COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, MPUAT, UDAIPUR (RAJ.

)
Name- Leeza Lodha Class-B.TECH, III Year, AI&DS Semester -VI

SUBJECT- Sensor Theory & Application

Experiment 3
Aim: Study about Touch senor

Theory:
Touch Sensors are the electronic sensors that can detect touch. They operate as a
switch when touched. These sensors are used in lamps, touch screens of the
mobile, etc… Touch sensors offer an intuitive user interface.

A touch sensor is a type of device that captures and records physical touch or
embrace on a device and/or object. It enables a device or object to detect touch or
near proximity, typically by a human user or operator. Touch sensing input devices
offer numerous possibilities for novel interaction techniques and it reliably replaces
mechanical buttons and switches to eliminate mechanical wear and tear. These can
be configured into simple sliders, rotary wheels, or touch pads for intuitive user
interfaces.

A touch sensor primarily works when an object or individual gets in physical contact
with it. Touch sensors are also called as tactile sensors and are sensitive to touch,
force or pressure. It can be implemented using Capacitive or Resistive sensing
technology

Fig. Touch Sensor

 COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, MPUAT, UDAIPUR (RAJ.)
Name- Leeza Lodha Class-B.TECH, III Year, AI&DS Semester -VI

SUBJECT- Sensor Theory & Application

Working Principle:
Touch sensors work similar to a switch. When they are subjected to touch, pressure
or force they get activated and acts as a closed switch. When the pressure or
contact is removed they act as an open switch.

Capacitive touch sensor contains two parallel conductors with an insulator between
them. These conductors plates act as a capacitor with a capacitance value C0.

When these conductor plates come in contact with our fingers, our finger acts as a
conductive object. Due to this, there will be an uncertain increase in the capacitance.

A capacitance measuring circuit continuously measures the capacitance C0 of the

sensor. When this circuit detects a change in capacitance it generates a signal.

The resistive touch sensors calculate the pressure applied on the surface to sense
the touch. These sensors contain two conductive films coated with indium tin oxide,
which is a good conductor of electricity, separated by a very small distance.

Across the surface of the films, a constant voltage is applied. When pressure is
applied to the top film, it touches the bottom film. This generates a voltage drop
which is detected by a controller circuit and signal is generated thereby detecting the
touch.
 COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, MPUAT, UDAIPUR (RAJ.)
Name- Leeza Lodha Class-B.TECH, III Year, AI&DS Semester -VI

SUBJECT- Sensor Theory & Application

Touch sensor applications

There are many different applications for touch sensors.

1. Touch sensor in robotics

There are many ways for touch sensors to work in robotics. For example, we make
some with different joints to change into different shapes and sizes. In addition,
these sensors often work as obstacle detectors. This allows the robot to avoid
colliding with walls or furniture.

2. Touch sensor in home appliances

We can use touch sensors to control different devices at home. For example, you
can turn on a TV or change the volume using a sensor made of plastic film and
elastic bands. This sensor can easily slide on your hand and uses light pressure to
change states (e.g., brightness).

3. Smartphones
Some touch sensors consist of a single strip of temperature-sensitive paper. They
sell for about $2. With this sensor, you can easily touch and see the temperature in
your hand.

4. Touch surfaces for electronic devices

Touch surfaces for electronic devices have become very popular. They offer many
methods of controlling the device hands-free. Devices can include game consoles
like Xbox 360 Kinect and mobile phones.

5. Automotive technology
Specialty touch sensors are helpful in the latest innovations. They include gesture
control, proximity, and haptic feedback. With the new technology, touch sensors can
access information. They also operate electronic devices and even control a vehicle.

An Arduino touch sensor is just a pressure sensor. So, when you press on
a keyboard, a pressure sensor converts your touch into an electrical signal. Then, it
sends it to the computer or smartphone you’re using.

6. Touch sensor faucet in kitchens

We can install touch sensors to control certain water features. For example, touch
sensors are on faucets or bathroom taps to turn on or off water flow by touching a
sensor.

7. Touch sensor paint

Touch sensor paint is a kind of paint that can change its color when touched with
something cold or hot. You can use this paint on walls, furniture, or accent pieces in
your room.
 COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, MPUAT, UDAIPUR (RAJ.)
Name- Leeza Lodha Class-B.TECH, III Year, AI&DS Semester -VI

SUBJECT- Sensor Theory & Application

Types of touch sensor

1. Capacitive touch sensor

A cap touch sensor works by detecting the change in capacitance between the two
sides of the sensor when there’s pressure on one side. The pressure causes a slight
change in the electrical charge between two metal electrodes on each sensor side.
So capacitive touch sensor measures touch depending on the amount of change in
capacitance.

2. Resistive touch sensor

A resistive touch sensor is a pressure sensor. It uses conductive rubber, silicone, or
metal to create a touch-sensitive surface. When there’s pressure applied on one side
of the surface, a change in resistance will occur between the two sides of the
surface. We can measure and use the difference in resistance to track the pressure
and position of the touch.

3. Infrared touch sensor

An infrared touch sensor is also called an IR touch sensor or an IR proximity sensor.
It is a pressure-sensitive surface. It uses infrared light to detect objects’ presence,
location, and movement. This sensor allows users to interact with physical objects
without touching them.

4. Surface acoustic wave (SAW) touch sensor

A surface acoustic wave touch sensor, also called a SAW touch sensor or SAW
proximity sensor, is a pressure-sensitive surface. It uses vibrations in sound waves
to detect objects’ presence, location, and movement.

These proximity sensors are common because they require special materials. These
materials include aluminum oxide or silicon nitride to work correctly. However, they
are not suitable for mass production. They are hard to manufacture and expensive.
Nevertheless, these proximity sensors are helpful in the aerospace industry and
scientific research.

Conclusion:

Hence we have studied Touch sensor successfully.

 COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, MPUAT, UDAIPUR (RAJ.)
Name- Leeza Lodha Class-B.TECH, III Year, AI&DS Semester -VI

SUBJECT- Sensor Theory & Application

Experiment 4

Aim: Perform an experiment to operate LM35 with Arduino Uno.

Arduino Software:

We are using Arduino IDE 2.0 which is open-source software. The Arduino IDE
(Integrated Development Environment) is primarily used for writing, compiling, and
uploading code to Arduino microcontroller boards.

Arduino board:

We are using Arduino Uno board which is a compact and versatile, it consists of
Atmega328P microcontroller running at 16 MHz, it offers 14 digital I/O pins, 6 of
which support PWM, along with 6 analog input pins. The Uno can be powered via
USB or an external power source.

Components required:

 LM 35 temperature sensor
 Arduino Uno board
 Jumper wires
 USB cable
 Bread Board
 Arduino IDE

Theory of Sensor:

The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature devices with an output
voltage linearly proportional to the Centigrade temperature. The LM35 device has an
advantage over linear temperature sensors calibrated in Kelvin, as the user is not
required to subtract a large constant voltage from the output to obtain convenient
Centigrade scaling. The LM35 device does not require any external calibration or
trimming to provide typical accuracies of ±¼°C at room temperature and ±¾°C over
a full −55°C to 150°C temperature range. Lower cost is assured by trimming and
 COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, MPUAT, UDAIPUR (RAJ.)
Name- Leeza Lodha Class-B.TECH, III Year, AI&DS Semester -VI

SUBJECT- Sensor Theory & Application

calibration at the wafer level. The low-output impedance, linear output, and precise
inherent calibration of the LM35 device makes interfacing to readout or control
circuitry especially easy. The device is used with single power supplies, or with plus
and minus supplies.

Fig: LM35

Technical Specification:
 Temperature range: -55°C to +150°C
 Output voltage: Linearly proportional to temperature with a scale factor of
10mV/°C (Linear + 10-mV/°C Scale Factor)
 Non-Linearity Only ±¼°C Typical
 Calibrated Directly in Celsius (Centigrade )
 Low Self-Heating, 0.08°C in Still Air
 Accuracy: Typical error of ±0.5°C at room temperature
 Supply voltage range: 4V to 20V DC
 Low quiescent current: Typically 60μA
 Factory calibrated and exhibits excellent linearity
 Package type: TO-92 three-lead transistor-like package (Vcc, Vout, GND)
 Low-Cost Due to Wafer-Level Trimming
 COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, MPUAT, UDAIPUR (RAJ.)
Name- Leeza Lodha Class-B.TECH, III Year, AI&DS Semester -VI

SUBJECT- Sensor Theory & Application

Applications :

• Environmental monitoring (weather stations, greenhouses)

• Industrial automation (machinery, processes)

• Home automation (temperature control, environmental monitoring)

• Food industry (refrigeration, food storage)

Working Principle:
The LM35 is a compact temperature sensor renowned for its precision in measuring
temperature. Its operational principle revolves around converting the sensed
temperature into a proportional electrical signal. This conversion is based on a linear
relationship, where each Celsius degree change corresponds to a 10mV alteration in
output voltage. The LM35 features a built-in calibrated temperature-dependent
voltage source and a linear voltage-to-frequency converter, facilitating accurate
temperature readings without requiring external calibration. This simplicity in
operation, coupled with its high accuracy, renders the LM35 a popular choice across
various industries, including automotive, industrial automation, and consumer
electronics, for temperature monitoring and control applications.

Sensor with Arduino:

To effectively utilize the LM35 temperature sensor with an Arduino, proper power and
signal connections are crucial. The sensor operates optimally with a 5V power
source, where the positive voltage connects to the 'Vs' pin, and the ground is
connected to 'GND' to establish a stable electrical supply. The vital analog signal
output, denoted as 'Vout', is transmitted through the middle pin of the LM35 and
seamlessly interfaces with the Arduino's analog input. Specifically, the 'Vout' pin is
linked to the A0 analog input of the Arduino, enabling the microcontroller to capture
and process the analog voltage representing the sensed temperature. By adhering to
these straightforward connection instructions, enthusiasts and developers can
effortlessly harness the LM35 sensor's precise temperature measurement
capabilities in conjunction with the versatile Arduino platform, fostering the creation
of diverse projects spanning environmental monitoring to temperature-regulated
systems with ease.
 COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, MPUAT, UDAIPUR (RAJ.)
Name- Leeza Lodha Class-B.TECH, III Year, AI&DS Semester -VI

SUBJECT- Sensor Theory & Application

Circuit Diagram:

Fig. Arduino with LM35

Block Diagram:

Fig. : LM35
 COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, MPUAT, UDAIPUR (RAJ.)
Name- Leeza Lodha Class-B.TECH, III Year, AI&DS Semester -VI

SUBJECT- Sensor Theory & Application

Code:

Result:
Hence we have successfully studied LM35 and operate LM35 with Arduino Uno.