4.

Latency Stage ( age 6 to puberty)​ Freud noted that a well-adjusted person is one
During this stage sexual urges remain who has strong ego, who can help satisfy the
repressed. Focus of children will be the needs of the id without going against the
acquisition of physical and academic skills. superego while maintaining the person's sense of
Boys will relate more with boys and girls with what is logical, practical and real. ​
girls.​ ​
The role of the learner's environment influnced
5. Genital stage ( puberty onwards )​ much his ability to be a well-adjusted individual.
This stage begins at the onset of puberty when The circumstances and experiences about how
sexual urges are once again awakened. In the his family met his needs, the extent of freedom
earlier stages, adolescents focus their sexual given to him in doings things he wanted to do, he
urges towards the opposite sex peers, with wanted to explore, the teachings he gained on
pleasure centered on the genitals.​ doing what is right and wrong, the positive and
Structures of Personality​ negative consequences of the behavior he has
According to Freud our personality is divided elicited, all leads to the type of personality and
into three parts: id, ego, and superego. Our adjustment that he will make. ​
behavior is always a product of the interaction ​
of these three structures. ​ Freud beieved that the persopnality of an
id - operates within the “pleasure principle”​ individual is formed early during the childhood
years.
ego - operates within the “reality principle”​
superego - our conscience ​
 2. Autonomy Versus Shame and Doubt ​
1. Basic Trust Versus Basic Mistrust ​ (Early Childhood : Anal-Urethral-Muscular
(Infancy : Oral-Sensory Mode)​ Mode)​
Infants’ most significant interpersonal Early childhood​
relations are with their primary caregiver,
ordinarily their mother. ​
If they realize that their mother will
provide food regularly, then they begin to
learn basic trust;​
If they consistently hear the pleasant,
rhythmic voice of their mother, then they
develop more basic trust;​
If they can rely on an exciting visual
environment, then they solidify basic trust
even more. In other words, ​
If their pattern of accepting things
corresponds with culture’s way of giving
things, then infants learn basic trust. ​
In contrast, they learn basic mistrust if
they find no correspondence between
their oral-sensory needs and their
environment.​
Virtue - Hope : The Basic Strength of
Infancy​
Hope emerges from the conflict between
basic trust and basic mistrust. ​
Without the antithetical relationship
between trust and mistrust, people cannot
develop hope. ​
Infants must experience hunger, pain,
and discomfort as well as the alleviation
of these unpleasant conditions.​​
By having both painful and pleasurable
experiences, infants learn to expect that
future distresses will meet with
satisfactory outcomes.​
If infants do not develop sufficient hope
during infancy, they will demonstrate the
antithesis or the opposite of hope—
withdrawal, the core pathology of
infancy. ​
With little to hope for, they will retreat
from the outside world and begin the
journey toward serious psychological
disturbance.​
is a time for self-expression and autonomy​
a time for shame and doubt​
children learn to control their body, especially
in relation to cleanliness and mobility ​
is more than a time of toilet training​
it is also a time of learning to walk, run, hug​
parents, and hold on to toys and other objects.
A time of contradiction​
A time of stubborn rebellion and meek
compliance​
A time of impulsive self-expression and
compulsive​deviance​
A time of loving cooperation and hateful
resistance. ​
This obstinate insistence on conflicting
impulses triggers the major psychosocial crisis
of childhood—autonomy versus shame and
doubt.​
Parents may shame their children for soiling
their pants or for making a mess with their
food. ​
They may also instill doubt by questioning
their children’s ability to meet their standards. ​
Virtue : Will - The Basic Strength of Early
Childhood​
The basic strength of will or willfulness evolves
from theresolution of the crisis of autonomy
versus shame and doubt. ​
This step is the beginning of free will and
willpower—but only a beginning.​
Mature willpower and a significant measure of
free will are reserved for later stages of
development, but they originate in the
rudimentary will that emerges during early
childhood. ​
​Children develop will only when their
environment allows them some self
expression in their control of sphincters and
other muscles. ​
 School age is a period of little sexual
development, it is a time of tremendous
social growth. ​
The psychosocial crisis of this stage is
industry versus inferiority.​
Industry, a syntonic quality, means
industriousness, a willingness to remain
busy with something and to finish a job. ​
School-age children learn to work and play
at activities directed toward acquiring job
skills and toward learning the rules of
cooperation. ​
As children learn to do things well, they
develop a sense of industry, ​
But if their work is insufficient to accomplish
their goals, they acquire a sense of
inferiority—the dystonic quality of the
school age.​
Earlier inadequacies can also contribute to
children’s feelings of inferiority.​
Virtue : Competence: The Basic Strength
of the School Age ​
From the conflict of industry versus inferiority,
school-age children develop the basic strength
of competence.
That is, the confidence to use one’s physical
and cognitive abilities to solve the problems
that accompany school age. ​
Competence lays the foundation for “co-
operative participation in productive adult
life”.
If the struggle between industry and inferiority
favors either inferiority or an overabundance
of industry, children are likely to give up and
regress to an earlier stage of development.​
They may become preoccupied with infantile
genital and Oedipal fantasies and spend
most of their time in nonproductive play.​
This regression is called inertia, the
antithesis of competence and the core
pathology of the school age.
5. Identity Versus Identity Confusion​
( Adolescence : Puberty )​
Adolescence​
the period from puberty to young adulthood​
one of the most crucial developmental
stages because, by the end of this period, a
person must gain a firm sense of ego
identity.
Ego identity neither begins nor ends during
adolescence, the crisis between identity and
identity confusion reaches its ascendance during
this stage. ​
From this crisis of identity versus identity
confusion emerges fidelity, the basic strength of
adolescence.​
Erikson saw adolescence as a period of social
latency, just as he saw school age as a time of
sexual latency. ​
Adolescence, then, is an adaptive phase of
personality development, a period of trial
and error.​
Puberty, defined as genital maturation​
Puberty is important psychologically because it
triggers expectations of adult roles yet ahead
—roles that are essentially social and can be
filled only through a struggle to attain ego
identity.​
The search for ego identity reaches a climax
during adolescence as young people strive to
find out who they are and who they are not. ​
With the advent of puberty, adolescents look
for new roles to help them discover their
sexual, ideological, and occupational
identities.​
In this search, young people draw from a
variety of earlier self images that have been
accepted or rejected. ​
Thus, the seeds of identity begin to sprout
during infancy and continue to grow through
childhood, the play age, and the school age. ​
Then during adolescence, identity strengthens
into a crisis as young people learn to cope with
the psychosocial conflict of identity versus
identity confusion.​
 Which leads that person to a psychosocial
Young adults should develop mature regression and an inability to face the next
genitality​ developmental stage. ​
Experience the conflict between intimacy The greater danger, of course, is too much
and isolation, and acquire the basic strength isolation, too little intimacy, and a deficiency in
of love.​ the basic strength of love.
True genitality can develop only during Virtue – Love : The Basic Strength of
young adulthood when it is distinguished by Young Adulthood​
mutual trust and a stable sharing of sexual Erikson defined love as mature devotion that
satisfactions with a loved person. ​ overcomes basic differences between men and
It is the chief psychosexual accomplishment women. ​
of young adulthood and exists only in an Although love includes intimacy, it also
intimate relationship.​ contains some degree of isolation, because
Young adulthood is marked by the each partner is permitted to retain a separate
psychosocial crisis of intimacy versus identity. ​
isolation. ​ Mature love​
Intimacy is the ability to fuse one’s identity with Means commitment, sexual passion,
that of another person without fear of losing it.​ cooperation, competition, and friendship. ​
Can be achieved only after people have formed It is the basic strength of young adulthood,
a stable ego. enabling a person to cope productively with the
The infatuations often found in young final two stages of development. ​
adolescents are not true intimacy ​ The antipathy of love is exclusivity, the core
Mature intimacy - an ability and willingness to pathology of young adulthood. ​
share a mutual trust. ​ However, some exclusivity, is necessary for
Involves sacrifice, compromise, and intimacy;​
commitment within a relationship of two equals. That is, a person must be able to exclude certain
It should be a requirement for marriage. ​ people, activities, and ideas in order to develop
But many marriages lack intimacy because a strong sense of identity. ​
some young people marry as part of their search Exclusivity becomes pathological when it
for the identity that they failed to establish during blocks one’s ability to cooperate, compete,
adolescence.​ ​
or compromise—all prerequisite ingredients for
The psychosocial counterpart to intimacy is intimacy and love.​
isolation.​​ 7. Generativity Versus Stagnation​
Isolation - “the incapacity to take chances with
( Adulthood - Procreativity )​
one’s identity by sharing true intimacy”. ​
Adulthood​ ​
Some people become financially or socially
The time when people ​ begin to take their
successful, yet retain a sense of isolation
place in society and assume responsibility for
because they are unable to accept the adult
whatever society produces. ​
responsibilities of productive work,
Characterized by the psychosexual mode of
procreation, and mature love.​
procreativity, the psychosocial crisis of
Some degree of isolation is essential before
generativity versus stagnation, and the basic
one can acquire mature love. ​
strength of care.​
Too much togetherness can diminish a person’s
sense of ego identity​.
 Procreativity refers to more than genital
contact with an intimate partner.​
It includes assuming responsibility for the
care of offspring that result from that sexual The generational cycle of productivity and
contact.​
People are physically capable of producing
offspring before they are psychologically
ready to care for the welfare of these
children.​
Mature adulthood demands more than
procreating offspring: ​
It includes caring for one’s children as well
as other people’s children. ​
It encompasses working productively to
transmit culture from one generation to the
next.
The syntonic quality of adulthood is
generativity :​
Defined as “the generation of new beings as
well as new products and new ideas”. ​
Generativity, which is concerned with
establishing and guiding the next generation,
includes:​
a. procreation of children,​
b. production of work, and ​
c. creation of new things and ideas that
contribute to the building of a better world.​
People have a need not only to learn but also
to instruct.
This need extends beyond one’s own children
to an altruistic concern for other young people. ​ Generalized sensuality : ​
Virtue - Care : The Basic Strength of
Adulthood​
Erikson defined care as: ​
“A widening commitment to take care of the
persons, the products, and the ideas one has
learned to care for”. ​
As the basic strength of adulthood, care
arises from each earlier basic ego strength.​
One must have hope, will, purpose,
competence, fidelity, and love in order to
take care of that which one cares for. ​
Care is not a duty or obligation but a
natural desire emerging from the conflict
between generativity and stagnation or self-
absorption​.
The antithesis of generativity is self-absorption
and stagnation. ​
creativity is crippled when people become too
absorbed in themselves, too self-indulgent. ​
The interaction of generativity and stagnation
produces care, the basic strength of adulthood.​
The antipathy of care is rejectivity, the core
pathology of adulthood.​
Rejectivity is defined as : ​
Is the unwillingness to take care of certain
persons or groups. ​
Is manifested as self-centeredness,
provincialism, or pseudospeciation.
That is, the belief that other groups of people are
inferior to one’s own. ​
It is responsible for much of human hatred,
destruction, atrocities, and wars. ​
8. Integrity Versus Despair​
( Old
​ Age - Generalized Sensuality )​
Old age can be a time of joy, playfulness,
andwonder. ​
But it is also a time of senility, depression,
anddespair. ​
The psychosexual mode of old age is
generalizedsensuality; the psychosocial
crisis is integrity versusdespair, and the
basic strength is wisdom.​
It means to take pleasure in a variety of
different physical sensations—sights,
sounds, tastes, odors, embraces, and
perhaps genital stimulation. ​
Men become more nurturant and more
acceptant of the pleasures of nonsexual
relationships, including those with their
grandchildren and great-grandchildren. ​
Women become more interested and
involved in politics, finance, and world affairs.
At the end of life, the dystonic quality of
despair may prevail,​
but for people with a strong ego identity who
have learned intimacy and who have taken
care of both people and things,​