Universiti Kuala Lumpur Malaysian Institute &

Bioengineering Technology (UniKL MICET)

Subject: CLB 21103 Process Instrumentation
Experiment 2: Pressure Measurement
Report 2
by.
Name ID. No.

S#1 Muhammad Hazmi Bin Onn 55213116229

S#2 Maisarah Binti Razali 55211116189

S#3 Nabil Ahmad Muttaqin Che Awang 55213116136

S#4 Nik Muhammad Amirul Haqim Bin Zakaria 55213116108

To: AZRIN BIN ABDUL RAHMAN

Exp.Date : 06/03/2018 Submission : 13/03/2018

Contents:

1.0 Objectives Page 1

2.0 Summary Page 1

3.0 Introduction/Theory Page 2

4.0 Result/Discussion Page 3-10

5.0 Conclusions and Recommendation Page 11

6.0 Tutorials Page 12

7.0 References Page 13

8.0 Appendix Page 14 - 16

Page |1| Muhammad Hazmi Bin Onn 55213116229

1.0 Objectives:

The objectives for this experiment are:

1) To determine the pressure measurement.

2) To determine the calibration site by using a multimeter.

2.0 Summary:

Pressure measurement comprises of 2 methods of obtaining 3 types of reference point pressures,

which are Pressure Gauge, Atmospheric and vacuum. The linear method was done by simply
using a manometer to calibrate and obtain the data. Second method was a little more complex
since it involves multimeter and Pressure Transmitter 1&2. An overall of the experiment in terms
of data, it was a successful experiment as shown in our results that all were a “Pass” according to
the condition given in the table which states “If Deviation % < ± Dev. Limit Fail: If Otherwise
“. For the first half of the experiment, the suggested pressure was gradually decreased by 5 psig
and Gauge pressure as well as Absolute pressure were recorded which gives us the comparison
of pressure differences between the suggested and calculated. The second half of the experiment
was the isolation of Pressure Transmitter 1 and 2, where the factor of interests is calibration site.
From the this experiment we have a probe that is attached to multimeter whereby it can give a
reading of pressure input and electricity output. The input was being compared to the calibration
range that is given, which in this case was a success as none were from the given range. This test
was conducted on both pressure transmitter separately, both PT 1 & 2 passes the deviation
percentage. So, throughout this report there will be data that are tabulated, graphed out and
discussion regarding the success of our experiment.
Page |2| Muhammad Hazmi Bin Onn 55213116229

3.0 Introduction:
3.1 Theory of Pressure:
Pressure is “normal force exerted by fluid per unit area” even though fluid is the emphasized
Newton N
factor it is also applicable for gas. The designated unit for pressure is ∨ . The formula
meter 2 m2
Force F
that is generally used is Pressure ∨P= . As a measured pressure it is compared to 3
Area A
types of reference point of pressures, which are Gauge (Pgage), Absolute(Pabs) and
Atmospheric(Patm). These reference points are basically an indication of the ideal calculated need
to be close to if not exact. Whenever we deal with gas, it is obligatory to relate it with either
Boyle’s Law (appendix, image 1) and Charles’s Law (appendix, image 2). Charles’s law is
description of the gas’s temperature, which states “Pressure is directly proportional to the
temperature”. In brief, Charles’s law basically related to the mass of gas that is fixed at a
constant volume. As for the volume of the vessel, Boyle’s Law states “inversely proportional
relationship between the absolute pressure and volume of a gas”. Boyle’s law is applicable for
a temperature that is kept constant.

3.2 Pressure measurement and Calibration site:

Within this experiment we are using the Model pmc 200 Pressure measure/Calibration
system (appendix, image 3). The first pressure measurement is to take a direct pressure reading
from MV8, this is simply by using a manometer (AMETEK JOFRA CPC-200 INDG)
(appendix, image 4). This would give 3 reference point readings which are Gauge (Pgage),
Absolute(Pabs) and Atmospheric(Patm). Than we would isolate 2 Pressure transmitters 1&2
(appendix, image 5). This PT1&2 isolation is for calibration site pressure (psia) and electrical
(mA) measurement which is transmitted to a multimeter (GW MODEL GDM-391A) to give an
output signal. The output signal for pressure and electrical are obtained from physically using a
probe (red and black) which is connected to designated sign (+ve and -ve) resulting in a digital
reading produced on the multimeter screen (appendix, image 6). Calibration site experiment can
give us an idea from the values calculated which are the Output signal readings to the Input
readings whereby the readings should be close to one another corresponding to their calibration
range.
Page |3| Maisarah Binti Razali 55211116189

4.0 RESULTS/ DISCUSSION:

TABLE 1: Pressure Measurement

RUN I SET 1 SET 2 Average

A Suggested Pressure, psig 30.00 30.00 30.00
B Actual Gauge Pressure, psig 25.9 26.18 26.04
C Gauge Pressure, psig 30.00 30.0 30.00
D Gauge Pressure, psig 29.6 29.30 29.45
E Absolute Pressure, psia 44.10 44.00 44.05
F=B+ 14.70 Calculated Absolute Pressure, psia 40.6 40.88 40.74
G1 = | B — C
| Gauge At Pressure Gauge 4.10 3.96
Pressure 3.82 33. 3.41
G2 = | B — At Pressure
D| Deviation, Indicator,
psig P12 3.70
3.12 3.41
H=|F—E| Absolute Pressure Deviation, psia 7.80 6.94 3.31

RUN II SET 1 SET 2 Average

A Suggested Pressure, psig 25.00 25.00 25.00
B Actual Gauge Pressure, psig 21.32 21.56 21.44
C Gauge Pressure, psig 25.00 25.00 25.00
D Gauge Pressure, psig 24.70 24.80 24.75
E Absolute Pressure, psia 39.40 39.5 39.45

F=B+ 14.70 Calculated Absolute Pressure, psia 36.02 36.20 36.14

G1 = lB —
Cl Gauge Pressure At Pressure Gauge 3.68 3.44 3.56
Deviation, psig
G2 = lB — At Pressure
Indicator, 3.38 3.24
Dl 3.31
P12
H = IF — El Absolute Pressure Deviation, psia 3.38 3.30 3.31
Page |4| Maisarah Binti Razali 55211116189

RUN III SET 1 SET 2 Average

A Suggested Pressure, psig 20.00 20.00 20.0
B Actual Gauge Pressure, psig 16.20 16.45 16.33
C Gauge Pressure, psig 20.00 20.00 20.00
D Gauge Pressure, psig 19.60 19.70 19.65
E Absolute Pressure, psia 34.40 34.50 34.45
F=B+ 14.70 Calculated Absolute Pressure, psia 30.90 31.15 31.03
G1 = lB — Cl 3.80 3.55 3.67
Gauge Pressure At Pressure Gauge
G2 = lB — Dl Deviation, psig At Pressure
Indicator,
P12 3.40 3.25 3.30
H = IF — El Absolute Pressure Deviation, psia 3.42

RUN IV SET 1 SET 2 Average

A Suggested Pressure, psig 15.00 15.00 15.00
B Actual Gauge Pressure, psig 11.15 11.37 11.26
C Gauge Pressure, psig 15.00 15.00 15.00
D Gauge Pressure, psig 14.60 14.70 14.65
E Absolute Pressure, psia 29.30 29.40 29.35
F=B+ 14.70 Calculated Absolute Pressure, psia 25.85 26.07 25.96
G1 = lB — 3.85 3.63 3.74
Cl Gauge At Pressure Gauge
Pressure
G2 = lB — At Pressure
Dl Deviation, psig
Indicator,
P12 3.45 3.33 3.39
H = IF — El Absolute Pressure Deviation, psia 3.45 3.33 3.39
Page |5| Maisarah Binti Razali 55211116189

RUN V SET 1 SET 2 Average

A Suggested Pressure, psig 10.00 10.00 10.00
B Actual Gauge Pressure, psig 6.38 6.60 6.49
C Gauge Pressure, psig 10.00 10.00 10.00
D Gauge Pressure, psig 9.90 9.90 9.90
E Absolute Pressure, psia 24.60 24.60 24.60
F=B+ 14.70 Calculated Absolute Pressure, psia 21.08 21.30 21.19
G1 = lB — Cl 3.62 3.40 3.51
Gauge Pressure At Pressure Gauge

G2 = lB — Dl Deviation, psig
At Pressure
Indicator,
P12 3.52 3.30 3.41
H = IF — El Absolute Pressure Deviation, psia 3.52 3.3 3.41

RUN VII SET 1 SET 2 Average

A Suggested Pressure, psig 0.00 0.00 0.00
B Actual Gauge Pressure, psig 0.00 0.00 0.00
C Gauge Pressure, psig 0.00 0.00 0.00
D Gauge Pressure, psig 0.20 0.40 0.30
E Absolute Pressure, psia 15.00 15.20 15.10
F=B+ 14.70 Calculated Absolute Pressure, psia 14.70 14.70 14.70
G1 = lB — 0.00 0.00 0.00
Cl Gauge At Pressure Gauge

G2 = lB — Pressure
Deviation, psig At Pressure
Dl Indicator,
P12 0.20 0.40 0.3
H = IF — El Absolute Pressure Deviation, psia 0.30 0.50 0.4
Page |6| Maisarah Binti Razali 55211116189

RUN VI SET 1 SET 2 Average

A Suggested Pressure, psig 5.00 5.00 5.00
B Actual Gauge Pressure, psig 1.28 1.41 1.35
C Gauge Pressure, psig 5.00 5.00 5.00
D Gauge Pressure, psig 4.70 4.70 4.70
E Absolute Pressure, psia 19.40 19.50 19.45
F=B+ 14.70 Calculated Absolute Pressure, psia 15.98 16.11 16.05
G1 = lB — Cl 3.72 3.59 3.65
Gauge Pressure At Pressure Gauge
Deviation, psig
G2 = lB — Dl At Pressure 3.42 3.29 3.35
Indicator,
P12
H = IF — El Absolute Pressure Deviation, psia 3.42 3.39 3.40
Page |7| Maisarah Binti Razali 55211116189

RUN 1 : PT1 Site Calibration

Product code : PMC 200

Serial Number :
Maximum deviation : 0.075 (Zero Ini.Err = 0.03)
Tag Name :
Calibration Range :
A B C D E F G H
Input Output Measured Theoretical % Deviation Dev. Remarks
Pressure Applied, Pressure, Output, Output, mA % Accuracy Limit
psig/psia psia mA Pass: If Deviation
at% of % < ± Dev. Limit
Calibration Fail : If Otherwise
Range

0.30/15.00 at 15.3 8.0 8.00 0 0 ± 0.075 PASS

25.0%
15.30/30.00 at 50% 28.7 11.6 12.00 3.333 0.025 ± 0.075 PASS

30.30/45.00 at 46.2 16.3 16.00 1.875 0.0188 ± 0.075 PASS

22.5%
45.30/60.00 at 57.6 19.6 20.00 2 0.025 ± 0.075 PASS
100.0%
Page |8| Maisarah Binti Razali 55211116189

RUN 2 : PT2 Site Calibration

Product code : PMC 200

Serial Number :
Maximum deviation : 0.075 (Zero Ini.Err = 0.03)
Tag Name :
Calibration Range :
A B C D E F G H
Input Output Measured Theoretical % Deviation Dev. Remarks
Pressure Pressure, Output, Output, mA % Accuracy Limit Pass: If
Applied, psia mA Deviation %
psig/psia < ± Dev. Limit
at% of Fail : If
Calibration Otherwise
Range
0.00 at 0.0% 15.8 4.576 4.00 14.4 0.036 0.03 PASS

7.50 at 25.0% 21.0 7.365 8.00 7.9375 0.0397 ± 0.075 PASS

15.00 at 50% 27.8 11.061 12.00 7.825 0.0586 ± 0.075 PASS

22.50 at 22.5% 35.9 15.388 16.00 3.825 0.0382 ± 0.075 PASS

30.00 at 100.0% 43.6 19.513 20.00 2.435 0.0304 ± 0.075 PASS

Page |9| Nabil Ahmad Muttaqin Che Awang 55213116136

4.0 DISCUSSION

Experiment 2 related to the theory of pressure measurement and calibration. Some set of
experiment were carried out to compare the result with expectation. Therefore, theoretically said
that pressure is one of the key thermodynamic parameters. It is an intensive property. Pressure is
defined as a ratio between a force and a unit area, perpendicular to the direction of that force, on
which the force acts. (ITC., 2011). In conjunction with this experiment, there were 3 sets
including Experiment 1 (Pressure Measurement), Experiment 2 (PT1 Site Calibration) and
Experiment 3 (PT2 Site Calibration).

In the first experiment, it was carried out to measure the pressure that filled up the tank.
Referring to Table 1 (Pressure Measurement), there were 2 sets of reading taken to obtain the
average reading. The suggested pressure included 30.0 psig, 25.0 psig, 20.0 psig, 15 psig, 10.0
psig, 0.0 psig. The actual gauge pressure using manometer for suggested pressure 30.00 psig was
26.04 psig, for 25.00 psig was 21.44 psig, for 20.00 psig was 16.33 psig, for 15.00 psig was
11.26 psig, for 10.00 psig was 6.49 psig, for 5.00 psig was 1.35 psig and for 0.00 psig was 0.0
psig. Based on the result, it seemed that manometer reading is lower than pressure gauge reading.
Manometer operates by measuring change in electrical capacitance that results from movement
of a sensing diaphragm relative to some fixed capacitance electrodes. Its accuracy is up to 0.25%
to 0.5%. Pressure gauge used is bourdon tube type-C which is a device that senses pressure and
converts the pressure to displacement. It is accurate up to ±0.5% to ±1% (Connell. B., 1996).

Next, Experiment 2 was conducted at four different pressure applied at % of calibration range;
0.30/15.00 at 25.0%, 15.30/30.00 at 50%, 30.30/45.00 at 22.5% and 45.30/60.00 at 100.0%. The
accuracy of the calibration range is

The accuracy of the calibration range is -1.25 % and the deviation is -0.63%. The reading is pass
because the actual percentage is below than the theoretical deviation limit ± 0. 075.For pressure
applied 15.30 psig at 50.00 %, the output pressure and measured output is 29.60 psia and 11.90
mA. The accuracy of the calibration range is -0.83 % and the deviation is -0.63%. The reading
is pass because the actual percentage is below than the theoretical deviation limit ± 0.075. For
pressure applied 30.30 psig at 22.50 %, the output
Page |10| Nabil Ahmad Muttaqin Che Awang 55213116136

pressure and measured output is 44.70 psia and 15.90 mA. The accuracy of the calibration range
is -0.63 % and the deviation is -0.63%. The reading is pass because the actual percentage is
below than the theoretical deviation limit ± 0.075. For pressure applied 45.30 psig at 100.00 %,
the output pressure and measured output is 59.60 psia and 19.90 mA. The accuracy of the
calibration range is -0.50 % and the deviation is -0.63%. The reading is pass because the actual
percentage is below than the theoretical deviation limit ± 0.075. The absolute pressure is similar
with the pressure gauge add with the atmospheric pressure. Therefore, it shows that the absolute
pressure applied in the experiment is acceptable
Page |11| Nabil Ahmad Muttaqin Che Awang 55213116136

5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATION

This experiment was carried out by determine the difference pressure measurement such as
absolute pressure, gauge pressure and actual gauge pressure. Besides, this experiment also was
done by determine the site calibration in order to get the accuracy of the pressure level
measurement by using multimeter device. Thus, the apparatus that involved in taking pressure
measurement are absolute pressure transmitter (PT1), a gauge pressure transmitter (PT2), a
gauge pressure (PG) by using (ABB MODEL 624EA). Therefore, the pressure measurement are
working indirect-reading gauge where it measurement some other pressure dependent on the
parameters while for the site calibration, it also work as indirect methods where the calibration
gauge is connected to same pressurized tank as another considered already calibrated and the
indicators are compared. As known that, the pressure measurement was done by taking the
different pressure level which are started at 30psig, 25psig, 20psig, 15psig, 10psig, 5psig, and
0.0psig, Each level shows the difference value due to the decreasing of consumption of pressure.
The value of calculated absolute pressure showed that decreasing from pressure 30psig at
40.74psig until 0.0psig pressure at 16.05psig. Meanwhile, the highest reading recorded of
absolute pressure deviation was 3.42psig at 20psig pressure followed by 3.41psig at 10psig
pressure. In case of the site calibration, both run 1 and run 2 showed the pass statement in
percentage deviation where it can be determining by comparing the calculated percentage
deviation with the theoretical deviation. Thus, the value of calculating of percentage deviation
were not exceed to theoretical percentage deviation value. In order word, the site calibration was
determined due to approximate value to the theoretical value of deviation. Note that, this
experiment was done by occurring the error while run experiment, such as there are some valves
that did not have a sign, so that, it is difficult to the student identified which valves should be
open or closed. Therefore, while taking the reading, the eye did not perpendicular to the scale
measurement pressure due to high place of monometer reading, Thus, to overcome this
weakness, the first thing first is by ensuring that before lab session, student should be
understanding the procedure and the process flow diagram of the instrument. Besides, the
instrument should have a complete sign in order to give student easily to handle the experiment.
In case of reading manometer, the eyes should perpendicular to the scale in order to get more
accuracy of the pressure measurement. Note that, this experiment was conducted with a high
pressure, so, the PPE safety should be complete before doing this experiment.
Page |12| Nik Muhammad Amirul Haqim Bin Zakaria 55213116108

6.0 Tutorial Questions

1. State whether the pressure is higher/lower/equal at the bottom of a tank filled with a
gas than at the top.

The pressure of the gas at the top and at the bottom of the tank is equal. This is due to the
tank which apply closed system properties in this measurement. Therefore, the gas will
fill the tank equally.

2. Differentiate absolute pressure and gauge pressure.

Absolute Pressure: The actual pressure measured at a given position.
Gauge Pressure: Define as the pressure relative to the atmospheric pressure or can be said
as how much above or below is the pressure according to the atmospheric pressure.
3. If the contents of a tank holding 20m3 of gas are transferred to a tank with twice as
much volume and all other factors remain unchanged, what will happen to gas
pressure?

According to the theory proposed by Boyle’s Law, it is stated that the volume is inversely
proportional to the pressure. Thus, it can be said that as the volume increase, the pressure
will automatically decrease.

4. If the gas in a tank heated and all other factors remain unchanged, what will
happen to the gas pressure?

Meanwhile, based on Charles’ Law Theory, it is mentioned that the pressure is directly
proportional to the applied temperature. Hence, it can be said that as the gas is heated, the
pressure of the gas will increase.

5. What is the pressure measuring instrument used in this plant?

Pressure indicator, Pressure transmitter, Manometer and Multimeter

6. Discuss briefly the possible errors affecting the accuracy in pressure measurement
as observed in the experiment.

During the experiment was conducted, there were might be some errors that could occur.
Firstly, the pressure indicator was a bit high and this situation could lead to parallax error
due to unparalleled scale of the indicator to the eye level. Besides, the instrument used in
the experiment seems like an old instrument which have decreased it efficiency. Thus,
this might affect the result obtain during the measurement was taken.
Page |13| All

7.0 REFERENCES
Brockway, B. P., Mills, P. A., & Moench, M. M. (2000). U.S. Patent No. 6,033,366.
Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.

Connell, B. (1996). Process instrumentation applications manual. McGraw-Hill Professional

Publishing.

Holman, J. P., & Gajda, W. J. (2001). Experimental methods for engineers (Vol. 2). New York:
McGraw-Hill.

Kamen, D. L. (1988). U.S. Patent No. 4,778,451. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark
Office.

Kittel, C., & Kroemer, H. (1980). Thermal physics. Macmillan.

Potter, E. (2001). Gender and Boyle's law of gases. Indiana University Press.

Ragauskas, A., Daubaris, G., Dziugys, A., Azelis, V., & Gedrimas, V. (2005). Innovative non-
invasive method for absolute intracranial pressure measurement without calibration.
In Intracranial Pressure and Brain Monitoring XII(pp. 357-361). Springer, Vienna.
Page |14|

8.0 Appendix

Image 1: Boyle’s Law depiction.

I
m a
ge 2:

Charles’s Law depiction.

Page |15|

Image 3: Pressure measurement machine.

Image 4: type of manometer used during experiment.

Page |16|

Image 5: Pressure Transmitter 1(bottom) and 2 (top).

Image 6: Labelled sketch diagram