Lions english school

Name:- shrey mishra

Std:- 12 th

Div:- c
Rollno. :- 33
Subject :- physics
Topic :- touch sensor
content Page no
topic 1
introduction 2
Working principle 3
application 4
Types of touch sensor 5-9
Making of touch 10
sensor model
observation 12
Procedure 11
Precautions 13
bibliography 14
Topic

Investigatory project on touch sensor

Introduction
Touch sensor has been common nowadays for display
and lot projects with arduino. They can be found in
lamps, touch screen of smart phones and other wide
arrays of application as well. However do you
understand the working principle of a touch sensor and
how to make a simple touch sensor ?
What is touch sensor ?
A touch sensor is an electronic sensor used in detecting
and recording physical touch. Also known as tactile
sensors it’s a small, simple, low cost sensor made to
replace old switches we seen in the past
Touch sensor working principle
The touch sensor is sensitive to touch, pressure as well
as force. the touch sensor works similar to that of a
simple switch.
When there is contact or a touch on the surface of the
touch sensor. It acts like a closed switch and allows the
current to flow through it. When the contact is released
it acts similar to the opened switch and hence there is
no flow of current
From below you can understand how the touch
sensor works

Application of touch sensor

As mentioned in introduction, a touch sensor is used
for a wide array of application, with those being:
# Touch sensor in robotics: a touch sensor is
commonly used in robots, enabling basic movement
and the ability to detect touch in its sorroundings
# Smartphones, automotive, industrial applications
# Touch sensor switches are used in place of physical
press switch
# Most other applications that require pressure/distance
measurement

Types of Touch Sensors

The touch sensors are classified into two types.
They are
1.Capacitive Touch Sensor
2.Resistive Touch Sensor
Capacitive Touch Sensor
These are some of the most popular types among
touch sensors. As the name suggests, capacitive
touch sensors resemble similar to a capacitor.
The capacitance of this sensor can be expressed
by the formula.
c=ε0 *εr*A/d
Where,
‘ε0’ = Free space permittivity
‘εr’ = Relative Permittivity or permittivity of
dielectric constant
‘A’ = Area of the parallel plates
‘d’= Distance among the plates that are parallel to
each other
From the above formula for the capacitive touch
sensor, two conclusions can be derived.
The capacitance is directly proportional to the
area o the plates. The increase in the area results
in an increase in capacitance and vice-versa. It
can be understood from the formulae that the
increment in the distance of the plates decreases,
the value of capacitance at the distance is
inversely proportional to the capacitance.
In this sensor, there are two plates with ‘Co’ as
the capacitance. When the human touch is
identified, the touching part to the sensor is
referred to as a conducting object and the
capacitance is denoted as CT. The ‘Co’ is
monitored continuously by using measuring
equipment as the change in the capacitance is
detected, it will be converted in the form of a
signal.
Further, this variant of the touch sensor is
categorized into more two types. they are Surface
Capacitive Sensing and Projective Capacitive
Sensing. The resistive touch sensors are different
from the capacitive sensors. Its functionality relies
upon the pressure applied by the conductors. But
the capacitive one is the most frequently used in
the electronic industry. Some of the practically
used touch sensor examples are Grove, Grove-
12, MPR121, etc.
Resistive touch sensor
Resistive touch sensor measures touch through
responding to the pressure applied to their
surface. It consists of two conductive layers and a
non-conductive separator. Unlike the capacitive
touch sensors, its not multi-touch. Compatible.
and also these sensors cant sense the small
contact or touch. Resistive touch sensors requires
an amount force to operate.
How resistive touch sensor work:
1. The user applies pressure against the surface.
2. The outside conductive layer is then pressed against the
inner layer, resulting in voltage changes.
Resistive touch sensor application
1. Touchpads
2. Office equipments
Capacitive vs resistive touch sensor
factors Capacitive Resistive touch
touch sensor sensor

how it measures Electrical disturbance Amount of pressure

from in a change applied to the surface
in
capacitance
Multi touch Multi touch capable Not much capable
pressure Does not require Require and relies on
pressure to be applied pressure to be applied
Compatibility with Does not work Work with gloves
gloves
Applications Portable devices , Musical instruments,
smartphones and tablet touchpads ,etc. older
home applications musicplayer

Materials required
1. Cardboard
2. 9v battery
3. Battery clip
4. 3v LED
5. 1k Resistor
6. BC547 Trasistor
7. 6-12v battery
8. Connecting wire
9. Metal pin

Procedure
1. First of all, draw below circuit diagram on
cardboard
2. Now fix all the components at their
respective places
3. And the connect the wire across the
components with the help of circuit diagram
4. Now connect the battery and your model
is ready
Observation
When we place the finger on both the touch
sensor LED gets on
When we remove the finger from both the
touch sensor LED gets off

Precaution
1. All the connections should be neat and
tight
2. Connect the transistor in correct way
considering its collector ,base and emitter.
3.Be careful while connecting LED

Bibliography
. Wikipedia.com
. google search engine
.www.youtube.com
. https://eeeproject.com