsa prahfsa df dcjkoøstcha df ejggjs df gj iêqucoj.
Jg ecojgczjr fstf iøduga, gas pjrtchcpjotfs dfiastrjrêo quf

fstêo hjpjhctjdas pjrj dfiastrjr haipftfohcj usjoda fg
Xcstfij df iaoctarfa Jdvcsar y UCIX 8 K, durjotf uo
f`frhchca
hao gas dfgjlarjtarcas
gjlarjtarca yharrfspaodcfotfs
haipgftjoda gj fvjgujhcøo
j hjdj prêhtchj,
tfij y
rfspaodcfoda gj fvjgujhcøo tførchj y hao prfkuotjs df
sfgfhhcøo iðgtcpgf y haipgftjhcøo df cdfotcechjhcøo df
haipaofotfs.
(ijoujg df apfrjhcøo y ijotfocicfota), gas
pjrtchcpjotfs, cdfotcechjo gjs hjrjhtfréstchjs dfg Xcstfij
df Iaoctarfa Jdvcsar.
<. Hao gj jyudj dfg ijtfrcjg df hursa y fg ijtfrcjg df

A.X.J. 󰀻󰀻


haipaofotfs dfg Xcstfij df Iaoctarfa Jdvcsar.
rfefrfohcj (ijoujg df sfrvchca), gas pjrtchcpjotfs jhhfdfr
yjùstfs
krjljrj gas
djtas df iêqucoj
scstfijs y haipaofotf y rfjgczjo
df gj iêqucoj.
A.X.J. 󰀻󰀾

A.X.J. 󰀻󰀳

COT\ADVHHCØO
Fg hjicøo ;34 JH fstê fqucpjda hao fg scstfij df

iaoctarfa Jdvcsar y UCIX ℬ 8K.
 Haipaofotfs Fg UCIX 8K iaoctarfj gas FHI df gj iêqucoj y fg FHI dfg
jsahcjdas hao iatar y fotrfkj fg djta df fstjda df gj iêqucoj jg Jdvcsar
fg JDUCXA\ y y / a jg krupa df costruifotas.
UCIX 8K.
Fg krupa df costruifotas iufstrj fg fstjda df gas
pjrêiftras df euohcaojicfota df gj iêqucoj y/a iatar y
jgfrtj jg apfrjdar hujoda fstas pjrêiftras sao
ijrkcojgfs, sfkðo gjs fstrjtfkcjs prfvcjifotf dfecocdjs,
pjrj gjs haodchcaofs apfrjhcøo fspfhéechjs df gj iêqucoj.
Gas FHIs y fg pjofg Jdvcsar sf haiuochjo, j trjvãs dfg
Hjt Djtj Gcom. J su vfz fg pjofg Jdvcsar, sf haiuochj hao
fg krupa df costruifotas, j trjvãs dfg fogjhf df djtas HJO.
Gas iødugas dfg UCIX 8K rfhclfo coearijhcøo df gas
cotfrruptarfs y sfosarfs df gj iêqucoj j trjvãs
t rjvãs df gas FHI
df gj iêqucoj.
Fg UCIX 8K fs uo Xcstfij df Jdicocstrjhcøo df
Coearijhcøo Uctjg, hao gjs sckucfotfs hjrjhtfréstchjs0
• Gas scstfijs df gj iêqucoj sao iaoctarfjdas pjrj fg
apfrjdar a fg tãhocha.
• Gj coearijhcøo df praduhtcvcdjd pjrj gj hjrkj ðtcg fs
ifdcdj par fg scstfij y jgijhfojda fo gj ifiarcj
cotfkrjdj. Fstj coearijhcøo pufdf sfr dfshjrkjr, pjrj
su joêgcscs.
• euohcaojicfota
Gjs haodchcaofscoharrfhta
joarijgfs
dfg df gj iêqucoj
hjicøo y / a fg
sao cdfotcechjda.
Fg dcjkoøstcha df fstjs haodchcaofs joarijgfs pfrictcrê
jg apfrjdar iadcechjr fg euohcaojicfota df gj iêqucoj
pjrj harrfkcr fg pralgfij.
• Fg tãhocha df sfrvchca pufdf prakrjijr fg
ijotfocicfota df gj iêqucoj sc gj haodchcøo oa fstê df
jhufrda jg euohcaojicfota df gj iêqucoj.
iêqucoj.
• Coearijhcøo quf pufdf jyudjr j prfdfhcr pasclgfs
pralgfijs jotfs df quf gas ejggas pufdjo sfr
cdfotcechjda. Fsta pfrictf prakrjijr fg ijotfocicfota
df gj iêqucoj durjotf fg cotfrvjga df sfrvchca df
ijotfocicfota prfvfotcva.
A.X.J. 󰀾󰀲

Gas iødugas UCIX ℬ 8K usjo gas sckucfotfs fogjhfs pjrj

trjosefrcr djtas njhcj y dfsdf fg Iøduga prcohcpjg dfg UCIX
8K0
• Hjt Djtj Gcom0
Gcom0 Fstf fogjhf df djtas, df das
haoduhtarfs,
gas atras FHIpfrictf gj haiuochjhcøo fotrf UCIX 8K y
df iêqucoj.
• Ftnfroft0 Fstf fogjhf df djtas df trfs ncgas pfrictf gj
Ftnfroft0 Fstf
haiuochjhcøo fotrf UCIX 8K y gj nfrrjicfotj df
sfrvchca UCIX RH (Xaetwjrf costjgjda fo gj
haiputjdarj partêtcg).
• HJO Djtj Gcom (@:383)0
(@:383)0 Fogjhf df djtas df das
haoduhtarfs, fqucpjda hao rfscstfohcj ec`j fo hjdj
fxtrfia quf pfrictf gj haiuochjhcøo fotrf fg UCIX 8K,
fg Iøduga Rrcohcpjg, Iøduga df Jpgchjhcøo, fg FHI dfg
iatar y gas FHIs df gj iêqucoj.
Fg iøduga UCIX 8K usj trfs tcpas df djtas0
• Cotfroa0
Cotfroa0 Gas djtas sf kfofrjo dfotra dfg Iøduga
Rrcohcpjg dfg UCIX 8K. Gj efhnj y fg tcfipa sao
f`fipgas df djtas cotfroas.
• Haiuochjda0
Haiuochjda0 Gas djtas sf rfhclfo j trjvãs dfg Hjt
Djtj Gcom y / a fg HJO Djtj Gcom, dfsdf atras scstfijs
df gj iêqucoj. Rar f`fipga, gj vfgahcdjd dfg iatar fs
rfhclcda, j trjvãs dfg fogjhf df djtas HJT, dfsdf fg
FHI dfg iatar.
• Hjghugjda0 Xao djtas ijtfiêtchjifotf dftfricojdas
Hjghugjda0 Xao
par UCIX 8K, cotfrojifotf.
Fg iøduga prcohcpjg UCIX 8K fovéj y rfhclf gj sckucfotf
coearijhcøo, j trjvãs dfg HJT djtj gcom y j trjvãs dfg HJO
Djtj Gcom0 gcstj df fvfotas, costjotêofjs, rfkcstrjdar df
djtas, ncstakrjijs, tfodfohcjs, tatjgfs y euohcaojgcdjd df
hjrkj ðtcg. Fg UCIX 8K yj oa fs rfspaosjlgf df kfofrjr tadas
gas fvfotas dfotra dfg scstfij. Gas fvfotas jnarj sfrêo
kfofrjdas par gas FHIs df gj iêqucoj y UCIX 8K
rfkcstrjrêo uoj gcstj df gjs ahurrfohcjs sfkðo ga coearijda
par gas FHIs.
Fg iøduga df jpgchjhcøo UCIX 8K rfhclf djtas dfsdf gas
sfosarfs df prfscøo df gj pjrtf eraotjg czqucfrdj, pastfrcar
czqucfrdj, eraotjg dfrfhnj y pastfrcar dfrfhnj. Fstf djta df
sfosarfs jyudj jg Iøduga df jpgchjhcøo dfg UCIX 8K, hao gj
haoeckurjhcøo df gas hêghugas df gj hjrkj ðtcg. Xc fg ijrhjdar
A.X.J. 󰀾󰀺

(aphcaojg) fstê costjgjda, vj haofhtjda jg Iøduga df

Jpgchjhcøo dfg UCIX.
Fg Egjsncok y gjs dfshjrkjs df djtas sf rfjgczjo utcgczjoda
hujgqucfrj df gas haofhtarfs fo gj hjlcoj a fo fg kjlcoftf df
yFHIs.
HJO Xf pufdf
Djtj Gcom,jhhfdfr, jg UCIX,
pjrj jilas j trjvãs
hjsas sf usjdfgfgHjt Djtj Gcom
haofhtar dfg
UCIX.
A.X.J. 󰀾󰀼

HJTFKA\CJX DF JDUF\TFOHCJX
Fg Jdvcsar praparhcaoj hujtra hjtfkaréjs df jdvfrtfohcj,
dfspgfkjoda uo ifosj`f df jdvfrtfohcj ‗jutaiêtcha’ fo su
Rjotjggj. Gj gêipjrj df jhhcøo dfgjotfrj (haotfocdj fo fg
 Hjtfkaréjs df krupa
jgjrijdfdfcostruifota), gj jipjrj
jhhcøo judclgf, df jhhcøo
sao utcgczjdjs fotrjsfrj y uoj
hailcojhcøo
Jdvfrtfohcjs. dcefrfotf, pjrj djr uoj sfújg df jdvfrtfohcj, jg apfrjdar. Gjs
hujtra hjtfkaréjs df jdvfrtfohcj sao0
• Jdvfrtfohcj Ocvfg :0 :0 Voj jdvfrtfohcj jpjrfhf fo gj
pjotjggj dfg Jdvcsar, dfshrclcfoda fg fvfota a dcjkoøstcha
df ejggj. Gj Gêipjrj df Jhhcøo sf cguicojrê df earij
e arij ec`j
df hagar êiljr. Fstj jdvfrtfohcj pufdf sfr rfhaoahcdj
(scgfohcjdj), prfscaojoda fg latøo AM, y oa jpjrfhfrê par
vjrcjs narjs, dfpfodcfoda df gj ejggj a fvfota (a sc fg
fvfota a ejggj oa ahurrf df oufva). Gj Jdvfrtfohcj df
Ocvfg : djrê gukjr j quf fg codchjdar Jhtcva dfg Fvfota a
Dcjkoøstcha fstã cguicojda.
• Jdvfrtfohcj Ocvfg <0 <0 Voj jdvfrtfohcj jpjrfhf fo gj
df ejggj. Gj Gêipjrj df Jhhcøo dfstfggjrê fo raà,
jgfrtjoda jg apfrjdar, pjrj quf hjilcf fg iada df
apfrjhcøo dfg fqucpa. Fstj jdvfrtfohcj pufdf sfr
rfhaoahcdj (scgfohcjdj) prfscaojoda fg latøo AM, y oa
rfjpjrfhfrê par uoj narj, dfpfodcfoda sc fg fvfota a
ejggj oa ahurrf df oufva. Gj Gêipjrj df Jhhcøo pjrjrê
df dfstfggjr.
• Jdvfrtfohcj Ocvfg <X0
<X0 Voj jdvfrtfohcj jpjrfhf fo gj
df ejggj.df
Jgjrij GjJhhcøo
Gêipjrj df Jhhcøo
sufoj dfstfggjrê jgfrtjoda
haostjotfifotf, fo raà y gj
jg
apfrjdar pjrj quf hjilcf fg iada df apfrjhcøo dfg
A.X.J. 󰀾󰀸

fqucpa. Gj jdvfrtfohcj pufdf sfr rfhaoahcdj (scgfohcjdj)

prfscaojoda fg latøo AM.
80 Voj jdvfrtfohcj jpjrfhf fo gj
• Jdvfrtfohcj Ocvfg 80
df ejggj.dfGjJhhcøo
Jgjrij Gêipjrj df Jhhcøo
saojrê dfstfggjrê
df ijofrj fo raà,
cotfrictfotf, gj
pjrj
jgfrtjr jg apfrjdar, pjrj quf dftfokj fg fqucpa. Gj Guz
df Jhhcøo haotcoujrê dfstfggjoda fo raà y gj Jgjrij df
jhhcøo haotcoujrê saojoda df ijofrj cotfrictfotf,
dfspuãs quf fg apfrjdar rfhaoazhj gj jdvfrtfohcj. Xc fs
pfrtcofotf, gj gêipjrj jprapcjdj df hnfqufa dfg scstfij
sf cguicojrê.
Oatj0 Voj Jdvfrtfohcj df Ocvfg 8 codchj quf uoj ejggj
Oatj0
sfrcj nj ahurrcda fo fg scstfij fspfhéecha dfg fqucpa.
A.X.J. 󰀾󰀴

IFOÐ R\COHCRJG
Ijrhnj rfjg (:) - Fstf latøo iufstrj fg jùstf rfjg dfg
haotragjdar dfg trfo df cipugscøo. Gj pjotjggj iastrjrê uoj
df gjs sckucfotfs sfújgfs0
 Ifoð Rrcohcpjg. "O" pjrj gj paschcøo R y gj paschcøo O=
"D" y G pjrj gj paschcøo df JUJOHF=
"\" pjrj gj paschcøo df \FT\AHFXA
Oatj0 Hujoda gj pjgjohj df haotrag df hjilcas fstê fo gj
paschcøo R y sf pcsj fg erfoa df fstjhcaojicfota, fg trfo df
cipugscøo qufdj fo OFVT\JG, y sf jpgchj fg erfoa df
fstjhcaojicfota.
Xfgfhhcøo df gj pjgjohj df hjilcas (<) - Xc gj pjgjohj df
haotrag df hjilcas fstê fo uoj df gjs sckucfotfs paschcaofs,
fg hjrêhtfr rfsjgtjda codchj gj paschcøo df gj pjgjohj df
haotrag df hjilcas0 R, \, O, D y G.
Jùstf df vfgahcdjd dfg haotrag jutaiêtcha dfg rftjrdjdar
(J\H) (8)J\H.
jhtcvj fg - Fstj
pjotjggj iufstrj fg jùstf df vfgahcdjd quf
A.X.J. 󰀾󰀶

\fga` df efhnj y narj (;) - Fstj pjotjggj iufstrj gj narj y gj

efhnj.
Iês aphcaofs (5) - Fstf chaoa iufstrj fg sfotcda fo fg quf
sf dflf dfspgjzjr pjrj altfofr iês aphcaofs.
Fgfifotas df ifoð (6) - Fstj pjotjggj iufstrj gjs aphcaofs
df ifoð quf fstêo dcspaoclgfs.
Fstjda jhtcva dfg J\H (4) - Fstj pjotjggj iufstrj fg "J\H"
hujoda ãstf sf jhtcvj. Dflfo huipgcrsf gjs sckucfotfs
haodchcaofs jotfs df quf fg J\H sf jhtcvf0
• Fg cotfrruptar ddfg
fg J\H fstê fo gj paschcøo HAOFHTJDJ.
• Gj pjgjohj df haotrag df hjilcas fstê fo uoj

uoj vfgahcdjd
df jvjohf.
Gj vfgahcdjd
vfgahcdjd dfgdf gj iêqucoj fstê par dfljà dfg
J\H. dfg jùstf df
df
• Xf ssufgtj
ufgtj fg pfdjg dfg jh
jhfgfrjdar.
fgfrjdar.
A.X.J. 󰀾󰀵

IFOÐ DFG JDUCXA\

Fg pjofg dfg Jdvcsar ulchjda fo gj pjrtf dfgjotfrj, jpayj jg
pjofg df costruifotas ijocpugjoda gas djtas dfsdf gas
iødugas dfg UCIX 8K, fg FHI dfg Iatar y gas FHIs dfg
 Ifoð y lataofs
Fqucpa. Gas djtas haipjrtcdas fotrf fg Krupa df
df ojvfkjhcøo Costruifotas y fg pjofg dfg Jdvcsar sf trjosictfo, j trjvãs
dfg Jdvcsar. dfg Fogjhf df Djtas HJO. Gas djtas quf sf trjosictfo fotrf
fg pjofg dfg Jdvcsar y gas FHIs ga njhfo, j trjvãs dfg Fogjhf
df Djtas HJT.
Fo gj pufstj fo ijrhnj dfg fqucpa, uoj prfsfotjhcøo df
pjotjggj jpjrfhf y fg Jdvcsar f`fhutj uoj rutcoj df juta
pruflj. Dfspuãs df uoas sfkuodas, gj pjotjggj prcohcpjg
jpjrfhfrê haia sf iufstrj fo gj cgustrjhcøo.
Hcoha Lataofs ulchjdas fo fg hastjda dfrfhna df gj pjotjggj
dfg Jdvcsar, sf usjo haia cotfrejsf, pjrj quf fg usujrca
ojvfkuf, j trjvãs df gas dcstcotas ifoðs dcspaoclgfs, pjrj
sfgfhhcaojr gas dcstcotas sulifoðs, pjrj supfrvcscøo df
pjrêiftras= a pjrj cokrfsjr djtas. Gjs euohcaofs df gas
Lataofs df Ojvfkjhcøo dfg usujrca sao0
• Latøo egfhnj czqucfrdj/jrrclj
czqucfrdj/jrrclj (:)0 Fs utcgczjda, pjrj
ojvfkjr a cokrfsjr djtas y pufdf sfr utcgczjda pjrj
dfspgjzjrsf njhcj jrrclj fo uoj gcstj vfrtchjg, njhcj gj
czqucfrdj, j trjvãs df uoj gcstj narczaotjg, a haoeckurjr uo
jùstf.
• Latøo egfhnj jljà/dfrfhnj
jljà/dfrfhnj (<)0 Fs utcgczjda, pjrj
ojvfkjr, j trjvãs df gj pjotjggj a cokrfsjr djtas y pufdf
A.X.J. 󰀾󰀻

sfr utcgczjda pjrj dfspgjzjrsf njhcj jljà fo uoj gcstj

vfrtchjg, njhcj gj dfrfhnj fo uoj gcstj narczaotjg, a
haoeckurjr uo jùstf.
• Tfhgj Jtrês (8)0 Fs utcgczjdj, pjrj cr njhcj jrrclj uo ocvfg
fo fg fshjgøo
pjotjggj dfg ifoð
jotfrcar, hjsc gadficsia
gj fstruhturj,
quf fg alatøo
rftarojr
qufj fs
gj
utcgczjda fo [codaws Cotfroft Fxpgarfr. Haia rftrahfdfr
uo fspjhca, a hjohfgjr hujoda fg apfrjdar a tãhocha
dfsfj larrjr gas hjrjhtfrfs cokrfsjdas.
• Latøo df cochca (4)0 Fs utcgczjda, pjrj rftarojr j gj
pjotjggj dfg ifoð prcohcpjg, sco cipartjr gj pjotjggj quf
fstê jhtujgifotf vcsujgczjdj.
• Latøo am (6)0 Fs utcgczjda, pjrj njhfr sfgfhhcaofs dfsdf
uoj pjotjggj, haoecrijr uoj fotrjdj, tjgfs haia uoj
haotrjsfúj a pjrj krjljr uo pfrecg df fotrjdj dfg
apfrjdar.
Gj ojvfkjhcøo, j trjvãs df gas ifoðs y sul-ifoðs sf
haosckuf utcgczjoda gas lataofs hao egfhnj (5), pjrj pjrj
sfgfhhcaojr gj aphcøo dfsfjdj, prfscaojoda gj tfhgj am. Gas
lataofs hao egfhnj sao tjilcão utcgczjdas pjrj sfgfhhcaojr
uo iada a pjrj fstjlgfhfr uo pjrêiftra. Rrfscaojoda fg am
sfgfhhcaoj fsj aphcøo.
Oatj0 Gas hcoha lataofs df gjda czqucfrda df gj pjotjggj
Oatj0
euohcaojo haia Ojvfkjhcøo Rrfdfecocdj. Fg apfrjdar pufdf
ojvfkjr j hujgqucfr pjotjggj, gufka rftarojr j gj pjotjggj
dfsfjdj, prfdfecocfoda fsf latøo.
Cochcjgifotf,
prakrjijdj ocokuoj euohcøo
y krjljdj, fstêuodcspaoclgf,
hao pfrecg. njstj
Gas quf sfj
lataofs
prffstjlgfhcdas pjrpjdfjrêo fo vfrdf hujoda sf jgijhfoj
uoj pjotjggj, a fo raà sc oa sf pfrictf jgijhfojr gj pjotjggj.
A.X.J. 󰀾󰀾

COCHCA DFG JDUCXA\
 Ifoð Rrcohcpjg. Gj fstruhturj dfg ifoð dfg Jdvcsar fstê arkjoczjdj fo uo

earijta df gcstjda `frêrqucha. Hujoda fg apfrjdar a tãhocha
sfgfhhcaoj uoj aphcøo dfsdf uo ifoð a gcstj, gj pjotjggj
rfsugtjotf fs uo ocvfg dfljà df gj pjotjggj jotfrcar. Tjilcão
pufdf njlfr iês aphcaofs, dcspaoclgfs, dfsdf gj jhtujg
pjotjggj. Jggé pufdf tjilcão njlfr iês df uoj pêkcoj df
coearijhcøo u aphcaofs pjrj sfr iastrjdjs dfsdf hujgqucfr
ocvfg. Fsta fs codchjda par fg chaoa ‗Iês Aphcaofs’, fg
Aphcaofs’, fg hujg
pufdf sfújgjr j gj czqucfrdj, dfrfhnj, jrrclj a jljà,
dfpfodcfoda df høia sf arkjochfo gas djtas a gcstjs.
Gj cgustrjhcøo df jrrclj iufstrj gjs aphcaofs quf fstêo
dcspaoclgfs dfsdf gj pjotjggj dfg Ifoð Rrcohcpjg dfg Jdvcsar.
Gj pjotjggj dfg Ifoð Rrcohcpjg y sus aphcaofs sfrêo
dfspgfkjdjs prfscaojoda fg latøo cochca (4), dfsdf hujgqucfr
pjotjggj quf fstf sfgfhhcaojdj.
A.X.J. 󰀾󰀳

IFOÐ DFG ARF\JDA\
 Ifoð dfg Fg ifoð dfg apfrjdar pfrictf jg usujrca f`fhutjr ga sckucfotf0

Apfrjdar.
• Xfgfhhcaojr uo pfrecg Fdctjr /krjljr uo pfrecg jhtujg.
• Hrfjr uo pfrecg.
• Larrjr uo pfrecg.
• Jùstf df Eêlrchj (rfhardjr jùstfs prfdfecocdas).
A.X.J. 󰀳󰀲

IFOÐ DFG ARF\JDA\
 Aphcaofs dfg Gj aphcøo dfg ‗Apfrjdar’ pfrictf jg apfrjdar a tãhocha

Ifoð dfg jhhfdfr jg Ifoð dfg Rfrecg dfg Apfrjdar. Dfsdf fg Ifoð dfg
Apfrjdar. Rfrecg dfg Apfrjdar, fg apfrjdar pufdf sfgfhhcaojr, fdctjr,
hrfjr, larrjr a krjljr hjilcas j uo pfrecg dfg apfrjdar. Fg
apfrjdar pufdf tjilcão rfstjurjr uo pfrecg df rfkrfsa j gas
jùstfs df eêlrchj a vagvfr jg jùstf jotfrcar utcgczjda.
Vo pfrecg dfg apfrjdar fs uo krupa pfrsaojgczjda df
prfefrfohcjs cdfotcechjdas par uo oailrf. Voj vfz hrfjda, fg
apfrjdar pufdf jsahcjr vjrcas pjrêiftras pjrj cipgfifotjr
iadas y jùstfs, jùstfs df pjotjggj y jùstfs dfg trfo df
patfohcj j fsf pfrecg. Dfspuãs quf tadas gas pjrêiftras njo
scda jùstjdas j gjs prfefrfohcjs dfg apfrjdar, fg apfrjdar
pufdf gufka krjljr gas pjrêiftras pjrj euturas usas. Fstas
pjrêiftras sao fstjlgfhcdas utcgczjoda gj aphcøo ‗jùstfs’
quf sfrê dcshutcda iês jdfgjotf fo fstf iøduga.
Oatj0 Xc gj pjotjggj dfg pjofg dfg Jdvcsar rfhclf uoj
dfshaofxcøo df jgcifotjhcøo 5 icoutas jotfs df krjljr fg
pfrecg, fg pfrecg oa sfrê krjljda. Xco filjrka, sc fg pjofg dfg
Jdvcsar rfhclf uo hchga dfg cotfrruptar df gj ggjvf, fg pfrecg sfrê
krjljda.
A.X.J. 󰀳󰀺

IFOÐ DFG ARF\JDA\
 Aphcaofs dfg Gj aphcøo dfg ifoð dfg iaoctar pfrictf jg usujrca vfr hujtra
Ifoð Iaoctar pjrêiftras. Fg latøo df ojvfkjhcøo fs utcgczjda pjrj
sfgfhhcaojr fg pjrêiftra a vfr uo pjrêiftra dcefrfotf.
Rrfscaof fg latøo AM pjrj altfofr uoj gcstj df pjrêiftras
dcspaoclgfs.
Fg apfrjdar pufdf utcgczjr gas lataofs df ojvfkjhcøo, dfg
gjda dfrfhna, pjrj sfgfhhcaojr gas dcefrfotfs pjrêiftras quf
sf qucfrfo iaoctarfjr. Gj sfhhcøo sfgfhhcaojdj, df gas
hujtra pjrêiftras, padrê sfr hjilcjdj, sc fs ofhfsjrca
iaoctarfjr fg fstjda df atra pjrêiftra.
Xc fg iatar fstê fqucpjda hao gj pjrtcdj fgãhtrchj, gj pjotjggj

par dfefhta df gj Rrfscøo df Jcrf dfg Xcstfij tfodrê
jstfrcshas.
A.X.J. 󰀳󰀼

IFOÐ HJ\KJ ÐTCG
sfgfhhcaojoda
Gj aphcøo dfgRjygajd,
ifoð dfsdf
df gjfg ifoð
hjrkj Rrcohcpjg.
ðtcg fs Fstf
cokrfsjdj
ifoð
 Aphcaofs dfg pfrictf jg usujrca vfr gj coearijhcøo df gj hjrkj ðtcg.
Ifoð Hjrkj Ðtcg
Fg ifoð df hjrkj ðtcg iastrjrê ga sckucfotf icfotrjs fg
hjicøo fstã hjrkjda0
• Gajdcok (Hjrkjoda)
• Gajdcok - Gjst Rjss (Hjrkjoda ‘ Ðgtcia pjsa)
• Euggy Gajdfd (Haipgftjifotf Hjrkjda)
• Trjvfgcok Gajdfd (fo iavcicfota Hjrkjda)
• Xtappfd Gajdfd (dftfocda Hjrkjda)
• Duipcok (Dfshjrkj)
Oatj0 Fg codchjdar df hjrkj ðtcg codchj gj hjrkj ðtcg jhtujg. Fg
Oatj0 Fg
vjgar iêxcia, fo fg codchjdar, codchj fg géictf df gj salrf
hjrkj df gj hjrkj ðtcg.
A.X.J. 󰀳󰀸

IFOÐ XF\UCHCA
 Aphcaofs dfg Fg ifoð df sfrvchca haotcfof sfcs sulifoðs. Ga sckucfotf fs

Ifoð Xfrvchca uoj gcstj df gas sulifoðs0
• Dcjkoøstchas (oa iastrjda)

• Rjrêiftras df Xfrvchca
• Hjgclrjhcaofs
• Rrufljs df Xcstfijs
• Coearijhcøo dfg Xcstfij
A.X.J. 󰀳󰀴

XVL-IFOÐ DCJKOØXTCHA
 Xul-Ifoð Fstj cgustrjhcøo iufstrj fg sulifoð df dcjkoøstchas

dcjkoøstchas
Dcjkoøstcha dfotra dfg ifoð df sfrvchca.
Gj aphcøo dfg Ifoð df gas Fvfotas Jhtcvas
Jhtcvas iufstrj fg
 Ifoð Fvfota FHI y gj narj df sfrvchca pjrj hjdj fvfota. Gj sckucfotf fs
uoj gcstj df coearijhcøo quf sf iufstrj, pjrj fg fvfota
jhtcva0
• Iøduga df Haotrag Fgfhtrøocha
• Hødcka dfg Fvfota
• Efhnj dfg jhaotfhcicfota ‘ ahurrfohcj
• Narj dfg jhaotfhcicfota ‘ ahurrfohcj
• Ocvfg df Jdvfrtfohcj
• Oðifra dfg Cohcdfotfs ‘ ahurrfohcjs
• Narjs df Xfrvchca dfg ifdcdar.
 Ifoð Fvfotas Gj aphcøo

gcstj dfg Ifoð
df fvfotas df Fvfotas
df
y hødckas \fkcstrjdas
\fkcstrjdas
df dcjkoøstcha iufstrj
quf gj
njo scda
\fkcstrjdas rfkcstrjdas. Gas fvfotas rfkcstrjdas pufdfo saga sfr
A.X.J. 󰀳󰀶

larrjdas dfshjrkjoda y rfsftfjoda fg iøduga Rrcohcpjg dfg

UCIX 8K hao fg FT.
Gj aphcøo dfg ifoð df haoeckurjhcøo df fvfotas pfrictf jg
usujrca haoeckurjr gj haoeckurjhcøo df fvfota sfkðo gas
sckucfotfs pjrêiftras0
• \fkcstrjr fvfota
• Iastrjr fvfota
• Fvfota df trjosicscøo
• Njlcgctjr gêipjrj df sfrvchca
 Ifoð • Rrfdftfricojda df eêlrchj
Costjotêofjs
Gj aphcøo dfg Ifoð Haoeckurjhcøo df Costjotêofj
pfrictf, jg usujrca, haoeckurjr uo fvfota ijfstra
(Xojpsnat) pfrictf,
(Xojpsnat)
y Gj aphcøo df ifoð df haoeckurjhcøo df costjotêofj pfrictf
jg usujrca haoeckurjr uo oðifra df fvfota ijfstra
fvfota/dcjkoøstcha y hujoda ahurrf fg fvfota sfgfhhcaojda,
fg scstfij hjpturj uoj costjotêofj. Xaga sf pufdf haoeckurjr
 Ifoð Gcipcjr uo fvfota ijfstra a fvfota/dcjkoøstcha, df fstj earij.
Costjotêofj
Gj aphcøo df Ifoð Gcipcjr Costjotêofj
Costjotêofj a pjotjggj dfg
Jdvcsar (Hgfjr Xojpsnat Xtk ao Jdvcsar shrffo) pfrictf jg
 Ifoð Dcspjra df
usujrca larrjr gj haoeckurjhcøo df gj costjotêofj.
Costjotêofj
Gj aphcøo df Ifoð Dcspjra df Costjotêofjs
Costjotêofjs pfrictf jg
usujrca cochcjr uoj costjotêofj ijoujgifotf, jdfiês df gjs
 Ifoð
costjotêofjs quf yj fstêo prakrjijdjs. Gj costjotêofj
\fkcstrjdar df pfrijofhfrê jhtcvj njstj quf njyj trjoshurrcda fg tcfipa.
t cfipa.
Djtas Gj aphcøo df Ifoð dfg \fkcstrjdar df Djtas iufstrj
Djtas iufstrj fg
fstjda y fg tcfipa rfstjotf. Fg usujrca pufdf fgfkcr Aphcaofs
pjrj cr jg sckucfotf ocvfg df aphcaofs df ifoð quf sao cochca
a pjrjdj. Gas djtas gakkfr pufdfo rfkcstrjr njstj 82 icoutas
df djtas. Fg rfkcstrjdar df djtas sf f`fhutjrê par uo tatjg df
82 icoutas, j ifoas quf fg usujrca dftfokj ijoujgifotf fg
rfkcstrjdar df djtas. Fg rfkcstrjdar df djtas pufdf sfr
cochcjda y dftfocda ijoujgifotf vjrcjs vfhfs njstj quf sf
njo rfkcstrjda 82 icoutas df djtas krjljda.
OATJ0 Gj euohcøo df rfkcstrjdar df djtas haotcoua, quf sf
OATJ0 Gj
praduhf hjdj vfz quf fg cotfrruptar df cochca df tfhgj fstê
FOHFODCDA, rfkcstrjrê gas djtas dfg UCIX dfg hjicøo
durjotf 52 icoutas. Dfspuãs df fstf tcfipa, fg \fkcstrjdar
df djtas haotcoua haifozjrê j larrjr fg djta iês jotckua
djtas, icfotrjs haotcoðj rfkcstrjoda oufvas djtas. Rar ga
tjota, gas ðgtcias 52 icoutas, scfiprf sf jgijhfojrê y
A.X.J. 󰀳󰀵

fstjrê dcspaoclgf pjrj su dfshjrkj. Gas djtas pufdfo sfr

rfhupfrjda usjoda UCIX RH.
 \fsftfa Fg rfkcstrjdar df djtas sf pufdf dftfofr ijoujgifotf
\fkcstrjdar df usjoda gj euohcøo df dftfohcøo.
Djtas
Hujgqucfr djta rfkcstrjda fo fg rfkcstrjdar df djtas sf pufdf
larrjr usjoda gj aphcøo df rfcochca dfg rfkcstrjdar df
djtas,, fo fg Jdvcsar. Fstj aphcøo larrj tadas gas djtas fo fg
djtas
jrhncva jhtujg dfg rfkcstrjdar df djtas, df 82 icoutas.
Voj vfz quf fg rfkcstrjdar df djtas sf nj rfstjlgfhcda, gas
djtas oa sf pufdfo rfhupfrjr= par tjota, sf rfhaicfodj
dfshjrkjr gas djtas usjoda UCIX RH, jotfs df rfstjlgfhfr
gas djtas rfkcstrjdar.
Trfcotj icoutas fstjrêo dcspaoclgfs dfspuãs quf fg
rfkcstrjdar df djtas njyj scda rfsftfjda.
Oatj0 Fg \fkcstrjdar df Djtas fs fg ðocha jrhncva jlarda quf
Oatj0 Fg
pufdf sfr rfsftfjda j trjvãs df gj pjotjggj dfg Jdvcsar. Fg
Jdvcsar dflf fstjr fo fg Iada Xfrvchca a fo fg FT dflf fstjr
haofhtjda jg fogjhf df djtas pjrj rfsftfjr fg rfkcstrjdar df
djtas.
A.X.J. 󰀳󰀻

FUFOTAX JHTCUAX
Gj cgustrjhcøo supfrcar dfrfhnj iufstrj gas prcifras hujtra

 Fvfotas Jhtcvas fgfifotas dfg sulifoð Dcjkoøstcha.
Vsf gas lataofs df egfhnj jrrclj / jljà, fo fg Jdvcsar, pjrj

rfsjgtjr Fvfotas Jhtcvas.
Rrfscaof fg latøo AM, pjrj vfr uoj gcstj df tadas gas fvfotas
quf fstêo jhtcvas jhtujgifotf fo fg hjicøo. Gj cgustrjhcøo
coefrcar czqucfrdj iufstrj uoj gcstj df tadas gas fvfotas
jhtujgifotf jhtcvas.
 Coearijhcøo Vsf fg latøo df ecgj jrrclj / jljà, fo Jdvcsar, pjrj rfsjgtjr

rfgjhcaojdj jg uo fvfota fspfhéecha y gufka prfscaof fg latøo AM pjrj vfr
Fvfota gj coearijhcøo rfgjhcaojdj.
Gj cgustrjhcøo coefrcar dfrfhnj iufstrj gj pjotjggj df
 Fvfotas coearijhcøo df fvfotas jhtcvas pjrj uo fvfota fspfhéecha,
Fspfhéecha f`fipga, (tfipfrjturj jgtj dfg rferckfrjotf dfg iatar).
A.X.J. 󰀳󰀾

Gj pjotjggj df coearijhcøo dfg fvfota jhtcva iufstrj ga

 Coearijhcøo dfg sckucfotf0
Fvfota Jhtcva
• Hødcka df Ejggj dfg fvfota.
• Narjs
ahurrcødfg ifdcdar df sfrvchca fo fg iaifota fo quf
fg fvfota.
• Narj y efhnj fo quf ahurrcø fg fvfota.
• FHI jsahcjda.
• Ocvfg df jdvfrtfohcj.
• Oðifra df ahurrfohcjs df fvfotas.
• Durjhcøo dfg fvfota.
• Ujgar df gj ahurrfohcj.
Rrfscaoj fg latøo Jtrês, fo fg Jdvcsar, das vfhfs pjrj

rfkrfsjr jg ifoð df ocvfg supfrcar, dfg Xulifoð df
dcjkoøstcha.
A.X.J. 󰀳󰀳

FUFOTAX \FKCXT\JDAX
Vsf gas lataofs df egfhnj jrrclj / jljà, fo fg Jdvcsar, pjrj

 Fvfotas rfsjgtjr Fvfotas rfkcstrjdas.
\fkcstrjdas
Rrfscaof fg latøo AM pjrj vfr uoj gcstj df tadas gas fvfotas
rfkcstrjdas.
Gj gcstj df fvfotas rfkcstrjdas iufstrj uoj gcstj df tadas gas
fvfotas quf njo hjilcjda dfsdf jhtcvas j cojhtcvas.
 Fvfotas
\fkcstrjda Vsf fg latøo df egfhnj jrrclj / jljà, fo fg Jdvcsar, pjrj
Fspfhéecha rfsjgtjr uo fvfota fspfhéecha y gufka prfscaof fg latøo AM
pjrj vfr coearijhcøo jdchcaojg.
Gj cgustrjhcøo coefrcar dfrfhnj iufstrj gj pjotjggj df
 Coearijhcøo dfg Coearijhcøo df fvfotas rfkcstrjdas pjrj uo fvfota
Fvfota
\fkcstrjda fspfhéecha,
jhfctf f`fipga (tfipfrjturj jgtj pastfrcar dfrfhnj dfg
df erfoa).
A.X.J. 󰀺󰀲󰀲

Gj pjotjggj df coearijhcøo dfg fvfota rfkcstrjda iufstrj ga

sckucfotf0
 Coearijhcøo dfg
Fvfota • FHI jsahcjda.
\fkcstrjda • Ocvfg df jdvfrtfohcj
• Hødcka dfg fvfota
• Narj y efhnj fo quf ahurrcø fg fvfota
• Narjs dfg ifdcdar df sfrvchca fo fg iaifota fo quf
ahurrcø fg fvfota.
Rrfscaoj fg latøo Jtrês, fo Jdvcsar, das vfhfs, pjrj rfkrfsjr

jg ifoð df ocvfg supfrcar, dfg Xulifoð df dcjkoøstcha.
A.X.J. 󰀺󰀲󰀺

JHTCUJ\ COXTJOTÊOFJ
Vsf gas lataofs df egfhnj jrrclj / jljà fo Jdvcsar pjrj

 Dcspjra df rfsjgtjr gj aphcøo Dcspjr Costjotêofj. Fg fstjda df gj
Costjotêofjs costjotêofj j gj dfrfhnj dflfréj sfr cochcjgifotf ####
(cgustrjhcøo supfrcar).
Rrfscaof fg latøo Jhfptjr, fo fg Jdvcsar, pjrj jhtcvjr uoj
costjotêofj.
Voj vfz quf sf nj jhtcvjda gj costjotêofj, fg fstjda df gj
costjotêofj dflfréj hjilcjr j \fjgczjda (cgustrjhcøo
coefrcar).
Voj costjotêofj rfkcstrj gas djtas df tadas gas pjrêiftras
dcspaoclgfs fo fg hjicøo, dfsdf hcoha icoutas jotfs df gj
A.X.J. 󰀺󰀲󰀼

jhtcvjhcøo df gj costjotêofj, njstj uo icouta dfspuãs df quf

sf rfkcstrjda gj costjotêofj.
OATJ0 Fg fstjda df gj costjotêofj oa sf jhtujgczj fo tcfipa
OATJ0 Fg
rfjg. Xøga, rfspaodf hujoda sf prfscaoj AM.
Fo gj haoeckurjhcøo jhtujg df UCIX ℬ 8K, fg jrhncva pfrictf
hjpturjr das costjotêofjs. Dfspuãs df gj prcifrj
costjotêofj quf sf jhtcvø, dfsdf fg Jdvcsar, fg fstjda df gj
costjotêofj sfkucrê scfoda haia sf rfjgczø, cohgusa dfspuãs
df quf gas djtas df gj hjpturj sf njyjo hjpturjda par
haipgfta.
Rjrj dcspjrjr atrj costjotêofj, rfsjgtf fg fgfifota Dcspjra
costjotêofa y prfscaof fg latøo AM, df oufva. Juoquf fg
fstjda df gj costjotêofj
c ostjotêofj pfrijofhfrê haia sf rfjgczø, uoj
sfkuodj costjotêofj sf jhtcvjrê.
 Coearijhcøo dfg Xc uoyjusujrca

quf sf njyjocotfotj dcspjrjr
rfkcstrjda dasuoj costjotêofj,
costjotêofjs, dfspuãs
fg fstjda dfdf
gj
Fvfota costjotêofj hjilcjrê j Haipgfta y gj costjotêofj oa sfrê
\fkcstrjda krjljdj.
• FHI jsahcjda.
• Ocvfg df jdvfrtfohcj
• Hødcka dfg fvfota
• Narj y efhnj fo quf ahurrcø fg fvfota
• Narjs dfg ifdcdar df sfrvchca fo fg iaifota fo quf
ahurrcø fg fvfota.
 Dcspjra df
Costjotêofjs Rrfscaoj fg latøo
jg ifoð df Jtrês, fodfg
ocvfg supfrcar, Jdvcsar, das vfhfs,
Xulifoð pjrj rfkrfsjr
df dcjkoøstcha.
Voj vfz quf fg fstjda df gj costjotêofj fs Haipgfta, gas
 Larrjr djtas df gj costjotêofj dflfo sfr dfshjrkjdas y gufka sf
Costjotêofjs dflfo larrjr dfsdf fg UCI RH. Gufka sf pufdf rfcochcjr fg
prahfdcicfota, dfsdf Jdvcsar, pjrj krjljr iês
costjotêofjs.
Tjilcão fs pasclgf dcspjrjr uoj costjotêofj ljsjdj fo
fvfotas ahurrcdas, fo gj iêqucoj. Fg fvfota a fvfotas
fspfhéechas quf dcspjrjo gj costjotêofj sao haoeckurjdjs par
fg usujrca y sf dflfo cohgucr fo fg jrhncva df haoeckurjhcøo
dfg UCIX 8K.
A.X.J. 󰀺󰀲󰀸

XVLIFOÐX XF\UCHCA
 Xulifoðs Fstjs cgustrjhcaofs iufstrjo gas sulifoðs, dfotra dfg ifoð
Xfrvchca df sfrvchca.
Gj cgustrjhcøo supfrcar czqucfrdj iufstrj fg sulifoð df
pjrêiftras df sfrvchca, dfotra dfg sfrvchca Ifoð.
Xf iastrjrêo gjs sckucfotfs aphcaofs df Rjrêiftras df
 Xulifoð sfrvchca0
Rjrêiftras df
Xfrvchca
• Ardfojr par FHI.
• Ardfojr par tcpa.
Gj aphcøo df ifoð Ardfojr par FHI, pfrictf

FHI, pfrictf jg usujrca vfr
gas pjrêiftras jsahcjdas hao hjdj FHI. Tadas gas
pjrêiftras pjrj fg FHI fspfhéecha fstêo gcstjdas. Gas
sckucfotfs FHIs pufdfo sfr sfgfhhcaojdas0
• Jdvcsar.
• Erfoa.
• Hnjscs.
A.X.J. 󰀺󰀲󰀴

• Trfo df Cipugscøo.
• Iatar
• Haotragjdar
Haotra gjdar dfg iatar o. ²:.
• Haotragjdar
Haotra gjdar dfg iatar o. ²<.
• Iøduga df jpgchjhcøo UCIX ℬ 8K.
• Iøduga prcohcpjg UCIX 8K.
Gj aphcøo df ifoð Ardfojr par tcpa pfrictf

tcpa pfrictf jg usujrca vfr
gas pjrêiftras jsahcjdas hao dcefrfotfs haipaofotfs. Xf
pufdfo fgfkcr gas sckucfotfs tcpas df pjrêiftras0
• Tfipfrjturjs
• Rrfscaofs
• Ufgahcdjdfs
• Fotrjdjs dfg apfrjdar
• Fstjda df gj iêqucoj
• Vocdjd fgãhtrchj
• Tatjgfs - \fstjlgfhfr
• Tatjgfs0 vcdj ðtcg
• Iaoctarfa df ofuiêtchas
• Costjgjhcøo
Gj aphcøo dfg sulifoð df hjgclrjhcøo
hjgclrjhcøo haoscstf fo gj
hjgclrjhcøo df gj hjrkj ðtcg dfg hjicøo.
Gj aphcøo dfg sulifoð Rrufljs dfg scstfij
scstfij pfrictf jg
usujrca rfjgczjr
rfodcicfota gj pruflj
dfg iatar. df hujdréhugj
Gj pruflj y gj prufljuoj
Krcd Dry praparhcaoj df
hjotcdjd fspfhéechj df vagtj`f y harrcfotf j gj rfd pjrj
praparhcaojr hjgar pjrj sfhjr gas fgfifotas rfscstcvas sc, fg
parhfotj`f df ejggj j tcfrrj DH fs uo ocvfg df ejggj df uoa, das
a trfs.
Gj pruflj df rfodcicfota dfg iatar iatar pfrictf fg usa dfg
kfofrjdar y gj rfd, pjrj hjrkjr fg iatar H:;6. Fs cipartjotf
tfofr fo hufotj quf gj Rruflj df rfodcicfota dfg iatar
pufdf oa rfegf`jr, hao prfhcscøo, gj hjpjhcdjd rfjg df m[ dfg
iatar, yj quf gj pruflj oa fstê dcsfújdj, pjrj sfr uoj
pruflj df fstcga dcojiaiãtrcha. Fstj pruflj fs iês uoj
pruflj df am / oa am, dcsfújdj, pjrj iastrjr sc fg iatar
pufdf ijotfofr :>22 rpi, icfotrjs sf ggfvj fg Lus DH j uo
ocvfg dfsfjda df vjgar df vagtj`f.
A.X.J. 󰀺󰀲󰀶

Xc sf sagchctø jg kfofrjdar fg juifota df gj tfoscøo dfg lus

df HH, pfra fg iatar tfoéj uo pralgfij, fotaohfs gjs rpi oa
padrêo ijotfofrsf.
Xc gjs rpi dfg iatar sf ijotcfofo, pfra gj Ratfohcj rfjg dfg
Kfofrjdar, fs lj`j, fotaohfs pufdf njlfr uoj ejggj fo fg
Xcstfij df haotrag dfg Trfo df Cipugscøo Fgãhtrcha.
Gj aphcøo dfg sulifoð df coearijhcøo dfg scstfij pfrictf jg
usujrca vfr gj coearijhcøo pjrj gas sckucfotfs FHI df gj
iêqucoj0
• Jsfsar.
• Erfoa.
• Hnjscs.
• Haoduhcr fg trfo.
• Iatar.
• Haotragjdar
Haotra gjdar dfg iatar o. ²:.
• Haotragjdar
Haotra gjdar dfg iatar o. ²<.
• Iøduga df jpgchjhcøo UCIX ℬ 8K.
• Iøduga prcohcpjg UCIX 8K.
A.X.J. 󰀺󰀲󰀵

HJGCL\JHCØO DF HJ\KJ ÐTCG
Rjrj hjgclrjr gj hjrkj ðtcg dfg hjicøo, sfgfhhcaof gj aphcøo

hjicøo y prfscaof AM latøo.
Hjrkj ðtcg dfg hjicøo y
 Hjgclrjhcøo df Fg Jdvcsar oa pfrictcrê, ocokuoj hjgclrjhcøo, j ifoas quf fg
Hjrkj Ðtcg iada df sfrvchca fstã njlcgctjda. Fg iada df sfrvchca sfrê
dcshutcda iês jdfgjotf fo fstf iøduga.
i øduga.
Gj cgustrjhcøo iufstrj gas pjsas pjrj gj hjgclrjhcøo df gj
hjrkj ðtcg. Xckuj gjs costruhhcaofs fo fg Rjofg Jdvcsar.
Hujoda sf haipgftf gj hjgclrjhcøo, prfscaof Xckucfotf a fg
latøo AM..
A.X.J. 󰀺󰀲󰀻

IFOÐ DF J@VXTFX
Fg ifoð df Jùstfs pfrictf jg usujrca jhhfdfr j gas

sckucfotfs sulifoðs0
 Ifoð Jùstfs
• Haoeckurjhcøo df pjotjggj.
• Erfoa.
• Trfo df Cipugscøo.
• Iêqucoj.
• Iaoctarfa df ofuiêtchas.
• UCIX ℬ 8K.
Rjotjggj0 Fstf sulifoð sf rfgjhcaoj hao gjs

Jùstf df Rjotjggj0
 Jùstf df prfefrfohcjs dfg apfrjdar pjrj gj pjotjggj dfg Jdvcsar.
Rjotjggj
A.X.J. 󰀺󰀲󰀾

Gas sckucfotfs pjrêiftras pufdfo sfr jùstjdas0
• Cdcaij.
• Vocdjdfs.
• Haotrjstf.
• Lrcgga.
• Earijta df efhnj.
• Earijta df tcfipa.
Iêqucoj0 Fstf sulifoð pfrictf jg usujrca

Jùstfs df gj Iêqucoj0 Fstf
 Jùstf df gj haoeckurjr fg oðifra df sfrcf df gj iêqucoj. Gas sckucfotfs
Iêqucoj. pjrêiftras pufdfo sfr jùstjdas0
• CD dfg Rraduhta.
• CD dfg fqucpa.
Ofuiêtchas0 Fstf sulifoð,
Jùstf df Iaoctarfa df Ofuiêtchas0
pfrictf vfr gas sckucfotfs pjrêiftras0
 Jùstf df
Iaoctarfa df
Ofuiêtchas • HCR dfg ofuiêtcha dfg f`f dfgjotfra.
• HCR dfg ofuiêtcha dfg f`f trjsfra.
• Fstjda df costjgjhcøo GE.
• Fstjda df costjgjhcøo df \E.
• Fstjda df costjgjhcøo df G\C.
• Fstjda df costjgjhcøo df G\A.
• Fstjda df costjgjhcøo df \\C.
• Fstjda df costjgjhcøo \\A.
• Oðifra df cdfotcechjhcøo dfg sfosar GE.
• Oðifra df cdfotcechjhcøo dfg sfosar df \E.
• Oðifra df cdfotcechjhcøo dfg sfosar df G\C.
• Oðifra df cdfotcechjhcøo dfg sfosar G\A.
• Oðifra df cdfotcechjhcøo dfg sfosar \\C.
• Oðifra df cdfotcechjhcøo dfg sfosar \\A.
• Haipfosjhcøo ljraiãtrchj df iaoctarfa df ggjotjs.
 Jùstf df Erfoas0 Fstf sulifoð pfrictf quf fg pjrêiftra

Jùstf df Erfoas0 Fstf
Erfoas Iêxcia df Ufgahcdjd df \ftjrda dfg Iatar Dfsckojda, sfj
jùstjda.

A.X.J. 󰀺󰀲󰀳

8K0 Fstf sulifoð pfrictf gj haoeckurjhcøo

Jùstf df UCIX 8K0 Fstf
df gas sckucfotfs jùstfs df hjrkj ðtcg y fstê pratfkcda hao
haotrjsfúj. Fg ifoð tjilcão haotcfof gas jùstfs dfg
rfkcstrjdar haodchcaojg.
• Rfsa al`ftcva df hjrkj ðtcg.

• Géictf df salrfhjrkj df hjrkj ðtcg.
• Ðgtcia pjsf codchjda.
Gj haoeckurjhcøo dfg rfkcstrjdar haodchcaojg pfrictf jg

usujrca njlcgctjr a dfsnjlcgctjr gj haoeckurjhcøo, jsé haia
fstjlgfhfr gj durjhcøo a fg tcfipa. Fstf fs uo rfkcstrjdar df
djtas quf sf jhtcvj jutaiêtchjifotf, fo euohcøo df
haodchcaofs fspfhéechjs df gj iêqucoj.
A.X.J. 󰀺󰀺󰀲

IFOÐ IADA XF\UCHCA
Gj aphcøo df ifoð dfg iada df sfrvchca pfrictf jg usujrca

njlcgctjr y dfsnjlcgctjr fg iada df sfrvchca. Fg iada df
sfrvchca pfrictf fg jhhfsa j iês euohcaofs rfgjhcaojdjs hao
 Ifoð Iada fg sfrvchca. Gj pjotjggj df cokrfsa df gj haotrjsfúj,
Xfrvchca jpjrfhfrê sc gj haotrjsfúj nj scda haoeckurjdj hao fg Hjt FT.
Xc gj haotrjsfúj oa sf fstjlgf hao fg Hjt FT, oa njlrê uoj
haotrjsfúj prfdfecocdj.
Fg Jdvcsar cokrfsjrê jg iada df sfrvchca uoj vfz quf gj
haotrjsfúj njyj scda cokrfsjdj harrfhtjifotf.
Fg usujrca pufdf dfsnjlcgctjr fg iada df sfrvchca
prfscaojoda fg latøo AM icfotrjs fstê fo fg Ifoð dfg iada
df sfrvchca.
A.X.J. 󰀺󰀺󰀺

Gj sckucfotf gcstj fs uo rfsuifo df gjs euohcaofs dfg iada

df sfrvchca quf pufdfo sfr haotrjsfúj pratfkcda0
• Hjilca df CD df praduhta.
• Hjilca df CD df fqucpa.
• Hjilca df géictf df vfgahcdjd df salrfhjrkj
salrfhjrkj df gj
gj
iêqucoj.
• Hjilca df géictf df salrfhjrkj df hjlcdj ðtcg (sc fstê
costjgjdj gj hjrkj ðtcg).
• Hjilca df pfsa al`ftcva df gj hjrkj ðtcg (sc fstê
costjgjdj gj hjrkj ðtcg).
• Hjilca iêxcia df vfgahcdjd vfgahcdjd df rftjrda df gj
iêqucoj dfsfjdj.
• Hjilca df géictf df vfgahcdjd df gj iêqucoj.
• Hjilca df costjgjhcøo dfg sfosar df iaoctarfa
iaoctarfa df
ofuiêtchas.
• Hjilca df cdfotcechjhcøo dfg sfosar df iaoctarfa df
ggjotjs.
• Dfshaofxcøo dfg iatar df jhhcaojicfota.
• Hjgclrjhcøo df hjrkj ðtcg.
• Rruflj ijoujg df iada df gulrchjhcøo.
A.X.J. 󰀺󰀺󰀼

Haohguscøo
Hao fsta haohguyf fg iøduga df XCXTFIJ DF IAOCTA\FA
JDUCXA\ S UCIX 8K, dfg hjicøo ;34 JH, njlcgctjoda jg
pjrtchcpjotf, pjrj quf pufdjo gahjgczjr, cdfotcechjr y dfshrclcr
 Haohguscøo fg euohcaojicfota dfg Xcstfij df Iaoctarfa Jdvcsar y UCIX
8K, y dfiufstrfo sfr haipftfotfs utcgczjoda gjs euohcaofs
dcspaoclgfs.
A.X.J. 󰀺󰀺󰀸

IADVGA 60 XCXTFIJ DF DC\FHHCØO

 Xcstfij df R\ARØXCTA
Dcrfhhcøo.
Fstf iøduga
pufdjo fstê dcsfújda
gahjgczjr, cdfotcechjrpjrj kjrjotczjr
y dfshrclcr quf gas tãhochas
gj euohcaojgcdjd df
tadas haipaofotfs prcohcpjgfs y puotas df sfrvchca dfg
Xcstfij df dcrfhhcøo, dfshrclcfoda su euohcaojicfota y
dfiastrjoda haoahcicfota df gjs fstrjtfkcjs utcgczjdjs pjrj
haotragjr gj euohcøo df dcrfhhcøo.
J\KVIFOTJHCØO
haipaofotfs y gas puotas df sfrvchca dfg scstfij df
dcrfhhcøo, dfshrclcfoda su euohcaojicfota y dfiastrjoda
haoahcicfota df gjs fstrjtfkcjs utcgczjdjs pjrj haotragjr gj
euohcøo df dcrfhhcøo.

fstêo hjpjhctjdas pjrj gahjgczjr, cdfotcechjr y dfshrclcr gj
euohcøo df tadas gas haipaofotfs y gas puotas df sfrvchca
dfg Xcstfij df Dcrfhhcøo, dfshrclcfoda su euohcaojicfota y
gjs fstrjtfkcjs utcgczjdjs pjrj haotragjr gj euohcøo df
Dcrfhhcøo. Haipgftjoda gj fvjgujhcøo prêhtchj, hao gas
gjlarjtarcas harrfspaodcfotfs j hjdj tfij y rfspaodcfoda gj
fvjgujhcøo tførchj, hao prfkuotjs df sfgfhhcøo iðgtcpgf y
haipgftjhcøo df cdfotcechjhcøo df haipaofotfs.
cdfotcechjo gjs hjrjhtfréstchjs dfg scstfij df dcrfhhcøo.
cdfotcechjo gas haipaofotfs y gas puotas df sfrvchca dfg
scstfij df dcrfhhcøo.
A.X.J. 󰀺󰀺󰀴


haipaofotfs dfg scstfij df dcrfhhcøo.
rfefrfohcj (ijoujg df sfrvchca), gas pjrtchcpjotfs rfjgczjo
gjs prufljs y jùstfs dfg scstfij df dcrfhhcøo.
A.X.J. 󰀺󰀺󰀶

Cotraduhhcøo
 Xcstfij df Fstf iøduga fxpgchj fg euohcaojicfota dfg Xcstfij df
dcrfhhcøo Dcrfhhcøo dfg hjicøo ;34 JH. Fstf iøduga fxpgchj gj
Rrcohcpjg. apfrjhcøo dfg scstfij df dcrfhhcøo. Haia fo atras hjicaofs
Eufrj df Hjrrftfrj Hjtfrpcggjr, fg scstfij df dcrfhhcøo utcgczj
gj eufrzj ncdrêugchj pjrj hjilcjr gj dcrfhhcøo df gjs rufdjs
dfgjotfrjs. Fg scstfij oa tcfof haofxcøo ifhêochj fotrf fg
vagjotf df dcrfhhcøo y gas hcgcodras df dcrfhhcøo.
Xc fg eguà df jhfctf fs cotfrruipcda icfotrjs fg hjicøo fstê
iavcãodasf, fg scstfij coharparj uo scstfij df dcrfhhcøo
 Xcstfij df sfhuodjrca.
dcrfhhcøo
Xfhuodjrcj. Gj dcrfhhcøo sfhuodjrcj fs rfjgczjdj par jhuiugjdarfs gas
hujgfs suicocstrjo eguà df jhfctf pjrj ijotfofr gj dcrfhhcøo.
Fstj cgustrjhcøo iufstrj gj ulchjhcøo df gas sckucfotfs
haipaofotfs prcohcpjgfs dfg scstfij df dcrfhhcøo0
(>) Lailj dascechjdarj

dascechjdarj df gj dcrfhhcøo (NIV)
(NIV)
(3) Iðgtcpgf df haotrag df gj dcrfhhcøo
(:2) Krupa df vêgvugj df sagfoacdf y iðgtcpgf (vfotcgjdar
sapgjdar, gulrchjhcøo dfg ijoda ecojg y dcrfhhcøo)
A.X.J. 󰀺󰀺󰀵

(::) Lailj df pcstaofs (dcrfhhcøo)

(:<) Hcgcodras df gj dcrfhhcøo
(:8) Ecgtra df jhfctf (dcrfhhcøo)
(:4) Jhuiugjdarfs df gj dcrfhhcøo

(:6) Uêgvugj df haotrag df gj dcrfhhcøo
A.X.J. 󰀺󰀺󰀻

Cotraduhhcøo
 Haipaofotfs Fstf iøduga fxpgchj fg euohcaojicfota dfg Xcstfij df
prcohcpjgfs, dfg Dcrfhhcøo dfg hjicøo ;34 JH. Fstf fs uo scstfij ncdrêugcha
scstfij df df hfotra hfrrjda, hao dftfhhcøo df hjrkj, quf haotragj das
dcrfhhcøo. hcgcodras df dalgf jhhcøo (:). Fg jhfctf fs suicocstrjda j gas
hcgcodras par jhuiugjdarfs quf sao hjrkjdas par uoj lailj
df pcstaofs, df dfspgjzjicfota vjrcjlgf, df prfscøo
haipfosjdj (<). Gj vêgvugj df haotrag df gj dcrfhhcøo (4)
utcgczj fg jhfctf ncdrêugcha suicocstrjda par gj Vocdjd df
dascechjhcøo ijoujg (NIV) (8), pjrj iavfr gas hcgcodras df
dcrfhhcøo y hjilcjr gj dcrfhhcøo df gjs rufdjs dfgjotfrjs.
Gj lailj df gj dcrfhhcøo tjilcão suicocstrj jhfctf j gas
sckucfotfs scstfijs0 jg scstfij df erfoas, jg vfotcgjdar df
foercjicfota dfg trfo df cipugscøo, jg scstfij df gulrchjhcøo
dfg ijoda ecojg y gj vêgvugj df rfduhhcøo df prfscøo df sfújg
pcgata dfg scstfij dfg dcspasctcva df gfvjotjicfota.
Gj lailj df gj dcrfhhcøo apfrj søga hujoda fg iatar fstê fo
euohcaojicfota. Fg krupa df vêgvugj df sagfoacdf y iðgtcpgf
haotragj gj sjgcdj df gj lailj df pcstaofs df gj dcrfhhcøo. Fg
krupa df vêgvugj df sagfoacdf y iðgtcpgf djo prcarcdjd jg
scstfij df dcrfhhcøo. Voj vfz quf sf huipgfo gas rfqucsctas
dfg scstfij df dcrfhhcøo, fg krupa df vêgvugj df sagfoacdf y
iðgtcpgf dcrckf fg jhfctf j gas atras scstfijs.
Gj uocdjd df dascechjhcøo ijoujg NIV, euohcaoj hao fg
iðgtcpgf df haotrag pjrj njhfr kcrjr gj iêqucoj. Gj NIV,

A.X.J. 󰀺󰀺󰀾

dascechj gj hjotcdjd df jhfctf quf sf fovéj jg jipgcechjdar df

eguà, sfkðo gj vfgahcdjd j gj quf sf kcrj fg vagjotf df
dcrfhhcøo. Hujota iês rêpcda kcrj fg vagjotf df dcrfhhcøo,
ijyar fs fg eguà df jhfctf quf sf fovéj j gas hcgcodras df gj
dcrfhhcøo y iês rêpcda hjilcjo fg sfotcda gjs rufdjs.
A.X.J. 󰀺󰀺󰀳

Ijoøiftras dfg Xcstfij df Dcrfhhcøo

 Ijoøiftras Gj eckurj iufstrj fg kjlcoftf Ncdrêugcha ulchjda fo gj pjrtf
ncdrêugchas, dfg pastfrcar df gj fstjhcøo dfg apfrjdar, fo fg gjda czqucfrda dfg
scstfij df hjicøo, cdfotcechjoda gas ijoøiftras harrfspaodcfotfs jg
dcrfhhcøo. Xcstfij df Dcrfhhcøo.
:. Ijoøiftra df gj
gj vvêgvugj
êgvugj df dcrfhhcøo.
<. Ijoøiftra dfg jhuiugjdar df dcrfhhcøo.
A.X.J. 󰀺󰀼󰀲

Lailj dfg Xcstfij Dcrfhhcøo

 Lailj, dfg
scstfij df Gj lailj df dcrfhhcøo (:) fs jhhcaojdj par uo fsgjløo df
dcrfhhcøo. ijoda dfg kfofrjdar (<). Gj hj`j fs haofhtjdj, j trjvãs df
f`f (8) jg fxtrfia dfg kfofrjdar (4).
Gj lailj df dcrfhhcøo fs uoj lailj df pcstøo df
dfspgjzjicfota vjrcjlgf quf suicocstrj jhfctf jg scstfij df
dcrfhhcøo. Gj lailj df dcrfhhcøo tjilcão suicocstrj jhfctf
jg scstfij df erfoas, jg iatar dfg vfotcgjdar df rferckfrjhcøo
dfg trfo df cipugscøo, jg scstfij df gulrchjhcøo dfg ijoda
ecojgfs. Jdfiês, suicocstrj jhfctf df sfújg pcgata, pjrj fg
scstfij df gfvjotf, j trjvãs df gj vêgvugj rfduhtarj df
prfscøo.
A.X.J. 󰀺󰀼󰀺

Jhuiugjdarfs df Xcstfij df Dcrfhhcøo

 Jhuiugjdarfs, Fg Xcstfij df Dcrfhhcøo tcfof hcoha jhuiugjdarfs (:)
dfg scstfij df iaotjdas ùotas fo fg hastjda dfg ljstcdar, hfrhj dfg tjoquf
dcrfhhcøo. ncdrêugcha (<), Tjilcão sf iufstrj fg jhuiugjdar dfg erfoa
dfgjotfra (8).
Gas jhuiugjdarfs sao df tcpat cpa pcstøo hjrkjdas hao octrøkfoa,
pfrictcfoda jgijhfojr fg jhfctf ljà prfscøo. Gas
jhuiugjdarfs sao uoj eufotf df jhfctf prfsurczjda pjrj
scstfij df dcrfhhcøo y pravffo df jhfctf fo fg hjsa df
rfstrchhcaofs a eguà cojdfhujda dfsdf gj lailj df dcrfhhcøo.
Gas jhuiugjdarfs tjilcão pfrictfo quf fg scstfij df
dcrfhhcøo ijotfokj uoj prfscøo iês haostjotf jg jlsarlfr
gas juifotas lrushas df prfscøo df jgtj a lj`j.
Gj vêgvugj df hjrkj df octrøkfoa
oct røkfoa fstê fo gj pjrtf supfrcar df
gas jhuiugjdarfs. Fg jhuiugjdar dflf prfhjrkjrsf j
jpraxcijdjifotf :2,842 mRj (:,622 psc), y hao fg scstfij
df dcrfhhcøo sco prfscøo.
OATJ0 gas jhuiugjdarfs df gj dcrfhhcøo pfrijofhfo
OATJ0
hjrkjdas hujoda fg cotfrruptar df gj ggjvf df jrrjoquf df gj
hjlcoj fstê fo gj paschcøo AO. Jgcvcf gj prfscøo ncdrêugchj df
gas jhuiugjdarfs df dcrfhhcøo, jotfs df gj cospfhhcøo a fg
ijotfocicfota, dfshaofhtjoda fg cotfrruptar df jrrjoquf df
gj hjlcoj, jotfs df dfshaofhtjr fg cotfrruptar df dfshaofxcøo
df gj ljtfréj (Ggjvf df Hartf). Jdfiês, gj pjgjohj df haotrag
 \fspcrjdfra dfg df hjilcas dflf fstjr fo gj paschcøo FXTJHCAOJ\.
Tjoquf Fg rfspcrjdfra (4) dfg tjoquf ncdrêugcha fstê ulchjda fo gj
Ncdrêugcha. pjrtf supfrcar.

A.X.J. 󰀺󰀼󰀼

Xfosarfs dfg Tjoquf Ncdrêugcha

 Xfosarfs dfg
Tjoquf (:) Xfosar df ocvfg ljà dfg tjoquf ncdrêugcha.
Ncdrêugcha.
(<) Xfosar df tfipfrjturj ncdrêugchj.
Fg sfosar df ocvfg ljà dfg tjoquf ncdrêugcha (:) y fg sfosar
df tfipfrjturj ncdrêugchj (<) fstêo ulchjdas fo gj pjrtf
dfgjotfrj dfg tjoquf ncdrêugcha, dftrês df gj tjpj.
A.X.J. 󰀺󰀼󰀸

Iðgtcpgf df Dcrfhhcøo y Ecgtra df Jhfctf df Dcrfhhcøo

 Iugtcpgf y Ecgtra,
dfg scstfij df Fg hagfhtar df dcrfhhcøo (:), gj vêgvugj df prcarcdjd (<) y fg
dcrfhhcøo. ecgtra df jhfctf df gj dcrfhhcøo (8) fstêo iaotjdas dfotra fo
fg hnjscs fo fg gjda czqucfrda, erfotf jg tjoquf ncdrêugcha.
Fg ecgtra df jhfctf df gj dcrfhhcøo fstê fqucpjda hao uoj
vêgvugj df dfrcvjhcøo. Gj vêgvugj df dfrcvjhcøo jlrf j uoj
prfscøo dcefrfohcjg iêxcij, j trjvãs dfg fgfifota df ecgtra
hujoda fg jhfctf fstê eréa a fg fgfifota ecgtrjotf fstê
rfstrcokcda, jlrcfoda, pjrj jsfkurjr fg suicocstra df jhfctf j
gj dcrfhhcøo.
Fg ecgtra fstê fqucpjda hao uo codchjdar ifhêocha ulchjda fo
fg fxtfrcar, fo gj hjlfzj df ecgtra. Fg hjicøo pufdf fstjr
fqucpjda hao uo cotfrruptar df dfrcvjhcøo aphcaojg quf
cguicoj uo codchjdar fo gj hjlcoj. Fg codchjdar ifhêocha y fg
cotfrruptar
hujoda df dfrcvjhcøo
gj prfscøo fstêo
dcefrfohcjg, dcsfújdas
j trjvãs pjrj jhtcvjrsf
dfg ecgtra.
A.X.J. 󰀺󰀼󰀴

Uêgvugj df Rrcarcdjd df gj Dcrfhhcøo

 Iugtcpgf y Ecgtra,
dfg scstfij df Gj vêgvugj df prcarcdjd df gj dcrfhhcøo (:) sf fohufotrj ùsta
dcrfhhcøo. j gj czqucfrdj dfg hagfhtar df gj vêgvugj df dcrfhhcøo (<). Fg
prapøscta fstj vêgvugj fs djr prcarcdjd jg scstfij df
dcrfhhcøo.
J ifdcdj quf sf jrrjohj fg iatar, gj prcarcdjd fs hjrkjr gas
hcoha jhuiugjdarfs quf praparhcaojo dcrfhhcøo
supgfifotjrcj. Dfspuãs df quf sf hjrkjo gas jhuiugjdarfs,
fg jhfctf fstê dcspaoclgf pjrj fg scstfij df dcrfhhcøo y fg
fxhfsa df jhfctf sf dcrckf jg iatar dfg vfotcgjdar dfg trfo df
cipugscøo, jg scstfij df gulrchjhcøo df gas ijodas ecojgfs y
jg iatar dfg vfotcgjdar, aphcaojg, df rferckfrjhcøo dfg f`f
trjsfra.
Fg jhfctf df dcrfhhcøo pravcfof dfg ecgtra
e cgtra df dcrfhhcøo, j trjvãs
df gj ijokufrj (8), j gj prcarcdjd df vêgvugj df dcrfhhcøo y
gufka j gj vêgvugj dfg hagfhtar df dcrfhhcøo (egfhnj).
Gj vêgvugj df prcarcdjd df gj dcrfhhcøo haotcfof fg sagfoacdf
df gulrchjhcøo dfg ijoda ecojg (4) fo gj pjrtf coefrcar df gj
vêgvugj. Fo fstf iaifota, gj cokfocfréj nj dfhcdcda
ijotfofr fstf sagfoacdf fo gj haodchcøo df jpfrturj hujoda
fg cotfrruptar df dfshaofxcøo fstê hfrrjda. Ijotfofr fstf
sagfoacdf jlcfrta fs dflcda j gj jdchcøo dfg scstfij df
gulrchjhcøo dfg ijoda ecojg quf yj tcfof uoj vêgvugj df

A.X.J. 󰀺󰀼󰀶

dfrcvjhcøo ecojg df gulrchjhcøo quf fs haotragjdj par gas

tcfipas df fohfodcda y jpjkjda dfg iatar. Fg jhfctf df
gulrchjhcøo dfg ijoda ecojg dfg iatar sjgf df gj vêgvugj j
trjvãs df gj ijokufrj (6).
Fo fg gjda czqucfrda dfg hufrpa df gj vêgvugj fstê gj vêgvugj

df rftfohcøo (5). Fg jhfctf eguyf j trjvãs df fstj vêgvugj jg
iatar dfg vfotcgjdar dfg trfo df cipugscøo, j trjvãs df gj
ijokufrj (;).
Dftrês df gj vêgvugj df rftfohcøo (5), iês hfrhj dfg ljstcdar
y oa iastrjda, fstê fg pufrta df suicocstra pjrj fg iatar
aphcaojg dfg vfotcgjdar df rferckfrjhcøo dfg f`f trjsfra.
Gj vêgvugj df jgcvca (>) sf hcfrrj hujoda gas jhuiugjdarfs sf
fstêo hjrkjoda. Dfspuãs df quf njyjo hjrkjda, gj vêgvugj
df jgcvca sf jlrf y ijotcfof uoj prfscøo dfg scstfij quf
pravahj quf gj vêgvugj df haotrag (:2) sf jlrj pjrj dcrckcr fg
jhfctf
df jg iatar df
gulrchjhcøo dfggas
vfotcgjdar
ijodasdfg trfo dfj cipugscøo,
ecojgfs, jg scstfij
trjvãs dfg arcechca (3)
y jg iatar dfg vfotcgjdar dfg scstfij df foercjicfota aphcaojg
dfg f`f trjsfra.
A.X.J. 󰀺󰀼󰀵

Iugtcpgf dfg Xcstfij df Dcrfhhcøo

 Haipaofotfs
dfg Iðgtcpgf dfg Fg iðgtcpgf df haotrag fstê iaotjda fo fg cotfrcar dfg rcfg dfg
Xcstfij df ljstcdar czqucfrda, fohcij df gas ecgtras df jhfctf ncdrêugcha.
Dcrfhhcøo.
Fg jhfctf df gj lailj df dcrfhhcøo eguyf j gj vêgvugj df
prcarcdjd y gufka jg iðgtcpgf df gj dcrfhhcøo (:), j trjvãs
t rjvãs df gj
ijokufrj (3). Fg iðgtcpgf df haotrag dcrckf fg jhfctf jg
jipgcechjdar df eguà df gj dcrfhhcøo, jg iðgtcpgf df erfoa, y j
gj vêgvugj rfduhtarj df prfscøo df sfújg pcgata, pjrj fg
scstfij df gfvjotf.
Fg haoùota df vêgvugj sagfoacdf (<) haotcfof uo sagfoacdf y
uoj vêgvugj ijoujg df tcpa trjhhcøo.
t rjhhcøo. Hujoda fg cotfrruptar df
ggjvf sf jpjkj, fg sagfoacdf sf jhtcvj y fg jhfctf sf dcrckf
dfsdf fg jhuiugjdar df dcrfhhcøo jg tjoquf. Gj vêgvugj df
trjhhcøo ijoujg, quf fstê hjrkjdj par rfsartf fo gj paschcøo
hfrrjdj, praparhcaoj uo iãtada pjrj gclfrjr prfscøo fo gas
jhuiugjdarfs df dcrfhhcøo.
Fg haoùota df vêgvugj df jgcvca (8) gcictj gj prfscøo fo fg
scstfij df dcrfhhcøo y fs jùstjdj, jpraxcijdjifotf j
<>,<;2 mRj (4,:22 psc).
Fg haoùota df haotrag df eguà (4) haotragj fg eguà df jhfctf j
gas hcoha jhuiugjdarfs, gj vêgvugj jipgcechjdarj df dcrfhhcøo

A.X.J. 󰀺󰀼󰀻

y j gj NIV, y jg scstfij df erfoas.

e rfoas.
Fg cotfrruptar df lj`j prfscøo df gj dcrfhhcøo (6) iaoctarfj gj
prfscøo df suicocstra dfg scstfij df dcrfhhcøo (prfscøo dfg
jhuiugjdar) y njhf quf uo codchjdar df lj`j prfscøo df
dcrfhhcøo, fo fg tjlgfra df gj hjlcoj, sf fohcfodj.
Gas haipaofotfs jdchcaojgfs dfg iðgtcpgf df dcrfhhcøo sao0
• Haoùota df gj vêgvugj Hnfhm
Hnfhm (5) quf ijotcfof fg jhfctf
jhfctf df
gj lailj df dcrfhhcøo euohcaojoda, j trjvãs df fstj
vêgvugj fg jhfctf sf dcrckf j gas jhuiugjdarfs y j gj vêgvugj
df haotrag df gj dcrfhhcøo.
• Uêgvugj jipgcechjdarj df gj ijokufrj j gj dcrfhhcøo (gj
ijokufrj oa fstê haofhtjdj jg gjda dfrfhna df gj vêgvugj)
(;).
• Ijokufrjs df jhuiugjdarfs
jhuiugjdarfs (>)
• Gj ijokufrj (:2) vj j gas ijoøiftras df gj dcrfh
dcrfhhcøo,
hcøo, fo
fg kjlcoftf ncdrêugcha.
• Gj ijokufrj (::) vj
vj jg iðgtcpgf df erfoa.
A.X.J. 󰀺󰀼󰀾

Uêgvugj df gj Dcrfhhcøo
 Uêgvugj df gj
Dcrfhhcøo. Fg vagjotf df gj hjlcoj fstê haofhtjda j gj vêgvugj df gj
dcrfhhcøo (:). Gj vêgvugj df dcrfhhcøo tjilcão sf haoahf
haia vêgvugj arlctrag a Vocdjd df Dascechjhcøo Ijoujg
(NIV).
Gj vêgvugj df dcrfhhcøo dascechj gj hjotcdjd df jhfctf fovcjda
jg jipgcechjdar df eguà, par gj vfgahcdjd j gj quf sf kcrj fg
vagjotf. Hujota iês rêpcda sf kcrj fg vagjotf, ijyar fg eguà
df jhfctf quf sf fovéj j gas hcgcodras df dcrfhhcøo dfsdf fg
jipgcechjdar df eguà, y sf iufvfo uoj ijyar dcstjohcj, jg
juifotjr gj vfgahcdjd hjilcjoda iês rêpcdjifotf gj
dcrfhhcøo df gjs rufdjs.
Gas sckucfotfs pufrtas fstêo ulchjdas fo gj vêgvugj NIV0
• Jg pufrta G fo fg jipgcechjdar df eguà (czqucfrdj) (<)
• Jg pufrta \ fo fg jipgcechjdar df eguà (dfrfhnj) (8)
• Jg pufrta R fo fg jipgcechjdar df eguà (suicocstra) (4)
• Jg pufrta T fo fg jipgcechjdar df eguà (rftaroa) (6)
• Jg pufrta GX (dftfhhcøo df hjrkj) fo fg jipgcechjdar df
eguà (5)
A.X.J. 󰀺󰀼󰀳

Uêgvugj df Haotrag df Dcrfhhcøo

 Uêgvugj df gj
Dcrfhhcøo. Uêgvugj df Haotrag df gj Dcrfhhcøo (:) fstê iaotjda jg cotfrcar
dfg rcfg dfg ljstcdar czqucfrda fo gj pjrtf eraotjg
e raotjg dfg hjicøo.
Gj vêgvugj df jgcvca df dftfhhcøo df hjrkj (oa vcsclgf) sf
fohufotrj fo gj géofj df haiuochjhcøo dfg eguà df gj vêgvugj
jipgcechjdarj y sf jùstj j jpraxcijdjifotf :>,<;2 mRj
(<,562 psc).
Gj vêgvugj df haotrag df dcrfhhcøo fs jhhcaojdj par eguà df
jhfctf df prfscøo pcgata dfsdf gj vêgvugj df dascechjhcøo
ijoujg NIV, ulchjdj fo gj ljsf df gj haguioj df dcrfhhcøo.
Gjs géofjs ncdrêugchjs df pcgatj`f fovéjo jhfctf pcgata dfsdf
gj vêgvugj df dcrfhhcøo jg dfspgjzjr gas hjrrftfs fo gj vêgvugj
df haotrag df dcrfhhcøo. Gas hjrrftfs haotragjo gj hjotcdjd y
dcrfhhcøo dfg eguà df jhfctf fovcjda j gas hcgcodras df
dcrfhhcøo.
Gjs haofxcaofs njhcj y dfsdf gj vêgvugj df haotrag df
dcrfhhcøo sao0
• Rufrta R, suicocstra prfscøo prcohcpjg, dfsdf gj
gj NIV (<)
• Rufrta df dftfhhcøo df hjrkj (GX) (fo gj pjrtf pastfrcar ddff
gj vêgvugj) (8)
• Rufrta dfrfhna \ df gj NIV (4)
• Hcgcodra czqucfrda HG (6)
• Hcgcodra dfrfhna H\ (5)
• Rufrta G, prfscøo pcgata dfsdf gj NIV (;)
• Jg iðgtcpgf df dcrfhhcøo jg tjoquf (>)
• Dfsdf fg hagfhtar df dcrfhhcøo - eguà df gj lailj
lailj (3)
A.X.J. 󰀺󰀸󰀲

Ucstj df gas arcechcas gj vêgvugj df haotrag df gj dcrfhhcøo0
(:) Uêgvugj df haotrag df gj dcrfhhcøo.

(<) Arcechca jg tjoquf.
(8) Arcechca j gj lailj dascechjdarj df gj dcrfhhcøo.
(4) Arcechca dfrfhna.
(6) Arcechca jg hcgcodra czqucfrda.
(5) Arcechca jg hcgcodra dfrfhna.
(;) Arcechca czqucfrda.
(>) Arcechca dfg iðgtcpgf df haotrag df gj dcrfhhcøo.
(3) Dftfhhcøo df hjrkj.
(:2) Arcechca df gj tulfréj pcgata dfsdf gj lailj dascechjdarj df gj dcrfhhcøo.
(::) Uêgvugj df jgcvca df dftfhhcøo df hhjrkj.

jrkj.
A.X.J. 󰀺󰀸󰀺

Haipaofotfs cotfroas df vêgvugj df haotrag df gj dcrfhhcøo0

 Haipaofotfs
cotfroas df gj
Uêgvugj df (:) Uêgvugj df haotrag df gj dcrfhhcøo.
Haotrag df (<) Hcgcodras df gj dcrfhhcøo.
Dcrfhhcøo. (8) Uêgvugjs df jgcvca df hruhf (Uêgvugj df jgcvca df
géofj)
(4) Uêgvugj df haotrag dcrfhhcaojg df gj dcrfhhcøo.
(6) Hjrrftf dfg jipgcechjdar.
(5) Uêgvugj df jgcvca df dftfhhcøo df hjrkj.
(;) Tjoquf.
(>) Dfsdf gj vêgvugj df gj dcrfhhcøo y iðgtcpgf.
(3) Ifdcdar df dftfhhcøo df hjrkj.
(:2) Lailj dascechjdarj df gj dcrfhh
dcrfhhcøo
cøo
(::) Hjrrftf df prcarcdjd
A.X.J. 󰀺󰀸󰀼

Hcgcodras df Dcrfhhcøo
 Hcgcodras df
Dcrfhhcøo. Gas hcgcodras df dcrfhhcøo sao hcgcodras ncdrêugchas df das
véjs iaotjdas dfljà dfg ljstcdar fo fg f`f df gj vckj
dfgjotfrj. Fstj cijkfo iufstrj fg hcgcodra df dcrfhhcøo
czqucfrda (egfhnj). Tadas gas hjicaofs tcfofo uoj
dcspaschcøo df pjsjdar y narqucggj. Vo pco y hgfvcs sf utcgczjo
pjrj haofhtjr fg vêstjka dfg pcstøo jg lrjza df dcrfhhcøo.
Fg jhfctf j jgtj prfscøo sf dcrckf j hjdj hcgcodra dfsdf gj
vêgvugj df haotrag
jgtj prfscøo df dcrfhhcøo,
quf cokrfsj j trjvãs
jg pufrta df uoj
dfg gjda dfijokufrj
hjlfzj a df
jg
gjda dfg fxtrfia dfg vêstjka. Fg jhfctf df jgtj prfscøo njhf
quf gj ljrrj sf fxtcfodj a sf rftrjckj. Fg jhfctf df rftaroa sf
rffovéj j gj vêgvugj df haotrag df dcrfhhcøo.
A.X.J. 󰀺󰀸󰀸

Euohcaojicfota dfg Xcstfij df dcrfhhcøo

 Hcgcodras df Haodchcøo ‘ IJOTFOF\
Dcrfhhcøo fo gj
haodchcøo - Hujoda sf jrrjohj fg iatar, fg jhfctf dfg scstfij df
IJOTFOF\. dcrfhhcøo sf fxtrjf dfg tjoquf ncdrêugcha par ifdca df gj
lailj df gj dcrfhhcøo. Fg jhfctf sf fovéj j trjvãs dfg ecgtra df
jhfctf
dfg df gjdf
krupa dcrfhhcøo
vêgvugjjdf
gj vêgvugj df prcarcdjd
sagfoacdf qufFgfstê
y iðgtcpgf. dfotra
krupa df
vêgvugj df sagfoacdf y iðgtcpgf dj prcarcdjd jg scstfij df
dcrfhhcøo.
Fg krupa df vêgvugj df sagfoacdf y iðgtcpgf pfrijofhf
hfrrjda njstj quf gj prfscøo fo fg scstfij df dcrfhhcøo
jghjozj gj prfscøo df apfrjhcøo oarijg. Voj vfz quf sf
huipgfo gas rfqucsctas dfg scstfij df dcrfhhcøo, sf jlrf fg
krupa df vêgvugj df sagfoacdf y iðgtcpgf. Fg jhfctf sf dcrckf
jg sagfoacdf df gulrchjhcøo dfg ijoda ecojg y jg iatar dfg
vfotcgjdar df foercjicfota dfg trfo df cipugscøo.
Fg sagfoacdf df gulrchjhcøo dfg ijoda ecojg haotragj fg eguà
df jhfctf jg iatar df gulrchjhcøo dfg ijoda ecojg. Gj vêgvugj
df sagfoacdf y gj vêgvugj df jgcvca dfg iðgtcpgf gcictjo gj
prfscøo dfg jhfctf fo fg hcrhucta dfg vfotcgjdar dfg trfo df
cipugscøo y fo fg hcrhucta df gulrchjhcøo dfg ijoda ecojg.

A.X.J. 󰀺󰀸󰀴

Fg jhfctf dfg krupa df vêgvugj df sagfoacdf y iðgtcpgf eguyf j

trjvãs df uo arcechca rfstrchtar y df gj vêgvugj df rftfohcøo jg
iðgtcpgf df haotrag. Dfotra dfg iðgtcpgf df haotrag, fg jhfctf
eguyf j gj vêgvugj df jgcvca y, j trjvãs df uoj vêgvugj df
rftfohcøo, jg scstfij df erfoas. J haotcoujhcøo, fg jhfctf eguyf
jg sagfoacdf df drfoj`f dfg jhuiugjdar, j gas jhuiugjdarfs
df gj dcrfhhcøo y j gj vêgvugj df haotrag df gj dcrfhhcøo (:).
Voj vfz quf gj prfscøo dfg jhfctf juifotj njstj uo vjgar
prfdftfricojda fo gas jhuiugjdarfs, gj lailj df gj
dcrfhhcøo jtrjsj gj hjrrfrj. Hujoda sf praduhf uoj dfijodj
df gj dcrfhhcøo, gas jhuiugjdarfs praparhcaojo fg eguà df
jhfctf ofhfsjrca pjrj gj dcrfhhcøo y gj prfscøo fo gas
jhuiugjdarfs dcsicouyf. Hujoda gj prfscøo dfg jhfctf
dcsicouyf njstj uo ocvfg prfdftfricojda, gj lailj df gj
dcrfhhcøo rfjgczj uoj hjrrfrj jshfodfotf df earij
jutaiêtchj pjrj ijotfofr gj prfscøo dfg jhfctf df gas
jhuiugjdarfs.
Fg jhfctf df gas jhuiugjdarfs eguyf j gj vêgvugj df haotrag df
gj dcrfhhcøo (:) j trjvãs dfg hjrrftf df prcarcdjd. Xc oa sf kcrj
fg vagjotf df dcrfhhcøo a sc fstê fo gj paschcøo EC@J, haia sf
iufstrj, fg jhfctf eguyf jg tjoquf, j trjvãs df gj vêgvugj df
haotrag (4). Rfrictcr quf fg jhfctf hcrhugf j trjvãs df gj vêgvugj
df gj dcrfhhcøo icfotrjs fg vagjotf df dcrfhhcøo fstê qucfta
praparhcaoj uoj haodchcøo df purkj tãrichj quf ijotcfof uo
dcefrfohcjg
dcefr fohcjg df tfipfrjt
tfipfrjturj
urj coe
coefrcar
frcar j <> ²H (>< ²E) fotrf gj
vêgvugj df gj dcrfhhcøo y fg tjoquf. Fstj purkj tãrichj fvctj
fg jtjshjicfota tãricha df gj vêgvugj df gj dcrfhhcøo.
A.X.J. 󰀺󰀸󰀶

Euohcaojicfota dfg Xcstfij df Dcrfhhcøo

 Euohcaojicfota Haodchcøo - KC\A
dfg Xcstfij df
Dcrfhhcøo fo gj
haodchcøo- Hujoda sf kcrj fg vagjotf df dcrfhhcøo, gj vêgvugj df haotrag
KC\A df gj dcrfhhcøo (<2) dcrckf jhfctf njhcj uo gjda dfg hjrrftf df
gj vêgvugj df haotrag. Fg hjrrftf df gj vêgvugj df haotrag (:3)
sf dfspgjzj y dcrckf fg jhfctf njhcj gas hcgcodras df gj
dcrfhhcøo (<; y <>). fg
dcrfhhcøo dftfricoj Fg eguà
sfotcda
j gasfohcgcodras
quf sf df
kcrjgjfgdcrfhhcøo.
vagjotf df
Fg
jhfctf eguyf j gjda hjlfzj df uo hcgcodra df gj dcrfhhcøo y jg
fxtrfia df vêstjka dfg atra hcgcodra. Gj jhhcøo dfg jhfctf fo
gas pcstaofs y gas vêstjkas df gas hcgcodras df gj dcrfhhcøo
njhf quf hjilcf fg sfotcda df ijrhnj df gjs rufdjs. Fg
jhfctf dfspgjzjda df gas hcgcodras df gj dcrfhhcøo eguyf jg
tjoquf j trjvãs dfg hjrrftf dfg jipgcechjdar (<6).
A.X.J. 󰀺󰀸󰀵

Haohguscøo
Hao fsta haohguyf fg iøduga df Xcstfij df Dcrfhhcøo, dfg
hjicøo
gahjgczjr;34 JH, gas
tadas njlcgctjoda jg pjrtchcpjotf,
haipaofotfs pjrj cdfotcechjr
dfg Xcstfij Dcrfhhcøo,y
 Haohguscøo dfshrclcfoda su euohcaojicfota. Jdfiês, njlcgctj jg
pjrtchcpjotf, cdfotcechjr gas puotas df ijotfocicfota y
rfjgczjr gjs prufljs y jùstfs quf gf pfrictfo dftfricojr su
harrfhta euohcaojicfota.
A.X.J. 󰀺󰀸󰀻

IADVGA 50 XCXTFIJ DF GFUJOTF

Gfvjotf.
Fstf
sfjo iøduga
hjpjhfsfstêdfdcsfújda pjrj cdfotcechjr
gahjgczjr, kjrjotczjr quf gas tãhochas
y dfshrclcr gj
euohcaojgcdjd df tadas haipaofotfs prcohcpjgfs y puotas df
sfrvchca dfg Xcstfij df Gfvjotf, dfshrclcfoda su
euohcaojicfota, y dfiastrjoda haoahcicfota df gjs
fstrjtfkcjs utcgczjdjs pjrj haotragjr gj euohcøo df gfvjotf.
J\KVIFOTJHCØO
haipaofotfs y gas puotas df sfrvchca dfg Xcstfij df
Gfvjotf, dfshrclcfoda
haoahcicfota su euohcaojicfota
df gjs fstrjtfkcjs y dfiastrjoda
utcgczjdjs pjrj haotragjr gj
euohcøo df gfvjotf.

dfg Xcstfij df Gfvjotf, dfshrclcfoda su euohcaojicfota y
gjs fstrjtfkcjs utcgczjdjs pjrj haotragjr gj euohcøo df
Gfvjotf= haipgftjoda gj fvjgujhcøo prêhtchj, hao gas
gjlarjtarcas harrfspaodcfotfs j hjdj tfij y rfspaodcfoda gj
pjrtchcpjotfs, cdfotcechjo gjs hjrjhtfréstchjs dfg Xcstfij
df Gfvjotf.
5. Vtcgczjoda fg ijtfrcjg df hursa y fg ijtfrcjg df rfefrfohcj
rfefrfohcj,,
pjrtchcpjotfs,
sfrvchca cdfotcechjo
dfg Xcstfij gas haipaofotfs y gas puotas df
df Gfvjotf.
A.X.J. 󰀺󰀸󰀾

;. Hao gj jyudj ddfg

fg ijtfrcjg df hursa y fg ijtfrcjg df
haipaofotfs dfg Xcstfij df Gfvjotf.
>. Hao gj jyudj ddfgfg ijtfrcjg df hursa y fg ijtfrcjg df
rfefrfohcj (ijoujg df sfrvchca), gas pjrtchcpjotfs
rfjgczjo gjs prufljs y jùstfs dfg Xcstfij df Gfvjotf.
A.X.J. 󰀺󰀸󰀳

Cotraduhhcøo
 Xcstfij df Fg scstfij ncdrêugcha sf haotragj fgfhtrøochjifotf ifdcjotf
Gfvjotf. fg Iøduga df Haotrag Fgfhtrøocha (FHI, Fgfhtraoch Haotrag
Iadugf) dfg hnjscs. Voj lailj df fokrjoj`fs df sfhhcøo
têodfi cipugsjdj par fg ijoda df gj lailj praparhcaoj
jhfctf j prfscøo pjrj fg scstfij ncdrêugcha. Voj pjgjohj df
haotrag dfg dcspasctcva df gfvjotjicfota df hujtra paschcaofs
dftfricoj gj apfrjhcøo df gj hj`j dfg hjicøo. Fg sfosar df
durjhcøo df cipugsa iadugjda (R[I, Rugsf [cdtn
Iadugjtfd) fovéjXfkðo
FHI dfg hnjscs. sfújgfs
gj df fotrjdj
paschcøo dfgdfsfosar
hchga df
y fgtrjljà jg
hchga df
trjljà harrfspaodcfotf, uoa df gas das sagfoacdfs ulchjdas
fo gj vêgvugj df haotrag dfg dcspasctcva df gfvjotjicfota sf
fofrkczj. Gjs hujtra paschcaofs df gj pjgjohj dfg dcspasctcva
df gfvjotjicfota sao GFUJOTJDJ, EC@J, GCL\F y LJ@JDJ.
Fg sfosar praparhcaoj uoj sfújg dfg hchga df trjljà quf
hjilcj pjrj tadjs gjs paschcaofs df gj pjgjohj dfg
dcspasctcva df gfvjotjicfota. Gj sfújg dfg hchga df trjljà
pfrictf quf fg apfrjdar iadugf gj vfgahcdjd df gas hcgcodras
dfg dcspasctcva df gfvjotjicfota. Gas ifdcdarfs y atras
haipaofotfs ncdrêugchas fstêo ulchjdas fo fg rfhcota dfg
hfotra df sfrvchca.
Fg scstfij df fgfvjhcøo pufdf njlcgctjrsf a dfsnjlcgctjrsf
utcgczjoda Hjtfrpcggjr Fgfhtraoch Tãhocha (Hjt FT). Tadas gas
hjicaofs fovcjdas dfsdf gj eêlrchj, sco hj`j, sf haoeckurjo

A.X.J. 󰀺󰀴󰀲

fo fg iada dfsnjlcgctjda. Fstf iada fs saga pjrj prufljs y

fvctjrê quf gas hcgcodras df fgfvjhcøo sf jhtcvjo
jhhcdfotjgifotf.
Dfspuãs
iada df gj costjgjhcøo
dfg scstfij df gj
df fgfvjhcøo hj`j, sf
jg iada dflf hjilcjr
njlcgctjda, fg
pjrj quf
fg scstfij df fgfvjhcøo euohcaof harrfhtjifotf.
A.X.J. 󰀺󰀴󰀺

Haipaofotfs dfg Xcstfij df Gfvjotf

 Haipaofotfs
dfg Xcstfij df
Gfvjotf. (>) Haotrag dfg dcspasctcva df gfv
gfvjotjicfota
jotjicfota
(3) \fhcota dfg hhfotra
fotra df sfrvchca
(:2) Foercjdar df jhfctf ncdrêugcha
(::) Hcgcodras dfg dcspasctcva df gfvjotjicfota
(:<) Lailj df fokrjoj`fs (dcspasctcva df gfvjotjicfota)
(:8) Cotfrruptar df géictf (gfvjotjicfota df gj hj`j dfg
hjicøo)
(:4) Ecgtras df jhfctf (dcspasctcva df gfvjotjicfota)
(:6) Uêgvugj df rfduhhcøo df prfscøo
(:5) Uêgvugj df haotrag (dcspasctcva df gfvjotjicfota)
(:;) Tjoquf ncdrêugcha
A.X.J. 󰀺󰀴󰀼

Haipaofotfs dfg Xcstfij df Gfvjotf.

 Haipaofotfs
dfg Xcstfij df (:>) \fspcrjdfra (ijoda df gj lailj)
Gfvjotf. (:3) Lailj df fokrjoj`fs (gulrchjhcøo dfg ijoda df gj
lailj)
(<2) Ijoda df gj lailj
lailj
(<:) Ecgtra df jhfctf (ijoda
(ijoda df gj lailj)
A.X.J. 󰀺󰀴󰀸


 Haipaofotfs
dfg Xcstfij df
Gfvjotf. (:) Haoùota df vjrcggj df gj sfkuodj ftjpj.
(<) Haoùota df vjrcggj df gj prcifrj ftjpj.
(8) Haoùota df hufrpa.
A.X.J. 󰀺󰀴󰀴


 Haipaofotfs
dfg Xcstfij df
Gfvjotf. (4) Arcechca df rftrjhhcøo.
(6) Arcechca df fxtfoscøo.
A.X.J. 󰀺󰀴󰀶

Haotragfs
 Haotragfs dfg Gj pjgjohj df fgfvjhcøo (:) haotragj uo sfosar df paschcøo
Xcstfij df (<). Fg sfosar R[I fovéj fg trjljà hchga df sfújgfs df
Gfvjotf. fotrjdj jg hnjscs FHI. Dfpfodcfoda df gj paschcøo dfg
sfosar y fg hchga df trjljà harrfspaodcfotf, uoa df gas das
sagfoacdfs ulchjdas fo gj vêgvugj df haotrag df gfvjotf, sfrê
fofrkczjdj.
Fg haotrag df hujtra paschcaofs dfg dcspasctcva df

gfvjotjicfota dftfricoj gj apfrjhcøo df gj hj`j dfg hjicøo.
Fg haotrag dfg dcspasctcva df gfvjotjicfota sf fohufotrj j gj

A.X.J. 󰀺󰀴󰀵

czqucfrdj dfg jscfota dfg apfrjdar. Fg haotrag dfg dcspasctcva

df gfvjotjicfota tcfof uo ifhjocsia df rftaroa par
rfsartfs. Hujoda fg apfrjdar sufgtj gj pjgjohj fo gj paschcøo
GFUJOTJDJ, fstj sf iufvf j gj paschcøo EC@J. S, hujoda
fg apfrjdar
iufvf sufgtj gjGCL\F.
j gj paschcøo pjgjohjGjs
fo gj paschcøo
hujtra LJ@JDJ,
paschcaofs dfgfstj sf
haotrag
dfg dcspasctcva df gfvjotjicfota sao gjs sckucfotfs0
GFUJOTJDJ, EC@J, GCL\F y LJ@JDJ.
Fg haotrag dfg dcspasctcva df gfvjotjicfota fstê haofhtjda jg
sfosar df paschcøo dfg haotrag dfg dcspasctcva df
gfvjotjicfota, quf fs uo sfosar df durjhcøo df cipugsa
iadugjda (R[I, Rugsf [cdtn Iadugjtfd). Fg sfosar R[I
fovéj sfújgfs df fotrjdj dfg hchga df trjljà jg Iøduga df
Haotrag Fgfhtrøocha (FHI, Fgfhtraoch Haotrag Iadugf) dfg
hnjscs. Xfkðo gj paschcøo dfg sfosar y fg hchga df trjljà
harrfspaodcfotf, uoa df gas das sagfoacdfs ulchjdas fo gj
vêgvugj df haotrag dfg dcspasctcva df gfvjotjicfota sf
fofrkczj. Fg sfosar praparhcaoj uoj sfújg dfg hchga df trjljà
quf hjilcj pjrj tadjs gjs paschcaofs df gj pjgjohj dfg
dcspasctcva df gfvjotjicfota. Gj sfújg dfg hchga df trjljà
pfrictf quf fg apfrjdar iadugf gj vfgahcdjd df gas hcgcodras
dfg dcspasctcva df gfvjotjicfota.
Voj qucotj paschcøo dfoaicojdj XOVL. Xoul fs gj
haoeckurjhcøo ouiãrchj dfsckojdj hao fg FT, quf haotragj gj
vfgahcdjd df vagtfa df gj hj`j j ifdcdj quf sf jhfrhj jg
hnjscs. Vo sfosar df paschcøo (8) fs jkrfkjda fo gj pjrtf
trjsfrj dfg hjicøo pjrj fovcjr gj paschcøo jg FHI df hnjscs.
Oa njy uo oðifra quf utcgchfo tadas gas hjicaofs. Iuhnjs
hj`js df pasvfotj
rfqufrcréj pufdfo
uo oðifra sfr iês Dftfricojr
dcefrfotf. gckfrjs a iêsfgpfsjda
oðifray
harrfhta dfpfodf dfg tãhocha. Vo oðifra quf pfrictf quf gj
hj`j kagpff fg hnjscs pufdf hjusjr djúa jg hnjscs, a j gjs
jgianjdcggjs y j gas pcofs df gj hj`j. Vo oðifra quf gf
pfrictf j gj hj`j lj`jr dfijscjda gfota, sf jkrfkj jg tcfipa
quf fg apfrjdar tcfof quf fspfrjr njstj quf gj hj`j fstã
haipgftjifotf jljà fo fg hnjscs. Fsta pufdf jkrfkjr
sfkuodas j hjdj hchga df hjrkj.
OATJ0 Xc fg scstfij df gfvjotf oa euohcaoj, vfrcecquf fg
OATJ0
fstjda df gj haoeckurjhcøo df gj vêgvugj df haotrag, fo fg FHI
df Hnjscs.
A.X.J. 󰀺󰀴󰀻

Dcjkrjij fo Lgahm dfg Xcstfij df Gfvjotf.

 Xcstfij df
Gfvjotf. Gjs lailjs dfg scstfij df gfvjotf (:) fstêo haofhtjdjs j
gj hj`j df fokrjoj`fs df jhhcaojicfota df gj lailj (:2) quf
fs haoduhcda par fg kfofrjdar (3), j trjvãs df uo f`f df
ijoda.
Gj lailj dfg scstfij df gfvjotf, df fokrjoj`fs, df das
sfhhcaofs (:) fxtrjf fg jhfctf dfg tjoquf ncdrêugcha, j trjvãs
df uo ecgtra df ijggj df :22 ichrjs, y fovéj fg jhfctf, j trjvãs
df gas ecgtras df jhfctf (<), j gj Uêgvugj df haotrag df gfvjotf
(8). Gj vêgvugj rfduhtarj df prfscøo df gj sfújg pcgata (4)
rfduhf gj prfscøo df jhfctf df gj lailj df dcrfhhcøo, quf sf
utcgczj haia jhfctf pcgata pjrj jhhcaojicfota dfg hjrrftf
dcrfhhcaojg df gj vêgvugj df haotrag df gfvjotf.
Das vêgvugjs df sagfoacdf (6) sf utcgczjo pjrj drfojr fg jhfctf
pcgata j gas fxtrfias dfg hjrrftf dcrfhhcaojg. Gj vêgvugj
sagfoacdf df gj czqucfrdj sf jhtcvj fo gj paschcøo
GFUJOTJ\. Gj vêgvugj sagfoacdf j gj dfrfhnj sf jhtcvj fo
gj paschcøo LJ@J\ a GCL\F. Hujoda gj vêgvugj df haotrag df
gfvjotf fstê fo gj paschcøo IJOTFOF\, JIA\TCKVJHCØO
a GCL\F, tada fg jhfctf df gj lailj dfg Xcstfij df Gfvjotf
eguyf njhcj fg foercjdar df jhfctf dfg erfoa trjsfra (5).
Gj vêgvugj df jgcvca dfg foercjdar df jhfctf fstê ulchjdj fo gj
vêgvugj df haotrag df gfvjotf. Gj vêgvugj df jgcvca gcictj gj
prfscøo dfg jhfctf dfg foercjdar df jhfctf dfg erfoa hujoda gj

A.X.J. 󰀺󰀴󰀾

vêgvugj df haotrag df gfvjotf fstê fo gj paschcøo IJOTFOF\

a GCL\F.
Xf utcgczjo das hcgcodras ncdrêugchas pjrj gfvjotjr gj hj`j dfg
hjicøo ;34 JH. Hujoda gj pjgjohj df fgfvjhcøo sf ijotcfof
fo gj paschcøo GFUJOTJ\, fg suicocstra df jhfctf eguyf njhcj
fg gjda hjlfzj df gas hcgcodras df gfvjotf (;) y iufvf gas
hcgcodras df das ftjpjs j su fxtfoscøo tatjg. Fg jhfctf dfg
fxtrfia df vêstjka, df gas hcgcodras (>) eguyf j trjvãs df gj
vêgvugj df haotrag df gfvjotf jg tjoquf (:6).
Hujoda gj pjgjohj df fgfvjhcøo sf iufvf j gj paschcøo
LJ@J\ a GCL\F y gas hcgcodras sf fxtcfodfo, fg jhfctf df
suicocstra cokrfsj jg fxtrfia df gjda vêstjka, df gas
hcgcodras df gfvjotf y lj`j gj sfkuodj ftjpj df gas hcgcodras.
Fg jhfctf dfg gjda hjlfzj df gas hcgcodras eguyf, j trjvãs df gj
vêgvugj df gfvjotf jg tjoquf ncdrêugcha.
A.X.J. 󰀺󰀴󰀳

Ijoøiftra dfg Xcstfij df Gfvjotf

 Ijoøiftra dfg
Xcstfij df Fg codchjdar df gj vêgvugj dfg scstfij df gfvjotf (egfhnj) fstê
Gfvjotf. ulchjda fo fg kjlcoftf ncdrêugcha, fo gj pgjtjearij dftrês df
gj hjlcoj.
Fg rfhcota dfg hfotra df sfrvchca ncdrêugcha tjilcão sf
dfoaicoj "kjlcoftf ncdrêugcha". Fg rfhcota dfg hfotra df
sfrvchca haotcfof iuhnas haipaofotfs ncdrêugchas, cohgucdas
tadas gas ijoøiftras. Fg rfhcota dfg hfotra df sfrvchca
praparhcaoj uoj ulchjhcøo pjrj vfr gas ifdcdarfs ncdrêugchas
j eco df haotrclucr j gjs tjrfjs df prufljs y jùstfs, y df
saguhcøo df pralgfijs df gjs iêqucojs. Fg rfhcota dfg hfotra
df sfrvchca tjilcão haotcfof iuhnas haipaofotfs dfg
scstfij df erfoas. Tfofr gas haipaofotfs dfg scstfij df
erfoas fo uo gukjr tjilcão haotrcluyf j gjs tjrfjs df
prufljs y jùstfs, y df saguhcøo df pralgfijs df dfg scstfij
df erfoas.
A.X.J. 󰀺󰀶󰀲

Tjoquf Ncdrêugcha
 Tjoquf
Ncdrêugcha. Fg tjoquf ncdrêugcha (:), ulchjda fo fg gjda czqucfrda dfg
hjicøo, jgijhfoj jhfctf pjrj fg scstfij ncdrêugcha. Gjs
icrcggjs (<) pfrictfo vcsujgczjr fg ocvfg df jhfctf dfg tjoquf.
t joquf.
Gj icrcggj supfrcar sf usj pjrj rfvcsjr fg ocvfg df jhfctf hao
fg iatar pjrjda y gas jhuiugjdarfs drfojdas. Gj hj`j dfg
hjicøo dflf fstjr fo paschcøo LJ@J\. Vsf gj icrcggj coefrcar,
pjrj rfvcsjr fg ocvfg df jhfctf fo fg tjoquf ncdrêugcha hao fg
iatar fo euohcaojicfota y gj hj`j jljà.
Vo sfosar df tfipfrjturj (8) y uo cotfrruptar df ljà ocvfg
(4) fstêo costjgjdas fo gj pjrtf eraotjg
e raotjg dfg tjoquf, dftrês df
uoj hulcfrtj (6), ulchjdj fo gj pjrtf dfgjotfrj dfg tjoquf.
Fg tjoquf oa fstê prfsurczjda y tcfof das rfspcrjdfras (5),
fo gj pjrtf supfrcar dfg tjoquf.
Fg tjoquf sf ggfoj, j trjvãs df uoj haofxcøo df ggfojda
rêpcda y uo ecgtra df sfrvchca iaotjda j dcstjohcj.
Gj ijokufrj df ggfojda dfg tjoquf ncdrêugcha (;) fstê
ulchjdj fo gj pjrtf coefrcar dfg tjoquf ncdrêugcha. Gj
ijokufrj df ggfojda (;) fstê haofhtjda jg hfotra df sfrvchca
df ggfojda rêpcda. Fo fg cotfrcar dfg tjoquf ncdrêugcha (:), sf
fohufotrj fg dceusar df rftaroa (>) y hagjdar df suhhcøo (3).
Gj vêgvugj df hartf (:2) fstê ulchjdj fotrf fg iðgtcpgf df
suhhcøo (::) y fg tjoquf. Gj vêgvugj df rftfohcøo (:8) fstê
ulchjdj fotrf fg iðgtcpgf df rftaroa (:<) y fg tjoquf.

A.X.J. 󰀺󰀶󰀺

Ijokufrj df \fggfoa df Jhfctf dfg Tjoquf Ncdrêugcha

 Ijoøiftra dfg Gj ijokufrj df ggfojda dfg tjoquf ncdrêugcha (;) fstê
Xcstfij df ulchjdj fo gj pjrtf coefrcar dfg tjoquf ncdrêugcha.
Gfvjotf.
Gj ijokufrj df ggfojda (;) fstê haofhtjda jg hfotra df
sfrvchca df ggfojda rêpcda. Fo fg cotfrcar dfg tjoquf ncdrêugcha
(:), sf fohufotrj fg dceusar df rftaroa (>) y hagjdar df
suhhcøo (3).
Gj vêgvugj df hartf (:2) fstê ulchjdj fotrf fg iðgtcpgf df
suhhcøo
ulchjdj (::)
fotrfyfgfgiðgtcpgf
tjoquf.dfGjrftaroa
vêgvugj(:<)
df yrftfohcøo
fg tjoquf(:8)
. fstê
A.X.J. 󰀺󰀶󰀼

Rufrtas df Jspcrjhcøo y \ftaroa dfg Tjoquf Ncdrêugcha

 Rufrtas dfg
Tjoquf Fg tjoquf ncdrêugcha tcfof das pufrtas (:) quf pfrictfo gj
Ncdrêugcha. uocøo df gjs géofjs df suicocstra df gjs lailjs df gfvjotf
y df gjs géofjs df suicocstra j gj lailj df dcrfhhcøo. S gj
uocøo df gjs géofjs df rftaroa.
Fg pufrta df suicocstra tcfof uoj vêgvugj df ijrcpasj
(hcfrrf) (<) quf sf pufdf usjr pjrj hartjr fg eguà df
suicocstra jhfctf j gjs lailjs.
A.X.J. 󰀺󰀶󰀸

Rufrtas df \ftaroa dfg Tjoquf Ncdrêugcha

 Rufrtas dfg :. Tjoquf
Tjoquf <. Iðgtcpgf df suhhcøo
Ncdrêugcha. 8. Arcechca df suhhcøo df gj lailj df ljrrcda
4. Tulfréj df suhhcøo dfg vfotcgjdar ncdrêugcha y gj vêgvugj
df lagj df hartf
6. Arcechca df suhhcøo df df gj lailj dfg dcspasctcva df
gfvjotjicfota
5. Arcechca df suhhcøo df gj lailj df gj dcrfhhcøo
;. Iðgtcpgf df rftaroa
>. Arcechca df rftaroa df gj vêgvugj
vêgvugj dfg dcspasctcva df
gfvjotjicfota
3. \ftaroa df gj dcrfhhcøo dfsdf fg jipgcechjdar
:2. Arcechca df rftaroa dfsdf fg arcechca dfg iðgtcpgf
iðgtcpgf df erfoa
‗L\’
::. Arcechca df rftaroa ‗E\’ dfsdf
dfsdf fg iðgtcpgf df gj dcrfhhcøo
:<. Arcechca df rftaroa dfsdf fg iðgtcpgf df erfoa ‗LJD’ y
dfsdf fg arcechca ‗L\’
:8. \ftaroa dfsdf fg ecgtra df gj hj`j df hj
hjilcas
ilcas
:4. Arcechca df rftaroa dfsdf fg erfoa trjsfra czqucfrda
czqucfrda
:6. \ftaroa dfsdf fg drfoj`f df gj hj`j df gj lailj dfg
vfotcgjdar
:5. Arcechca df rftaroa dfsdf gas erfoas dfgjotfras
dfgjotfras
:;. \ftaroa
dcrfhhcøodfsdf fg drfoj`f df gj hj`j df gj lailj
lailj df gj
:>. Arcechca df rftaroa dfsdf gas erfoas trjsfras dfrfhnas
:3. Tulfréj dfsdf fg ecgtra df ggfojda df jhfctf
<2. Arcechca df rftaroa dfsdf fg arcechca
arcechca ‗NIV’ ‗T’

A.X.J. 󰀺󰀶󰀴

<:. Arcechca df rftaroa dfsdf fg drfoj`f df gj hj`j dfg iatar

dfg vfotcgjdar dfg rjdcjdar
<<. Arcechca df rftaroa dfsdf fg drfoj`f df gj hj`j dfg iatar
dfg sapgjdar
<8. Arcechca
hj`j dfgdf rftaroa
iatar dfsdf ecojg
dfg ijoda fg drfoj`f y fg rftaroa df gj
Gj lailj df fokrjoj`fs têodfi dfg dcspasctcva df

gfvjotjicfota, gj lailj df gj dcrfhhcøo y gj lailj dfg
vfotcgjdar ncdrêugcha taijo jhfctf dfg tjoquf ncdrêugcha (:).
Fg jhfctf sf altcfof df gjs tulfréjs quf fstêo iaotjdjs fo
fg iðgtcpgf df suhhcøo (<). Fg jhfctf rfkrfsj j trjvãs df gjs
tulfréjs quf fstêo iaotjdas fo fg iðgtcpgf df rftaroa (;).
A.X.J. 󰀺󰀶󰀶

Lailj dfg Xcstfij df Gfvjotf

 Lailj dfg Gj lailj dfg Xcstfij df Gfvjotf (:), fs dfg tcpa fokrjoj`fs,
Xcstfij df df sfhhcøo fo têodfi quf fstê iaotjdj jg ijoda df gjs
Gfvjotf lailjs. Vo fsgjløo df ijoda dfg kfofrjdar cipugsj fg
ijoda df gj lailj. Gj vfgahcdjd df gj lailj fs
dcrfhtjifotf praparhcaojg j gj vfgahcdjd dfg iatar.
Fg suicocstra df jhfctf (8), pjrj gj lailj, ggfkj dfsdf fg
tjoquf ncdrêugchas y sf eguyf cotfrojifotf j gjs hêijrjs df
fotrjdj df gj lailj fotrf gas fokrjoj`fs df gj lailj. Fstas
fokrjoj`fs prfsurczjo fg jhfctf y ga dcrckfo j gjs hêijrjs df
sjgcdj, daodf sjgf df gj lailj, j trjvãs
t rjvãs dfg pufrta df sjgcdj.
Gj sjgcdj df hjdj sfhhcøo df gj lailj vcj`j, j trjvãs df gjs
ijokufrjs (<) df jgtj prfscøo njhcj gas ecgtras. Gufka, fg
jhfctf eguyf, j trjvãs df gas ecgtras df jhfctf njstj gj vêgvugj
df haotrag dfg dcspasctcva df gfvjotf, quf dcstrcluyf fg jhfctf
ncdrêugcha jg scstfij dfg dcspasctcva df gfvjotf.
A.X.J. 󰀺󰀶󰀵

Ecgtra df Jhfctf dfg Xcstfij df Gfvjotf

 Ecgtras df Jhfctf Gas ecgtras df jhfctf dfg scstfij df gfvjotf (:) fstêo
dfg Xcstfij df iaotjdas dfotra dfg rcfg czqucfrda dfg ljstcdar, fo erfotf y j
Gfvjotf gj dfrfhnj df gj vêgvugj df haotrag df gfvjotf (<). Gas ecgtras
df jhfctf dfg scstfij df gfvjotf fstêo fqucpjdas hao uoj
vêgvugj df dfrcvjhcøo, quf tcfof par euohcøo gcictjr gj prfscøo
dcefrfohcjg, iêxcij, j trjvãs dfg ecgtra, hujoda fg jhfctf fstê
eréa a fg fgfifota dfg ecgtra
e cgtra fstê rfstrcokcda.
A.X.J. 󰀺󰀶󰀻

Codchjdarfs Ucsujgfs df gas Ecgtras df Jhfctf dfg

Xcstfij df Gfvjotf
Gas ecgtras df jhfctf (:) tcfofo codchjdarfs df dfrcvjhcøo
vcsujgfs (<) quf sf fohufotrjo fo fg fxtfrcar dfg hjlfzjg dfg
 Codchjdarfs haoùota df ecgtra. Gas codchjdarfs df dfrcvjhcøo vcsujgfs
Ucsujgfs df gas fstêo arcfotjdas njhcj fg tula trjosvfrsjg y njhcj fg rcfg dfg
Ecgtras. ljstcdar czqucfrda. Gas codchjdarfs df dfrcvjhcøo vcsujgfs (<)
fstêo dcsfújdas pjrj jhtcvjrsf hujoda gj prfscøo dfefrfohcjg
j trjvãs dfg fgfifota df ecgtra sf rfstrcokf.
Fg jhfctf df gj lailj dfg dcspasctcva df gfvjotjicfota eguyf
j gas ecgtras dfg jhfctf ncdrêugcha (:) j trjvãs df gj jdicscøo
df fstas. Durjotf gj apfrjhcøo oarijg, fg jhfctf eguyf j trjvãs
dfg fgfifota df ecgtra. Fg jhfctf eguyf dfsdf fg fgfifota njhcj
gjs sjgcdjs. Xc fg fgfifota df ecgtra sf ggfoj df rfscduas, gj
rfstrchhcøo dfg eguà df jhfctf praduhf uo juifota df prfscøo.
Fg juifota df prfscøo jhtcvj gas codchjdarfs df dfrcvjhcøo
vcsujgfs (<). Hujoda fg jhfctf oa eguyf j trjvãs dfg fgfifota
df ecgtra, gas rfscduas quf oa pjsjo par fg ecgtra
e cgtra hjusjo djúas
j gas atras haipaofotfs dfg scstfij ncdrêugcha. Xckj fg
prakrjij df cotfrvjgas df ijotfocicfota pjrj jsfkurjrsf
df quf fg fgfifota df ecgtra oa sf ggfof df rfscduas.
A.X.J. 󰀺󰀶󰀾

Uêgvugj df Haotrag dfg Xcstfij df Gfvjotf.
Gj vêgvugj df haotrag dfg Xcstfij df Gfvjotf (:) fstê

iaotjdj fo uo sapartf (<) ulchjda fo gj pjrtf dfgjotfrj df
 Uêgvugj df gj pjrtf trjsfrj hj`j dfg f`f.
Haotrag dfg
Xcstfij df Gj vêgvugj df haotrag dfg dcspasctcva df gfvjotjicfota earij
Gfvjotf. pjrtf dfg scstfij dfg dcspasctcva df gfvjotjicfota. Gj vêgvugj
df haotrag dfg dcspasctcva df gfvjotjicfota dcrckf jhfctf
ncdrêugcha j gas hcgcodras dfg dcspasctcva df gfvjotjicfota.
A.X.J. 󰀺󰀶󰀳

Haipaofotfs df gj Uêgvugj df Haotrag dfg Xcstfij df

Gfvjotf, Gjda Dfrfhna.
Ucstj dfg gjda dfrfhna df gj vêgvugj df haotrag.

 Haipaofotfs
df gj Uêgvugj df
Haotrag dfg j. Uêgvugj df haotrag pcgata (lj`jdj).
Xcstfij df l. Uêgvugj df haotrag pcgata (gfvjotjicfota).
Gfvjotf.
h. Uêgvugj df jgcvca df das ftjpjs.
d. Xjgcdj j gj pjrtf dfgjotfrj dfg hcgcodra dfg dcspasctcva
df gfvjotjicfota.
f. Xjgcdj jg fxtrfia df vjrcggj dfg hcgcodra dfg dcspasctcva
df gfvjotjicfota.
e. Jgcvca df sjgcdj jg tjoquf ncdrêugcha.
k. Jdicscøo dfsdf gj lailj df foercjicfota dfg
dcspasctcva df gfvjotjicfota y df gas erfoas.
e rfoas.
n. Uêgvugj df rftfohcøo dfg fxtrfia df vjrcggj.
c. Lgaqufjda.
`. Uêgvugj df rftfohcøo df hjrkj.
A.X.J. 󰀺󰀵󰀲

Haipaofotfs df gj Uêgvugj df Haotrag dfg Xcstfij df

Gfvjotf, Gjda Czqucfrda.
Ucstj dfg gjda czqucfrda df gj vêgvugj df haotrag.

 Haipaofotfs
df gj Uêgvugj df (:) Uêgvugj df haotrag pcgata (lj`jdj).
Haotrag dfg (<) Uêgvugj df haotrag pcgata (gfvjotjicfota).
Xcstfij df
Gfvjotf. (8) Uêgvugj df jgcvca df das ftjpjs.
(4) Xjgcdj j gj pjrtf dfgjotfrj dfg hcgcodra dfg dcspasctcva
df gfvjotjicfota.
(6) Xjgcdj jg fxtrfia df vjrcggj dfg hhcgcodra cgcodra dfg
dcspasctcva df gfvjotjicfota.
(5) Jgcvca df sjgcdj jg tjoquf ncdrêugcha.
(;) Jdicscøo dfsdf
dfsdf gj lailj
lailj df foercjicfota dfg
dcspasctcva df gfvjotjicfota y df gas erfoas.
e rfoas.
(:2) Uêgvugjs df rftfohcøo
rftfohcøo df hjrkj.
(::) Xjgcdj jg scstfij df foercjicfota df gas erfoas.
(:<) Uêgvugj df jgcvca dfg foercjdar df jhfctf df gas
erfoas.
(:8) Uêgvugj haipfosjdarj df fqucgclrca dfg dcspasctcva
df gfvjotjicfota
(:4) Arcechca pjrj pruflj df gj vêgvugj
vêgvugj haipfosjdarj df
fqucgclrca dfg dcspasctcva df gfvjotjicfota.

A.X.J. 󰀺󰀵󰀺

Uêgvugj df Haotrag Rcgata

Fstj cgustrjhcøo iufstrj gj vêgvugj df haotrag pcgata, quf
haotragj gj hjotcdjd df jhfctf pcgata quf sf usj pjrj hfotrjr
fg hjrrftf prcohcpjg (:). Fg jhfctf pcgata eguyf jg hjrrftf
 Uêgvugj df prcohcpjg dfsdf gj vêgvugj df erfoa / hnjscs.
Haotrag Rcgata.
Fo gj vêgvugj df haotrag pcgata, fg jhfctf pcgata y gas rfsartfs
(<) euohcaojo fo têodfi pjrj hfotrjr fg hjrrftf prcohcpjg. Fg
hjrrftf prcohcpjg
dcefrfohcj pfrijofhfrê
df prfscøo pcgata fo hfotrjda njstj dfg
hjdj fxtrfia qufhjrrftf
njyj
prcohcpjg.
Hjdj vêgvugj df haotrag pcgata fstê fqucpjdj hao uoj lalcoj
praparhcaojg (8), quf utcgczj uoj hjotcdjd praparhcaojg df
harrcfotf pjrj hjilcjr gj vêgvugj. Haia gj harrcfotf sf jpgchj
j gj lalcoj, gj vêgvugj hjilcjrê y fg jhfctf jtrjpjda fo fg
fxtrfia dfg hjrrftf prcohcpjg sf drfoj jg tjoquf. Gj
dcsicouhcøo df gj prfscøo df jhfctf rfduhf gj eufrzj fo fg
hjrrftf prcohcpjg y fg hjrrftf sf dfspgjzj, ga quf dcrckf fg
jhfctf jg fxtrfia jprapcjda df gas hcgcodras df gfvjotf.
A.X.J. 󰀺󰀵󰀼

Haipaofotfs df gj Uêgvugj df Jgcvca df das Ftjpjs.
Haipaofotfs dfotra df gj vêgvugj df jgcvca df das ftjpjs (8)

(:6) Uêstjka (jgtj prfscøo)
 Haipaofotfs
(:5) \fsartf (jgtj prfscøo)
df gj Uêgvugj df
Jgcvca. (:;) Tapf (jgtj prfscøo)
(:>) Uêgvugj df dcsha (jgtj prfscøo)
(:3) Jscfota (jgtj prfscøo)
(<2) \fsartf
(<:) Uêstjka (hjrrftf df sfújg df das ftjpjs)
(<<) \fsartf
(<8) Hjrrftf df dfshjrkj df jgcvca prcohcpjg
(<4) Uêstjka (lj`j prfscøo)
(<6) \fsartf (lj`j prfscøo)
(<5) Tapf (lj`j prfscøo)
(<;) Uêgvugj df dcsha (lj`j prfscøo)
(<>) Jscfota (lj`j prfscøo)

A.X.J. 󰀺󰀵󰀸

Haipaofotfs dfotra df gas hufrpas df gjs vêgvugjs df

haotrag.
(:2) Uêgvugjs df rftfohcøo df hjrkj
(:8) Uêgvugj haipfosjdarj df fqucgclrca dfg dcspasctcva df
 Haipaofotfs gfvjotjicfota
Cotfroas df gj
Uêgvugj df (<3) Haoùota df lalcoj
haotrag. (82) Hjrrftf df haotrag
(8:) \fsartf
(8<) \fsartf
(88) \fsartf
(84) Hjrrftf prcohcpjg
(86) Hufrpa (vêgvugj
(vêgvugj df jgcvca df foercjicfota df gas
erfoas)
(85) \fsartf (vêgvugj df jgcvca df foercjicfota df gas
erfoas)
(8;) Uêgvugj (vêgvugj df jgcvca df foercjicfota df gas
erfoas)
A.X.J. 󰀺󰀵󰀴

Rjrtf Coefrcar df gj Uêgvugj df Gfvjotf

Fstj cgustrjhcøo iufstrj gj pjrtf coefrcar dfg hufrpa df gj
vêgvugj df gfvjotf. Fo gj eckurj sf pufdfo jprfhcjr gas
haipaofotfs cotfroas. Rjrj jhhfdfr j gas arcechcas, gas
 Haipaofotfs jhapgfs fo vfrdf dflfo sfr rfiavcdas.
Cotfroas df gj
Uêgvugj df Gas haipaofotfs vcsclgfs dfsdf gj pjrtf coefrcar df gj vêgvugj
haotrag df
Gfvjotf. dfg pagcpjsta sao0
(:) Arcechca Oa.8 (arcechca df vfotcgjhcøo pjrj gj vêgvugj df
haotrjpfsa).
(<) Fohnuef (arcechca).
(8) Arcechca Oa.: (arcechca df sfújg pjrj gj vêgvugj df
haotrjpfsa).
(4) Rjotjggj.
(6) Fohnuef (arcechca).
(5) Fohnuef (arcechca).
(;) Arcechca
Arce chca O²
O ²< (ar
(arcechca
cechca df sfújg
sf újg pjrj
pjr j gj vêgvugj df
haotrjpfsa).
(>) Uêgvugj df haotrjpfsa.

A.X.J. 󰀺󰀵󰀶

Euohcaojicfota Kfofrjg dfg Xcstfij df Gfvjotf

.
Fg jhfctf eguyf par das tulfréjs dfsdf gj lailj df
 Euohcaojicfota fokrjoj`fs
gfvjotjicfota,dfjtrjvcfsj
das gassfhhcaofs dfg jdcspasctcva
ecgtras y ggfkj gas arcechcas df
Kfofrjg dfg suicocstra df jhfctf df gj vêgvugj dfg dcspasctcva df
Xcstfij df gfvjotjicfota (;). Fg jhfctf df gas das arcechcas df suicocstra
Gfvjotf. (;) sf hailcoj dfotra df gj vêgvugj df haotrag.
Njy das vêgvugjs df rftfohcøo df hjrkj (:2) quf pratfkfo gj
lailj haotrj fg eguà covfrsa df jhfctf dfsdf gjs tulfréjs df
gas hcgcodras dfg dcspasctcva df gfvjotjicfota.
Gj vêgvugj df jgcvca dfg foercjdar df jhfctf df gas erfoas (:<)
gcictj gj prfscøo fo gjs tulfréjs j gas foercjdarfs dfg jhfctf
df gas erfoas. Gj vêgvugj df jgcvca dfg foercjdar df jhfctf df
gas erfoas (:<) dfshjrkj jhfctf fo fg tjoquf ncdrêugcha. Fg
jhfctf sf dfshjrkj fo fg tjoquf ncdrêugcha hujoda gj prfscøo
quf ggfkj jg scstfij df foercjicfota df gas erfoas j trjvãs df
gj sjgcdj (::) fs dfijscjda jgtj.
Gj vêgvugj haipfosjdarj df fqucgclrca dfg dcspasctcva df
gfvjotjicfota (:8) cipcdf gj hjvctjhcøo df gas hcgcodras dfg
dcspasctcva df gfvjotjicfota. Xc gj hjrkj sf iufvf df earij
rfpfotcoj y gj lailj df fokrjoj`fs oa pufdf suicocstrjr
suechcfotf jhfctf haia pjrj haipfosjr gj prfscøo j gj vêgvugj
dfg dcspasctcva df gfvjotjicfota, sf rfduhf gj prfscøo fo gj
pjrtf dfgjotfrj df gas hcgcodras dfg dcspasctcva df
gfvjotjicfota. Gj vêgvugj haipfosjdarj df fqucgclrca dfg
dcspasctcva df gfvjotjicfota (:8) sf dfspgjzj sc gj prfscøo fo
gj pjrtf dfgjotfrj
gfvjotjicfota hjf pardfdfljà
gas hcgcodras dfg df
df gj prfscøo dcspasctcva
jpfrturj. df
Gj
vêgvugj haipfosjdarj df fqucgclrca (:8) oa fs jùstjlgf.
Fg jhfctf df gj lailj eguyf tjilcão j trjvãs dfg hjrrftf df
dfshjrkj (<8) y ggfkj j gj vêgvugj df jgcvca df das ftjpjs dfg
dcspasctcva df gfvjotjicfota (8). Xc gjs vêgvugjs df jgcvca df
jgtj prfscøo a df lj`j prfscøo sf jlrfo, fg hjrrftf df
dfshjrkj (<8) fovéj jhfctf df gj lailj j gjs tulfréjs df
foercjicfota dfg jhfctf df gas erfoas. Gj vêgvugj df jgcvca df
lj`j prfscøo fstê ec`jdj fo uo jùstf df jgcvca ifoar quf gj
vêgvugj df jgcvca df jgtj prfscøo. Voj géofj df sfújg jg
vêstjka (<:) hcfrrj gj vêgvugj df jgcvca df lj`j prfscøo
icfotrjs gj vêgvugj df haotrag pcgata df GFUJOTJICFOTA (<)
sf fofrkczj.
A.X.J. 󰀺󰀵󰀵

Uêgvugj df Haotrag df Gfvjotf fo Raschcøo - EC@J
Gj eckurj iufstrj gj Uêgvugj df Haotrag df Gfvjotf fo gj

paschcøo EC@J. Fo fstj haodchcøo ocokuoa df gas sagfoacdfs
 Uêgvugj df praparhcaojgfs dfg dcspasctcva df gfvjotjicfota rfhclf
Haotrag dfg harrcfotf. Fg jhfctf df prfscøo pcgata fs dcrckcda j jilas
Xcstfij df fxtrfias dfg hjrrftf dcrfhhcaojg, daodf sf ijotcfof
Gfvjotf
Raschcøofo
- EC@J lgaqufjda, fo gjs vêgvugjs df haotrag pcgata.
Gas rfsartfs df hfotrjda dfotra df gj vêgvugj df haotrag pcgata
rftcfofo fg hjrrftf dcrfhhcaojg df iada quf gjs tulfréjs df gj
pjrtf dfgjotfrj df gas hcgcodras dfg dcspasctcva df
gfvjotjicfota sf lgaquffo. Voj pfqufúj iufshj fo fg
hjrrftf dcrfhhcaojg haofhtj gjs tulfréjs jg fxtrfia df
vêstjka df gas hcgcodras dfg dcspasctcva df gfvjotjicfota jg
scstfij df foercjicfota df gas erfoas.
Dflcda j quf oa sf fovéj jhfctf df sfújg jg vêstjka df gj
vêgvugj df jgcvca df das ftjpjs (:), fg jhfctf df gj lailj eguyf
j gj vêgvugj df jgcvca df lj`j prfscøo (:4). Xco filjrka, gj
prfscøo
df jgcvcaoa
dfjuifotj ga suechcfotf
lj`j prfscøo. haia
Gj paschcøo dfgpjrj jlrcrdcrfhhcaojg,
hjrrftf gj vêgvugj
df gj Uêgvugj df Haotrag df Gfvjotf, lgaqufj fg jhfctf dfg
gjda hjlfzj df gas hcgcodras df gfvjotf. Fg jhfctf fo fg
fxtrfia dfg vêstjka df gas hcgcodras eguyf jg scstfij df

A.X.J. 󰀺󰀵󰀻

foercjicfota df gas erfoas, par uoj pfqufúj rjourj df

vfotcgjhcøo (<) prjhtchjdj fo fg hjrrftf dcrfhhcaojg.
Gj vêgvugj df jgcvca dfg foercjdar df jhfctf df gas erfoas (6)
haotragj gj prfscøo
foercjicfota iêxcij
df gas erfoas. Xc fo gjs tulfréjs
gj vêgvugj jgdfg
df jgcvca scstfij df
foercjdar
df jhfctf df gas erfoas sf jlrf, fg jhfctf sf dfshjrkj jg
tjoquf ncdrêugcha, j trjvãs df gj tulfréj df suicocstra.
Vo pjsj`f dfg hjrrftf dcrfhhcaojg, df gj Uêgvugj df Haotrag df
Gfvjotf, jgcvcj gj sfújg dfg hjrrftf df gj vêgvugj df jgcvca df
das ftjpjs (:), jg tjoquf. Tada fg jhfctf df gj lailj df
gfvjotf eguyf, j trjvãs dfg ecgtra df jhfctf df foercjicfota df
Gfvjotf / erfoa, njhcj gas foercjdarfs df jhfctf df erfoa y jg
tjoquf.
Gj prfscøo sf pufdf jprfhcjr fg ijoøiftra dfg scstfij
ulchjda fo fg pjofg df ijoøiftras dfg fqucpa. Fo gj
paschcøo ec`j sf iastrjrê gj prfscøo dfg scstfij df
foercjicfota df gas erfoas, quf fs fg rfsugtjda df gj
rfstrchhcøo praduhcdj par gas ecgtras, fg foercjdar, gas erfoas y
gjs ijokufrjs (oarijgifotf iês ljà quf fg jhfctf rfjg dfg
jùstf df gj vêgvugj df jgcvca dfg foercjdar). Gj prfscøo
iêxcij fo fg hcrhucta dflf harrfspaodfr j gj haoeckurjhcøo
df gj vêgvugj df jgcvca dfg foercjdar df jhfctf df erfoa. Fg
jùstf dfg jgcvca dfg foercjdar df jhfctf gj vêgvugj tcfof
jpraxcijdjifotf ;32 mRj (::6 psc).
A.X.J. 󰀺󰀵󰀾

Uêgvugj df Haotrag df Gfvjotf fo Raschcøo - XVLC\

Fo gj paschcøo XVLC\, fg sagfoacdf df gj vêgvugj praparhcaojg
df pcgatj`f df gj Uêgvugj df Haotrag df Gfvjotf (:2) fs
jgcifotjdj. Fg hjrrftf df gj vêgvugj sagfoacdf praparhcaojg df
 Uêgvugj df pcgatj`f, sf iufvf njhcj jrrclj, pfrictcfoda quf sf drfof fg
Haotrag dfg jhfctf pcgata jg tjoquf ncdrêugcha. Fg jhfctf pcgata fo fg
Xcstfij df jhhcaojdar dfg sagfoacdf praparhcaojg (8) fipu`j jnarj fg
Gfvjotf fo hjrrftf dcrfhhcaojg df gj vêgvugj df haotrag df gfvjotf, njhcj
Raschcøo -
XVLC\ jljà, pfrictcfoda
jgcifotjhcøo dfsdfquf fg jhfctfeguyj
gj lailj, df jgtj prfscøo,
njhcj fg gjdadfg pufrtadfj
hjlfzj
gas hcgcodras df gfvjotf (5), j trjvãs df gjs vêgvugjs df
rftfohcøo df hjrkj.
Gjs vêgvugjs df rftfohcøo df hjrkj lgaqufjo gj prfscøo df gj
lailj njstj quf fstj supfrj gj prfscøo fo gas hcgcodras dfg
scstfij df gfvjotf. Gjs vêgvugjs df rftfohcøo df hjrkj
tjilcão fvctjo fg eguà covfrsa fo fg arcechca df gj lailj.
Rjrtf dfg jhfctf df suicocstra j gas hcgcodras sf fovéj tjilcão
haia jhfctf df sfújg jg hjrrftf (:) df gj vêgvugj df jgcvca df
das ftjpjs y j gj vêgvugj haipfosjdarj df fqucgclrca dfg
dcspasctcva df gfvjotjicfota (>). Gj prfscøo df sfújg iufvf
fg hjrrftf (:) df earij quf sf lgaquff gj vêgvugj df jgcvca df
lj`j prfscøo (:4). Fg haoduhta lgaqufjda pfrictf quf tada fg
jhfctf df gj lailj quf eguyf, j trjvãs dfg hjrrftf df
dfshjrkj prcohcpjg df jgcvca (:<) eguyj j gj vêgvugj df jgcvca df

A.X.J. 󰀺󰀵󰀳

jgtj prfscøo (:8). Xc gj prfscøo dfg jhfctf jlrf gj vêgvugj df

jgcvca df jgtj prfscøo (:8), fg hjrrftf prcohcpjg df jgcvca (:<) sf
dfspgjzj njhcj gj czqucfrdj y fg jhfctf df gj lailj sf
dfshjrkj haia jhfctf df foercjicfota df gas erfoas (3).
Gj prfscøo df sfújg j gj vêgvugj haipfosjdarj df fqucgclrca
(>) fipu`j fg hjrrftf j gj paschcøo jlcfrtj. Fo fstj paschcøo,
fg jhfctf df gas fxtrfias df vêstjka df gas hcgcodras dfg
dcspasctcva df gfvjotjicfota pufdf egucr, j trjvãs df gas
haoduhtas quf vjo jg hjrrftf dcrfhhcaojg. Fstf jhfctf sf
dcrckf j gjs tulfréjs haia jhfctf df foercjicfota df gas
erfoas.
Xc gj hj`j sulf iês rêpcda df ga quf gj lailj pufdf
suicocstrjr jhfctf j gas hcgcodras df gfvjotf (hjusjda par uo
hjilca rfpfotcoa df gj hjrkj) y gj prfscøo, dfg gjda df
hjlfzj df gas hcgcodras, hjf par dfljà df jpraxcijdjifotf
<<;6 mRj (882 psc), gj vêgvugj haipfosjdarj df fqucgclrca dfg
dcspasctcva df gfvjotjicfota (>) haicfozj j hfrrjrsf y
rfstrcokf fg eguà df jhfctf dfg fxtrfia dfg gjda vêstjka df
gas hcgcodras. Fg eguà df jhfctf dfsdf gas fxtrfias df gjda
vêstjka sf rfstrcokf ga quf dj haia rfsugtjda quf fg jhfctf
sf ijotfokj fo gas fxtrfias df gjda vêstjka df gas
hcgcodras, rfduhcãodasf gj vfgahcdjd df gas hcgcodras y sf
fvctjrê gj hjvctjhcøo.
Gj hjvctjhcøo, fo gas hcgcodras dfg scstfij df gfvjotf, pufdf

njhfr quf gj hj`j sf hjckj rfpfotcojifotf, hujoda gj
pjgjohj df haotrag df gfvjotf sf iufvf dfsdf gj paschcøo df
XVLC\ j gj paschcøo df LJ@JDJ.
Gj vêgvugj df
gj hjlfzj df jgcvca df jgtj prfscøo
gas hcgcodras sf jlrcrê
df gfvjotf sc gj prfscøojgtj.
fs dfijscjda fo
Hujoda sf jlrf gj vêgvugj df jgcvca df jgtj prfscøo, fg hjrrftf
df dfshjrkj prcohcpjg df jgcvca (:) sf iufvf njhcj gj
czqucfrdj, y fg jhfctf df gj lailj sf dcrckf jg hagfhtar df
rferckfrjhcøo dfg erfoa (3).
Fg jùstf df gj vêgvugj df jgcvca, dfg scstfij df gfvjotf, sf
vfrcechj fo gjs das taijs df prfscøo gahjgczjdas fo gj lailj
df gfvjotf.
Fg jùstf df gj vêgvugj df jgcvca df jgtj prfscøo, dfg scstfij
df gfvjotf, sf vfrcechj hao gj hj`j gfvjotjdj y gj pjgjohj df
gfvjotf fo gj paschcøo XVLC\ y fg iatar j JGTJ FO UJHCA.
Gj kjij df prfscaofs df gj vêgvugj df jgcvca df jgtj prfscøo
fs df <2.5>4 º 846
846 mRj (8.222 º 62 gl/pugk
gl/pugk<).
<). Fg jùstf df gj
vêgvugj sf gakrj cosfrtjoda gas hjghfs jdfhujdas.

A.X.J. 󰀺󰀻󰀲

Uêgvugj df Haotrjljgjohf df Gfvjotf

Durjotf gj paschcøo XVLC\, gj vêgvugj df Haotrjljgjohf dfg
Xcstfij df Gfvjotf fvctj quf gj hj`j sf iufvj j uoj
vfgahcdjd ijyar quf gj vfgahcdjd oarijg gfvjotf, sfkðo fg
 Uêgvugj df eguà sf suicocstrø df jhfctf dfsdf gjs lailjs df gfvjotf.
Haotrjljgjohf Fstj vfgahcdjd padréj juifotjr vcagfotjifotf sc gj hjrkj sf
dfspgjzj rêpcdjifotf j gj pjrtf trjsfrj df gj hj`j cotfotj
tcrjr df gas hcgcodras df gfvjotf.
Gj prfscøo
gfvjotf df sfújg
ijotcfof dfsdfgj fgvêgvugj
jlcfrtj gjda hjlfzj df gas hcgcodras df
df Haotrjljgjohf.
Fg jhfctf dfg fxtrfia vêstjka df gas hcgcodras df gfvjotf eguyf
sco rfstrchhcaofs, j trjvãs df gj vêgvugj df Haotrjljgjohf, jg
tjoquf. Xc gj prfscøo dfg gjda hjlfzj dcsicouyf par dfljà
df <<;2 mRj (882 psc), gj vêgvugj Haotrjljgjohf sf iufvf
njhcj jljà y rfstrcokf fg eguà df jhfctf dfsdf fg fxtrfia dfg
vêstjka df gas hcgcodras, njhcj fg tjoquf.
Xc oa njy prfscøo df gj sfújg dfsdf fg gjda hjlfzj df gas
hcgcodras, gj prfscøo jðo pufdf jlrcr gj vêgvugj df
Haotrjljgjohf. Xc gj prfscøo dfg fxtrfia df gj hjlfzj dfg
hcgcodra, fxhfdf jpraxcijdjifotf 5322 º 532 mRj (:222 º
:22 psc) fo fg pcstøo df prfscøo dfg fxtrfia df vêstjka, gj
vêgvugj sulf y pfrictf quf fg jhfctf dfg fxtrfia dfg vêstjka
eguyj dfsdf gas hcgcodras jg tjoquf.

A.X.J. 󰀺󰀻󰀺

Durjotf gj paschcøo LJ@J\ y GCL\F, gj vêgvugj df

Haotrjljgjohf pfrictf quf fg jhfctf rfstrcokcda eguyj dfsdf
gj lailj, j trjvãs df uoj vêgvugj df rftfohcøo (;) jg fxtrfia
df vêstjka df gas hcgcodras df gfvjotf.
A.X.J. 󰀺󰀻󰀼

Uêgvugj df Haotrag df Gfvjotf fo Haodchcøo LJ@J\

Xf iufstrj uoj vcstj fo sfhhcøo df gj vêgvugj df haotrag df
gfvjotf fo haodchcøo LJ@J\. Fg sagfoacdf praparhcaojg
LJ@J\ (8) sf jhtcvj y drfoj gj prfscøo dfg jhfctf pcgata dfg
 Uêgvugj df fxtrfia supfrcar dfg hjrrftf dcrfhhcaojg. Fg hjrrftf
Haotrag df dcrfhhcaojg sf iufvf njhcj jrrclj.
Gfvjotf fo
haodchcøo
LJ@J\ Fg jhfctf df suicocstra
dcrfhhcaojg, j trjvãs dfdfgjgjvêgvugj
lailjdfeguyf iês jggê
rftfohcøo dfdfg hjrrftf
hjrkj yj
trjvãs, df gj vêgvugj df Haotrjljgjohf, jg fxtrfia dfg
vêstjka df gas hcgcodras df gfvjotf. Gjs vêgvugjs df rftfohcøo
df hjrkj fvctjo fg eguà covfrsa fo fg arcechca
arce chca df gj lailj.
Fg jhfctf dfg gjda df hjlfzj df gas hcgcodras eguyf njhcj fg
tjoquf. Fg suicocstra df jhfctf fo fg fxtrfia dfg vêstjka df
gas hcgcodras y fg pfsa df gj hj`j, iufvfo gas hcgcodras j gj
paschcøo rftrjédas.
@usta jotfs df quf gj hj`j fotrf fo haotjhta hao fg hnjscs, fg
sfosar df paschcøo df hj`j, fovéj uoj sfújg jg FHI dfg
hnjscs, pjrj iavfr fg hjrrftf df gj vêgvugj j gj paschcøo
JIA\TCKVJHCØO. Fo fstj paschcøo, fg hjrrftf df gj g j vêgvugj
sf iufvf gckfrjifotf pjrj rfstrcokcr fg eguà df jhfctf y lj`jr
gj hj`j sujvfifotf.

A.X.J. 󰀺󰀻󰀸

Fg hjrrftf dcrfhhcaojg tjilcão vfotcgj fg pjsj`f j gj sfújg df

gj vêgvugj df jgcvca df das ftjpjs vêstjka. Fg vêstjka df gj
sfújg df gj vêgvugj df jgcvca df das ftjpjs pfrictf quf gj
prfscøo df suicocstra sfj gcictjdj par gj vêgvugj df jgcvca df
lj`j prfscøo.
Xc gj prfscøo fo fg fxtrfia dfg vêstjka df gas hcgcodras df
gfvjotf fxhfdf jpraxcijdjifotf gas 8462 + 862 - 2 mRj
(622 + 62 - 2 psc), sf jlrcrê gj vêgvugj df jgcvca df lj`j prfscøo
(:4).
Hujoda sf jlrf gj vêgvugj df jgcvca df lj`j prfscøo, fg hjrrftf
df dfshjrkj sf iufvf njhcj gj czqucfrdj y fg jhfctf df gj
lailj eguyf jg hagfhtar df rferckfrjhcøo dfg erfoa (3).
Fg jùstf df gj vêgvugj df jgcvca df lj`j prfscøo, dfg scstfij
df gfvjotf, sf vfrcechj hao gj hj`j haipgftjifotf jljà y gj
pjgjohj df gfvjotf fo gj paschcøo LJ@J\ y fg iatar j JGTJ
FO UJHCA. Gj kjij df prfscaofs df gj vêgvugj df jgcvca df
jgtj prfscøo fs 8.44> mRj (622 gl/pugk<).
Oatj0 Rjrj quf fg FHI df Hnjscs, pfrictj gj apfrjhcøo df
Oatj0 Rjrj
gj pjgjohj j gj paschcøo LJ@J\, sf dflf ec`jr, ijoujgifotf,
i joujgifotf,
fg sfosar df paschcøo df gj hj`j, fo gj paschcøo tatjgifotf
gfvjotjdj.
Jg ckujg quf fo fg jùstf df gj vêgvugj df jgcvca df jgtj prfscøo,
fg jùstf df gj vêgvugj df jgcvca df lj`j prfscøo, sf gakrj
cosfrtjoda gas hjghfs jdfhujdas.
A.X.J. 󰀺󰀻󰀴

Uêgvugj df Haotrag df Gfvjotf fo Haodchcøo EGATJHCØO

Xf iufstrj uoj vcstj fo sfhhcøo df gj vêgvugj df haotrag df
gfvjotf fo gj paschcøo EGATJHCØO. Fg sagfoacdf
praparhcaojg LJ@J\ (8) fstê pjrhcjgifotf fofrkczjda y
 Uêgvugj df drfoj pjrtf df gj prfscøo dfg jhfctf pcgata par fohcij dfg
Haotrag df hjrrftf dcrfhhcaojg jg tjoquf. Fg hjrrftf dcrfhhcaojg sf iufvf
Gfvjotf fo
haodchcøo njhcj jrrclj, parquf
pjrhcjgifotf, gj prfscøo
fg hjrrftf df pcgatatj`f,
dcrfhhcaojg oa sf iufvfsagatatjgifotf
sf drfoj
EGATJHCØO jrrclj, haia durjotf gj haodchcøo LJ@J\.
Fg jhfctf df suicocstra df gj lailj eguyf iês jggê dfg hjrrftf
dcrfhhcaojg, j trjvãs df gj vêgvugj df rftfohcøo df hjrkj y j
trjvãs, df gj vêgvugj Haotrjljgjohf (>), jg fxtrfia df
vêstjka df gas hcgcodras df gfvjotf (;). Gj vêgvugj df
rftfohcøo df hjrkj fvctj fg eguà covfrsa fo fg arcechca df gj
lailj.
Fg jhfctf dfg gjda hjlfzj, df gas hcgcodras (5) eguyf njhcj fg

tjoquf.
Dflcda
df das jftjpjs
quf oa(:),
sf fg
fovéj prfscøo
jhfctf df gjdflailj
sfújg jg vêstjka
pufdf egucrsfújg
j gj
vêgvugj df jgcvca df lj`j prfscøo (:4). Haia gj prfscøo oa
juifotj ga suechcfotf haia pjrj jlrcr gj vêgvugj df jgcvca df

A.X.J. 󰀺󰀻󰀶

lj`j prfscøo, fg rfsta dfg jhfctf sf fovéj jg hagfhtar dfg

scstfij df foercjicfota df gas erfoas (3).
Dflcda j quf oa sf fovéj prfscøo df sfújg j gj vêgvugj
haipfosjdarj df Haotrjljgjohf (>), fg hjrrftf (<<) lgaqufj
fg haoduhta (<6).
Fg jhfctf df gj lailj fipu`j gj vêgvugj df rftfohcøo y eguyf
gclrfifotf par gj vêgvugj Haotrjljgjohf y jg gjda vêstjka df
gas hcgcodras dfg dcspasctcva df gfvjotjicfota.
Fg hjicøo dflfréj dfspgjzjrsf, oarijgifotf hao gj hj`j
jljà y hao gj pjgjohj df haotrag df gfvjotf fo gj paschcøo
EGATJHCØO, df fstj earij sf jsfkurjrê quf fg pfsa df gj
hj`j sfj sapartjda par gjs jgianjdcggjs df gj hj`j, fo fg
hnjscs y oa par gas hcgcodras df gfvjotf. Gj vêgvugj df haotrag
df gfvjotf fo rfjgcdjd fstê fo gj paschcøo EGATJHCØO.
A.X.J. 󰀺󰀻󰀵

Haodchcøo df gas Hcgcodras df Gfvjotf
Gas hcgcodras
ftjpjs y dalgfdf gfvjotf
jhhcøo. Gassao hcgcodras
hcgcodras ncdrêugchas
sulfo y lj`jo gj df
hj`jdas
df
dfshjrkj. Gas hcgcodras fstêo paschcaojdas pjrj gfvjotjr fg
 Haodchcøo df gas erfotf jg hj`j dfg vagquftf, quf pcvatj fo gj pjrtf trjsfrj. Fg
Hcgcodras df jhfctf sf dcrckf dfotra y eufrj dfg hcgcodra j trjvãs df uo pjr
Gfvjotf df pufrtas fo fg fxtrfia df vêstjka dfg hcgcodra.
Rjrj gfvjotjr gj hj`j df dfshjrkj (fxtfodfr gas hcgcodras), fg
jhfctf ncdrêugcha sf dcrckf dfsdf fg pufrta df gj vêgvugj df
haotrag df gfvjotf, jg pufrta fxtfosclgf (fxtrfia df hjlfzj)
df hjdj hcgcodra. Fg jhfctf sf iufvf njhcj jrrclj par fg tula
hfotrjg, prfsurczjoda gas pcstaofs df prcifrj y sfkuodj
ftjpj df hjdj hcgcodra, quf hjusj quf gas hcgcodras sf
fxtcfodjo. Gj prcifrj y sfkuodj ftjpj sf fxtcfodfo ùotjs
njstj quf Gj prcifrj ftjpj tahj eaoda. Gj sfkuodj ftjpj
gufka sf fxtcfodf dfsdf gj prcifrj
prci frj ftjpj.
Fg jhfctf dfg gjda vêstjka dfg hcgcodra eguyf, j trjvãs, df gjs
géofjs df rftrjhhcøo fo fg hfotra df gas tulas, sjgcfoda par fg
pufrta df rftrjhhcøo y rfkrfsjoda jg tjoquf ncdrêugcha j
trjvãs df gj vêgvugj df gfvjotf. Fo fg iada LJ@J\
(rftrjhhcøo), fg jhfctf prfsurczjda eguyf njhcj gas pufrtas dfg
gjda vêstjka dfg hcgcodra, fo fg haoduhta dfg tula hfotrjg y fo
fg gjda vêstjka df gas hcgcodras. Gj sfkuodj ftjpj sf rftrjhtj
prcifra, sfkucdj df gj prcifrj ftjpj. Fg jhfctf dfg gjda
hjlfzj dfg hcgcodra sjgf, j trjvãs dfg pufrta fxtfosclgf njhcj
fg tjoquf ncdrêugcha, j trjvãs df gj vêgvugj df gfvjotf.
A.X.J. 󰀺󰀻󰀻

Fsqufij Ncdrêugcha dfg Xcstfij df Gfvjotf

Fstj cijkfo iufstrj fg fsqufij ncdrêugcha dfg scstfij df
gfvjotf, hao gj pjgjohj df gfvjotf fo gj paschcøo
IJOTFOF\.
 Xcstfij
Ncdrêugcha dfg Fg jhfctf dfg hagfhtar dfg scstfij df dcrfhhcøo eguyf j gj
Xcstfij df
Gfvjotf vêgvugj
rfduhtarjrfduhtarj
rfduhfdfgjprfscøo df gjdfsfújg
prfscøo pcgatadfg
jhfctf (:;). Gj vêgvugj
scstfij df
dcrfhhcøo. Fg jhfctf pcgata eguyf j jilas fxtrfias dfg hjrrftf
df gj vêgvugj df haotrag df gfvjotf. Gj lailj df gfvjotf df
dalgf sfhhcøo (:>) praparhcaoj eguà df jhfctf jg hjrrftf df gj
vêgvugj df haotrag df gfvjotf, y fo gj paschcøo df IJOTFOF\
(;), fg jhfctf df gas hcgcodras df gfvjotf, fstê lgaqufjda. Fg
eguà df jhfctf tjilcão fs dcrckcda jg hjrrftf df vjhcjda df
jgcvca df jgcvca prcohcpjg (:8) y gj jg hjrrftf df sfújg df dalgf
ftjpj (:<). Dfsdf fg hjrrftf df sfújg df dalgf ftjpj, fg
jhfctf sf dcrckf j gj vêgvugj df jgcvca df lj`j prfscøo (:2) y gj
vêgvugj df jgcvca df jgtj prfscøo (::).
Hao fg hjrrftf df gj vêgvugj df haotrag df gfvjotf, fo gj
paschcøo IJOTFOF\, fg jhfctf pjsj, j trjvãs dfg hjrrftf jg
hagfhtar df rferckfrjhcøo dfg erfoa (3), pjrj fg foercjicfota
dfg erfoa trjsfra.

A.X.J. 󰀺󰀻󰀾

Fsqufij Ncdrêugcha dfg Xcstfij df Gfvjotf - XVLC\

fgfvjhcøo hao gj pjgjohj df fgfvjhcøo fo gj Raschcøo XVLC\.
Fo gj paschcøo XVLC\, gj vêgvugj df sagfoacdf praparhcaojg
 Xcstfij df gfvjotf (:) sf fofrkczj y drfoj fg pcgata jhfctf jg tjoquf.
Ncdrêugcha dfg fg jhfctf pcgata fo gj vêgvugj sagfoacdf praparhcaojg coefrcar
Xcstfij df
Gfvjotf- XVLC\ (<),paschcøo
gj fo fg fxtrfia
XVLC\apufsta dfg hjrrftf,
(6). Fg jhfctf iufvf df
df gj lailj fg hjrrftf
gfvjotfnjstj
(:>),
gufka sf dcrckf jg gjda hjlfzj df gas hcgcodras df gfvjotf (5).
Fg jhfctf df gas hcgcodras gufka eguyf j gj vêgvugj df
Haotrjljgjohf (:6). Gj vêgvugj df Haotrjljgjohf jsfkurj
quf jilas hcgcodras df fgfvjhcøo sf fxtcfodfo j gj icsij
vfgahcdjd. Dfsdf gj vêgvugj df Haotrjljgjohf, fg jhfctf sf
dcrckf, j trjvãs dfg hjrrftf df gj vêgvugj df gfvjotf, jg hagfhtar
df rferckfrjhcøo dfg erfoa (3).
A.X.J. 󰀺󰀻󰀳

Fsqufij Ncdrêugcha dfg Xcstfij df Gfvjotf - LJ@J\

gfvjotf hao gj pjgjohj df haotrag gj paschcøo LJ@J\.
 Xcstfij Fo gj paschcøo LJ@J\, gj vêgvugj df sagfoacdf praparhcaojg
Ncdrêugcha
Xcstfij dfdfg coefrcar (<) sf fofrkczj
jhfctf pcgata y drfojdffg sagfoacdf
fo gj vêgvugj pcgata fg jhfctf jg tjoquf.df
praparhcaojg Fg
Gfvjotf- LJ@J\ gfvjotf (:), fo fg fxtrfia apufsta dfg hjrrftf, iufvf fg
hjrrftf j gj paschcøo LJ@J\ (8). Fg jhfctf df gj lailj (:>)
sf dcrckf gufka jg fxtrfia df vêstjka df gas hcgcodras df
gfvjotf (>). Fg jhfctf df gas hcgcodras df gfvjotf eguyf njhcj fg
tjoquf. Fg jhfctf df gjs lailjs df gfvjotf quf oa fs
ofhfsjrca pjrj fg hcrhucta LJ@J\, sf dcrckf, j trjvãs dfg
hjrrftf df gfvjotf, jg hagfhtar df foercjicfota df erfoas (3).
A.X.J. 󰀺󰀾󰀲

Fsqufij Ncdrêugcha dfg Xcstfij df Gfvjotf -

EGATJHCÕO
gfvjotf hao gj pjgjohj df haotrag gj paschcøo EGATJHCØO.
 Xcstfij
Ncdrêugcha
Xcstfij dfdfg Fo gj paschcøo
praparhcaojg EGATJHCØO,
coefrcar gj y vêgvugj
(<) sf fofrkczj df sagfoacdf
drfoj fg jhfctf pcgata jg
Gfvjotf- tjoquf. Fg jhfctf pcgata fo gj vêgvugj df sagfoacdf df gfvjotf
EGATJHCÕO (:), fo fg fxtrfia apufsta dfg hjrrftf, iufvf fg hjrrftf njhcj
jljà njstj gj paschcøo EGATJHCØO (4). Fg jhfctf df gj
lailj df gfvjotf (:>) sf dcrckf gufka jg gjda vêstjka df gas
hcgcodras df gfvjotf (>). Fg jhfctf df gas hcgcodras df gfvjotf
eguyf njhcj fg tjoquf. Fg jhfctf df gfvjotf quf oa fs
ofhfsjrca, pjrj ijotfofr gj haodchcøo df EGATJHCØO, sf
dcrckf jg hagfhtar df rferckfrjhcøo dfg erfoa (3), j trjvãs dfg
hjrrftf dfg pagcpjsta.
A.X.J. 󰀺󰀾󰀺

Haohguscøo
Hao fsta haohguyf fg iøduga df Xcstfij df Gfvjotf, dfg
hjicøo ;34 JH, njlcgctjoda jg pjrtchcpjotf, pjrj cdfotcechjr y
 Haohguscøo gahjgczjr tadas gas haipaofotfs dfg Xcstfij df Gfvjotf,
dfshrclcfoda su euohcaojicfota. Jdfiês, njlcgctj jg
pjrtchcpjotf, cdfotcechjr gas puotas df ijotfocicfota y
rfjgczjr gjs prufljs y jùstfs quf gf pfrictfo dftfricojr su
harrfhta euohcaojicfota.
A.X.J. 󰀺󰀾󰀼

IADVGA ;0 XCXTFIJ NCD\ÊVGCHA DFG

UFOTCGJDA\ DFG \JDCJDA\ DFG
 Xcstfij df
Gfvjotf. IATA\
R\ARØXCTA
sfjo hjpjhfs df gahjgczjr, cdfotcechjr y dfshrclcr gj
sfrvchca dfg Xcstfij Ncdrêugcha dfg Ufotcgjdar dfg \jdcjdar
dfg Iatar, dfshrclcfoda su euohcaojicfota, y dfiastrjoda
haoahcicfota df gjs fstrjtfkcjs utcgczjdjs pjrj haotragjr fg
euohcaojicfota df vfotcgjdar.
J\KVIFOTJHCØO

haipaofotfs y gas puotas df sfrvchca dfg Xcstfij Ncdrêugcha
dfg Ufotcgjdar dfg Iatar, dfshrclcfoda su euohcaojicfota y
dfiastrjoda haoahcicfota df gjs fstrjtfkcjs utcgczjdjs pjrj
haotragjr fg euohcaojicfota df vfotcgjdar.
vfotcgjdar.

dfg Xcstfij Ncdrêugcha dfg Ufotcgjdar dfg \jdcjdar dfg Iatar,
dfshrclcfoda su euohcaojicfota y gjs fstrjtfkcjs utcgczjdjs
pjrj haotragjr fg euohcaojicfota dfg Ufotcgjdar= haipgftjoda
gj fvjgujhcøo prêhtchj, hao gas gjlarjtarcas harrfspaodcfotfs
j hjdj tfij y rfspaodcfoda gj fvjgujhcøo tførchj, hao
prfkuotjs df sfgfhhcøo iðgtcpgf y haipgftjhcøo df
cdfotcechjhcøo df haipaofotfs.
pjrtchcpjotfs,
Ncdrêugcha dfg cdfotcechjo gjs \jdcjdar
Ufotcgjdar dfg hjrjhtfréstchjs dfg Xcstfij
dfg Iatar.
:2. Vtcgczjoda fg ijtfrcjg df hursa y fg ijtfrcjg df rfefrfohcj,
pjrtchcpjotfs, cdfotcechjo gas haipaofotfs y gas puotas

A.X.J. 󰀺󰀾󰀸

df sfrvchca dfg Xcstfij Ncdrêugcha dfg Ufotcgjdar dfg

\jdcjdar dfg Iatar.
::. Hao gj jyudj dfg ijtfrcjg df hursa y fg ijtfrcjg df
rfefrfohcj (ijoujg
pjrtchcpjotfs df apfrjhcøo
dfshrclfo y ijotfocicfota),
gj euohcøo gas
df gas dcstcotas
haipaofotfs dfg Xcstfij Ncdrêugcha dfg Ufotcgjdar dfg
\jdcjdar dfg Iatar.
:<. Hao gj jyudj dfg ijtfrcjg df hursa y fg ijtfrcjg df
rfjgczjo gjs prufljs y jùstfs dfg Xcstfij Ncdrêugcha dfg
Ufotcgjdar dfg \jdcjdar dfg Iatar.
A.X.J. 󰀺󰀾󰀴

Cotraduhhcøo
 Xcstfij Xf iufstrj fg fsqufij ncdrêugcha dfg Iatar dfg vfotcgjdar
Ncdrêugcha dfg dfg rjdcjdar dfg iatar dfg Hjicøo ;34 JH. Fg vfotcgjdar dfg
Ufotcgjdar dfg rjdcjdar dfg iatar foeréj fg rferckfrjotf dfg iatar quf eguyf j
\jdcjdar dfg trjvãs dfg rjdcjdar y fg jcrf quf eguyf, j trjvãs
t rjvãs df JTJJH. Fg
Iatar. jhfctf eguyf dfsdf gj lailj dfg vfotcgjdar dfg rjdcjdar (:), j
trjvãs df gj vêgvugj df ijmfup (<) dfg vfotcgjdar dfg rjdcjdar
jg iatar dfg vfotcgjdar dfg rjdcjdar (8). Fg jhfctf eguyf dfg
iatar, j trjvãs df gj vêgvugj ijmfup j gas erfoas dfgjotfras
(4). Fg iatar dfg vfotcgjdar (5) fs eufotf df jhfctf jdchcaojg
dcrckcdj j gas erfoas dfgjotfras. Xc fg jhfctf pjsj par gas
erfoas dfgjotfras fstêo dfijscjda hjgcfotfs, gas das
sfosarfs df tfipfrjturj (;) fo gas pufrtas df sjgcdj df gj
hjrhjsj df gas erfoas njrê quf sf fohcfodj uoj guz
codchjdarj fo gj fstjhcøo dfg apfrjdar.
Xc fg suicocstra df jhfctf jg iatar dfg vfotcgjdar sf dftcfof
rfpfotcojifotf, fg vfotcgjdar y fg iatar pufdfo haotcoujr
kcrjoda, dflcda j gj ijsj dfg vfotcgjdar, gj vêgvugj df
ijmfup pfrictf
dfg hcrhucta njhcjquf fg jhfctf
fg gjda df gj eguyj dfsdf
eufotf, pjrjfgfvctjr
rftaroa dfg gjda
fg vjhéa fo
gj géofj df suicocstra.

A.X.J. 󰀺󰀾󰀶

Fg iatar df jhhcaojicfota dfg vfotcgjdar fs uo iatar df

dfspgjzjicfota ecà, par ga tjota, gj vfgahcdjd dfg vfotcgjdar
fs dftfricojda par gj hjotcdjd df eguà df jhfctf
suicocstrjda par gj lailj dfg vfotcgjdar dfg rjdcjdar.
Gj lailj dfg vfotcgjdar dfg rjdcjdar (:) fs uoj lailj df
pcstøo df dfspgjzjicfota vjrcjlgf haotragjdj par uo
sagfoacdf praparhcaojg. Gj lailj dfg vfotcgjdar fs
haotragjdj par fg FHI df Erfoa, j trjvãs df uoj sfújg R[I.
Voj lailj df hjrkj df hjudjg ecà, fxtrjf fg jhfctf dfsdf fg
tjoquf (>) y ga dfshjrkj j gj jspcrjhcøo df gj lailj dfg
vfotcgjdar dfg rjdcjdar.
Fg jhfctf df drfoj`f df gj hj`j eguyf dfsdf fg iatar dfg
vfotcgjdar dcrfhtjifotf jg tjoquf.
A.X.J. 󰀺󰀾󰀵

Haipaofotfs dfg Xcstfij Ncdrêugcha dfg Ufotcgjdar dfg

\jdcjdar dfg Iatar
 Haipaofotfs
dfg Xcstfij Fg jhfctf eguyf dfsdf gj lailj df jhhcaojicfota dfg iatar
Ncdrêugcha dfg dfg vfotcgjdar (:) j trjvãs df uoj vêgvugj ijmfup (<) njhcj fg
Ufotcgjdar dfg iatar ncdrêugcha df jhhcaojicfota dfg vfotcgjdar (8).
\jdcjdar dfg
Iatar. Gj vêgvugj df ijmfup sf fohufotrj fo fg ijrha cotfrcar
czqucfrda njhcj gj pjrtf dfgjotfrj dfg hjicøo, dftrês dfg
rjdcjdar (4). Fg jhfctf df rftaroa tjilcão eguyf dfsdf fg
iatar df jhhcaojicfota dfg vfotcgjdar, j trjvãs df vêgvugj
ijmfup, njhcj gas erfoas dfgjotfras.
Fg sfosar df vfgahcdjd dfg vfotcgjdar (oa vcsclgf) ulchjda fo
gj pjrtf coefrcar dfg iatar dfg vfotcgjdar praparhcaoj uoj
sfújg df fotrjdj jg FHI df erfoa. Fg FHI df erfoa utcgczj
fstj fotrjdj pjrj ijotfofr gj vfgahcdjd dfg vfotcgjdar fotrf
2 y 522 rpi.
Fo fg fxtrfia df gj lailj dfg vfotcgjdar sf fohufotrj gj
lailj
jgcifotjdf ljrrcda dfg
gj lailj (6),vfotcgjdar.
quf fxtrjf fg jhfctf dfg tjoquf y

A.X.J. 󰀺󰀾󰀻

Fg krupa df rjdcjdarfs haoscstf fo0
• Das iødugas df past foercjdarfs df jcrf j jcrf (JTJJH)

(dfrfhnj f czqucfrdj).
• Fg haodfosjdar dfg scstfij df jcrf jhaodchcaojda
NUJH (jrrclj j gj czqucfrdj)
• \jdcjdar dfg iatar H:;6.
A.X.J. 󰀺󰀾󰀾

Iatar df Jhhcaojicfota dfg Ufotcgjdar dfg \jdcjdar dfg

Iatar
 Iatar df
Jhhcaojicfota
dfg Ufotcgjdar Xf iufstrj uoj vcstj fo sfhhcøo dfg iatar df
dfg \jdcjdar dfg dfspgjzjicfota ecà df jhhcaojicfota dfg vfotcgjdar. Fg iatar
Iatar. fs jhhcaojda par fg eguà df gj lailj dfg vfotcgjdar dfg
rjdcjdar. Fg jhfctf eguyf, j trjvãs dfg pufrta df suicocstra (:)
y j trjvãs dfg arcechca df gj pgjohnj df jhhcaojicfota df gas
pcstaofs (<) y fipu`j gas pcstaofs (8) eufrj dfg ljrrcg (4). Gas
pcstaofs cipugsjo fg ljrrcg y fg f`f df sjgcdj (6), njhcfoda quf
kcrfo. Fg f`f df sjgcdj kcrj fg krupa df jhhcaojicfota
pgjoftjrca y fg vfotcgjdar. J ifdcdj quf fg ljrrcg kcrj y gas
pcstaofs rfkrfsjo, fg jhfctf eguyf
e guyf dfsdf gas pcstaofs, j trjvãs
df gas arcechcas df gj pgjohnj df jhhcaojicfota df gas
pcstaofs, jg pufrta df rftaroa (5) y, j trjvãs df gj vêgvugj
ijmfup jg tjoquf.
Fg jhfctf quf katfj iês jggê df gas pcstaofs fo gj hjrhjsj dfg
iatar praparhcaoj gulrchjhcøo pjrj gas haipaofotfs
kcrjtarcas dfg iatar. Fstj eukj df jhfctf sf haoahf haia
jhfctf df drfoj`f
dfg pufrta df hj`j.
df drfoj`f df gjFghj`j
jhfctf
(;) df drfoj`f
njhcj eguyf, j trjvãs
fg tjoquf.

A.X.J. 󰀺󰀾󰀳

Lailj df Jhhcaojicfota dfg Ufotcgjdar dfg \jdcjdar dfg

Iatar
 Lailj df
Jhhcaojicfota
dfg Ufotcgjdar Gj lailj df jhhcaojicfota dfg vfotcgjdar (:) fs uoj lailj
dfg \jdcjdar dfg df pcstøo df dfspgjzjicfota vjrcjlgf iaotjdj fo gj pjrtf
Iatar. coefrcar dfg jhhcaojdar df gj lailj (<) dfotra dfg rcfg
czqucfrda dfg ljstcdar. Voj lailj df hjrkj, ulchjdj fo
têodfi, sf utcgczj pjrj fxtrjfr fg jhfctf dfsdf fg tjoquf y
jgcifotjr gj lailj df jhhcaojicfota.
Fo gj pjrtf coefrcar df gj lailj sf ulchj su vêgvugj df haotrag
 Uêgvugj df (8). Fg tarocgga df dftfohcøo dfg êokuga iéocia (oa vcsclgf)
haotrag df gj fstê ulchjda par gjda fxtfrcar df gj lailj.
Lailj.
OATJ0 Oa jùstf gas tarocggas df tapf df êokuga iéocia a
OATJ0 Oa
iêxcia (4) fo fg hnjscs. Fstf jùstf saga dflf rfjgczjrsf fo
uo ljoha df prufljs ncdrêugcha.
A.X.J. 󰀺󰀳󰀲


Iatar
 Lailj df
Jhhcaojicfota Fg FHI dfg Erfoa haotragj fg eguà df jhfctf dfsdf gj lailj
dfg Ufotcgjdar df ijoda dfg vfotcgjdar fofrkczjoda fg sagfoacdf df
dfg \jdcjdar dfg dfspgjzjicfota (:).
Iatar.
Fg FHI dfg Erfoa jojgczj gjs tfipfrjturjs, fstjda dfg erfoa
y gjs fotrjdjs df coearijhcøo df vfgahcdjd rfspfhta j gj
tcfrrj y fovéj uoj sfújg df 2 j 542 icgc jipfrfs jg sagfoacdf
df dfspgjzjicfota. Fo 2 j <22 icgcjipfrfs, gj lailj fstê
fo dfspgjzjicfota iêxcia y fg vfotcgjdar fstê fo vfgahcdjd
 Uêgvugj df iêxcij. Df 522 j 542 icgcjipfrfs, gj lailj fstê fo
haotrag df gj dfspgjzjicfota iéocia y fg vfotcgjdar fstê fo vfgahcdjd
Lailj. iéocij.
Gj rfscstfohcj dfg dfvjojda dfg sagfoacdf fs
jpraxcijdjifotf df <4 anis. Fg sagfoacdf df
dfspgjzjicfota iufvf uo hjrrftf y gj vêgvugj dfg
haipfosjdar df eguà (oa vcsclgf), fo fg cotfrcar df gj vêgvugj
df haotrag df gj lailj (<), pjrj haotragjr gj prfscøo dfg eguà
df sjgcdj df gj lailj, jg pcstøo jhtujdar dfg êokuga iéocia.
Fg pcstøoiéocia.
êokuga jhtujdar, iufvf df
Fg tarocgga fg pgjta
jùstfjokugjlgf j gj (8)
df harrcfotf paschcøo df
haotragj
gj harrcfotf iéocij rfqufrcdj pjrj haifozjr jgcvcjoda gj
prfscøo df gj lailj.

A.X.J. 󰀺󰀳󰀺

OATJ0 Oa jùstf fg tarocgga df jùstf df harrcfotf fo fg

OATJ0
hnjscs. Fstf jùstf dflfréj saga sfr nfhna fo uoj pgjtjearij
df pruflj ncdrêugchj.
Gj vêgvugj
iêxcij dfscstfij
fo fg hartf df
dfjgtj
ijodaprfscøo (4) haotragj
dfg vfotcgjdar. Gj gj prfscøo
vêgvugj df
hartf df jgtj prfscøo haotragj gj prfscøo iêxcij haotragjoda
fg eguà df gj prfscøo df sjgcdj df gj lailj jg pcstøo jhtujdar
dfg êokuga iéocia. Hujoda gj prfscøo dfg scstfij fstê fo
iêxcij, gj vêgvugj df hartf df jgtj prfscøo fovéj jhfctf jg
pcstøo jhtujdar df êokuga iéocia y iufvf fg pgjta jokugjlgf
j gj paschcøo df eguà iéocia. Gj vêgvugj df hartf df jgtj
prfscøo pjrj gj lailj dflfréj fstjr fstjlgfhcdj fo uo
iéocia df <.2;2 mRj (822 psc) jrrclj df gj prfscøo quf fs
rfqufrcdj pjrj ijotfofr gj vfgahcdjd iêxcij dfg vfotcgjdar
df 522 rpi ]jpraxcijdjifotf 8<.422 mRj (4;22 psc) j ocvfg
dfg ijrY.
Jg jhfgfrjr dfsdf LJ@J FO UJHÉA j JGTJ FO UJHÉA, gj
prfscøo dfg ijoda dfg vfotcgjdar pravahjrê uo cipugsa pjrj
cochcjr gj ratjhcøo dfg vfotcgjdar. Fg cipugsa df gj prfscøo
pufdf sfr fg jùstf dfg hartf df jgtj prfscøo df gj lailj.
Rjrj jùstjr fg jùstf df hartf df jgtj prfscøo df gj lailj,
costjgf uo pgjta lgaqufjdar fo fg pufrta df sjgcdj df gj
lailj y dfshaofhtf fg sagfoacdf df gj lailj df ijoda dfg
vfotcgjdar. Fohcfodj fg iatar y apfrf fo LJ@J FO UJHÉA.
Gj lailj jgcvcjrê y apfrjrê fo eguà iéocia y prfscøo
iêxcij (Hartf df Jgtj Rrfscøo). Jùstf fg hartf df jgtj
prfscøo pjrj gj fspfhcechjhcøo harrfhtj.
Jdfiês, vcsclgf fo fstj cgustrjhcøo fstê fg tarocgga df
dftfohcøo df êokuga iéocia (6).
A.X.J. 󰀺󰀳󰀼


Iatar
 Lailj df
Jhhcaojicfota Ga quf sf iufstrj fs uoj vcstj sfhhcaojg df gj lailj df
dfg Ufotcgjdar ijoda dfg vfotcgjdar dfg rjdcjdar dfg iatar. Gj lailj fs
dfg \jdcjdar dfg uoj lailj df tcpa pcstøo df dfspgjzjicfota vjrcjlgf. Fg
Iatar. jhfctf eguyf dfsdf gj lailj df ijoda dfg vfotcgjdar j trjvãs
df gj vêgvugj ijmfup jg iatar dfg vfotcgjdar. Gj vfgahcdjd dfg
vfotcgjdar fs haotragjdj haotragjoda fg eguà dfsdf gj lailj
jg iatar dfg vfotcgjdar. Fg jhfctf dfsdf fg fstjoquf df
dcrfhhcøo cokrfsj jg krupa df gj lailj fo fg pufrta dfljà
dfg cipfgfotf df gj lailj df hjrkj (:). Gj lailj df hjrkj
 Uêgvugj df gj ijotcfof gj lailj ggfoj df jhfctf.
haotrag df
Lailj. Fg rfsartf gjrka jgrfdfdar dfg pcstøo jhtujdar dfg êokuga
iêxcia (<) sastcfof fg pgjta jokugjlgf (8) fo fg êokuga
iêxcia. Gj prfscøo df sjgcdj df gj lailj fstê scfiprf
prfsfotf fo fg gjda czqucfrda dfg pcstøo jhtujdar dfg êokuga
iêxcia df gj lailj dfg ijoda dfg vfotcgjdar y tjilcão
jyudj j ijotfofr jg pgjta jokugjlgf fo êokuga iêxcia.
Hujoda fg pgjta jokugjlgf fstê fo êokuga iêxcia, gj sjgcdj
df gj lailj fstê fo eguà iêxcia y gj vfgahcdjd dfg vfotcgjdar
fstê fo iêxcia. Fstj fs gj paschcøo df gj lailj hujoda fg
sagfoacdf df dfspgjzjicfota rfhclf 2 icgcjipfrfs dfsdf fg
FHI dfg Erfoa.
Hujoda fg sagfoacdf df dfspgjzjicfota fstê rfhclcfoda
fotrf 2 y : jipfrfs dfsdf fg FHI, fg sagfoacdf iufvf
hjrrftf df gj vêgvugj haipfosjdarj df eguà y prfscøo (4). Fg

A.X.J. 󰀺󰀳󰀸

hjrrftf pfrictf quf fg eguà df sjgcdj df gj lailj eguyj jg

pcstøo jhhcaojdar dfg êokuga iéocia (6).
Fg pcstøo jhtujdar dfg êokuga iéocia tcfof uo dcêiftra
ijyar quf fg pcstøo jhtujdar dfg êokuga iêxcia. Fg pcstøo
jhhcaojdar dfg êokuga iéocia iufvf jg pgjta jokugjlgf
njhcj gj paschcøo df eguà iéocia. Fg êokuga dfg pgjta
jokugjlgf, fg eguà df gj lailj y gj vfgahcdjd dfg vfotcgjdar
sf iadugjo, df jhufrda j gj hjotcdjd df harrcfotf quf
hcrhugj, j trjvãs dfg sagfoacdf df dfspgjzjicfota. Hujoda fg
pgjta jokugjlgf fstê fo fg êokuga iéocia, fg eguà df sjgcdj
df gj lailj fs iéocia, df ijofrj quf gj vfgahcdjd dfg
vfotcgjdar sfrê gj iéocij. Fo fstj paschcøo df gj lailj, fg
sagfoacdf df dfspgjzjicfota rfhclf : jipfrf, dfsdf fg FHI
dfg Erfoa. Jotfs quf fg pgjta jokugjlgf ggfkuf jg tapf df
dftfohcøo dfg êokuga iéocia (5), fg pcstøo jhtujdar dfg
êokuga iéocia jlrcrê uo pufrta pfqufúa df drfoj`f jg
fstjoquf, dftfocfoda fg iavcicfota dfg pgjta jokugjlgf. Hao
sfdrfoj`f
fg fvctj quf
dfg fg
jhfctf,
pgjta dfg
jokugjlgf
pcstøo jhtujdar
njkj haotjhta
dfg êokuga
haoiéocia,
fg tapf
ifhêocha dfg pgjta jokugjlgf df êokuga iéocia,
dftfocãodasf df ijofrj rfpftcdj, ga hujg pufdf sfr rucdasa
y pufdf hjusjr djúas j gj lailj.
Fg jhfctf quf sf ecgtrj pjsjda gas pcstaofs fo gj hjrhjsj df gj
lailj praparhcaoj gulrchjhcøo pjrj gas haipaofotfs df
ratjhcøo. Fstj eukj df jhfctf ggjijdj jhfctf df drfoj`f df
hj`j. Fg jhfctf df drfoj`f df hj`j eguyf, j trjvãs dfg pufrta
df drfoj`f df hj`j y j trjvãs df uoj rf`cggj, jg fstjoquf
ncdrêugcha.
A.X.J. 󰀺󰀳󰀴

Euohcaojicfota dfg Ufotcgjdar dfg \jdcjdar dfg Iatar fo

Jgtj Ufgahcdjd.
 Ufotcgjdar dfg
\jdcjdar dfg
Iatar fo Jgtj Fstj cgustrjhcøo iufstrj gj vêgvugj df haotrag df gj lailj df
Ufgahcdjd. jhhcaojicfota dfg vfotcgjdar dfg rjdcjdar dfg iatar, hao fg
vfotcgjdar fo vfgahcdjd jgtj.
Durjotf gj apfrjhcøo oarijg df vfgahcdjd dfg vfotcgjdar, fg
jhfctf df sjgcdj df gj lailj y fg rfsartf jgrfdfdar dfg pcstøo
jhtujdar df êokuga iêxcia (:) ijotcfofo jg pgjta jokugjlgf
fo êokuga iêxcia.
Fg êokuga iêxcia fs gj paschcøo dfg pgjta jokugjlgf hujoda
fg sagfoacdf df dfspgjzjicfota (<) rfhclf jpraxcijdjifotf
2 icgcjipfrfs dfsdf fg FHI dfg Erfoa y gj prfscøo df sjgcdj
df gj lailj oa fstê fo hartf df prfscøo jgtj.
Fg jhfctf df gj lailj dfg vfotcgjdar eguyf
e guyf j gj vêgvugj (hut-aee
‘ hartf) haipfosjdarj
haipfosjdarj df prfscøo (8), fg sagfoacdf df
dfspgjzjicfota y fg pcstøo jhtujdar dfg êokuga iêxcia.
Hujoda gj prfscøo dfg scstfij dfg vfotcgjdar fs iês jgtj quf
gj prfscøo dfg scstfij df dcrfhhcøo, gj vêgvugj gjozjdarj (4)
jshcfodf y lgaqufj fg jhfctf df gj lailj df dcrfhhcøo df egucr
j gj vêgvugj df haotrag df gj lailj dfg vfotcgjdar.

A.X.J. 󰀺󰀳󰀶

Fg jhfctf df sjgcdj df gj lailj y fg rfsartf jgrfdfdar dfg

pcstøo jhtujdar dfg êokuga iêxcia sastcfof jg pgjta
jokugjlgf fo fg êokuga iêxcia. Fg êokuga iêxcia fs gj
paschcøo df gj lailj hujoda fg sagfoacdf df dfspgjzjicfota
rfhclf 2 jipfrfs dfsdf fg FHI dfg Erfoa y gj prfscøo df
gfotj.
sjgcdj df gj lailj fs gfotj.
Gj vêgvugj haipfosjdarj df prfscøo haotragj gj prfscøo
iêxcij fo fg scstfij dfg vfotcgjdar haotragjoda fg eguà df gj
lailj jg pcstøo jhtujdar dfg êokuga iéocia (6). Hujoda gj
prfscøo dfg scstfij fstê jg iêxcia, gj vêgvugj haipfosjdarj
df prfscøo sf iufvf j gj czqucfrdj y dcrckf
dcrc kf fg jhfctf jg pcstøo
jhtujdar dfg êokuga iéocia fg hujg iufvf fg pgjta jokugjlgf
j gj paschcøo dfg eguà iéocia. Gj vêgvugj haipfosjdarj df
prfscøo pjrj gj lailj dflfréj sfr fstjlgfhcdj fo uo iéocia
df <.2;2 mRj (822 psc) jrrclj df gj prfscøo quf fs rfqufrcdj
pjrj ijotfofr gj vfgahcdjd iêxcij dfg vfotcgjdar df 522
rpi.
Hujoda gj prfscøo dfg scstfij df dcrfhhcøo fs iês jgtj quf
gj prfscøo dfg scstfij dfg vfotcgjdar, gj vêgvugj gjozjdarj
lj`j y pfrictf jg jhfctf df gj lailj df dcrfhhcøo egucr fo gj
vêgvugj df haotrag df gj lailj dfg vfotcgjdar. Fg jhfctf df gj
lailj df dcrfhhcøo eguyf j gj vêgvugj haipfosjdarj df
prfscøo, fg sagfoacdf df dfspgjzjicfota y fg pcstøo jhtujdar
dfg êokuga iêxcia.
OATJ0 Rjrj jùstjr fg haipfosjdar df prfscøo, rfecãrjsf jg
OATJ0 Rjrj
Ijoujg dfg Xfrvchca pjrj fg prahfdcicfota harrfhta.
A.X.J. 󰀺󰀳󰀵

Euohcaojicfota dfg Ufotcgjdar dfg \jdcjdar dfg Iatar fo

Lj`j Ufgahcdjd.
 Ufotcgjdar dfg
\jdcjdar dfg
Iatar fo Lj`j Fstj cgustrjhcøo iufstrj gj vêgvugj ncdrêugchj df haotrag df gj
Ufgahcdjd. lailj dfg vfotcgjdar ncdrêugchj hao fg vfotcgjdar fo vfgahcdjd
lj`j.
Hujoda fg sagfoacdf df dfspgjzjicfota (<) rfhclf fotrf 2 y
5>2 icgcjipfrfs dfsdf fg FHI dfg Erfoa, fg haipfosjdar
df eguà iufvf fg hjrrftf df gj vêgvugj jg gjda dfrfhna. Fg
hjrrftf dcrckf fg jhfctf df dfshjrkj df gj lailj jg pcstøo
jhtujdar dfg êokuga iéocia (6). Fg pcstøo jhtujdar dfg êokuga
iéocia tcfof uo dcêiftra ijyar quf fg pcstøo jhtujdar dfg
êokuga iêxcia (:). Fg pcstøo jhtujdar dfg êokuga iéocia
iufvf fg pgjta jokugjlgf njhcj gj paschcøo dfg eguà iéocia.
Fo gj vfgahcdjd lj`j dfg vfotcgjdar, fg hjrrftf df gj vêgvugj
haipfosjdarj df eguà icdf fg jhfctf jg pcstøo jhtujdar dfg
êokuga iéocia pjrj haotragjr fg êokuga dfg pgjta jokugjlgf
ljà.
fo eguà ljà.

A.X.J. 󰀺󰀳󰀻

\fqufrcicfotas df Ufgahcdjd dfg Ufotcgjdar dfg

\jdcjdar dfg Iatar.
 \fqufrcicfotas
df Ufgahcdjd
dfg Ufotcgjdar Gj vfgahcdjd dfg vfotcgjdar dfpfodf df gjs fotrjdjs dfg
dfg \jdcjdar dfg sfosar jg FHI dfg Erfoa. Gas iadas df vfgahcdjd
Iatar. apfrjhcaojg dfg vfotcgjdar sao0
 Gfvjotf0
<22 rpi jg gfvjotjr gj tagvj
• tagvj dfg hhjicøo
jicøo
6<6 rpi iêxcij jg lj`jr gj tagvj dfg hjicøo
•
 \ftjrdjdar Hailcojda0
622 rpi iêxcij
•
 \ftjrdjdar df Jhjrrfa y Fgãhtrcha0

6<6 rpi iêxcij
•
 J/H FOHFODCDA (AO)0

<52 rpi iéocia sc gj vfgahcdjd
• vfgahcdjd dfg iatar fs
ifoar quf :<22rpi.
462 rpi iéocia sc gj vfgahcdjd
• vfgahcdjd dfg iatar fs
ijyar quf :<22rpi.
Xc fg egucda y gjs tfipfrjturjs dfg jcrf fstêo tadjs dfljà df
gas géictfs coefrcarfs (Ecgj J), fg vfotcgjdar ncdrêugcha fstê
JRJKJDA (AEE) y gj vfgahcdjd dfg vfotcgjdar dflf sfr tjo
lj`j haia 2 rpi.
Xc fg egucda y gjs tfipfrjturjs dfg jcrf fstêo fotrf gas géictfs
supfrcarfs f coefrcarfs (Ecgj L), gj lailj dfg vfotcgjdar
iadugjrê gj vfgahcdjd dfg vfotcgjdar par gj prcarcdjd dfg

A.X.J. 󰀺󰀳󰀾

sfosar (:-6 fo fg hujdra) j uoj hurvj df vfgahcdjd dfg

vfotcgjdar quf njyj scda prf fstjlgfhcdj pjrj hjdj sfosar.
Xc hujgqucfrj df gjs tfipfrjturjs fstê jrrclj dfg géictf
supfrcar (Ecgj H), gj vfgahcdjd dfg vfotcgjdar fstjrê tatjgifotf
FOHFODCDJ fo 6<6 rpi.
Hujoda fg hjicøo fstê fo fg iada df rftjrdjda hailcojda
(Ecgj D), gj vfgahcdjd dfg vfotcgjdar fstjrê fo fg géictf dfg
rftjrdjdar hailcojda df 622 rpi. Jdfiês, gj vêgvugj df
dfrcvjhcøo dfg erfoa fstjrê FOHFODCDJ (AO) fg hujg dcerjhtj
fg jhfctf df foercjicfota dfg erfoa jdchcaojg j gas erfoas
dfgjotfras.
A.X.J. 󰀺󰀳󰀳

Haohguscøo
Hao fsta haohguyf fg iøduga df Xcstfij Ncdrêugcha dfg
Ufotcgjdar dfg \jdcjdar dfg Iatar, dfg hjicøo ;34 JH,
njlcgctjoda jg pjrtchcpjotf, pjrj cdfotcechjr y gahjgczjr tadas
 Haohguscøo gas haipaofotfs dfg Xcstfij, dfshrclcfoda su
euohcaojicfota. Jdfiês, njlcgctj jg pjrtchcpjotf, cdfotcechjr
gas puotas df ijotfocicfota y rfjgczjr gjs prufljs y jùstfs
quf gf pfrictfo dftfricojr su harrfhta euohcaojicfota.
A.X.J. 󰀼󰀲󰀲

IADVGA >0 XCXTFIJ DF E\FOAX

Erfoas.
sfrvchca dfg Xcstfij df Erfoas, dfshrclcfoda su
euohcaojicfota, y dfiastrjoda haoahcicfota df gjs
fstrjtfkcjs utcgczjdjs pjrj haotragjr fg euohcaojicfota df gas
erfoas.
J\KVIFOTJHCØO
haipaofotfs y gas puotas df sfrvchca dfg Xcstfij df Erfoas,
dfshrclcfoda su euohcaojicfota y dfiastrjoda haoahcicfota
df gjs fstrjtfkcjs utcgczjdjs pjrj haotragjr fg euohcaojicfota
df gas erfoas.
erfoas.

dfg Xcstfij df Erfoas, dfshrclcfoda su euohcaojicfota y gjs
fstrjtfkcjs utcgczjdjs pjrj haotragjr fg euohcaojicfota df gas
erfoas= haipgftjoda
gjlarjtarcas gj fvjgujhcøo
harrfspaodcfotfs j hjdj tfijprêhtchj, hao gas
y rfspaodcfoda gj
:. Vtcgczjoda fg ijtfrcjg df hursa y fg ijtfrcjg df
rfefrfohcj, (ijoujg df apfrjhcøo y ijotfocicfota),
gas pjrtchcpjotfs, cdfotcechjo gjs hjrjhtfréstchjs dfg
Xcstfij df Erfoas.
<. Vtcgczjoda fg ijtfrcjg df hursa y fg ijtfrcjg df
gas pjrtchcpjotfs, cdfotcechjo gas haipaofotfs y gas
puotas df sfrvchca dfg Xcstfij df Erfoas.

A.X.J. 󰀼󰀲󰀺

8. Hao gj jyudj dfg

dfg ijtfrcjg df hurs
hursaa y fg ijtfrcjg ddff
haipaofotfs dfg Xcstfij df Erfoas.
4. Hao gj jyudj dfgdfg ijtfrcjg df hurs
hursaa y fg ijtfrcjg ddff
rfjgczjo gjs prufljs y jùstfs dfg Xcstfij df Erfoas.
A.X.J. 󰀼󰀲󰀼

Cotraduhhcøo
 Cotraduhhcøo
Fg scstfij df erfoas df hjicøo ;34 JH fs tatjgifotf
ncdrêugcha. Gjs fstjhcaofs df rufdjs sao dfg hjicøo ;36E
JH, pfra ãg gjs vêgvugjs df haotrag sao df gas jotckuas
hjicaofs Voct \ck. Xf haotragj fgfhtrøochjifotf ifdcjotf fg
Iøduga df Haotrag Fgfhtrøocha (FHI, Fgfhtraoch Haotrag
Iadugf) df gas erfoas y fg FHI dfg hnjscs.
Fg scstfij df erfoas
e rfoas haostj df gas sckucfotfs haipaofotfs0
 Tjoquf ncdrêugcha.
 Lailj df dcrfhhcøo.
 Erfoas df fstjhcaojicfota ia`jdas dfgjotfras y

trjsfras.
 Erfoas df sfrvchca ia`jdas dfgjotfras y trjsfras.
 Jùstjdarfs df nagkurj.
 Trfs jhuiugjdarfs df erfoas df sfrvchca.
Fg jhfctf ncdrêugcha sf fxtrjf dfg tjoquf fo fg gjda czqucfrda

dfg hjicøo njhcj haoùota df gj lailj df gj dcrfhhcøo. Gj
lailj df iøvcg
dcspasctcva dcrfhhcøo
(pgjhjfsashcgjotf),
uoj lailj quf df
sf pcstøo
haotragjhao
fo uo
uo
iada df haipfosjhcøo df prfscøo.

A.X.J. 󰀼󰀲󰀸

Fo fstj haoeckurjhcøo, gj hjrrfrj df gj lailj sf haotragj

dfsdf hfra njstj fg dfspgjzjicfota iêxcia par rfvaguhcøo,
pjrj praparhcaojr uo eguà suechcfotf, pjrj ijotfofr gj
prfscøo haostjotf df jpraxcijdjifotf <4,:82 mRj (8,622
 Cotraduhhcøo psc) fo gas jhuiugjdarfs dfg scstfij df erfoas. Fg eguà df
jhfctf df gj lailj sf dcrckf, j trjvãs df uo ecgtra df jhfctf, j
jgtj prfscøo y jg hagfhtar dfg scstfij df dcrfhhcøo.
Fg jhfctf pjsj dfg hagfhtar dfg scstfij df dcrfhhcøo jg
hagfhtar dfg scstfij df erfoas y j gas trfs jhuiugjdarfs df
erfoas. Fg hagfhtar df erfoa sf dcvcdf fo fg erfoa dfgjotfra y
trjsfra hao jhuiugjdarfs sfpjrjdas quf suicocstrjo egucda
ncdrêugcha j sus rfspfhtcvas scstfijs. Fg tfrhfra jhuiugjdar,
fs fg df suicocstra
suicocstra.. Fstf jhuiugjdar
jhuiugjdar fs fg prcifra quf
rfhclf fg eguà df jhfctf y ga suicocstrj j gj vêgvugj rfduhtarj
df prfscøo dfg erfoa df fstjhcaojicfota y jg sagfoacdf dfg
erfoa df fstjhcaojicfota. Gj prfscøo df gj lailj df
dcrfhhcøo sf rfduhf j 45>> º 4>8 mRj (5>2 º ;2 psc).
Gas erfoas df sfrvchca dfgjotfras y trjsfras sao erfoas df
tcpa nðifda, quf sao jhhcaojdas ncdrêugchjifotf y gclfrjda
par rfsartfs. Gas erfoas df fstjhcaojicfota haoscstfo fo
erfoas nðifdas jhhcaojdas par rfsartfs y sf gclfrjo
ncdrêugchjifotf.
Gas erfoas df sfrvchca oa sf usjo pjrj dfsjhfgfrjr a dftfofr
fg hjicøo j vfgahcdjdfs supfrcarfs 6 mcgøiftras (8 ipn).
Tadj rfduhhcøo df vfgahcdjd sf rfjgczj ifdcjotf rftjrda
fgãhtrcha, quf fs gj prcifrj ictjd df gj hailcojhcøo df
rftjrda y pfdjg df erfoa df sfrvchca. Gj sfkuodj ictjd df
fstf pfdjg usj uoj vêgvugj rfduhtarj df prfscøo jùstjlgf df
uoj sagj sfhhcøo ulchjdj dfljà dfg pcsa df gj fstjhcøo df
apfrjdar. Gj prfscøo df jhfctf quf sf dcrckf j gj vêgvugj df
erfoa dujg, dfpfodf df huêota sf prfscaof fg pfdjg, gufka
dfpfodf df gas jùstjdarfs df tfoscøo dfgjotfras y trjsfras.
Fg eguà df jhfctf ggfkj ecojgifotf jg pcstøo df jhhcaojicfota
dfg erfoa df sfrvchca dfotra hjdj fstjhcøo df rufdjs.
A.X.J. 󰀼󰀲󰀴

 Haipaofotfs Haipaofotfs dfg Xcstfij df Erfoas

dfg Xcstfij df
Erfoas
Fstj cijkfo iufstrj gas sckucfotfs haipaofotfs dfg
scstfij df erfoa ulchjdas fo gj hjlcoj0
 Hailcojhcøo df rftjrda y sfrvchca df pfdjg df erfoa (:)
- Rfrictf jg apfrjdar jhtcvjr dcefrfotfs ocvfgfs df
rftjrda dfg trfo df jhhcaojicfota fgãhtrcha
dfpfodcfoda df quã tjo dfprcicda fstã fg pfdjg. Vo
paha iês df gj ictjd dcstjohcj df vcj`f, gas erfoas df
sfrvchca sf jhtcvjrêo.
 Rfdjg
- Fgdfapfrjdar
erfoa sfhuodjrca (<) fg pfdjg pjrj
pufdf usjr pjrj dftfofr
rêpcdjifotf fg hjicøo • Rjgjohj df haotrag df
hjilcas (8).
- Rfrictf jg apfrjdar sfgfhhcaojr Rjrm, \fvfrsf,
Ofutrjg, Drcvf y Gaw.
- Ijotfocfoda gas das lataofs jijrcggas fo fg haotrag
y hjilcjoda j Drcvf, gas erfoas df fstjhcaojicfota
pufdfo sfr praljdas.
 Cotfrruptar df fohfodcda / jpjkjda df haotrag df rftjrda
jutaiêtcha (4).
- Rjrtchcpj a dfsjhtcvj J\H.

C Cotfrruptar
otfrruptar df cohrfifota / dfhrfifota J\H (6)
- Hao fg cotfrruptar J\H fohfodcda, prfscaojoda gj
pjrtf supfrcar dfg cotfrruptar sf juifotjr gj
vfgahcdjd df rftjrda a prfscaojoda gj pjrtf coefrcar

A.X.J. 󰀼󰀲󰀶

df gj fg cotfrruptar dcsicoucrê gj vfgahcdjd df rftjrda.

Gj vfgahcdjd juifotjrê a dcsicouyj fo uo
cohrfifota hjdj vfz quf sf prfscaof fg cotfrruptar.
 Guz codchjdarj dfg erfoa df fstjhcaojicfota (5)

- Hujoda gj pjgjohj df hjilcas fstê fo Rjrm, fstj
gêipjrj sf cguicojrê.
 Cotfrruptar
Cot frruptar df hartf df hjrkj (;)
- Xf utcgczj pjrj jhtcvjr gas erfoas df sfrvchca trjsfras
durjotf gj hjrkj.
A.X.J. 󰀼󰀲󰀵

Haipaofotfs dfg Xcstfij df Erfoas

 guz df Jgjrij dfg
Erfoa df Gj guz df jgjrij dfg erfoa df fstjhcaojicfota (egfhnj) sf
Fstjhcaojicfota. jhtcvjrê sc sf jlrf hujgqucfrj df gjs pufrtjs df gj hjlcoj,
sco fg erfoa df fstjhcaojicfota jpgchjda.
A.X.J. 󰀼󰀲󰀻

 Haipaofotfs Haipaofotfs dfg Xcstfij df Erfoas

dfg Xcstfij df
Erfoas
Fstj cijkfo iufstrj gas sckucfotfs haipaofotfs
prcohcpjgfs fo fg scstfij ncdrêugcha df erfoas0
 Hailcojhcøo df rftjrda y vêgvugj
vêgvugj df erfoa df sfrvchca (:)
- sfhhcøo
Fstj fs pjrj
gj vêgvugj rfduhtarj
haotragjr df prfscøo
gj prfscøo df uoj
j fg sfrvchca sagj
erfoj.
 Jhuiugjdar df erfoa dfgjotfra (<)
- Vlchjda jg gjda dfg tjoquf ncdrêugcha y gas
jhuiugjdarfs dfg scstfij df dcrfhhcøo, jgijhfoj
jhfctf prfsurczjda pjrj fg scstfij ncdrêugcha df
erfoas.
 Jhuiugjdar df erfoa trjsfra (8)
- Gahjgczjda dftrês ddff gj fstjhcøo dfg
dfg apfrjdar,
apfrjdar,
jgijhfoj jhfctf prfsurczjda pjrj gj pjrtf trjsfrj
erfoas df sfrvchca.
 Jhuiugjdar df erfoa df suicocstra (4)
- Gahjgczjda jg gjda dfg jhuiugjdar df erfoa trjsfra,
ijotcfof gj prfscøo dfg scstfij pjrj gj vêgvugj pcgata
df haotrag df erfoa y gj vêgvugj df erfoa dalgf.

A.X.J. 󰀼󰀲󰀾

 Hagfhtar df erfoa (6)

- Vlchjda fo fg kjlcoftf ncdrêugcha, dcrckf fg jhfctf
dfsdf gj lailj df dcrfhhcøo jg haipaofotfs dfg
scstfij ncdrêugcha dfg erfoa.
 Uêgvugj df erfoa dalgf (5)
- Vlchjda fo fg kjlcoftf ncdrêugcha, dcrckf fg jhfctf dfg
hagfhtar df erfoa jg erfoas dfgjotfras y trjsfras. Gj
vêgvugj df erfoa dalgf sf jhtcvj hujoda fg erfoa gj
vêgvugj df haotrag, fg sagfoacdf dfg erfoa df hjrkj a
fg erfoa df jpgchjhcøo jutaiêtchj praparhcaojg gj
vêgvugj fstê jhhcaojdj.
 Uêgvugj df erfoa df jpgchjhcøo jutaiêtchj praparhcaojg
(;)
- Haotragj gj prfscøo fo fg scstfij df su suicocstra
icocstra
(jhuiugjdarfs) y hjusjs jpgchjhcøo df erfoa
jutaiêtchj dfg erfoa sc gj prfscøo dcsicouyf j ifoas
dfg ocvfg prffstjlgfhcda.
A.X.J. 󰀼󰀲󰀳

Kjlcoftf df Ijoøiftras Ncdrêugchas

Dfotra dfg kjlcoftf df Ijoøiftras ncdrêugchas njy ahna
ijoøiftras. Hcoha df fggas fstêo jhastuilrjdas j
vfrcecquf gjs prfscaofs dfg scstfij df erfoas.
 Ijoøiftras dfg
Xcstfij df  Erfoa dfgjotfra (:)
Erfoas  Uêgvugj pcgata df haotrag df erfoa (<)
 jhuiugjdar df suicocstra df erfoa (8)
 Erfoa df fstjhcaojicfota (4)
 Erfoa trjsfra (6)

A.X.J. 󰀼󰀺󰀲

Haipaofotfs dfg Iðgtcpgf df Erfoa

Fstj cijkfo iufstrj gas sckucfotfs haipaofotfs y pufrtas
tjg haia sf vfo dfsdf fg erfotf y gjda dfrfhna dfg hagfhtar
df erfoa0
 Haipaofotfs
dfg Iðgtcpgf df  Uêgvugj df sagf
sagfoacdf
oacdf dfg erfoa df fstjhcaojicfota
fstjhcaojicfota
Erfoas (:)0 jhtcvjdj par fg cotfrruptar dfg erfoa df
fstjhcaojicfota fo gj hjlcoj, dcrckf fg jhfctf njhcj y
dfsdf gas pcstaofs dfg erfoa df fstjhcaojicfota.
 Uêgvugj df drfoj`f dfg sagfoacdf dfg jhuiugjdar df
erfoa trjsfra y dfgjotfra (< y 4)0 pfrictf fg jhfctf
pjrj sfr drfojda df gas jhuiugjdarfs df erfoa. Gjs
vêgvugjs df drfoj`f sao pjrj ijoujg apfrjhcøo
sagjifotf.
 Uêgvugj sagfoacdf df hjrkj (8)0 Jhtcvjda par fg
cotfrruptar dfg erfoa df hjrkj fo gj hjlcoj, dcrckf fg
jhfctf njhcj y dfsdf gas pcstaofs dfg erfoa df sfrvchca
trjsfra.
 Uêgvugj rfduhtarj df gj prfscøo dfg erfoa df
fstjhcaojicfota (6).
 Uêgvugj df rftfohcøo ddff suicocstra
suicocstra df erfoa (5).

A.X.J. 󰀼󰀺󰀺

OATJ0 Haosugtf fg fsqufij ncdrêugcha pjrj dftfricojr

OATJ0 Haosugtf dft fricojr gjs
haofxcaofs df gas pufrtas.
• Uêgvugj sagfoacdf df drfoj`f dfg jhuiugjdar dfg erfoa trjsfra (:)

• Uêgvugj df rftfohcøo dfg jhuiugjdar dfg erfoa trjsfra (:)
• Uêgvugj df rftfohcøo dfg jhuiugjdar dfg erfoa dfgjotfra (<)

A.X.J. 󰀼󰀺󰀼

Erfoas dfgjotfras y trjsfras.

Gjs hjrhjsjs df gas erfoas dfgjotfra (:) y trjsfra usjo
pgjhjs y dcshas nðifdas, pjrj fg erfoas
e rfoas df fstjhcaojicfota
y erfoas df sfrvchca. Gas erfoas df sfrvchca sf jpgchjo
 Erfoas ncdrêugchjifotf y gas erfoas df fstjhcaojicfota sf jpgchjo
Dfgjotfras. par rfsartf.
Hjdj jga`jicfota tcfof uo codchjdar df dfskjstf dfg erfoa
quf sf utcgczj pjrj codchjr gj hjotcdjd df dfskjstf df gjs
pgjhjs y dcshas.
Rjrj foercjr gas erfoas dfgjotfras, fg jhfctf dfg vfotcgjdar dfg
rjdcjdar sf dcrckf j hjdj jga`jicfota y gufka sf dfvufgvf jg
tjoquf ncdrêugcha.
Vo sfosar df tfipfrjturj vj costjgjda fo gj géofj df sjgcdj
df hjdj jga`jicfota, pjrj codchjr sc gas erfoas fstêo dfotra
dfg rjoka df tfipfrjturj jdfhujda.
Rjrj foercjr gas erfoas trjsfras, fg jhfctf df rftaroa df gj
vêgvugj df erfoa sf dcrckf jg foercjdar df jhfctf ncdrêugcha,
ulchjda fo fg cotfrcar dfg hnjscs jg gjda dfrfhna, hfrhj dfg
iatar.
Dfspuãs df quf fg jhfctf fs rferckfrjda, sf dcrckf j hjdj
jga`jicfota, gufka sf dfvufgvf jg tjoquf ncdrêugcha. Vo
sfosar df tfipfrjturj vj costjgjda fo gj géofj df sjgcdj df
hjdj jga`jicfota, pjrj codchjr sc fg gas erfoas fstêo dfotra
dfg rjoka df tfipfrjturj jdfhujda.

A.X.J. 󰀼󰀺󰀸

Foercjdar df Jhfctf Ncdrêugcha
Fg foercjdar df jhfctf ncdrêugcha foeréj fg jhfctf df gj vêgvugj

df erfoa jotfs df dcrckcrsf j gj das jga`jicfotas df erfoa
 Foercjdar df trjsfra.
Jhfctf
Ncdrêugcha.
A.X.J. 󰀼󰀺󰀴

Jhtcvjhcøo df gas Erfoas

Xf iufstrj uoj cgustrjhcøo fo hartf df uo haoùota df erfoa
foercjda hao jhfctf. Gas erfoas
e rfoas sao sfggjda jilcfotjgifotf
y sco jùstfs. Fg jhfctf eguyf haotcoujifotf, j trjvãs df gas
 Jhtcvjhcøo df dcshas, pjrj su foercjicfota, j trjvãs dfg pufrta df
gas Erfoas. foercjicfota (:) y fg pufrta df foercjicfota (<). Dua-Haof
gas sfggas fvctjo quf fg jhfctf df rferckfrjhcøo sf ecgtrf jg
sufga a sf ecgtrf fo fg f`f jga`jicfota. Fg jùstf dfg ha`coftf
df gj rufdj dflf ijotfofrsf pjrj ijotfofr fg Dua-Haof
sfggas df eukjs.
Fg pcstøo iês pfqufúa (8) sf usj pjrj jhtcvjr gas erfoas df
fstjhcaojicfota (sfhuodjrcas). Gas gas erfoas df
fstjhcaojicfota sao jhhcaojdas par rfsartf y sf gclfrjo
ncdrêugchjifotf. Fg pcstøo iês krjodf (4) sf usj pjrj
jhtcvjr gas erfoas df sfrvchca. Fg pcstøo iês
i ês krjodf tjilcão
sf usj pjrj rftjrdjr.
Gas erfoas df sfrvchca fstêo fokrjojdas ncdrêugchjifotf.
Gj jhtcvjhcøo df gas erfoas df sfrvchca fs haotragjda hao gj
vêgvugj df erfoa dalgf. Gj jhtcvjhcøo df gas erfoas df
fstjhcaojicfota fstê haotragjdj par gj vêgvugj df sagfoacdf
dfg erfoa df fstjhcaojicfota.
Gas dcshas df erchhcøo y gjs pgjhjs df jhfra (6) sf
haiprcifo ùotas par gas pcstaofs rjgfotczjr a dftfofr fg
hjicøo. Gas rfsartfs df jhhcaojicfota sf utcgczjo pjrj

A.X.J. 󰀼󰀺󰀶

jhtcvjr fg fstjhcaojicfota erfoas.
Jùstjdarfs df Nagkurj (Xgjhm)

Fg hjicøo ;34 JH tcfof das jùstjdarfs df nagkurj. Fg
jùstjdar df nagkurj trjsfra (egfhnj) fstê ulchjda par
fohcij df gj hjrhjsj dfg f`f trjsfra.
 Xgjhm Trjsfras.
Gas jùstjdarfs df nagkurj haipfosjo fg dfskjstf dfg
dcsha df erfoa jg pfrictcr quf uo pfqufúa vaguifo df jhfctf
eguyj, j trjvãs dfg jùstjdar df nagkurj y pfrijofhfr fotrf
fg jùstjdar df nagkurj y fg pcstøo df erfoa j lj`j prfscøo.
Gas jùstjdarfs df nagkurj ijotcfofo uoj gckfrj prfscøo
salrf fg pcstøo dfg erfoa fo tada iaifota.
Gj prfscøo dfg jhfctf df rferckfrjhcøo dfg erfoa ijotcfof uoj
pfqufúj nagkurj fotrf gas dcshas df erfoa.
e rfoa.
A.X.J. 󰀼󰀺󰀵


Fg jùstjdar df nagkurj dfgjotfra (egfhnj) fstê ulchjda fo
gj pjrtf pastfrcar dfg f`f dfgjotfra.
 Xgjhm Dfgjotfra
A.X.J. 󰀼󰀺󰀻

Fstj cgustrjhcøo iufstrj vcstjs fo sfhhcøo dfg jùstjdar df

nagkurj hujoda gas erfoas fstêo GCLF\JDA y
 Xgjhm Dfgjotfra HAIR\AIFTCDA.
Hujoda gas erfoas fstêo FOKJOHNJDAX (:), fotrj jhfctf
df gj vêgvugj dfg erfoa / hnjscs (<) fg jùstjdar df nagkurj y
gas das pcstaofs krjodfs sf iufvfo njhcj jeufrj. Hjdj
pcstøo krjodf (8) suicocstrj jhfctf jg erfoa df uoj rufdj (4).
Gas pcstaofs krjodfs prfsurczjo fg jhfctf jg sfrvchca df gas
pcstaofs df gas erfoas y FOKJOHNF gas erfoas.
Oarijgifotf, gas erfoas df sfrvchca fstêo
HAIRGFTJIFOTF FOT\FKJDAX jotfs df quf gas
pcstaofs krjodfs fo fg jùstjdar df nagkurj ggfkjr jg ecojg df
su hjrrfrj. J ifdcdj quf gas dcshas df erfoa sf dfskjstjo,
fg sfrvchca fg pcstøo dfg erfoa vcj`jrê iês gfàs pjrj
EAIFOTJ\ HAIRGFTJIFOTF gas erfoas. Hujoda fg
sfrvchca fg pcstøo dfg erfoa sf iufvf iês gfàs, fg pcstøo
krjodf fo fg jùstjdar df nagkurj sf iufvf iês njhcj
jeufrj y haotjhtj gj hulcfrtj ecojg. Gj prfscøo fo fg jùstjdar
df nagkurjquf
y pfrictf juifotj njstj
fg jhfctf fg pcstøo pfqufúa
df rfpaschcøo (6) sfdfgiufvf
df gj vêgvugj erfoa
/ hnjscs eguyj jg pcstøo dfg erfoa df sfrvchca.
sfrvchca.
Hujoda sf gclfrjo gas erfoas (5), gas rfsartfs fo gas erfoas

A.X.J. 󰀼󰀺󰀾

df sfrvchca prfscaojo ijotfokj gas pcstaofs df gas erfoas

gfàs df gas dcshas df erfoa. Fg jhfctf dfg erfoa df sfrvchca
pcstaofs fipu`j gas pcstaofs krjodfs fo fg jùstjdar df
nagkurj jg hfotra df gj nagkurj jùstjdar. Fg jhfctf df
ijqucggj`f quf sf usø pjrj JHTCUJ\ gas erfoas sf rfpaof
jg vêgvugj df erfoa dalgf (vêgvugj df ijoa).
A.X.J. 󰀼󰀺󰀳

Xcstfij Ncdrêugcha df erfoas - Jpgchjhcøo df erfoa df

fstjhcaojicfota
Fstj cijkfo iufstrj uo fsqufij dfg scstfij ncdrêugcha df
erfoas hao fg fstjhcaojicfota erfoa jpgchjda y gas erfoas df
 Jpgchjhcøo dfg sfrvchca gclfrjdas.
Erfoa df
Fstjhcaojicfota Fg jhfctf pjrj fg scstfij df erfoas sf suicocstrj dfsdf fg
pufrta df erfoa dfg hagfhtar df dcrfhhcøo (dcfhcsãcs). Fg
jhfctf eguyf j trjvãs df gj vêgvugj df rftfohcøo jg hagfhtar
dfg erfoa (:3), jg fstjhcaojicfota vêgvugj df sagfoacdf df
erfoa (<:) j trjvãs df gj vêgvugj rfduhtarj df prfscøo dfg
erfoa df fstjhcaojicfota, y fg jhuiugjdar df erfoa df
suicocstra (8). Fg jhfctf gufka pjsj j gj pjrtf supfrcar y
vêgvugjs df rftfohcøo coefrcarfs. Fg jhfctf quf pjsj j trjvãs
df gj vêgvugj df rftfohcøo supfrcar hjrkj fg jhuiugjdar df
erfoa trjsfra (4). Fg jhfctf tjilcão sf suicocstrj j gj
sfhhcøo supfrcar dfg erfoa vêgvugj df drfoj`f dfg
jhuiugjdar
dalgf (:4). Rftrøgfa
(:6) y jgpjsjr
gjdajczqucfrda
trjvãs df df
gj vêgvugj
gj vêgvugj
df rftfohcøo
df erfoa
coefrcar vj jg sagfoacdf dfg erfoa df hjrkj (<<), fg fg gjda
dfrfhna df gj vêgvugj df erfoa dalgf y gj vêgvugj pcgata df
haotrag df erfoa (:8).

A.X.J. 󰀼󰀼󰀲

Haia gj vêgvugj df sagfoacdf dfg erfoa df fstjhcaojicfota

oa fstê fofrkczjdj, fg fstjhcaojicfota dfgjotfra y trjsfra
gas erfoas fstêo fokjohnjdas Fo hjsa df quf gj prfscøo
rfscdujg pfrijofzhj fo fg hcrhucta df haotrag dfg erfoa
hujoda fg gas erfoas df sfrvchca fstêo haipgftjifotf
gclfrjdas, gas cotfrruptarfs df prfscøo df jrrjstrf dfg erfoa
dfgjotfra y trjsfra (:2 y 5) praparhcaojrê uoj guz codchjdarj
df cguicojhcøo fo fg tjlgfra df gj hjlcoj.
A.X.J. 󰀼󰀼󰀺

Xcstfij Ncdrêugcha df erfoas - Jpgchjhcøo df erfoa df

Xfrvchca
erfoas hao fg sfrvchca jpgchjda par fg pfdjg y gas erfoas df
 Jpgchjhcøo dfg fstjhcaojicfota gclfrjdas.
Erfoa df
Xfrvchca @usta jotfs df quf fg hjicøo haicfohf j iavfrsf, fg
apfrjdar iufvf gj pjgjohj df haotrag df hjilca eufrj dfg
fstjhcaojicfota y fofrkczj gj vêgvugj sagfoacdf dfg erfoa df
fstjhcaojicfota (<:). Djda quf fg scstfij fg jhfctf j
prfscøo fs iuhna iês jgta quf fg ofhfsjrca pjrj gclfrjr gas
erfoas df fstjhcaojicfota, gj prfscøo dfg jhfctf fs rfduhcda
par gj vêgvugj rfduhtarj df prfscøo dfg erfoa df
fstjhcaojicfota (<4). Fstf jhfctf pjsj j trjvãs
t rjvãs df gj vêgvugj
sagfoacdf dfg erfoa df fstjhcaojicfota pjrj haiprcicr gas
ouifrasas rfsartfs quf ijotcfofo uocdjs gjs pgjhjs y
dcshas nðifdas fo hjdj jga`jicfota dfg erfoa.
e rfoa.
\fhufrdf0 Gas erfoas df fstjhcaojicfota sao jhhcaojdas
par rfsartf y sf gclfrjo ncdrêugchjifotf. Gas erfoas df
sfrvchca sao jhhcaojdas ncdrêugchjifotf y gclfrjda par
rfsartf.

A.X.J. 󰀼󰀼󰀼

Hujoda fg apfrjdar jpgchj gj vêgvugj pcgata df haotrag df

erfoa (:8), uoj hjotcdjd praparhcaojg df jhfctf eguyf j trjvãs
df gj vêgvugj njhcj gj gjozjdfrj df jpgchjhcøo jutaiêtchj
(:<), iavcfoda gj lagj df vfrcechjhcøo jrrclj. Fsta pfrictf
quf fg jhfctf pjsf j trjvãs df gj vêgvugj njhcj fg gjda
dfrfhna df gj vêgvugj df erfoa dujg (:4) y j gj gjozjdfrj dfg
erfoa df hjrkj (::), iavcfoda gj lagj df vfrcechjhcøo njhcj
gj dfrfhnj. Hao gj lagj df vfrcechjhcøo j gj dfrfhnj, fg jhfctf
pufdf egucr njhcj fg gjda czqucfrda df gj vêgvugj df erfoa
dalgf.
Gj prfscøo df jhfctf fo fg gjda supfrcar df gj vêgvugj df
erfoa dalgf iufvf gjs das vêgvugjs njhcj jljà
praparhcaojgifotf, pfrictcfoda quf fg jhfctf df hjdj
vêgvugj eguyj j gj nagkurj dfgjotfrj y trjsfrj jùstjdarfs (<3
y ;) gufka j gas erfoas df sfrvchca dfgjotfra y trjsfra (3 y
>).
A.X.J. 󰀼󰀼󰀸

Xcstfij ncdrêugcha df erfoas ‘ Erfoas Jpgchjdas

hjicøo.
durjotf gj Hjrkj dfg hjicøo.
erfoas hao gas erfoas df sfrvchca trjsfra jpgchjdas par gj
 Jpgchjhcøo dfg vêgvugj df sagfoacdf dfg erfoa df hjrkj (<<) y gas erfoas df
Erfoa df durjotf fstjhcaojicfota gclfrjda.
Xfrvchca,
gj hjrkj Gas erfoas df hjrkj sao utcgczjdas par fg apfrjdar jg hjrkjr
fg hjicøo a dfshjrkjr fg hjrkjr dfsdf fg hjicøo. Fg
apfrjdar jhtcvj fg cotfrruptar dfg erfoa df hjrkj fo fg
apfrjdar haipjrtcicfota. Gj vêgvugj df sagfoacdf dfg erfoa
df hjrkj fstê fofrkczjdj y fg jhfctf eguyf njhcj gj hjrkj
gjozjdfrj df erfoa (::). Gj lagj df haotrag fo gj gjozjdfrj
sf iufvf njhcj gj czqucfrdj y dcrckf fg jhfctf njhcj fg gjda
czqucfrda df gj vêgvugj df erfoa dalgf (:4). Rrfscøo df jhfctf
fo gj pjrtf supfrcar df gj vêgvugj df erfoa dujg iufvf fsj
sfhhcøo njhcj jljà, dcrckcfoda fg jhfctf njhcj gas erfoas df
sfrvchca trjsfras (>).
Gj
qufeuohcøo df erfoa
gj hjrrftcggj df hjrkj
sf iufvj fstê dcsfújdj
durjotf saga pjrjOa
hjrkj y dfshjrkj. fvctjr
fs
uo erfoa df fstjhcaojicfota, y fg apfrjdar oa dflf crsf gj
hjlcoj hao saga fg erfoa df hjrkj jpgchjda.

A.X.J. 󰀼󰀼󰀴

Xcstfij ncdrêugcha df erfoas ‘ Jpgchjhcøo Jutaiêtchj

Erfoa..
dfg Erfoa..
erfoas, hao gas erfoas df sfrvchca jpgchjdas par gj vêgvugj df
 Jpgchjhcøo erfoa df jpgchjhcøo jutaiêtchj (6) y gj vêgvugj jutaiêtchj
Jutaiêtchj dfg praparhcaojg df erfoa (<). Gas erfoas df fstjhcaojicfota
Erfoa. gclfrjdas.
Hujoda fg FHI df erfoa dftfhtj gj ofhfscdjd df jpgchjr gas
erfoas (prfscøo df suicocstra dcsicouyf j uoj prfscøo
prfdftfricojdj), fg FHI fovéj uoj sfújg df jpgchjhcøo
jutaiêtchj j gj vêgvugj df erfoa. Fg jhfctf eguyf j trjvãs df
gj vêgvugj df jpgchjhcøo jutaiêtchj j gj vêgvugj rfduhtarj (:)
y gj vêgvugj df erfoa df jpgchjhcøo jutaiêtchj praparhcaojg.
Fg pftrøgfa gufka eguyf jg trjoslardjdar df jpgchjhcøo
jutaiêtchj (:<), iavcfoda gj lagj df haotrag njhcj jljà
pjrj pfrictcr quf fg jhfctf eguyj j gj gjozjdfrj dfg erfoa df
hjrkj (::) y jg gjda dfrfhna df gj vêgvugj df erfoa dalgf
(:4).
erfoa Gj lagj dfnjhcj
sf iufvf vfrcechjhcøo fo gjpfrictcfoda
gj dfrfhnj, hjrkj gj gjozjdfrj df
quf fg jhfctf
eguyj njhcj fg gjda czqucfrda dfg dalgf vêgvugj df erfoa. Gj
prfscøo df jhfctf fo gj pjrtf supfrcar df gj vêgvugj df erfoa
dalgf iufvf gj vêgvugj njhcj jljà, pfrictcfoda quf fg

A.X.J. 󰀼󰀼󰀶

jhfctf jpgcquf gas erfoas df sfrvchca dfgjotfra y trjsfra (3 y

>).
Fstj sctujhcøo njhf quf gj vêgvugj df haotrag df erfoa
praparhcaof gj prfscøo iêxcij dfg scstfij j gas haoùotas
df pcozj, dftfocfoda fg hjicøo. Fstj jpgchjhcøo oa fstê
iadugjdj, y dflf usjrsf saga fo sctujhcaofs df
fifrkfohcj.
A.X.J. 󰀼󰀼󰀵

Xcstfij Foercjicfota df gas erfoas

Fstj cgustrjhcøo iufstrj uo fsqufij dfg scstfij df
rferckfrjhcøo df gas erfoas durjotf fg euohcaojicfota oarijg
apfrjhcøo. Fg jhfctf dfg arcechca df sjgcdj (4) fo gj vêgvugj dfg
 Xcstfij df erfoa eguyf jg foercjdar (8) y haotcoðj njhcj gjs das hj`js df
Foercjicfota df erfoa trjsfrjs (:). J ifdcdj quf fg pftrøgfa vcj`j j trjvãs
gas Erfoas. dfg hjrhjsjs, sf jdqucfrf hjgar y fg jhfctf sf dcrckf jg tjoquf
ncdrêugcha.
Fg jhfctf fo gjs das hjrhjsjs df gas erfoas
e rfoas dfgjotfras (<) oa
tcfof uo foercjdar sfpjrjda. Dfvagvfr fg pftrøgfa dfsdf fg
iatar dfg vfotcgjdar dfg rjdcjdar (6) y fg iatar dfg vfotcgjdar
(5) sf utcgczj pjrj foercjr gas erfoas.
e rfoas.
Fg vaguifo hailcojda df jhfctf df jilas iatarfs oa
jdqucfrf iuhna hjgar y pufdf praparhcaojr suechcfotf
rferckfrjhcøo pjrj gas erfoas.
Gjs hjrhjsjs df gas erfoas dfgjotfras tcfofo uoj vêgvugj df
rftfohcøo df dfrcvjhcøo haiðo (;) quf sf jlrf j
jpraxcijdjifotf :8> mpj (<2) psc.
Hjdj jga`jicfota dfg erfoa tcfof uo sfosar df tfipfrjturj
(>) quf haotragj fg eguà df jhfctf tfipfrjturj y fovéj su
sfújg jg FHI df erfoa. Fstjs tfipfrjturjs pufdfo sfr vcsta
fo gj pjotjggj dfg Jsfsar a hao FT.

A.X.J. 󰀼󰀼󰀻

Xcstfij df \ftjrdjdar
Fg scstfij df rftjrdjdar erfoj gj iêqucoj y pfrictf quf gj
iêqucoj ijotfokj uoj vfgahcdjd haostjotf hufstj jljà.
 \ftjrdjdar Fg rftjrdjdar sf pufdf utcgczjr pjrj rfduhcr gj vfgahcdjd df
dfspgjzjicfota. Gj rftjrdjhcøo fgãhtrchj praparhcaojdj par
gas iatarfs df trjhhcøo trjsfrj fs iês fhaoøichj quf fg
scstfij df erfoas dflcda jg ifoar dfskjstf fo gas dcshas df
erfoa.
Gj rftjrdjhcøo sf jpgchj saga j gjs rufdjs trjsfrjs. Fg
rftjrdjdar df gjs rufdjs trjsfrjs utcgczj gas iatarfs df
trjhhcøo pjrj praparhcaojr uoj rftjrdjhcøo fgãhtrchj. Gas
iatarfs df trjhhcøo trjosearijo gj fofrkéj ifhêochj fo
fofrkéj fgãhtrchj. Gufka fg rftjrdjdar fgãhtrcha df gj
pgjtjearij dfrfhnj trjosearij gj fofrkéj fgãhtrchj fo hjgar.
Xf rfhaicfodj sagtjr fg jhfgfrjdar y pcsjr fg pfdjg df
rftjrdjhcøo dcoêichj jotfs df jghjozjr gj hcij df gj hufstj
par gj quf sf dflf dfshfodfr a hujoda sf usj pjrj dcsicoucr
gj vfgahcdjd.
A.X.J. 󰀼󰀼󰀾

Haotrag Jutaiêtcha dfg \ftjrdjdar (J\H) <

 Haotrag Haotrag jutaiêtcha dfg rftjrdjdar (J\H, Jutaijtch
Jutaiêtcha df \ftjrdfr Haotrag) (<) - Tcrf dfg cotfrruptar njhcj jrrclj pjrj
\ftjda J\H sfgfhhcaojr gj paschcøo HAOFHTJDJ dfg scstfij df J\H.
Fg scstfij df J\H pfrictf quf gj iêqucoj ijotfokj uoj
vfgahcdjd haostjotf hufstj jljà. Aprcij fg latøo
cotfrruptar pjrj sfgfhhcaojr gj paschcøo DFXHAOFHTJDJ
dfg scstfij df J\H.
Hujoda sf jùstj gj vfgahcdjd harrfhtj df gj iêqucoj fo fg
J\H, gj vfgahcdjd dfg vfnéhuga y gj vfgahcdjd dfg iatar sf
rfkugjrêo jutaiêtchjifotf. Xc fs ofhfsjrca, utcgchf fg haotrag
ijoujg dfg rftjrdjdar pjrj jpgchjr iês eufrzj
e ufrzj df rftjrdjhcøo
durjotf gj apfrjhcøo dfg J\H.
Dflfo huipgcrsf gjs sckucfotfs haodchcaofs jotfs df quf fg
J\H sf jhtcvf0
• Gj pjgjohj df haotrag df hjilcas fstê fo gj paschcøo

OFVT\JG a df JUJOHF.
• Gj vfgahcdjd df gj iêqucoj fs coefrcar j gj vfgahcdjd
ec`jdj fo fg J\H.
• Gj trjlj dfg jhfgfrjdar fstê DFXHAOFHTJDJ.
• Xf sufgtj fg pfdjg dfg jhfgfrjdar.

A.X.J. 󰀼󰀼󰀳

Hujoda sf pfrictj quf gj iêqucoj sf dfspgjhf fo rufdj

gclrf fo gj paschcøo OFVT\JG, fg J\H utcgczjrê fg jùstf df
vfgahcdjd dfg J\H a fg géictf coefrcar df vfgahcdjd jhtcva pjrj
jhtcvjr fg J\H.
Jùstf df \ftjrda (vfgahcdjd) dfg J\H (:)

Aprcij gj pjrtf supfrcar a coefrcar dfg cotfrruptar durjotf 8
 Jùstf dfg sfkuodas pjrj ijotfofr uoj vfgahcdjd dfsfjdj. Xufgtf fg
rftjrda cotfrruptar hujoda sf njyj fstjlgfhcda gj vfgahcdjd dfsfjdj.
Jutaiêtcha Aprcij df ijofrj iaifotêofj gj pjrtf supfrcar dfg
cotfrruptar pjrj juifotjr uo cohrfifota gj vfgahcdjd df gj
iêqucoj. Aprcij df ijofrj iaifotêofj gj pjrtf coefrcar
dfg cotfrruptar pjrj dcsicoucr uo cohrfifota gj vfgahcdjd df
gj iêqucoj.
Coearijhcøo y haodchcaofs df rftjrdjhcøo

Gj vfgahcdjd df dfspgjzjicfota dflf sfr ga suechcfotfifotf
gfotj pjrj gjs haodchcaofs fxcstfotfs y dflf fohaotrjrsf fo
uo rãkcifo quf oa pravaquf quf fg scstfij df rftjrdjhcøo
fstã eufrj dfg rftjrda fovagvfotf. Gj rftjrdjhcøo dflf sfr
haostjotf. Dcsicouyj gj vfgahcdjd df gj iêqucoj, pjrj
altfofr uo ifàr haotrag df rftjrdjhcøo. Oa sf dfspgjhf j
jgtjs vfgahcdjdfs oc njkj pjrjdjs hartjs.
Xc sf ofhfsctj erfojda jdchcaojg, pcsf fg erfoa df sfrvchca
pjrj rfduhcr gj vfgahcdjd dfg hjicøo j uoj vfgahcdjd quf fg
scstfij df rftjrdjhcøo pufdj ijotfofr par sé saga. Oa
jhfgfrf y erfof. Oa trjtf df fefhtujr tada fg erfojda fo gj
pjrtf coefrcar df gj pfodcfotf. Ijotfokj uo erfojda fstjlgf
y ijotfokj gj vfgahcdjd df dfspgjzjicfota ljà haotrag.
A.X.J. 󰀼󰀸󰀲

Gj guz codchjdarj dfg rftjrdjdar (4) sf cguicoj hujoda sf haofhtj fg J\H.
Costruhhcaofs df rftjrdjhcøo
Fg pfsa fo ardfo df trjljà iêxcia df uo Hjicøo df Alrjs
;34 JH fs df 6<:58: mk (::62222 gl).
Rfodcfotf df parhfotj`f fechjz (ejvarjlgf)0 Fstj haguioj
rfprfsfotj gj pfodcfotf rfjg sco rfscstfohcj j gj radjdurj.

A.X.J. 󰀼󰀸󰀺

Ufgahcdjd jpraxcijdj df rftjrdjhcøo0 Fstj haguioj

rfprfsfotj gj vfgahcdjd df rftjrdjhcøo iêxcij pfrictcdj.
Gj hjghaijoéj quf iufstrj gjs hjpjhcdjdfs df rftjrdjhcøo
pjrj gj haoeckurjhcøo df gj iêqucoj fstê dfotra df gj hjlcoj.
Gjs hjpjhcdjdfs df rftjrda cohgucdjs fo fstj hjghaijoéj sf
ljsjoo fo uoj tfipfrjt
ljsj tfip frjturj
urj ji
jilcfo
lcfotf
tf df 8< ²H (32 ²E) j ocvfg
dfg ijr (fgfvjhcøo hfra).
Gjs hjpjhcdjdfs df rftjrdjhcøo rfjgfs vjréjo sfkðo gjs
sckucfotfs haodchcaofs0 tfipfrjturj fxtfrcar, rfscstfohcj j gj
radjdurj,
df hjrkj, fstjda
gas ofuiêtchas dfg scstfij df foercjicfota, tjijúa
y jgtctud.
Xc sf haoahf gj rfscstfohcj j gj radjdurj, sf pufdf vagvfr j
hjghugjr uoj pfodcfotf df parhfotj`f fechjz (ejvarjlgf) pjrj
dftfricojr sc fs pasclgf uo rfodcicfota jdchcaojg.
F`fipga0 uoj pfodcfotf rfjg dfg > % hao uoj rfscstfohcj j
gj radjdurj dfg < % fqucvjgf j uo parhfotj`f df pfodcfotf
fefhtcvj (ejvarjlgf) dfg 5 %.
A.X.J. 󰀼󰀸󰀼

RFDJG DF E\FOA DF DALGF EVOHCØO S E\FOJDA

HAILCOJDA
 Erfojda
Hailcojda
Fg pfdjg df erfoa df dalgf euohcøo gf dj haoecjozj jg
apfrjdar jg cr hufstj jljà. Fg prcifr >2% dfg pfdjg jhtcvj
saga fg erfoa dcoêicha, pfra fg apfrjdar tcfof gj hjpjhcdjd
df ifzhgjr gas erfoas df sfrvchca dfg dcsha nðifda, hao fg
<2% rfstjotf dfg rjoka dfg pfdjg df erfoa. Hujoda fg
apfrjdar
ifzhgjrêosf dftcfof fg fqucpa,
jutaiêtchjifotf gas vfgahcdjdfs.
j lj`js erfoas df sfrvchca sf
\ftjrda Fgãhtrcha
Fg fseufrza df rftjrda fgãhtrcha tatjg sf ijotfodrê njstj uoj
 \ftjrda vfgahcdjd df hjicøo df 8.< mi / n (<.2 ipn). Fg erfojda
Fgãhtrcha
Fgãhtrcha hailcojda df gas erfoas df sfrvchca (erfoas df sfrvchca
trjsfra y trjsfra dcvcdcdas 52/42) ahurrf fotrf 8.5-4.2 mi / n
(<.<6-<.6 ipn) y sf usjrê pjrj dftfofr par haipgfta fg
hjicøo y ijotfofrga fstjhcaojrca.
 \ftjrda Haotrag jutaiêtcha df rftjrda
Jutaiêtcha
Jutaiêtcha
Haotragjda par fg apfrjdar0 fg J\H sf jhtcvj
jutaiêtchjifotf y ijotcfof gj vfgahcdjd df earij
haostjotf. Xf usj uo scipgf cotfrruptar df pjgjohj pjrj

A.X.J. 󰀼󰀸󰀸

jùstjr gj vfgahcdjd df rftjrda, fgcicojoda dcjgfs

pralgfiêtchas fo gas hjicaofs df gj haipftfohcj.
Jotc-\ftrahfsa
Jpgchj jutaiêtchjifotf gas erfoas df sfrvchca pjrj fvctjr
 Jotc \ftrahfsa
\ftrahfsa quf fg hjicøo rufdf dfsdf uoj pjrjdj j gj dcrfhhcøo apufstj
j gj sagchctud df vcj`f prfvcstj.
Conclchcøo df Hjilca Covfrsa

 Conclchcøo df Jsfkurj quf gj prapugscøo covfrsj oa sf jpgcquf, hujoda gj
Covfrsa
Hjilca Covfrsa iêqucoj jvjozj, ga quf jyudj j fvctjr djúas hastasas jg
iatar y jg trfo df cipugscøo.
A.X.J. 󰀼󰀸󰀴

Haohguscøo
Hao fsta haohguyf fg iøduga df Xcstfij Erfoas, dfg hjicøo
;34 JH,gas
tadas njlcgctjoda jg pjrtchcpjotf,
haipaofotfs pjrj cdfotcechjr
dfg Xcstfij, y gahjgczjr
dfshrclcfoda su
 Haohguscøo euohcaojicfota. Jdfiês, njlcgctj jg pjrtchcpjotf, cdfotcechjr
gas puotas df ijotfocicfota y rfjgczjr gjs prufljs y jùstfs
quf gf pfrictfo dftfricojr su harrfhta euohcaojicfota.
A.X.J. 󰀼󰀸󰀶

IADVGA 30 XCXTFIJ DF FOE\CJICFOTA DFG

T\FO DF CIRVGXCØO
 Xcstfij df
Erfoas.
R\ARØXCTA
sfrvchca dfg Xcstfij df Foercjicfota dfg Trfo df Cipugscøo,
dfshrclcfoda su euohcaojicfota, y dfiastrjoda
haoahcicfota df gjs fstrjtfkcjs utcgczjdjs pjrj haotragjr fg
euohcaojicfota dfg scstfij.
J\KVIFOTJHCØO
haipaofotfs y gas puotas df sfrvchca dfg Xcstfij df
Foercjicfota dfg Trfo df Cipugscøo, dfshrclcfoda su
euohcaojicfota y dfiastrjoda haoahcicfota df gjs
fstrjtfkcjs utcgczjdjs pjrj haotragjr fg euohcaojicfota dfg
scstfij.
scstfij.

dfg Xcstfij df Foercjicfota dfg Trfo df Cipugscøo,
dfshrclcfoda su euohcaojicfota y gjs fstrjtfkcjs utcgczjdjs
pjrj haotragjr fg euohcaojicfota
e uohcaojicfota dfg scstfij= haipgftjoda gj
fvjgujhcøo prêhtchj, hao gas gjlarjtarcas harrfspaodcfotfs j
hjdj tfij y rfspaodcfoda gj fvjgujhcøo tførchj, hao
prfkuotjs df sfgfhhcøo iðgtcpgf y haipgftjhcøo df
cdfotcechjhcøo df haipaofotfs.
:. Vtcgczjoda fg ijtfrcjg df hursa y fg ijtfrcjg df
rfefrfohcj,
gas (ijoujgcdfotcechjo
pjrtchcpjotfs, df apfrjhcøo y ijotfocicfota),
gjs hjrjhtfréstchjs dfg
Xcstfij df Foercjicfota dfg Trfo df Cipugscøo.

A.X.J. 󰀼󰀸󰀵

<. Vtcgczjoda fg ijtfrcjg df hursa y fg ijtfrcjg df

gas pjrtchcpjotfs, cdfotcechjo gas haipaofotfs y gas
puotas df sfrvchca dfg Xcstfij df Foercjicfota dfg
Trfo df Cipugscøo.
rfefrfohcj (ijoujg df apfrjhcøo y ijotfocicfota),
gas pjrtchcpjotfs dfshrclfo gj euohcøo df gas dcstcotas
haipaofotfs dfg Xcstfij df Foercjicfota dfg Trfo
df Cipugscøo.
rfjgczjo gjs prufljs y jùstfs dfg Xcstfij df
Foercjicfota dfg Trfo df Cipugscøo.
A.X.J. 󰀼󰀸󰀻

Ufotcgjdar df Foercjicfota dfg Trfo df Ijoda
Fg vfotcgjdar df foercjicfota dfg trfo df ijoda foeréj gas

haipaofotfs dfg trfo df ijoda fgãhtrcha. Fg iatar dfg
 Xcstfij df vfotcgjdar df foercjicfota dfg trfo df ijoda (:) haoduhf fg
Foercjicfota dfg vfotcgjdar. Fg vfotcgjdar hcrhugj fg eguà df jcrf j trjvãs dfg
Trfo df Ijoda. scstfij df haoduhtas dfg trfo df ijoda fg hujg dcrckf fg jcrf
j gas haipaofotfs dfg trfo df ijoda.
Fg vfotcgjdar df foercjicfota dfg trfo df ijoda suhhcaoj
jcrf j trjvãs dfg kjlcoftf dfg covfrsar (<) pjrj foercjr fg
kjlcoftf y fovéj fg eguà df jcrf j trjvãs dfg scstfij df
haoduhtas pjrj foercjr fg kfofrjdar (8) y iatarfs df
trjhhcøo fo gj hjrhjsj dfg f`f trjsfra (4). Fg jcrf sjgf dfg
hjicøo fo gj pjrtf trjsfrj df gj hjrhjsj dfg f`f.
Vo tula (6) praparhcaoj jcrf prfsurczjda pjrj fg kjlcoftf
dfg covfrsar pjrj ijotfofr eufrj dfg kjlcoftf j gj tcfrrj y fg
pagva.
pagva.
A.X.J. 󰀼󰀸󰀾

Iatar Ncdrêugcha dfg Ufotcgjdar df Foercjicfota dfg

Trfo df Ijoda
Fg jhfctf dfsdf gj lailj df dcrfhhcøo, j trjvãs df gj vêgvugj
df prcarcdjd, suicocstrj jhfctf jg iatar dfg vfotcgjdar df
 Haipaofotfs foercjicfota dfg trfo df ijoda.
dfg iatar dfg
vfotcgjdar df Fg FHI dfg Trfo df Ijoda haotragj fg sagfoacdf dfg iatar
foercjicfota
trfo df ijodadfg dfg vfotcgjdar (:), fg hujg haotragj fg dfspgjzjicfota dfg
iatar.
Tarocgga df
jùstf dfg Fg sfosar df vfgahcdjd dfg iatar (<) fovéj uoj sfújg jg FHI
êokuga iêxcia dfg Trfo df Ijoda codchjoda gj vfgahcdjd dfg iatar df
foercjicfota dfg trfo df ijoda.
Jdfiês, vcsclgf fstê fg tarocgga df jùstf dfg êokuga iéocia
(8) y fg tarocgga df jùstf dfg êokuga iêxcia (4).
A.X.J. 󰀼󰀸󰀳

Ucstj artakaojg dfg iatar

Fstj cgustrjhcøo iufstrj uoj vcstj fo hartf dfg iatar df
foercjicfota dfg trfo df ijoda fo êokuga iêxcia, jgta
tarquf y rpi iéocia. Fo lj`j fo vjhéa, fg vfotcgjdar dfg
 Iatar dfg iatar df foercjicfota dfg trfo df ijoda euohcaojrj j
vfotcgjdar df jpraxcijdjifotf fo :>22 rpi.
foercjicfota dfg
trfo df ijoda. Fg jhfctf eguyf dfsdf gj vêgvugj df prcarcdjd (<) j gj pjrtf
supfrcar dfg pcstøo jhtujdar (8) y jg hjrrftf (4). Hao ocokuoj
 \pi lj`j. harrcfotf jhtujoda fo gj vêgvugj dfg sagfoacdf df haotrag dfg
iatar (:), fg jhfctf fs lgaqufjda df egucr j gj pjrtf coefrcar
dfg pcstøo jhtujdar. Gj eufrzj dfg rfsartf y fg jhfctf fo gj
pjrtf supfrcar dfg pcstøo jhtujdar ijotcfof jg pcstøo
jhtujdar fo gj paschcøo jljà. Fg iatar iufvf j gj paschcøo
dfg êokuga iêxcia (upstramfd ‘ jpgchjr) y praparhcaoj fg
rpi iéocia y iêxcia tarquf.
OATJ0 Gjs géofjs dfg iatar sao fxpufstjs dfotra dfg iatar
OATJ0 Gjs
dfg vfotcgjdar df foercjicfota.
Fg tarocgga df jùstf dfg êokuga iéocia (5) fo gj pjrtf
supfrcar df gj hjrhjsj jùstj fg êokuga dfg iatar iéocia.
Durjotf gj apfrjhcøo oarijg, fg iatar oa dflfréj jghjozjr
fg jùstf dfg êokuga iéocia.
Fg sfosar
dcfotfs fo df vfgahcdjd
gj rufdj (ljrrcgdfg
dfgiatar
iatar(>) hufotj fgGjoðifra
ncdrêugcha). df
sjgcdj dfg
sfosar fs uoj sfújg df erfhufohcj joêgakj, fg hujg
iaoctarfj gj vfgahcdjd dfg iatar.
Gj sfújg joêgakj fs uoj fotrjdj jg FHI dfg Trfo df Ijoda.

A.X.J. 󰀼󰀴󰀲

Iatar j \RI iêxcijs.

Icfotrjs gj vfgahcdjd dfg iatar fs cohrfifotjdj, gj
vfgahcdjd dfg vfotcgjdar fs cohrfifotjdj praparhcaojgifotf
par fg FHI dfg Trfo df Ijoda. Hujoda gj vfgahcdjd dfg
 Iatar dfg iatar fstê jrrclj df :822 rpi, fg FHI fovcjrê gj harrcfotf
vfotcgjdar df iêxcij jg sagfoacdf pjrj praparhcaojr fg eguà df jcrf df
foercjicfota dfg foercjicfota iêxcia. Gj vfgahcdjd iêxcij dfg vfotcgjdar fs
trfo df ijoda. jpraxcijdjifotf df 8422 rpi.
 \pi Jgtj. Fg jhfctf eguyf dfsdf gj vêgvugj df prcarcdjd (<) j gj pjrtf

supfrcar dfg pcstøo jhtujdar (8) y jg hjrrftf (4). Dfotra df
jpraxcijdjifotf 522 iJ jpgchjda j gj vêgvugj sagfoacdf
dfg haotrag dfg iatar (:), fg hjrrftf df gj vêgvugj sagfoacdf
lj`j y dcrckf fg jhfctf dfsdf gj vêgvugj df prcarcdjd j gj pjrtf
coefrcar dfg pcstøo jhtujdar. Fg pcstøo jhtujdar sulf dfsdf
quf fg jhfctf fo gj pjrtf coefrcar dfg pcstøo fstê jhtujoda fo
uo êrfj df supfrechcf iês krjodf quf fg jhfctf fo gj pjrtf
supfrcar dfg pcstøo. Fg pcstøo jhtujdar iufvf jg iatar njhcj
fg êokuga iéocia.
Gj hjotcdjd quf fg iatar iufvf dfpfodf df gj hjotcdjd df
harrcfotf dfg FHI dfg Trfo df Ijoda quf fs fovcjdj jg
sagfoacdf df haotrag- dfsjpgchjr),
iéocia (dfstramfd dfg iatar. Fofg gj paschcøo
iatar dfg êokuga
praparhcaoj gjs
rpis iêxcijs y fg tarquf iéocia.
iéocia.

A.X.J. 󰀼󰀴󰀺

Xcstfij Ncdrêugcha df Jhhcaojicfota dfg Iatar dfg

Ufotcgjdar df \ferckfrjhcøo dfg Trfo df Ijoda.
Fstj cgustrjhcøo iufstrj uo fsqufiêtcha dfg iatar dfg
vfotcgjdar df foercjicfota dfg trfo df ijoda y fg hagfhtar
 Xcstfij df gj vêgvugj df prcarcdjd (:<). Gj lailj df dcrfhhcøo (:)
Ncdrêugcha dfg praparhcaoj jhfctf j gj vêgvugj df prcarcdjd (<). Gj vêgvugj
iatar dfg df prcarcdjd haotragj fg eguà df jhfctf jg sagfoacdf dfg
vfotcgjdar df dfg
foercjicfota scstfij dfdfdcrfhhcøo
vfotcgjdar y vêgvugj
foercjicfota dfdfjgcvca
dfg trfo ijoda(8),(4),
fg yiatar dfg
fg iatar
trfo df ijoda. df gulrchjhcøo dfg ijoda ecojg (6). Gj vêgvugj df prcarcdjd dj
prcarcdjd jg scstfij df dcrfhhcøo. Gj vêgvugj df prcarcdjd sf
 \pi Jgtj. ijotcfof hfrrjdj njstj quf gj prfscøo dfg scstfij df
dcrfhhcøo fs suechcfotf y gas jhuiugjdarfs fstão hjrkjdas.
OATJ0 Rjrj uoj fxpgchjhcøo df gj apfrjhcøo df gj lailj
OATJ0 Rjrj
df dcrfhhcøo, rfecãrjsf jg Iøduga ‗Xcstfij df Dcrfhhcøo’.
Hujoda gas jhuiugjdarfs fstêo hjrkjdas, gj prfscøo df
jhfctf jhtujoda fo fg gjda dfrfhna df gj vêgvugj df prcarcdjd
fs ijyar quf gj prfscøo df jhfctf fo fg gjda czqucfrda df gj
vêgvugj df prcarcdjd iês gj eufrzj dfg rfsartf. Gj vêgvugj df
prcarcdjd hjilcj df paschcøo j gj czqucfrdj y dcrc`j fg eguà df
jhfctf j gj lailj df dcrfhhcøo j trjvãs df uoj vêgvugj hnfhm
(5) jg iatar df foercjicfota dfg trfo df ijoda y gj vêgvugj
ijmfup (;). Fg jhfctf df gj lailj df dcrfhhcøo tjilcão
eguyf jg sagfoacdf df gulrchjhcøo dfg ijoda ecojg (:4).

A.X.J. 󰀼󰀴󰀼

Durjotf gj apfrjhcøo oarijg df foercjicfota dfg vfotcgjdar

dfg trfo df ijoda, fg jhfctf fo gj vêgvugj ijmfup fs
lgaqufjda y fg jhfctf df gj lailj df dcrfhhcøo fs dcrckcda
iatar
jg iatar
dfgdfg
vfotcgjdar
vfotcgjdar
(>),dfgy trfo
jg fxtrfia
df ijoda,
ecojg fg
dfgsagfoacdf
vêstjka dfg
jhtujdar dfg iatar (3).
Hujoda fg FHI dfg Trfo df Ijoda (:2) dfsfofrkczj jg
sagfoacdf dfg iatar dfg vfotcgjdar (haia sf iufstrj fo fstj
cgustrjhcøo), fg jhfctf dfsdf gj lailj df dcrfhhcøo fs
lgaqufjda df egucr jg fxtrfia ecojg df gj hjlfzj dfg jhtujdar
dfg iatar. Fg jhfctf jhtujoda fo fg fxtrfia ecojg dfg vêstjka
dfg jhtujdar iufvf jg pcstøo dfg jhtujdar njhcj jljà y fg
iatar euohcaof j iéocijs rpi.
Hujoda fg FHI dfg Trfo df Ijoda fofrkczj fg sagfoacdf
dfg iatar dfg vfotcgjdar, fg jhfctf dfsdf gj lailj df
dcrfhhcøo
jhtujdar dfgfs dcrckcda
iatar. Fgjg pcstøo
fxtrfia ecojg dfsfgjiufvf
jhtujdar hjlfzjnjhcj
dfg
jrrclj y fg iatar dfsjpgchj, pjrj gj rpi ê iavcãodasf.
iavcãodasf.
A.X.J. 󰀼󰀴󰀸

Haohguscøo
Hao fsta haohguyf fg iøduga ‗󰁘cstfij df Foercjicfota dfg

Trfo df Cipugscøo’,
pjrtchcpjotf, dfg hjicøo y ;34gahjgczjr
pjrj cdfotcechjr JH, njlcgctjoda
tadas gasjg
 Haohguscøo haipaofotfs dfg Xcstfij, dfshrclcfoda su euohcaojicfota.
Jdfiês, njlcgctj jg pjrtchcpjotf, cdfotcechjr gas puotas df
ijotfocicfota y rfjgczjr gjs prufljs y jùstfs quf gf
pfrictfo dftfricojr su harrfhta euohcaojicfota.
e uohcaojicfota.
A.X.J. 󰀼󰀴󰀴

OATJX
A.X.J. 󰀼󰀴󰀶


Ecoocok Construction Techniques

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Ecoocok Construction Techniques

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Ecoocok Costruhhcøo Tãhochj

IJTF\CJG DFG RJ\TCHCRJOTF

Oailrf dfg Rjrtchcpjotf0 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ

Ecoocok Hjpjhctjhcøo Gtdj Hjicøo ;34 JH

Ecoocok Costruhhcøo Tãhochj

Ecoocok Hjpjhctjhcøo Gtdj Hjicøo ;34 JH

Ecoocok Costruhhcøo Tãhochj

IØDVGA :0 XFKV\CDJD FO FG FZVCRA……………………………

IØDVGA <0 COT\ADVHHCØO JG HJICØO ;34 JH………………………….. <>

IADVGA 80 FXTJHCØO DFG ARF\JDA\….............................................. 6;

IADVGA 40 XCXTFIJ XVRF\UCXCØO DF COEA\IJHCØO UCTJG

IADVGA 60 XCXTFIJ NCD\ÊVGCHA DF DC\FHHCØO................................ ::4

IADVGA 50 XCXTFIJ NCD\ÊVGCHA DF GFUJOTF……...…………………

IADVGA ;0 XCXTFIJ NCD\ÊVGCHA UFOTCGJDA\ DFG \JDCJDA\ DFG

IADVGA >0 XCXTFIJ DF E\FOAX…………………..…...…………………… <2:

IADVGA 30 XCXTFIJ DF FOE\CJICFOTA DFG T\FO DF CIRVGXCØO S

Ecoocok Hjpjhctjhcøo Gtdj Hjicøo ;34 JH

Ecoocok Costruhhcøo Tãhochj

 Rrfec`a df Xfrcf dfg Hjicøo ;34

Ecoocok Hjpjhctjhcøo Gtdj Hjicøo ;34 JH

Ecoocok Costruhhcøo Tãhochj

Jg ecojgczjr fstf hursa, fg pjrtchcpjotf sfrê hjpjz df dfiastrjr, ifdcjotf uoj

Ecoocok Hjpjhctjhcøo Gtdj Hjicøo ;34 JH

Ecoocok Costruhhcøo Tãhochj

IADVGA :0 XFKV\CDJD FO FG FZVCRA

Jg ecojgczjr fstf iøduga, gas pjrtchcpjotfs sfrêo hjpjhfs df

:. Vtcgczjoda fg ijtfrcjg df hursa y fg ijtfrcjg df rfefrfohcj,

Ecoocok Hjpjhctjhcøo Gtdj Hjicøo ;34 JH

Ecoocok Costruhhcøo Tãhochj

<. Hao gj jyudj dfg ijtfrcjg df hursa y fg ijtfrcjg df

8. Hao gj jyudj dfg ijtfrcjg dfg pjrtchcpjotf y fg ijtfrcjg

Ecoocok Hjpjhctjhcøo Gtdj Hjicøo ;34 JH

Ecoocok Costruhhcøo Tãhochj

Ecoocok Hjpjhctjhcøo Gtdj Hjicøo ;34 JH

Ecoocok Costruhhcøo Tãhochj

Ecoocok Hjpjhctjhcøo Gtdj Hjicøo ;34 JH

Ecoocok Costruhhcøo Tãhochj

Ecoocok Hjpjhctjhcøo Gtdj Hjicøo ;34 JH

Ecoocok Costruhhcøo Tãhochj

GAKA Vlchjhcøo Jdvfrtfohcj

Ecoocok Hjpjhctjhcøo Gtdj Hjicøo ;34 JH

Ecoocok Costruhhcøo Tãhochj

6 Xc gj iêqucoj R\ADVHT GCOM

; Fstf ifosj`f df \FE\CKF\JOTF

Ecoocok Hjpjhctjhcøo Gtdj Hjicøo ;34 JH

Ecoocok Costruhhcøo Tãhochj

Zuctf gfotjifotf gj tjpj df prfscøo dfg scstfij df

Ecoocok Hjpjhctjhcøo Gtdj Hjicøo ;34 JH

Ecoocok Costruhhcøo Tãhochj

jdvfrtfohcjs, sf pufdfo hjusjr gfscaofs

Ecoocok Hjpjhctjhcøo Gtdj Hjicøo ;34 JH

Ecoocok Costruhhcøo Tãhochj

Ecoocok Hjpjhctjhcøo Gtdj Hjicøo ;34 JH

Ecoocok Costruhhcøo Tãhochj

gas haipaofotfs dfg iatar. Fg haoahcicfota dfg prahfdcicfota

:. Rcdj j tada fg pfrsaojg quf sf rftcrf df gj iêqucoj y dfg êrfj.

Ecoocok Hjpjhctjhcøo Gtdj Hjicøo ;34 JH

Ecoocok Costruhhcøo Tãhochj

Coearijhcøo Xalrf Rfgckras Fgãhtrchas

 Rfgckras Jg tãricoa gas

Ecoocok Hjpjhctjhcøo Gtdj Hjicøo ;34 JH

Ecoocok Costruhhcøo Tãhochj