Sleep Deprivation because of Technology

National University – Lipa

Adao, Angel Ashley

Dayrit, Mark Niccollo

Martija, Nils Mikkel

Reyes, John Michael

Viernez, Jym Brill

Abstract

Lack of sleep greatly affects how well we perform in our workplace, school, mental health etc.
Technology can also be used to distract its users from sleeping. In other words, people nowadays
tend to use gadgets such as smartphones if they are having a hard time sleeping. The purpose of
this paper is to study the cause of sleep deprivation in students. Students are expected to do well
and be active at school. Unfortunately, many students nowadays are too sleepy and lacks energy
in order to participate in school activities which can affect their future as well as their health. The
advancement of technology is very important for us these days as it helps us in our studies,
research, etc. This study hopes to understand why the overuse of technology causes sleep
deprivation in most people and find a strategy to solve this kind of problem. The gathering and
compiling of the handpicked data have resulted in such rich and informative results. With these
results the researchers were able to prove the relevancy of technology as a major cause of sleep
deprivation amongst students, generally within the adolescent age group. The data gathered from
18 respondents from high school, 50 respondents from senior high school, and 71 respondents
from college students, showed results of how technology is a major factor in sleep deprivation.
These results prove that gadgets such as laptops, computers, tablets and mostly mobile phones
are one of the reasons for sleep deprivation. According to the survey provided by the researchers,
college students usually spend 4-6 hours using electronic devices while high school students
spend 1-3 hours using electronic devices. The researchers therefore conclude that the over-use of
gadgets causes sleep deprivation in most of the students.

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 Table of Contents
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Keywords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Related Works/Literatures Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Materials and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Keywords
 Technology
 Deprivation
 Students
 Sleeping
 Education
 Habits

Introduction
The purpose of this paper is to study the cause of sleep deprivation in students. Students are
expected to do well and be active at school. Unfortunately, many students nowadays are too
sleepy and lacks energy in order to participate in school activities which can affect their future as
well as their health. The advancement of technology is very important for us these days as it
helps us in our studies, research, etc. Access to information increases the awareness of students,
helps them in increasing their thinking and creativity in learning tasks, provide quick access to
subject material and engage them in adopting strategies which can help in maximizing the
quality of learning. The process of learning can become very rich if students have access to the
latest information on their subjects. On the other hand, technology can also be used to distract
students in the classroom from their learning activities. Technologies such as computers and
smartphones distract students from studying as well as their health. Nowadays, students tend to

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sleep late because of overusing gadgets. Staying up late because of Schoolworks are one the
main reasons why students stay up late, another thing is browsing/surfing the internet (TikTok,
Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, YouTube, Netflix, etc.) with the use of gadgets such as
smartphones when lying in bed and tend to use it to be to sleep. Due to that they are more active
at night while being sleepy during the morning or when attending classes.
This study hopes to understand why the overuse of technology causes sleep deprivation in most
people/students and find a strategy to solve this kind of problem. The specific issue addressed in
this paper is sleep deprivation caused by technology. This paper is also divided into the
following parts – the next section describes the Review of Related Literature (RRL),
Methodology, Results and Discussion, and Conclusion.

Related Works/Literatures Survey

1. A Literature Review on the Current Technology in Education: An Examination of Teachers
Use of Technology and Its Association to Digital Inequality in School.

In a study done by Nueva (2019), the researcher examined the current technology in
education: Teacher's use of technology and Its association to digital inequality in school. The
translation of technology to society has been an object of interest of most research since 1980s.
More and more studies have been produced that show various perspectives on how this
phenomenon can be examined. There were opposing views that explain how technology
cascaded to its end users. While others stated that people use technology at varying phases and at
a certain time would reach the saturation point where all will be at the same phase of technology
use, others argue that as technology is cascaded to its end users, varying reactions arise which
include acceptance and rejection. Heterogeneous engineering should therefore be employed to
limit the occurrence of technology rejection. These opposing views call for further examination
on how the different dimensions of society are affected by technology. It is in this light that this
review of literature is conducted. It specifically aims to determine how technology is used in the
classroom, how digital inequality is experienced by teachers and the association of technology
use to the existence of digital inequality in schools. Results of this review of literature reveal that
technology is used in the classroom for instructional support, information referencing and
communication and collaboration platform. Teachers experienced digital inequality due to their
digital competency gap, belief and institutional perception on the function of technology in the
classroom. The digital inequality in schools based on the students’ capacity to use technology for
academic purposes has been found to be associated to teachers’ technological capacity and
interventions. (Nueva, 2019)

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2. Students' perception on use of technology in the classroom at higher education institutions in
Philippines.

Another study done by Gorra, V.C. & Bhati, S. S. (2016), Students' perception on use of
technology in the classroom at higher education institutions in Philippines. Asian Journal of
Education and e-Learning, 4 (3), 92-103. Issue of unintended consequences of use of technology
in classroom is important because unintended consequences can cause disruption in classroom
and negate the institutional policies regarding strategic direction and intervention in teaching and
learning process. Current literature on the use of e-learning for teaching focuses on factors which
increases the effectiveness of e-learning but there is very little research on unintended
consequences of e-learning, particularly in regard to developing countries. The present research
seeks to fill in this gap in the research. This research investigates the consequences of the use of
technology during classroom activities in higher education institutions of Philippines when the
students are expected to do classwork and attend to their work in the college. These questions
were studied using a survey method of research. The students sample consisted of 221 students
from different state colleges and universities in Caraga region of Philippines. Students'
perceptions on positive and negative consequences were observed. A ranking and frequency
analysis method was used to calculate the consequences observed. The most observed positive
consequences were instant messaging through chatting, lesson enquiry about assignments,
sending and receiving e-mails, research through surfing the net including data gathering by
downloading files and sharing cultural experiences with others through internet. Among the
negative consequences listed by students were accessing social websites like face book, twitter
etc. during class work, playing games, playing music, answering and returning calls and
downloading and using copyrighted material. It is further observed that incidence of positive and
negative consequences varies with the use of technology. The ranking of positive and negative
consequences differs in all the three cases of use of technology - computer with internet, laptop
with internet and mobile with internet. From the frequency analysis of positive, negative and net
consequences of use of technology in classroom it is observed that students are most likely to
have negative consequences using mobile with internet. It is concluded that most students in
state colleges and universities in Caraga region in the Philippines are likely to use technology in
classroom for the purpose of positive consequences supporting the view that use of technology
helps in enhancing learning related activities in classroom. (Carbonilla Gorra, V. and Bhati, S. S.
2016)

3. Technology Trumping Sleep: Impact of Electronic Media and Sleep in Late Adolescent
Students.

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 The study of Moulin, K. L. & Chung, C. J. (2016), the students who conducted the study
aims to explore with what impact media use interfered with either schoolworks and/or sufficient
healthy sleep. In this study, electronic habits, internet and social networking usage, sleep and rise
times, daily sleepiness and perceptions were examined to conclude the results of the effects of
technology in our daily basis and how it affects our sleep. The results that have been collected
through survey shows that students continued to access and use their device in bed for significant
amounts of time prior to sleep. Also, many of these students even awakened after falling asleep
to access and respond to electronic messaging. The research concludes that the students are
experiencing unhealthy sleeping habits where they continue to access electronic devices despite
the consequences of lack of sleep and creates sleep deprived with this, they may not be able to
function at their top capacity. Students allow their social digital world to impede and compete
with their academic time and biological sleep cycle. The researchers concluded that the students
used technology most of the time on their daily basis and because of this they have acquired an
unhealthy sleep habit that affects their health. (Moulin, K. L. and Chung, C.J. 2016)

4. Bedtime Use of Technology and Association and Sleep Problems in Children.

The study of Fuller, C. BS, Lehman, E. MS, Hicks, S. MD & Novick, M. B. MD (2017),
the researcher aims to explore bedtime electronic use and its impact on 3 health consequences—
sleep quantity and quality, inattention, and body mass index. A statically significant rise in the
use of various types of technology before bedtime and use in the middle of the night was linked
to using any device before going to sleep, which affected both the quantity and quality of sleep.
According to studies, youngsters who use electronics more frequently may have negative
developmental effects. This study showed a statistically significant impact of television and/or
cell phone use at bedtime is associated with elevated BMI in children and adolescents. The
children may receive less sleep as a result of using more technology at bedtime, such as
television, cell phones, video games, and laptops. These kids had higher rates of morning fatigue
and lower rates of breakfast consumption, both of which are risk indicators for an elevated BMI.
The researchers concluded that the children who use their time the most in technology, they’re
experiencing lack of sleep due to the amount of time they spend in using technology rather than
sleeping and it affected their attitude towards other people when they didn’t have enough of
sleep. (Fuller, C. BS, Lehman, E. MS, Hicks, S. MD and Novick, M. B. MD. 2017)

5. The effects of Electronic Device Use on The Sleep Quality of Health Science Students in the
United Arab Emirates.

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 Another study done by Hapuarachige C, Fakunle I, Ahmed H.I., Sparrow S, Hasan S,
Alsaad L and Sharbatti S.A. The effect of sleep on an individual is a topic that has been studied
on a global level for a significant period of time. However, studies in regards to sleep quality and
the effect of electronic device use have not been investigated in the United Arab Emirates
(UAE). To investigate the frequency of electronic device use amongst health science students, to
assess their sleep quality and to determine a possible association between electronic device use
and sleep quality. The study was conducted among 301 Gulf Medical University (GMU) students
who were selected from the four colleges of GMU. It was used the Validated self-administered
questionnaire that encompassed in addition to sociodemography and electronic devices related
information, a standardized questionnaire from the University of Pittsburgh which included the
Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI); which was used to assess sleep quality. Data was
recorded on an excel sheet and analyzed by SPSS version 20. The data was presented as charts
and tables and ChiSquare test was used to determine possible association between sleep quality
and electronic device use. All participants are using different forms of electronic devices, mobile
was the most common used device (36.2%), 76.4% of participants use electronic devices for >3
hours/day. Long duration of use (>3h) was more common in females (p=0.006). No significant
association between the duration of use and other socio-demographic factors, 81.7% of students
have poor sleep quality. Poor sleep quality was associated with students’ missing class
attendance and perceived effect on the mood. Putting the electronic device close to bed, or using
them just before sleep were associated with perceived effect on sleep and mood (0.01 & 0.006
respectively). All participants are using different forms of electronic devices. A vast majority of
students have poor sleep quality. Poor sleep quality is associated with students’ class attendance
and mood. (Hapuarachige C, Fakunle I, Ahmed H.I., Sparrow S, Hasan S, Alsaad L and
Sharbatti S.A. 2014)

6. The Effect of Smart Mobile Devices Usage on Sleep Quality and Academic Performance.

The study of Owusu-Marfo, J., Zhou, L., Antwi, H. A., Antwi, M. O., Kissi, J. & Asare,
I. Regardless of your gender, place of birth, or job, sleep is a consistent physiological and
essential activity in every human being. Nevertheless, inherited background and environmental
factors influence the characteristics of sleep. A prevalent problem that leads to a wide range of
sleep disorders in society and the globe at large is poor sleep quality. The main consequences of
sleep quality on academic performance of students, notably adolescents and young adults from
basic to tertiary education levels, are examined in this study according to various writers. Most
of the studies examined focus on how using mobile phones or smart phones relates to complaints
about interruptions in, or sleep disorders. Everyone, especially the young and the old, requires
sleep, so this field of study should receive special consideration. In the most sensitive and risky
situations, lack of sleep can harm people and lead to disasters. The authors have concluded that
most authors who have studied the relationship between sleep quality and academic performance

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have not connected the mediating functions that socio-economic factors may play in this
relationship. (Owusu-Marfo, J., Zhou, L., Antwi, H. A., Antwi, M. O., Kissi, J. & Asare, I. 2018)

7. The Effect of Sleep on Academic Performance and Job Performance.

Chiang, Y.C., Arendt, S. W., Zheng, T. & Hanisch, K. A. have done research and the
purpose of this study is to investigate the link between sleep and academic performance among
undergrads. Both academic achievement and job performance were the focus of this study
because educators want students to succeed in their classes and companies want students to
perform well on the job. Students in elementary or high school were typically used in their
studies. The researchers realized that lack of sleep was adversely associated. with academic
achievement. They discovered that sleep deprivation had an impact on students’ academic
performance since it reduced their performance on activities requiring learning capacity skills
including attention, memory, and problem-solving. Additionally, sleep deprivation led to
daytime tiredness, which was linked to subpar academic performance. Employers and educators
can assist children with sleep issues by having awareness of the effects of sleep. The value of
sleep for students' achievement in their academic work and job performance must be recognized
by educators and businesses. According to a study, people who don't get enough sleep and feel
drowsy at work are more likely to be in accidents. They also tend to drift off when driving,
which is dangerous for the workplace. The authors have concluded that people who don’t have
enough sleep failed to perform at their full capacity on their task either in school or workplace
due to this their health will face the consequences. (Chiang, Y.C., Arendt, S. W., Zheng, T. &
Hanisch, K. A. 2014)

8. Lack of Sleep is Associated with Internet Use for Leisure.

The study of Kim, S.Y., Kim, M.S., Park, B., Kim, J.H., & Choi, H.G. The purpose of
this study was to examine the various relationships between sleep time and internet usage based
on utilization. Many teenagers in contemporary society struggle with chronic sleep deprivation.
They looked at the many correlations between sleep time and internet use according to their
purposes in order to clarify the potential consequences of sleep time on internet use. In terms of
the active impact of sleep on internet use time, recent studies on these passive roles of sleep-in
connection to internet use are contradictory. It has been suggested that psychological or other
emotional problems that follow sleep loss act as active triggers of prolonged internet use. This
study took into account a number of confounders, such as BMI, geographic region,
socioeconomic status, parental education level, stress level, and academic performance. Less
sleep was definitively associated with short-term internet usage for pleasure, but not with long-

7
term internet use for study. Furthermore, the link between reduced sleep and recreational internet
use was amplified by poor sleep quality. (Kim, S.Y., Kim, M.S., Park, B., Kim, J.H., & Choi,
H.G. 2018)

9. Sleep problems in excessive technology use among adolescents: a systemic review and meta-
analysis.

In a study done by Mei X., Zhou Q., Li X., Jing P., Wang X. and Hu Z. Inadequate sleep quantity
and quality is a public health concern with an array of detrimental health outcomes. Portable
technological devices have become a ubiquitous part of adolescents’ lives and may affect their
sleep duration and quality. The purpose of this study was to summarize published analyses of
various technology uses and sleep outcomes and to examine whether there is an association
between excessive technology use (ETU) and poor sleep outcomes in adolescents. We conduct a
systematic review and meta-analysis. PubMed, Embase, Science Direct, Google Scholar,
Cochrane Library were used. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were performed. Only original
research papers published from 1999 to 2018 and officially reviewed by peers were included for
analysis. We used the Review Manager 5.3 software for statistical analysis. Nineteen studies
were included, and their quality was assessed. These studies involved 253,904 adolescents (mean
[SD] age, 14.82 [0.83] years; 51.1% male). There was a strong and consistent association
between ETU and sleep problems. ETU has a significant effect on sleep duration in adolescents
over 14 years of age, prolong the SOL of adolescents, and may lead to several sleep problems.
Interventions must be developed to raise awareness of the potential health hazard to improve
sleep hygiene through an integrated approach involving teachers, health care professionals, and
parents.

10. Sleeping Habits and Sleep Deprivation Among College Students.

The author of this study, Otenyo, J.K., aims to determine the effects of sleep deprivation on
college students. Some of the most sleep-deprived people in the country are college students.
When compared to other adult groups, they exhibit some of the worst sleep hygiene habits.
Students who don't get enough sleep alter their sleep patterns and their bodies react by making it
harder for them to focus and finish difficult tasks. In the population of college students, sleep
deprivation is frequently voluntary. College students frequently skip sleep on purpose, especially
during stressful times like test seasons. Students often lose sleep due to academic pressure. Due
to academic pressure, sleep-deprived students frequently stay up late and wake up early, cutting
their sleep time in half. The college environment's sleep culture makes getting enough sleep
difficult. Students have busy schedules and a lot of demands on their time and energy. Students
frequently use all-nighters and caffeine to simply make it through the day without falling behind.
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The ability to maintain a balanced schedule is not the only aspect of the college environment that
contributes to lack of sleep. If students use devices like telephones, iPads, and computers, they
are also less likely to get any sleep. The likelihood of students sleeping more on the weekends
and having less sleep during the weekdays is higher than students who sleep more on the
weekdays than on the weekends. (Otenyo, J.K. 2015)

Materials and Methods

This research study focused upon adolescent students within the late years of high school up to
the early years of college. The results gathered were adapted from past conveyed research and
past research. The goal of this research is to find out how students of these ages are affected by
sleep deprivation.
Preparations for this research include gathering of all the materials necessary. Such as a selection
of related literature and results from surveys conducted prior to the research. One related
literature and two survey results were used throughout the research, of which are survey and
research results from “Technology Trumping Sleep: Impact of Electronic Media and Sleep in
Late Adolescent Students” by Kerry L. Moulin1 & Chia-Jung Chung1 and survey results from
“Student Health Survey” conducted by Reyes, J.M. Amoranto, J.K. et.al.

Results and Discussion

This portion of the study will summarize results and data gathered from surveys and research
prior to the research. Results, discussion and interpretation are to be presented with the use of
graphs and charts. Due to the differences between the selected research and surveys, the
researchers have handpicked results from the available data. The results gathered are then
combined in order to create a consistent and suitable interpretation of the results.

Results

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Figure 1. Hours per day spent using electronic devices by college students

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 Figure 2. Hours per day spent using electronic devices by high school students

Figure 3. Using gadgets as an activity done before sleeping by senior high school students

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Figure 4. Electronic devices used an hour before sleeping by college students

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Figure 5. Electronic devices used an hour before sleeping by high school students

Figure 6. Hours of sleep experienced by college students

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Figure 7. Changes noticed by college students at school while lacking sleep

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Figure 8. Changes noticed by high school students at school while lacking sleep

15
Figure 9. Ways of coping with lack of sleep by senior high school students

Figure 10. Effects of lack of sleep amongst college students

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 Figure 11. Effects of lack of sleep amongst senior high school students

Discussion
The gathering and compiling of the handpicked data have resulted in such rich and informative
results. With these results the researchers were able to prove the relevancy of technology as a
major cause of sleep deprivation amongst students, generally within the adolescent age group.
Additionally, the research provides some information on how these students are affected by lack
of sleep and how they cope with sleep deprivation.
The data gathered from 18 respondents from high school, 50 respondents from senior high
school, and 71 respondents from college students, showed results of how technology is a major
factor in sleep deprivation.
The results showed how much these students spend their time using gadgets daily. Amongst
college students, the highest of which is 35% of respondents said that they spend 4 to 6 hours
using gadgets and with second highest result of 21% of respondents said that they spend 10 to 12
hours of using gadgets in a day. While the survey answers from high school students resulted in
44% respondents saying that they spend 1 to 3 hours of using their gadgets daily and 22% of
respondents said that they spend 4 to 6 hours using their gadgets daily. These results also account
for how much these students spend time with their gadgets. Respondents from college and high
school students put up a staggering 80% of respondents of which both stated that they use mobile

17
phones regularly before going to sleep. While results from another survey answered by senior
high school students showed that 90% of the respondents use gadgets before going to sleep.
Another questionnaire answered by college students showed how much sleep they get at night.
This resulted with 37% of respondents saying that they get 5 to 6.5 hours of sleep, and 34%
respondents say that they get close to 7 to 7.5 hours of sleep. Both results are far from the
recommended 8 to 10 hours of sleep recommended for adolescent age group.
The following results state all the negative effects that the students have felt or noticed when
they were at school. 68% of respondents from college and 88% respondents from high school
students stated that they have felt sleepy and that most of them have experienced increased
yawning to a point that they almost fell asleep during class. The students then try to cope with
these negative effects by drinking energy drinks, coffee, chocolate drinks and other beverages
and eating snacks that can replenish the energy needed for their tasks.
Some other negative effects experienced by these students showed that sleep deprivation greatly
affected their mental health. Some of which are lack of concentration, mood changes, and even
stress. Thus, affecting their health and safety choices, academics and how they even socially
handle themselves. The students have also noticed some occurring physical effects, such as
headaches and even weight loss.

Conclusion
These results prove that gadgets such as laptops, computers, tablets and mostly mobile phones
are one of the reasons for sleep deprivation. Although this digital generation is seeing a great
benefit from their gadgets or technology, they are also paying a cost. According to the survey
provided by the researchers, college students usually spend 4-6 hours using electronic devices
while high school students spend 1-3 hours using electronic devices. The survey also confirmed
that most students, be they high school students, senior high school students and college
students, use their phones as an activity before they sleep. With these results, the researchers
therefore conclude that the over-use of gadgets causes sleep deprivation to most of the students.
It is strongly suggested that parents and teachers provide healthy guidelines for the students, to
help them develop their talents and to protect their health in the realms of electronic technology
and sleep.

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