Analysis on Urine and Body Fluids

AUBF LAB | MLS-2D | SUMMARY

SUMMARY: CHEMICAL EXAMINATION OF URINE

pH
Test PRINCIPLE READING METHOD RESULTS
TIME
Range:
60 secs Methyl Red Acidic to Basic
REAGENT STRIP Double Indicator Bromthymol Blue (5.0-9.0)
System Color:
Orange to Green to Blue
OTHERS Litmus Test
pH meter
PROTEIN
Test PRINCIPLE READING METHOD RESULTS
TIME
Multistix (most common):
Tetrabromphenol blue
REAGENT STRIP Protein Error of 60 secs Color:
indicator Chemstrip indicator: Yellow to Blue Green

Tetrachlorophenol
tetrabromusulfonpthalein
Result Characteristics
Negative No cloudiness

HEAT AND Protein is Trace Barely visible cloudiness

ACETIC ACID denatured by 1.0% Acetic Acid +1 Distinct cloudiness, non-granular
heat and
+2 Distinct cloudiness, granular
precipitated by
+3 Heavily cloudiness with
acid. distinct flocculation
+4 Dense heavy cloud with large
flocculation that may solidify

Result characteristics Protein

Present
Negative No turbidity ≤ 5 mg/dL
Trace Perceptible turbidity 6- 20
Protein is mg/dL
SULFOSALICYLIC denatured by the 3% SSA +1 Distinct turbidity, but do 30-100
ACID acid that it not distinct granulation mg/dL
PRECIPITATION becomes less +2 Turbidity with 100-200
TEST soluble, and granulation, but no mg/dL
becomes flocculation
precipitated +3 Turbidity with 200-400
flocculation and mg/dL
granulation
+4 Clumps of precipitated ≥400 mg/dL
protein or solid
precipitates
Analysis on Urine and Body Fluids
AUBF LAB | MLS-2D | SUMMARY

BENCE JONES Bence-Jones protein precipitates at 60°C, disappears at 100°C and reappears at 60°C - 85°C
PROTEIN
DETERMINATION
MICRO- Immunological detection of human albumin by means of soluble antibody-gold-conjugate.
ALBUMIN
(MICRAL) TEST
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Test PRINCIPLE READING METHOD RESULTS
TIME
Multistix: Sensitivity:
Poly (Methyl Vinyl Ether/Maleic
Anhydride) bromthymol blue 1.00-1.030
REAGENT STRIP pKa change of 45secs
Chemstrip:
polyelectrolytes
Ethylene glycol diaminoethyl ether
tetraacetic acid, bromthymol blue
GLUCOSE

Test PRINCIPLE READING METHOD RESULTS

TIME
Multistix:
Glucose Oxidase
Glucose Oxidase Peroxidase Potassium
REAGENT STRIP Reaction 60secs Iodide
Color: Green to Brown
Chemstrip:
Glucose Oxidase
Peroxidase
Tetramethylbenzidine
Color: Yellow to Green

Reduces copper - SODIUM SULFATE

COPPER sulfate to - SODIUM CARBONATE
REDUCTION TEST cuprous AND CITRIC ACID
oxide in the - SODIUM HYDROXIDE
presence of WITH WATER AND CITRIC
alkali and heat ACID

CLINITEST Follows Benedict’s principle, used on babies to detect galactose

TABLET
Analysis on Urine and Body Fluids
AUBF LAB | MLS-2D | SUMMARY

KETONES

Test PRINCIPLE READING METHOD RESULTS

TIME
REAGENT STRIP Sodium 40 secs Multistix:
Nitroprusside Sodium Nitroprusside
Reaction
(Sodium Chemstrip:
Nitroferricyanide) Sodium Nitroprusside
and glycine
BILIRUBIN
Test PRINCIPLE READING METHOD RESULTS
TIME

REAGENT STRIP DIAZO REACTION 30secs Multistix:

2,4 dichloroaniline
diazonium salt
Chemstrip:
2,6 dichlorobenzene
diazonium tetrafluoroborate
FOUCHET TEST Bilirubin oxidized to green biliverdin
ICTOTEST Bilirubin produces purple-blue chemical reaction
UROBILINOGEN
Test PRINCIPLE READING METHOD RESULTS
TIME
REAGENT STRIP Ehrlich Reaction 60secs p-
dimethylaminobenzaldehyde

EHRLICH TUBE Para-diethylaminobenzaldehyde in conjunction with a color enhancer reacts with urobilinogen in a
TEST strongly acidic medium producing a pink-red color
WATSON- Urobilinogen reacts with chloroform or butanol and sodium producing two layers
SCHWARTZ
DIFFERENTIATION
TEST
BLOOD
Test PRINCIPLE READING METHOD RESULTS
TIME
REAGENT STRIP Pseudo- 60secs Multistix:
peroxidase Diisopropylbenzene
activity of heme dihydroperoxide
TMB
Analysis on Urine and Body Fluids
AUBF LAB | MLS-2D | SUMMARY

Chemstrip:
2,5-dimethyl 2,5
dihydroperoxyhexane
TMB

BENZIDINE TEST Peroxidase activity of hemoglobin present in urine decomposes hydrogen peroxide and the liberated
oxygen oxidizes benzidine to form a green-blue colored complex
AMMONIUM Myoglobin present: supernatant retain red color + positive reagent strip test
SULFATE Hemoglobin present: red precipitate and supernatant testing negative for blood
NITRITE
Test PRINCIPLE READING METHOD RESULTS
TIME
REAGENT STRIP Greiss Reaction 60secs Multistix:
p-arsinilic acid
Tetrahydrobenzo(h)
-quinolin-3-ol
Chemstrip:
Sulfanilamide,
hydroxytetrahydro
benzoquinoline
Other tests • Microscopic examination
• Urine C&S
• Correlation with Leukocyte esterase
LEUKOCYTE ESTERASE
Test PRINCIPLE READING METHOD RESULTS
TIME
REAGENT STRIP Granulocytic 2mins Multistix:
esterase reaction Derivatized pyrrole
amino acid ester,
Diazonium salt
Chemstrip:
Indoxylcarbonic acid
ester,
Diazonium salt