Stress Can Also Help You Rise To Meet

The stress response is the body’s way of
protecting you.
When working properly, it helps you stay
focused, energetic, and alert.
In emergency situations, stress can save your
life—giving you extra strength to defend yourself,
for example, or spurring you to slam on the
brakes to avoid a car accident.
Stress can also help you rise to meet
challenges.
It’s what keeps you on your toes during a
presentation at work, sharpens your
concentration when you’re attempting the game-
winning free throw, or drives you to study for an
exam when you’d rather be watching TV.
But beyond a certain point, stress stops being
helpful and starts causing major damage to your
health, mood, productivity, relationships, and
your quality of life.
FIGHT OR FLIGHT RESPONSE: WHAT HAPPENS
TO THE BODY
When you feel threatened, your nervous system
responds by releasing a flood of stress
hormones, including adrenaline and cortisol,
which rouse the body for emergency action.
Your heart pounds faster, muscles tighten, blood
pressure rises, breath quickens, and your
senses become sharper.
These physical changes increase your strength
and stamina, speed up your reaction time, and
enhance your focus—preparing you to either
fight or flee from the danger at hand.

MODULE V : Social Psychology 2. Albert Bandura (1963) : Social Learning
social psychology defined: Theory
Bandura introduced the notion that behavior
Social psychology is the scientific study of
in the social world could be modeled.
how people's thoughts, feelings, beliefs,
Three groups of children watched a video
intentions and goals are constructed within
where an adult was aggressive towards a
a social context by the actual or imagined
‘bobo doll’, and the adult was either just seen
interactions with others.
to be doing this, was rewarded by another
Baron, Byrne and Suls (1989) define social
adult for their behavior or were punished for
psychology as ....'the scientific field that
it.
seeks to understand the nature and
Children who had seen the adult rewarded
causes of individual behavior in social
were found to be more likely to copy such
situations'
behavior.
Every individual has what we call social
dimension. This concept “social” has 3. Festinger (1950) : Cognitive Dissonance
something to with relating to others or Festinger, Schacter and Black brought the
interacting with others. idea that when we hold beliefs, attitudes
The study of social relationships or or cognitions which are different, then we
interactions is called social psychology. A experience dissonance – this is an
branch of psychology that studies individuals inconsistency that causes discomfort.
as they interact with others, Lahey (2007). We are motivated to reduce this by either
It therefore looks at human behavior as changing one of our thoughts, beliefs or
influenced by other people and the social attitudes or selectively attending to
context in which this occurs. information which supports one of our beliefs
Social psychologists, therefore, deal with the and ignores the other (selective exposure
factors that lead us to behave in a given way hypothesis).
in the presence of others, and look at the Cognitive dissonance refers to a situation
conditions under which certain involving conflicting attitudes, beliefs or
behavior/actions and feelings occur. behaviors.
Social Psychology Key Figures This produces a feeling of mental discomfort
leading to an alteration in one of the
1. Allport (1920) : Social Facilitation
attitudes, beliefs or behaviors to reduce the
Allport introduced the notion that the
discomfort and restore balance.
presence of others (the social group) can
For example, when people smoke (behavior)
facilitate certain behavior.
and they know that smoking causes cancer
It was found that an audience would improve
(cognition), they are in a state of cognitive
an actors’ performance in well learned/easy
dissonance.
tasks, but leads to a decrease in performance
4. Tajfel (1971) : Social Identity Theory
on newly learned/difficult tasks due to social
states that individuals need to maintain a
inhibition.
positive sense of personal and social
Social facilitation refers to the finding that
identity: this is partly achieved by
people sometimes show an increased level of
emphasizing the desirability of one’s own
effort as a result of the real, imagined, or
group, focusing on distinctions between
implied presence of others.
other “lesser” groups.
When people work together in groups, the
efforts of the different members need to be
coordinated with those of others to prevent
It is brought about by two motivations: to chaos.
gain reward (approval) or avoid punishment This scenario is where the social roles come
(disapproval), and to gain information. in.
Factors known to increase the likelihood i. Sociogram.
of conformity within a group. Indicates the social structure of a group and
1. Group size—larger groups are more likely to the relationship of people within that group.
conform to similar behaviors and thoughts than It shows who are popular, isolates, islands,
smaller ones. and mutual friends.
2. Unanimity—individuals are more likely to j. Familiarity.
conform to group decisions when the rest of the Refers to being comfortable with another
group’s response is unanimous. person and is a necessary condition for a
3. Cohesion—groups that possess bonds close relationship to develop.
linking them to one another and to the group as Friends and lovers are those who have been
a whole tend to display more conformity than around together for so long, who have grown
groups that do not have those bonds. up together, who have gone to school
4. Status—individuals are more likely to together.
conform with high-status groups. k. Attraction.
5. Culture—cultures that are collectivist exhibit In social psychology, attraction is the natural
a higher degree of conformity than feeling of being drawn to other individuals
individualistic cultures. and desiring their company.
6. Gender—women are more likely to conform love<3
than men in situations involving surveillance, The concept of love varies from every
but less likely when there is no surveillance. individual. It is essential to our well-being.
7. Age—younger individuals are more likely to There is what we call self-love, and there is
conform than older individuals, perhaps due to what we call love for others.
lack of experience and status. Although for a number of people who claim
8.Importance of stimuli—individuals may that love is a choice, making sacrifices, or
conform less frequently when the task is giving up something for the good of one’s
considered important. love, is part and parcel of being in love.
9. Minority influence—minority factions within Kinds of Love
larger groups tend to have influence on overall 1. Romantic love.
group decisions. It is also referred to as passionate love.
h. Social roles Emotions like fear, anger, sexual desire, joy,
Specify the part or position of a person in and jealousy and others are associated with
society. this kind of love
Social roles play an important and positive 2. Affectionate love.
role in society. It is also referred to as companionate love.
Without these delineated roles, a student, A kind of love when a person has a deep
for example, will not know what to expect and caring affection for a person with a
from his teacher. Understanding the role of desire to have him/her near constantly.
others, as well as those of one’s own,
facilitate people’s ability to work together
towards the common good.
Unless you’re one of the talented few, It is
important to learn interpersonal skills, here's why:
MODULE VI : Interpersonal Skills
Interpersonal communication is the 1. You’ll be more effective in communicating your
process of face-to-face exchange of thought and feelings and getting the response you
thoughts, ideas, feelings and emotions want. Being effective means learning how to:
between two or more people. EXPRESS your feelings
This includes both verbal and nonverbal PRESENT yourself well
elements of personal interaction. GIVE and receive compliments gracefully
Interpersonal skills are traits you rely on SAY “no” when appropriate
when you interact and communicate with RESOLVE problems effectively
others. 2. You’ll be happier if you get along well with
These skills involve the ability to others. You'll have:
communicate and build relationships with MORE SELF-RESPECT When you recognize
others. your success in dealing with people, you'll also
Effective interpersonal skills can help you feel good about yourself
during the job interview process and can MORE RESPECT FROM OTHERS They'll
have a positive impact on your career appreciate your directness, honesty and
advancement. dependability.
some of interpersonal skills MORE RESPECT FOR OTHERS You’ll
Active listening recognize and appreciate their skills and
Teamwork personal qualities
Responsibility MODULE VII : PERSONALITY
Dependability Personality defined : word stems
Leadership from“persona” Latin for “mask”
Motivation Personality – the enduring or lasting patterns
Flexibility of behavior and thought (across time and
Patience situation).
Empathy Personality Types and Traits
Improving you Interpersonal skills.
A personality type is a discrete category into
The ability to get along with othersIs a
which a person can be sorted.
talent that requires "interpersonal" skills
A personality trait is an enduring personal
For some people, it’s a NATURAL
TALENTThey get along well with
characteristic that underlies a person’s
everyone they meet, and they’re well- reactions to a variety of situations.
respected Traits
For other people, it’s a talent they MUST Consistency over time
DEVELOP They can learn skills that will Individual differences in behavior
help them get along better with others – in Stability across situations
all kinds of relationships: business, family, Characteristics
friendships, etc. Unique qualities (e.g., temperament, physique,
and
intelligence)

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The stress response is the body’s way of

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