e.
John Locke: Personal Identity​
​ ccording to Locke, personal identity (the
A person can never observe oneself without
self) "depends on consciousness, not on
substance" nor on the soul. We are the
same person to the extent that we are
conscious of the past and future thoughts
and actions in the same way as we are
conscious of present thoughts and
actions. If consciousness is this "thought"
that "goes along with the substance…
which makes the same person," then
personal identity is only founded on the
repeated act of consciousness: "This may
show us wherein personal identity
consists: not in the identity of substance,
but…in the identity of consciousness." For
example, one may claim to be a
reincarnation of Plato, therefore having the
same soul substance. However, one
would be the same person as Plato only if
one had the same consciousness of
Plato's thoughts and actions that he
himself did. Therefore, self-identity is not Sigmund Freud:​
based on the soul. One soul may have
various personalities.
f. David Hume: The Self is the Bundle
Theory of Mind​
Hume is skeptical about the existence of
the self, specifically, on whether there is a
simple, unified self that exists over time.
For him, man has no “clear and intelligible”
idea of the self. He points that no single
impression of the self exists, rather, the Carl Rogers:​
self is just the thing to which all
perceptions of a man is ascribed.
Moreover, even if there were such an
impression of the self, it would have to
remain constant over time to constitute
identity. However, man’s impressions vary
and always change. Even attempts to
have impressions of the self must fail for
all these attempts are really just occasions
for one to notice perceptions. Put simply, a
​
some other perceptions. Thus, Hume asserts
that what we call the “self” is really just “a
bundle or collection of different perceptions
which succeed each other with an
inconceivable rapidity.”​
The mind is merely a bundle of perceptions
without deeper unity or cohesion, related
only by resemblance, succession, and
causation.
II. The Christian or Biblical View of Self​
“ God created man in His image, in the
divine image He created him; male and
female He created them. God blessed
them, saying, “Be fertile and multiply; fill
the earth and subdue it. Have dominion
over the fish of the sea, the birds in the
air, and all the living things that move on
the earth.” Genesis 1:24-28​
III. The Psychological View of Self​
Human beings are basically determined by
psychic energy and by early experiences.
Unconscious motives and conflicts are
central in present behaviors. Irrational forces
are strong, the person is driven by sexual
and aggressive impulses. Early development
is of critical importance because later
personality problems have their roots in
repressed childhood conflicts.​
The view of humans is positive, humans
have an inclination toward becoming fully
functional. Humans are capable of giving and
accepting affect, can actualize his potentials
and can move toward increase awareness,
spontaneity, trust in self, and inner
directiveness.​
GERMINAL STAGE
The germinal stage begins at conception
when the sperm and egg cell unite in one of
the two fallopian tubes. The fertilized egg is
called a zygote. Just a few hours after
conception, the single-celled zygote begins
making a journey down the fallopian tube to
the uterus.​
Cell division continues at a rapid rate during
the approximately week-long journey from
the fallopian tube to the uterus wall. The
cells develop into what is known as a
blastocyst. The blastocyst is made up of
three layers, each of which develops into
different structures in the body.​
Ectoderm: Skin and nervous system​
Endoderm: Digestive and respiratory
systems​
Mesoderm: Muscle and skeletal systems
EMBRYONIC STAGE
At this point, the mass of cells is now
known as an embryo. The beginning of the
third week after conception marks the start
of the embryonic period, a time when the
mass of cells becomes distinct as a human.
The embryonic stage plays an important
role in the development of the brain. ​
Around the fourth week, the head begins to
form, quickly followed by the eyes, nose,
ears, and mouth. The blood vessel that will
become the heart start to pulse. During the
fifth week, buds that will form the arms and
legs appear.​
By the eighth week of development, the
embryo has all of the basic organs and
parts except those of the sex organs. At this
point, the embryo weighs just one gram and
is about one inch in length.​
By the end of the embryonic period, the
basic structures of the brain and central
nervous system have been established.
At this point, the basic structure of the
peripheral nervous system is also
defined.​
FETAL STAGE
Once cell differentiation is mostly complete, the
embryo enters the next stage and becomes
known as a fetus. The fetal period of prenatal
develop marks more important changes in the
brain. This period of development begins
during the ninth week and lasts until birth. This
stage is marked by amazing change and
growth.​
The early body systems and structures
established in the embryonic stage continue to
develop. The neural tube develops into the
brain and spinal cord and neurons continue to
form. Once these neurons have formed, they
begin to migrate to their correct locations.
Synapses, or the connections between
neurons, also begin to develop.
1. Prenatal - covers nine months, inside the
mother's womb, life of the​
child depends on the mother.​
2. Infancy - usually covers first two weeks after
birth, either gain in​
weight or decreased; need to address
survival activities - breathe ​
oxygen, suck in food (breast feeding or bottle
feeding, eliminate body ​
waste, adjustment to the new environment ​
3. Childhood - the period of “I”, selfishness,
stubbornheaded, ..​
4. Adolescence - the period of struggle for
independence from adult ​
control, emotionally, psychologically, ...​
5. Adulthood - maximization of one's potential,
capabilities, capacities,​
attainment of a stable career or field of
occupation..​
6. Middle Age - attainment of stability​
7. Old Age - period of retirement​
 8. Applying past knowledge to new
situations. It refers to the act of calling upon
one’s store of knowledge and experience as
a source of data, theories, or processes to
solve each new challenge. ​
9. Precision of language and thought. A
person with this behavior uses descriptive
terms to distinguish objects, and provide
criteria for value judgments.​
10. Using all the senses. The sense of
feeling, seeing, hearing, or even tasting are
utilized to solve problems more effectively.
11. Creativity. It means applying ingenuity,
originality, and insight. Creativity develops
one’s capacity to generate original, unique,
clever, or useful products, solutions and
techniques.​
12. Living with a sense of wonderment.
Involved in this behavior are inquisitiveness,
curiosity, openness to beauty, intricacy,
complexity, and simplicity.​
13. Cooperation. It refers to taking
advantage of the knowledge and insights that
can only come as a result of social
relationships.​
14. Sense of humor. It refers to being able
to look at situations, opportunities, problems,
and relationships with ​nonchalance and fun.​
MODULE 1V: Emotional Self :
Achieving My Emotional
Competencies​
What Are Emotions?​
According to the book "Discovering
Psychology" by Don Hockenbury and Sandra
E. Hockenbury, an emotion is a complex
psychological state that involves three distinct
components: a subjective experience, a
physiological response, and a behavioral or
expressive response.​
Key Elements of Emotions​
In order to better understand what emotions
are, let's focus on their three key elements,
known as the subjective experience, the
physiological response, and the behavioral
response.​
The Subjective Experience​
The Physiological Response​
The Behavioral Response​
EMOTION VS. MOOD
In everyday language, people often use the terms
"emotions" and "moods" interchangeably, but
psychologists actually make distinctions between
the two. How do they differ? An emotion is
normally quite short-lived, but intense. Emotions
are also likely to have a definite and identifiable
cause.​
FEELINGS WHEEL DEFINED
Psychologist Robert Plutchik created the Plutchik
Model shown above. It shows there are 8
fundamental/basic emotions: joy, trust, fear,
surprise, sadness, anticipation, anger, and
disgust. Plutchik’s wheel of emotions organizes
these 8 basic emotions based on the
physiological purpose of each. The model is
actually the little “ice cream cone” which unfolds
to the emotions wheel.​
Interpreting Plutchik’s Wheel of Emotions​
1. Primary: The eight sectors are designed to
indicate that there are eight primary emotions:
anger, anticipation, joy, trust, fear, surprise,
sadness and disgust.​
2. Opposites: Each primary emotion has a polar
opposite. These are based on the
physiological reaction each emotion creates
in animals (including humans… Plutchik
studied animals):​
Joy is the opposite of sadness. Physiology:​
Connect vs withdraw​
Fear is the opposite of anger. Physiology:​
Get small and hide vs get big and loud​
Anticipation is the opposite of surprise.​
Physiology: Examine closely vs jump back​
Disgust is the opposite of trust. Physiology:​
Reject vs embrace​.