SIWT 4

 
1. Practical exercises 
1.      State out all theoretical and practical values of literature and discourse and make
a scheme or table that shows their difference.
Theoretical values and practical values of Literature are can often lead to a deeper
understand of a concept through seeing it in context of a greater whole and
understanding the why behind it.. Practical knowledge — helps you acquire the
specific techniques that become the tools of your trade.

Theoretical values and practical values of Discourse are proposes that in our daily
activities the way we speak and write is shaped by the structures of power in our
society, and that because our society is defined by struggle and conflict our discourses
reflect and create conflicts.

2.      You have studied the theme Structural approach to discourse and literary
analysis in Russia and in Europe. Now fill the gaps in the table with the missed
peculiarities of applying structural approach to literature in different countries:
Country Peculiarities of applying of structural
approach to literature
Russian Formalism  Russian formalism is distinctive for its
emphasis on the functional role of
literary devices and its original
conception of literary history. Russian
Formalists advocated a "scientific"
method for studying poetic language, to
the exclusion of traditional
psychological and cultural-historical
approaches.

Czech structuralism  Czech Structuralism in a nutshell.

Czech Structuralism in a nutshell. The
core of the Prague concept is the theory
of function, i.e. the aspect of
communication as a goal- oriented
intentional action/activity in a socio-
historical context.

French structuralism  Structuralism rose to prominence in

France through the application by the
French anthropologist, Claude Lévi-
Strauss, of Saussurian structural
linguistics to the study of such
phenomena as myths, rituals, kinship
 relations, eating conventions.

German structuralism  Structuralism proposes that the

structure of conscious experience could
be understood by analyzing the basic
elements of thoughts and sensations.
Structuralism is considered the first
school of thought in psychology, and
was established in Germany by Wilhelm
Wundt, and mainly associated with
Edward B. Titchener.

3.You have studied the theme The further development of interrelations between

literature and discourse. Anglo-American approach. You’re your task is to explain the
difference between text grammar and text linguistic:

Text grammar is the study of texts above the level of the sentence. It shows how texts
are put together so as to convey ideas, facts, messages, and fiction. A similar term is
discourse analysis. Both are mostly concerned with natural language use; discourse
analysis would include spoken language.

Text linguistics is a branch of linguistics concerned with the description and analysis
of extended texts (either spoken or written) in communicative contexts. Sometimes
spelled as one word, textlinguistics.

2. Critical incidents
1. Analyze the process of development of literature and discourse and present it in
the form of a table, including the following items:
 
Origin, development, country, deffinition, contempory state.

Origin of Literature
The origin of literature is entirely connected with the productive activities. Therefore,
literature originated from the combinations of activities such as:
- Fishing activities,
- Construction activities,
- Hunting activities,
- Farming(planting and harvesting),
- Pastoral activities,
- Ritual celebrations, and
- Other cultural economic activities which involved teamworks and gatherings of
people.
All these activities existed since ancient times. In these productive activities, speech
was developed as a result of the labor process in various team works and other social
movements and gatherings. These activities helped men produce songs and these
songs were accompanied by the physical movements of arms and legs that simplified
the works. Speech was at first used as a directive in locating and assigning certain
activities to be done. Syllables and words were later produced. The speech grew and
became a language, a fully conscious mode of communication between individuals
and groups during the growing of social development of labor.  

Development of Literature
Because the language is the medium through which the materials like literature are
conveyed, then, the literature itself probably began the very first the language was
growing out of people’s social interactions.
The origin of the term. The term ‘literature is derived from the Latin word ‘Littera’
which means ‘letter of the alphabet’ or in plural ‘Litterae’, meaning ‘letters’.  This
means that originally the term ‘literature’ meant ‘anything written down, writing or
kinds of writing’ although there was much oral literature found in any society.
However, in the 18th century, the term ‘literature’ took its modern (present-day) use
and the current meaning generally attached to the term ‘literature’ that ‘literature is a
body of writing by a people or by peoples using the same language orally or in written
forms.

Definition: literature, a body of written works. The name has traditionally been
applied to those imaginative works of poetry and prose distinguished by the intentions
of their authors and the perceived aesthetic excellence of their execution.

2. You have studied the theme The further development of interrelations between

literature and discourse. Anglo-American approach. Now fill in the gaps in the table
with missed contributions of the great English researches:
 
Name of the Contributions
researcher
Van Dijk  van Dijk is one of the founders of Critical Discourse Studies, of
which he especially represents the sociocognitive paradigm,
based on the thesis that relations between discourse and society
are cognitively mediated. Research, publications and teaching of
Teun A.

Harris Harris had built a comfortable life for himself in Palmyra, New
York. Over the previous 14 years, he had acquired 320 acres of
farmland, made them profitable through his industry and
progressive ideas, and built a handsome frame home. He married
Lucy Harris in 1808, and the couple had five children, three of
whom lived to be adults. Martin’s
Longacre  Longacre was a pioneer. Here, we review his contributions and
the role he played in expanding archaeological method, theory,
and practice. 
Chomsky  Noam Chomsky, in full Avram Noam Chomsky, (born
December 7, 1928, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.), American
theoretical linguist whose work from the 1950s revolutionized the
field of linguistics by treating language as a uniquely human,
biologically based cognitive capacity.

Pike Pike has had a significant impact not only on the linguistic
organization which he led for most of his professional life, but
also in the disciplines of linguistics and anthropology and
philosophy and poetics. 
Halliday In his early work, known as “scale and category linguistics,”
Halliday devised four categories (unit, structure, class, and
system) and three scales (rank, exponence, and delicacy) to
describe language.

3. You have studied the theme Renewal of the analysis of literature and

discourse. Here your task is to draw a scheme, which shows the important points of
the development of linguistics. Indicate the interrelation of linguistics with literature
and discourse study.
For many years, discourse analysis was less an explicit “theory” than a practical and
empirical approach for supporting field work on relatively little-recorded languages
and cultures. One domain of early work that attracted notice in general and humanistic
circles was the cross-cultural study of stories and narratives. Major concerns later on
included the discourse of schooling and education and, with a sociological turn, the
organization of conversation.