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…と: Constant Results and Actual Conditions

はる さくら さ さ
春 になると 桜 が(咲く / 咲きます)

Condition Constant Result

If it becomes spring, cherry blossoms will come out.

The first function is to express constant results. The conjugation is just to attach the plain
(dictionary) form to と. When you use nouns and na-adjectives, you need to attach だ like 春
だと. By constant results, we mean that itʼs an unchanged fact, e.g. one plus one is always
two. You can use this for natural phenomenons, habitual actions, programmed actions, etc.

あめ ふ すず
⾬ が降ると 涼 しく(なる / なります)。
If [it] rains, [it] will get cool.

なか す た た
お 腹 が空くとパンを(⾷べる / ⾷べます)。
If [I] become hungry, [I] will eat bread.

シリ はな へんじ
S i r i に 話 しかけると 返 事を(する / します)。
If [I] talk to Siri, [she] will reply.

びじん
美 ⼈ だと(モテる / モテます)。
If [you] are a beautiful woman, [you] will be popular.

The second function is to express actual conditions. This might be rather close to “and then”
or “when” in English. In this context, と is often used when you introduce something that
happened in the past.

しんかんせん の ふじさん み
新 幹 線 に乗ると富⼠ ⼭ が⾒え(た / ました)。
When [I] took the bullet train, Mt. Fuji was visible.

まつ い
祭 りに⾏くとボブが(いた / いました)。
[I] went to the festival and then [I] found Bob (Lit. Bob was there).
しつもん せんせい おし
質 問 すると 先 ⽣ はすぐに 教 えてくれ(た / ました)。
When [I] asked, the teacher taught [me] [it] right away.

This has another function which is to express sequential actions in the past. When you
compare the usages between と and the te-form (sequential actions), と is more suitable to
describe other people than yourself while て can describe yourself. Note: these are not
conditional.

さかな か すし つく つく
⿂ を買って、寿司を( 作 った / 作 りました)。
[I] bought fish and made Sushi.

さかな か すし つく つく
⿂ を買うと、寿司を( 作 った / 作 りました)。
=> Unnatural!

さかな か すし つく つく
ボブは ⿂ を買って、寿司を( 作 った / 作 りました)。
=> Natural!

さかな か すし つく つく
ボブは ⿂ を買うと、寿司を( 作 った / 作 りました)。
=> Natural!
…ば: Hypothetical Conditions

Here, you have to tackle a new conjugation rule, which is called the ば-form. First, take a look
at the following table to learn the conjugation. Then, learn the function that the ば-form has.

All Verbs: To Replace the last u with eba

Plain Form ば-form

⾒る (miru) ⾒れば (mireba)


Ru-verb
着る (kiru) 着れば (kireba)

書く (kaku) 書けば (kakeba)


U-verb
話す (hanasu) 話せば (hanaseba)

する (suru) すれば (sureba)


Exception
来る (kuru) 来れば (kureba)

I-adjectives: To Replace the last い with ければ

Plain Form ば-form

かわいい かわいければ
I-adjectives
さむい さむければ

Na-adjectives and Nouns: To Attach であれば

Plain Form ば-form

Na-adjective げんき げんき


元 気 元 気であれば

Noun びじん びじん


美 ⼈ 美 ⼈ であれば
Examples

たいふう く がっこう やす
台 ⾵ が来れば 学 校 は 休 み(だ / です)

Hypothetical Condition Result

If a typhoon has come, [our] school will be closed.

The function is to express hypothetical conditions like if a hypothesis comes true, X will
happen. This indicate that you place priority on the conditional clauses rather than the main
clauses.

うん ごうかく
運 がよければ 合 格 (する / します)よ。
[You] will pass [it] if [you] are lucky.

くすり の なお おも おも
薬 を飲めば 治 ると( 思 う / 思 います)。
[I] think [I] will recover if [I] take the medicine.

めんきょ と くるま か か
免 許 を取れば ⾞ を(買う / 買います)。
If [I] get a driver’s license, [I] will buy a car.

…たら: One-Time Results

じゅういちじ しゅっぱつ
1 1 時になったら 出 発 (しよう / しましょう)

Condition One-Time Result

If it comes 11 o’clock, let’s leave.

The function is to express a one-time or a particular result. This has the widest usage and
thus we can say たら is most common to express conditionals. The conjugation is to attach
ら to the ta-form. By using this, you can express both actual and hypothetical conditions, e.g.
11時になる must come true and thus we define it as actual conditions.

Actual Conditions
なつ き にほん い い
夏 が来たら⽇ 本 に(⾏く / ⾏きます)。
If the summer comes, [I] will go to Japan.

とし と いなか す す
歳 を取ったら ⽥ 舎 に(住む / 住みます)。
If [I] get old, [I] will live in a rural area.

Hypothetical Conditions

しけん う な おも おも
試 験 に受かったら泣くと( 思 う / 思 います)。
[I] think [I] will cry if [I] pass the exam.

にほん き さくら み
⽇ 本 に来たら 桜 が⾒られ(る / ます)よ。
If [you] come to Japan, [you] can see cherry blossoms.

You can replace …たら with と when conditions are actual and …ば when conditions are
hypothetical. Considering the characteristics, …と is more suitable for when results are
constant and …ば is more suitable for when speakers focus on the conditional part.

あめ ふ すず
⾬ が降ると 涼 しく(なる / なります)

あめ ふ すず
⾬ が降ったら 涼 しく(なる / なります)

うん ごうかく
運 がよければ 合 格 (する / します)よ。

うん ごうかく
運 がよかったら 合 格 (する / します)よ。

…たら often appears when you express volition, requests, invitations, etc. Itʼs because the
results should be a one-time or a particular one. In this context, …と is not interchangeable.

じかん かんこう
時 間 があったら 観 光 したい(です)。
[I] want to go sightseeing if there is time.
てつだ
よかったら⼿ 伝 ってくれ(ない / ませんか)?
Can/could [you] help [me] if it is alright?

の うんてん
飲んだら 運 転 するな。
If [you] drank, don’t drive [a car].

は こうえん い い
晴れたら 公 園 に(⾏かない / ⾏きませんか)?
If [it] clears up, won’t [you] go to the park?

In this context, …ば is interchangeable only when the conditional clause indicates states
such as constant states and the potential form, or subjects in the conditional clause are
different from ones in the main clause.

じかん かんこう
時 間 があったら 観 光 したい(です)。
[I] want to go sightseeing if there is time.

じかん かんこう
時 間 があれば 観 光 したい(です)。
=> Natural! Because ある indicate constant states.

の うんてん
飲んだら 運 転 するな。
If [you] drink, don’t drive [a car].

の うんてん
飲めば 運 転 するな。
=> Wrong! Because the subject of 飲む and 運転 is the same.
…なら: Contextual Conditions

い ぼく い い
ケンが⾏くなら 僕 も(⾏く / ⾏きます)

Condition Result

If Ken goes, I will go, too.


*Said when Ken says “I will go to the festival.”

The function is to respond to someone in a given context. Regarding the other conditional
words, you can set a context by yourself. However, you can use …なら only when given a
context. With the above example, Ken first said “I will go to the festival,” and then you
respond to it like “If you said so…” and “if that is the case…” The conjugation is just to
attach なら to the plain (dictionary) form or the ta-form, which is the only one case that you
can attach conditional words to the two forms. Note: You don’t attach だ when you use nouns
and na-adjectives.

にほんご はな ひと
⽇ 本 語を 話 せる ⼈ は(いる / いますか)?
Is there a person who can speak Japanese?

にほんご はな
⽇ 本 語ならボブが 話 せ(る / ます)よ。
If [you’re talking about] Japanese, Bob can speak [it].

にほんご まんが よ
⽇ 本 語の 漫 画を読んでみたい(です)。
[I] want to try to read Japanese manga.

よ わたし か か
読みたいなら 私 のを(貸そう / 貸しましょう)か?
If [you] want to read, shall [I] lend mine?

Contexts can be given not only in conversation, but also with actions. The following examples
are said when you find a person who is about to leave.

で かぎ し
出かけるなら 鍵 を閉めて(ください)。
Please lock the door if [you] go out.
か もの たまご か
買い 物 なら 卵 を買ってきて(ください)。
Please buy eggs if [you go] shopping.

Japanese people sometimes add の or ん before なら. Especially, if you use the ta-form with
なら, it will sound more natural.

にほん りょうり つく つく
⽇ 本 の 料 理をたくさん( 作 った / 作 りました)。
[I’ve] made a lot of Japanese cuisines.

つく わたし
たくさん 作 ったんなら 私 にもちょうだい。
If [you’ve] made a lot, please give me [some], too.

ひ こ
インドから引っ越して(きた / きました)。
[I’ve] moved from India.

き にほん さむ
インドから来たんなら⽇ 本 は 寒 く(ない / ありませんか)?
If [you’ve] come from India, isn’t Japan cold?
Practical Tips

You may be confused with the four ways of expressing “if.” Itʼs certainly not easy to properly
use them in conversation. Here is a practical tip.

(1) Try to Use …たら

Firstly, please try to use …たら. This has the widest usages of the four and is interchangeable
with …と and …ば. That is to say, you can make natural sentences except for when you need
to use なら.

(2) Try to Use …なら If You Respond to Someone in Given a Context

Secondly, please try to use なら if …たら didnʼt work well, i.e. if you respond to someone in
given a context. This is the case where you cannot use …たら.

(Optional) Confirm Whether There Are More Natural Ones

If you use …たら, there may be more natural expressions. When you focus on the conditional
clause, you should use …ば. When results are constant ones, you should use …と.
Related Expressions

もし: By Any Chance or If Any

うん ごうかく
もし 運 がよければ 合 格 (する / します)よ。
=> Natural!

で かぎ し
もし出かけるなら 鍵 を閉めて(ください)。
=> Natural!

あめ すず
✖もし⾬がふると涼しく(なる/なります)>
=> Unnatural!

なつ き にほん い い
✖もし夏が来たら⽇本に(⾏く/⾏きます)。
=> Unnatural!

どう(ですか)?: How about…?

やさい
野 菜 はどう(ですか)?
How about vegetables?

さかな た
⿂ を⾷べるのはどう(ですか)?
How about eating fishes?

どう(ですか) is the counterpart to “How about” in English. You can express suggestions
きょう
like “how about doing [it]? This is generally used when you respond to someone, e.g. “ 今 ⽇

なに た さかな
は 何 を⾷べる (What will we eat today)?” “ ⿂ はどう (how about fishes) ?”
にく た
⾁ を⾷べればどう(ですか)?
How about eating meats?

にく た
⾁ を⾷べたらどう(ですか)?
How about eating meats?

Your speech will sound advice or recommendations if you combine the conditional form: ば or
たら with どうですか. Be careful; this may have a critical tone. You should use this when
someone seeks your advice. Otherwise, you should use this without ば and たら.

Summary

Constant Results Hypothetical Conditions One-Time Results Contextual Conditions

と Suitable

ば Suitable

たら Acceptable Acceptable Suitable

なら Suitable

We know that the length of this lesson is long. Thus, please focus on the practical tips. Firstly,
please master the usage of たら and なら. After that, you can enhance your expressions to
be more natural. Conditionals are one of the most frequently used expression without doubt.
Itʼs worthwhile taking the time. Next you will learn a similar expression: Reverse Conditions.

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