Professional Documents
Culture Documents
in Partial Fulfillment of
Requirements for the Subject
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
DECEMBER 2023
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGES
Title Page .................................................................................................................i
Table of Contents.....................................................................................................ii
INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................1
Background of the Study...............................................................................1
Statement of the Problem...............................................................................2
Hypotheses.....................................................................................................3
Conceptual and Theoretical Framework........................................................3
Scope and Delimitations................................................................................6
Significance of the Study...............................................................................7
Definition of Terms........................................................................................8
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE.............................................................12
METHOD.................................................................................................................26
Research Design ............................................................................................26
Participants.....................................................................................................28
Sampling Procedure.......................................................................................28
Data Gathering Instrument.............................................................................28
Validity and Reliability of Instrument...........................................................29
Data Gathering Procedure..............................................................................30
Data Treatment and Analysis.........................................................................31
Ethical Consideration.....................................................................................32
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION..............................................................................34
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Summary........................................................................................................37
Conclusion.....................................................................................................37
Recommendation...........................................................................................37
REFERENCES.........................................................................................................39
APPENDICES..........................................................................................................45
1
INTRODUCTION
The concept of using technology has been brought a big impact in enhancing the
level of teaching and the critical thinking skills of the students. Videos can be used for
class work and homework, which enhances classroom activities enabling interaction
between the learners and their teachers. Lessons can be executed properly and clearly by
the help of technology. Mobile devices have become more familiar to learners and
The internet has paved a path for the transmission of ideas and information. Thus,
students are fed with so much information just by being exposed to technology (Chuchan,
M., 2018). The use of technology in STEM education expands students' access to a
wealth of information and resources beyond traditional textbooks. On the other hand, In
the context of HUMSS subjects, research by Garcia et al. (2023) highlighted the
were able to present their ideas in a visually engaging and interactive manner, promoting
highlighted by Chen, Lai, and Tsai (2019), technology enables students to engage in
information gathering, analysis, and synthesis, which are fundamental aspects of critical
interactive tutorials, and online forums, that encourage students to evaluate and critically
use in the context of critical thinking development. Some critics argue that excessive
reliance on technology may hinder students' ability to think critically. For instance,
research by Kirschner et al. (2018) suggests that over-reliance on technology may lead to
shallow cognitive processing and reduced deep learning. They argue that students may
become passive consumers of information, rather than active critical thinkers. Even
though technology is now one of the most essential way that can be used by the students
to learn and gain knowledge, it still seems that some are not yet ready to make use of
Generally, this study aims to find out and validate the impact of using technology
and its significant relationship to the critical thinking abilities of grade 12 STEM
This study aimed to evaluate the level of technology use and its impact to the
1. What is the level of the technology use of Grade 12 STEM and HUMSS
learners?
HUMSS learners?
Hypothesis
Theoretical Framework
According to the Constructivist Learning Theory by Jean Piaget that is used in the
study of Shah (2019), technology can play a significant role in promoting critical thinking
abilities. By engaging with technology tools and resources, learners have opportunities to
peers. This active engagement fosters the development of higher-order thinking skills,
including critical thinking. The integration of technology in the learning process allows
students to access a wealth of information from various sources. They can conduct online
These activities provide learners with a broader range of perspectives and enable them to
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activities, all of which promote critical thinking skills. In the context of Grade 12 Senior
High School STEM and HUMSS at Bulwangan National High School, technology can be
For STEM and HUMSS learners, technology tools like simulations, modeling software,
and data analysis tools can facilitate hands-on experiences and experimentation,
Theory also emphasizes the role of teachers as facilitators of learning, this encouraged to
design technology-mediated learning experiences that align with the curriculum and
promote critical thinking. Teachers who possess the necessary technological and
development. By adopting the Constructivist Learning Theory as the study can explore
how technology use influences critical thinking abilities in Grade 12 Senior High School
STUDENTS’
TECHNOLOGY CRITICAL
USE THINKING
ABILITIES
The scope of this study is limited to the evaluation of the effect of technology use
on critical thinking abilities among Grade 12 students who belong to the STEM and
HUMSS strands in Bulwangan National High School and are enrolled for the S.Y. 2023-
2024. The study focused on the use of technology at home and in the classroom, which
includes the use of computers, tablets, smartphones, software applications, and other
technological devices that aid in teaching and learning, and entertainment. The critical
thinking, and logical reasoning. The study did not consider other factors that may affect
critical thinking abilities such as socio-economic status, family background, and personal
experiences.
The study was only conducted in Bulwangan National High School, which may
limit the generalizability of the findings. Only Grade 12 that are enrolled for the S.Y.
2023-2024 STEM and HUMMS learners was included, so the results may not apply to
learners in other fields. The study only examined the effects of technology use on critical
Critical Thinking Abilities (Dependent) in Senior High School Grade 12 STEM and
Students. This research is significant for students as it can help them understand
the impact of technology on their critical thinking abilities. Senior high school STEM and
HUMSS learners will gain insights into how their use of technology, such as laptops,
knowledge can empower them to make informed choices about their technology usage
Teachers. Teachers can benefit from this study by gaining a deeper understanding
of how technology integration in the classroom can influence students' critical thinking.
They can use the findings to adapt their teaching methods and incorporate technology
effectively to enhance students' analytical and problem-solving skills. This research can
serve as a guide for educators looking to optimize technology for educational purposes.
Future Researcher/s. For future researchers, this study provides a foundation for
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further investigation into the relationship between technology and critical thinking. It
offers a methodological framework and insights into potential variables to consider when
conducting similar research. Future researchers can build upon this study's findings to
School Administration. School administrators can use the results of this research
to inform policy decisions related to technology use in the classroom. They can assess
whether current technology integration strategies align with the goal of fostering critical
thinking among senior high school STEM and HUMSS learners. This information can
technology use and critical thinking abilities in senior high school STEM and HUMSS
Definition of Terms
For the purpose of this study, the following terms are defined operationally and
conceptually to have clearer idea and better understanding of the content of this research.
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aims of human life or as it is sometimes phrased to the change and manipulation of the
In this study, it refers to the instruments or tools that students utilize in order to
objectively and make a reasoned judgement. It involves the evaluation of source, such as
analytically.
Internet. It refers to the vast network that connects computer all over the world
through the internet people can share information and communicate from anywhere with
In this study, it refers to the student’s ability to collect and critically assess
information on the internet and how frequently they rely and utilize it.
secondary students for college graduate study and careers in the fields of Science and
In this study, it refers to the students who are enrolled in the Science, Technology,
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HUMMS. It refers to Humanities and Social Sciences which deals with studying
In this study, it refers to the students who are enrolled in the Humanities and
E-Text. It refers to the visual, electronic depiction of text whereby by the text
itself is digitally recognizable by both the user and the computer. Allows for the use of
In this study, is refers to the non-material resource that students use whether for
In this study, it refers to the type of resource which acts as service for readers
who, for various reasons have difficulty reading printed books, either it because they do
not see well, have not learned to read (yet), or because they are dyslexic.
Reading Modalities. It refers to the learning modalities which are the sensory
channels or pathways through which individuals give, receive, and store information,
perception, memory, and sensation comprise the concept of modality (Rose, 2019).
In this study, it refers to the different strategies which are used in order for a
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human life or, as it is sometimes phrased, to the change and manipulation of the human
environment (Britannica, 2023). Technology has become part of our lives with the pass
of the years, to the point most people will start depending on this technology. Technology
has changed the way students learn and how they interact with their professors for help
and questions. Making not only students change their method to learn but changing
teacher’s method to teach. According to Rashid T, et.al. (2016), the use of technology
among student has a direct positive relationship with students’ engagement and self-
directed learning, however, no significant direct effect was found between technology use
classroom brought with it many learning opportunities, but also posed a challenge of
handling the off-task technology use in class (Neiterman E., et.al.,2019). As a technology
wide spread and dominating almost the world, students were also one whom affected the
most. Students uses technology and benefit from its many advantages, especially in
getting new information and communicating with people. On the other hand, information
technology hurts concentration in class and consumes a significant amount of time (Shatri
C.G., 2020). Thus, the positive effect of using technology through gadgets is that students
are able to get information and communication easily while the negative effect of using
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gadgets is that students forget time to study so that it can have an effect on student
higher level. Also, oftentimes, the reading comprehension of the users improves when
they listen and read the text by themselves.
Reading will always be the foundation of knowledge. This is why people will
always look for books to instill knowledge, whether for leisure or academic. However,
the users wants and needs also changed due to the change in our technology. The
users now considers a lot of things including the cost, availability among
others.
Understanding the decisions that people make in their preference from digital or printed
books is a wonderful start to understanding whether there is a possibility of
digital
technology overtaking the printing industry (Byars, 2015).
Technology was brought by globalization of the countries. It brought many
changes in culture, daily living, economy, and education. These changes brought positive
and negative effects in our lives. To adopt these changes in our world, the countries are
Primarily, electronic devices are used for communication, but electronic devices are also
widely used for the enhancement of education in modern countries which includes the
United, England and other first world countries. Meanwhile, the third world countries are
still left over to the changes in education and still uses the traditional system of using
Reading modalities
Modalities refer to how students use their senses in the learning process
teach a certain topic to the students. According to Powell (2013) in her article Learning
Modalities, she cited four modalities: the visual (seeing), auditory (hearing), kinesthetic
(moving), and tactile (touching). All the students have different preferred learning
modalities which is hard for the teacher to comply it all. However, students may have the
combination of those modalities. “The great majority of students can learn using all four
modalities, but we all have preferences that can be capitalized on, as well as weaker
leanings that can be enhanced,” said Powell (2013). This means that each student has a
preferred modality that enable them to learn efficiently. The improvement of the
view of the fact students differ on their learning modality, the teachers need to
differentiate the product, process and content of the learning according to their learning
style, interest and readiness (Wilder, 2017). Thus, the teachers must vary their teaching
strategies in accordance with the students’ learning style. This is where technology comes
in. The use of electronic gadgets in the class can help the students’ reading
(seeing), auditory (hearing) and dual-modality which includes both auditory and visual
modality. Technology brought a lot of changes in our culture, education, and daily living.
These changes took place mostly in the first world countries and the third world countries
were left behind. The use of technology in to improve the education is one of the
country in Southeast Asia, but the education system is still stuck with the traditional
system using books. Unlike USA, England and other countries, which are currently using
the new education system, using electronic devices in replacement to books. In a statistic
conducted, 29 million Filipinos are smart phones users (Statistica, 2017). This implies
that Filipinos are naturally smartphones users. Naturally, Filipinos are literate when it
to education. The researchers suggested that the use of iPad in education is useful for the
students, especially the students who were observed to input and change data and carry
Digital Audiobook
Digital audiobooks are voice recordings of a text that is intended for listening
rather than reading. Digital audiobooks are electronic devices have built-in audio system.
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This mean that digital audiobooks are readily available for the users, and is generally cost
less than those printed materials. Classroom use of audio recordings has long been a
McLaughlin 1996).
readers or non-readers. Audiobooks have proven successful for the students to access the
information and enjoy books in an effortless reading. But for the normal readers without
Greenfield and Subrahmanyam (2008), in which they expiremented grades 1,2,3 and 4
students with a video version and an audio version of children’s stories with the same
soundtrack. The study shows that the students who just listened to the audio version of
the story have better imagination, while the children who watched the story in a video
version recalls better than those who just listened. The researchers concluded that
E-text
Electronic textbooks have a lot of advantages over the traditional printed books.
electronic devices; can be revised and delivered quicker; and have a greater portability
than printed texts. In addition, they are generally cheaper, require less storage space, and
Electronic texts are widely used in education nowadays. Even the third world
countries like Philippines are using electronic textbooks like PDF. E-textbooks or
electronic textbooks are malleable, wherein the user can change the font style and size,
the margin and the line spacing (Johnson, 2003). A study online was conducted by
Gunter in 2005 in the United Kingdom shows that one of the perceived benefits of using
e-books is that, it is convenient than going to a bookstore, and is cheaper than printed
books. In addition to this, Goering et. al. (2012) mentioned that the use of electronic
devices for reading is more convenient because the user can search and annotate. Jamali,
Hamid R. Nicholas, David and Rowlands, Ian (2009) categorized the major advantages of
using e-textbooks into 4 categories: Online access, ability to search, cost, and portability.
Electronic textbooks are generally much accessible than traditional printed books, and is
available anytime and anywhere the user needs it because it is readily accessible by the
use of electronic devices. This feature was 55% higher level. Also, oftentimes, the
reading comprehension of the users improves when they listen and read the text by
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themselves.
Reading will always be the foundation of knowledge. This is why people will
always look for books to instill knowledge, whether for leisure or academic. However,
the users want and needs also changed due to the change in our technology. The users
now consider a lot of things including the cost, availability among others. Understanding
the decisions that people make in their preference from digital or printed books is a
The world is changing due to society's fast paced use of technology and
information. Current students will live in a future that will be driven by technology,
which means that change is coming for education leaders (Preston, 2015). Technology
(Hineman, 2015). How educators perceive technology in education differs by subject area
and their perception of the integration of technology is not clearly understood because
each subject has a different set of learning outcomes (Howard, 2015). Educators have
technology, which has made some teachers fluent in technology use, yet some still
struggle and lack the confidence necessary to use technology in the classroom (Martin,
2018). Research has been conducted across multiple subject areas to identify some math,
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science, technology, and special education teachers' feelings towards the use of
technology (Badia et.al, 2019). To begin the examination of educational leaders' beliefs,
it has been found that special education teachers are more apt to accepting technology
when they can connect it to their daily teaching routine (Mohamed, 2018). Although
special education teachers have technology in their classrooms that does not necessarily
mean that they are confident in using such technology and believe that they need more
training and experience using technology (Mohamed, 2018). Special education leaders
are not alone in the feeling of uncertainty. Teachers' motivations to integrate technology
are led by their feelings and a positive way to make teachers feel confident about
Experienced teachers are being asked to be efficient in using technology with differing
experiences in technology use (Hineman, 2015). It has been concluded that in order for
themselves must help teachers, encourage the collaboration between teachers, and
provide positive role models of what good teaching looks like while using technology
(Hineman, 2015). Teachers' viewpoints on technology integration are not solely based on
themselves. Students are meant to benefit from the use of technology in the classroom.
The types of technology available for students and how students use technology also play
a role in how teachers feel about technology integration. For example, how students use
viewpoint for educators (Gyllen, 2018). Students do not do the recommended reading
using the e-textbook outside of the classroom and spend the majority of their time
working on homework problems or studying for their test (Gyllen, 2018). It was also
indicated that students who are more comfortable using technology will use technology
for other purposes besides the sole purpose of using it for their classroom work (Kay,
2016). These uses may have an impact on teachers' feelings. Students are being prepared
(Berlin, 2012). The educators teaching these subjects seemed to have different feelings
towards technology integration than special education teachers. Science teachers in Utah
tended to have a constructivist approach to teaching with technology and tended to use it
most to present information to the class (Badia, 2019). Pre-Service STEM teachers at
positive attitude (Berlin, 2012). Findings from a study from five different types of
schools suggest that technology in the classroom is irreplaceable and that teachers view
the integration of technology with high importance, especially after being supported in
the use of a specific type of technology (de Koster, 2017). Ultimately, the support
teachers receive when it comes to technology integration and the subjects, they teach do
have a direct correlation with their readiness and beliefs in regards to integration and
readiness (Howard, 2015). It is important to also identify what students' feelings are
towards using technology in the classroom. Over 200 3rd grade students were
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interviewed after their completion of computer science lessons. The results from the
study were overwhelmingly positive for nearly all of the students and even the students
who did not have positive feelings towards the computer science lessons experienced
feelings of neutrality (Tran, 2019). In addition to the positive feelings, students were able
to make connections between computer science lessons and day to day routines of
everyday life (Tran, 2019). By introducing technology into the learning process students’
engagement levels rise and puts them in the driver's seat of their own learning (Preston,
2015). Some examples of how technology motivates students and promotes positive
feelings towards learning include the use of science apps in science class, using iPads to
communicate with non-verbal special education students, and using an iPad for digital
notes in the general education classrooms (Preston, 2015). A more recent technique to
promote positive feelings towards the use of technology includes “flipping the
classroom”. Flipping the classroom calls for students to complete certain work at home,
while completing problem solving in an active environment during class time with peers
(Cukurbasi, 2018). By flipping the classroom using LEGO applications, the teacher’s role
differs from the traditional role of teaching to creating videos for students to watch and
being present during their active learning to give guidance (Cukurbasi, 2018). Upon
completion of the LEGO applications assignments students felt like learning was fun,
boosted their motivation and any negative perceptions were shifted to positive
(Cukurbasi, 2018).
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Technology at Home
technology, which anticipates and responds to the needs of the occupants, working to
promote their comfort, convenience, security and entertainment through the management
of technology within the home and connections to the world beyond”. The main technical
devices; a degree of artificial intelligence that manages and controls the smart home
technology system, embedded sensors that collect information, and smart attributes (e.g.,
a smart lighting or heating system), which can automatically respond to the information
The services that a smart home provides can be categorized into three groups:
lifestyle support; energy and consumption management; and safety and security
(Marikyan et al., 2019). Lifestyle support refers to a broad area, embracing such types of
comfort. The application of smart home technology in daily routines has been shown to
independent living for an ageing population (Coughlin et al., 2007). Energy and
such as house heating, water heating, light management, the search for cheaper energy
providers, the termination of energy loads and the regeneration of energy through solar
panels. The last group of services is security and safety, which can be achieved through
an embedded recognition system, remote cameras and motion sensors. The system can
perform real-time health diagnostics, it sets reminders for taking medications and even
The literature lists a significant number of benefits that smart home services are
capable of bringing (Balta-Ozkan et al., 2013). The benefits can be classified into three
groups: health-related, environmental and financial ones (Marikyan et al., 2019). The
independent living, and the monitoring and management of the occupants’ health status
(Zhou, 2017). In addition, smart home technologies can diminish the feeling of isolation
The attention to long-term environmental benefits of a smart home has been facilitated by
increasing concern with global warming, climate change and fluctuating energy prices.
The assurance in environmental sustainability has drawn upon the ability of smart home
technology to reduce energy usage and the carbon footprint. The financial benefits of
benefits. Users benefit financially from the utilization of technology for the management
of energy and water consumption (Bhati et al., 2017). While environmental sustainability
transformation from traditional health services to home-care can also bring financial
The examination of the perceived beliefs about the behaviour is one of the pillars
in IT adoption research. Hence, this study will analyze how behavioural beliefs will
affect the use behaviour. The following sections will describe the theoretical foundation
thinking abilities is an essential aspect of education that has been the endeavor of many
instructors throughout the years, as it is believed that it can lead to higher academic
performance (2019). Thus, critical thinking abilities are important to student as it is a way
to improve academic performance and in any aspect. Kumrow D. E. et.al (2020) their
study reveals that students with higher critical thinking dispositions tend to employ more
reflective learning styles, enhancing their analytic and evaluative skills. Siburian
J.,et.al.,on their study the correlation between critical thinking skills and creative thinking
skills on cognitive learning The results showed that: (1) there was a significant
25
correlation between critical thinking skills and creative thinking skills on cognitive
learning results, (2) the contribution of critical thinking skills and creative thinking skills
simultaneously to cognitive learning results was 72.80%, (3) the effective contribution of
creative and critical thinking skills to cognitive learning results was 64.91% and 7.89%
respectively. Implications for Research and Practice: Lecturers can consider inquiry
empower critical thinking skills and creative thinking skills, based on research results,
that may have a big contribution to cognitive learning results. On several studies, the
research results showed that: (1) the critical thinking skills of junior high school students
were in a low category; and (2) the evaluation, analysis, and self-regulation sub-skills
became the lowest critical thinking sub-skills mastered by the students compared to other
thinking abilities. They discuss the concept of creating "cultures of thinking" within
thinking abilities were also in need that all should have and, in any field, Leigh and
Shapiro (2018) explore the significance of critical thinking development in the context of
26
psychotherapy training. They argue that critical thinking skills are essential for therapists
to make informed decisions, effectively assess clients' needs, and develop appropriate
treatment plans. The authors emphasize the importance of incorporating critical thinking
instruction within psychotherapy training programs. Thus, Students with higher critical
thinking abilities can improve and be useful in their field of expertise. Relationship
between technology use and critical thinking abilities among STEM and HUMMS
learners. Several studies and researches have their way to investigate on the relationship
METHOD
The level of technology use of the Grade 12 STEM and HUMSS learners was
locale, and participants of the study, the research instrument with its validity and
reliability. This commenced on the data gathering procedure and statistical tools that
Research Design
needed for this study. Canonizado (2020) cited that the aim of descriptive-correlational
method is to understand and assess the statistical relationship between the two variables
with no influence from any extraneous variable. Canozizado added that descriptive-
correlational studies are useful to establish a link or influence of one variable from
another variable. Similarly, Mustieles (2020) cited that descriptive correlational study is a
variables, without seeking to establish a causal connection. The research study which
concerns the effect of technology use on critical thinking abilities in senior high school
STEM and HUMSS learners was used in the study. As a result, the direction and extent
2020 Census was 4,152. This represented 6.82% of the total population of Hinoba-an.
Elevation at these coordinates is estimated at 12.0 meters or 39.4 feet above mean sea
level (PhilAtlas,2019).
The school offers various academic tracks such as Science, Technology, Engineering, and
Mathematics (STEM), and Humanities and Social Sciences (HUMSS). The school also
offers vocational courses such as Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) and Technical
Vocational Livelihood (TVL). Aside from academic subjects, Bulwangan National High
School also offers various co-curricular and extra-curricular activities for its students
such as sports, clubs, and organizations. The school has been recognized for its
High School is committed to providing quality education to its students and to producing
graduates who are equipped with the necessary skills and knowledge to succeed in their
Participants
The participants of the study was the 100 Grade 12 Senior High School learners
of Bulwangan National High School. The participants were composed of 42 STEM and
58 HUMSS learners of Bulwangan National High School who are enrolled for the S.Y.
2023-2024.
Sampling Procedure
In this research study, the researchers used population census on Grade 12 STEM
and HUMSS learners in total of 100 participants, to test their critical thinking abilities
and also test the level of their technology use. There was no sampling procedure that was
Research Instrument
The data gathering instrument that was used in this research study was self-made
questionnaire, this was used to test the level of technology use among Grade 12 Science
Technology Engineering and Mathematics and Humanities and Social Sciences students
research study. The questionnaire that was used to test the level of critical thinking
30
question that test critical thinking ability that are subdivided into (6) subtopics on critical
thinking abilities. On the questionnaire that test the level of technology use of the
numerical weight such that higher scores indicated high level of technology usage. The
weights assigned known as Likert’s 5-point rating scale (Khandelwal, 2021) were as
follows:
Weights Responses
validation and it was referred to the persons who were knowledgeable on the subject and
criteria set forth by Carter V. Good and Douglas E. Scates (Basilio, et.al., 2013).
The data gathering instrument was validated by the jurors. Some of the items was
31
reconstructed as to their suggestions. The average rating of the jurors was 3.74, which
was verbally interpreted as excellent. Thus, the data gathering instrument is valid.
5 learners from STEM and 5 learners of HUMMS. These dry-run participants are not
included on the actual participants of the study. A letter was sent to the school principal
asking permission for the conduct of the dry-run. The approval of the principal was asked
before administering the questionnaire to the dry-run participants. The result of the first
administration was recorded. The second administration was done two weeks after the
first administration. The results of the two dry-run administrations of the questionnaire
were correlated using the Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient or Spearman rho
The correlation between the mean obtained in the two administrations represents
the reliability coefficients of the data-gathering instrument. If the (r) value is high, this
After the two dry-run administrations, the correlation value (r) obtained was
0.9515 which is interpreted verbally as high correlation. Therefore, the data gathering
instrument is reliable.
National High School to ask permission to conduct the study inside the campus. Before
starting the data gathering procedure, the self-made tool was subjected for validity and
reliability tests to ensure that the quality of data that was gathered from the respondents is
accurate. The questionnaire was validated by the jurors. The letter also included the
sample questionnaire for the further assessment of the administrators and was subjected
Before conducting the tool, the students were oriented about the questionnaire that
they will answer and was informed about the purpose of the study. The researchers also
emphasize that their identity and privacy was ensured and their answer to the
questionnaire was confidential to others. After the data has been collected it was been
To determine the level of technology use, the mean was used and descriptively
The 0.05 level of significance was used as basis for accepting or rejecting the null
hypotheses.
The level of critical thinking abilities of Grade 12 STEM and HUMSS learners
were determined using frequency and percentage distribution. The level of critical
thinking abilities was evaluated using the Watson-Glaser Critical Thinking test with the
designated descriptors. Scores excess to 75% are generally considered above average.
Scores of 50%-75% are generally considered average. Scores below 50% are generally
To determine the significant relationship between the level of technology use and
design with a Pearson’s r test. The Pearson’s r test was used to measure the “linear
Pearson’s r can range from -1.00 (a perfect negative correlation), to 0.00 (no correlation)
Ethical Considerations
The study aimed to investigate the relationship between technology use and
critical thinking abilities in senior high school STEM and HUMSS learners. While
34
research in this area can yield valuable insights, it is crucial to address the ethical
considerations associated with conducting such a study. This document describes the
ethical issues that must be taken into account in order to guarantee the participants' safety
and informed consent, responsible use of technology, and privacy protection throughout
about the study's purpose, procedures, potential risks, and benefits. They should have the
right to voluntarily decide whether or not to participate without any form of coercion or
undue influence. Parental Consent: Since the participants are high school students,
parental consent should be obtained to ensure that the study does not compromise their
rights or well-being.
confidentiality must be maintained throughout the study. Steps should be taken to ensure
that any personal information collected is anonymized and stored securely. Minimization
includes avoiding any distressing or invasive procedures that could adversely affect their
Participants should have the right to withdraw from the study at any time without
consequences. After the study, participants should be debriefed, providing them with an
opportunity to ask questions and receive additional information about the study.
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Responsible Use of Technology: Access and Equity: Ensure that all participants
have equal access to the required technology and resources for the study. Consideration
should be given to any potential disparities in technology access among participants and
efforts made to address them. Appropriate Use of Technology: The use of technology
should align with the study's objectives and not involve any unethical practices, such as
Harms and Risks: Assess and address potential risks associated with technology use, such
as excessive screen time, addiction, or social isolation. Steps should be taken to mitigate
necessary expertise to conduct the study ethically and effectively. They should be aware
of the potential biases and limitations associated with the research topic and strive to
minimize them. Institutional Review: The study should undergo review and approval by
and accurate reporting of the study's methods, results, and conclusions, enabling other
CHAPTER 4
This chapter of the research study presents and analyzes the data gathered from
the responses of the participants. These data were tallied, tabulated, and subjected to
statistical analysis and interpretations. The presentation is according to the order of the
study objectives.
The succeeding table displays the level of technology use of the 100 Grade 12
Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics and Humanities and Social Sciences
of Bulwangan National High School, who were the participants of the study.
It can be observed in the table that 21% of the total participants are described as
very high usage and 43% of the participants are described as high usage. It can be
observed that 35% of the participants are described as moderate usage with only 1% can
37
be interpreted as low usage. Moreover, it can be noted that none of the participants is
National High School, has a weighted mean of 3.69 and is interpreted as high usage.
The table shown above illustrates the students’ level of critical thinking abilities.
It is shown in Table 2 that the participants who achieved a score between 75-100 has an
above average level of critical thinking abilities with a frequency of 1% while the
participants who scored between 50-74 was interpreted as average attaining a frequency
of 48%. The participants who acquired a score between 0-49 demonstrates below average
with a frequency of 51%. Moreover, the overall weighted mean of Critical Thinking
Abilities of the 100 Grade 12 Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics and
Humanities and Social Sciences of Bulwangan National High School is 48.53% and is
interpreted as below average. The result shows that the majority of participants has a
The table 3 shows The Relationship Between the Level of Technology Use and
Critical Thinking Abilities of Grade 12 Senoir High School STEM and HUMSS
Learners. It can be noted that the correlation between the two variables has a value of
0.109 which is higher than the significant value of 0.05 and is interpreted as not
significant. This implies that the level of technology use has no significant relationship on
the critical thinking skills of the grade 12 senior high school STEM and HUMMS
learners.
39
CHAPTER 5
This chapter contains the summary of findings, and conclusions which were based
on the results of this investigation. Recommendations, on the latter part, are stated to
provide alternative ways to help solve the weaknesses of this study and to help improve
Summary
The purpose of this study was to determine the significant relationship between
the Level of technology use and the Level of critical thinking abilities of the grade 12
STEM and HUMMS learners of Bulwangan National High School for the school year
2023-2024.
It has been established in this study that majority of the students of the Grade 12
STEM and HUMSS was found out that their critical thinking abilities has a weighted
mean of 48.53 which is interpreted as Below Average and that most of them were
engaging with technology at High Usage. Moreover, there was no significant relationship
with the level of technology use and the level of critical thinking abilities of Grade 12
Conclusions
40
Based on the results of this study, there was no significant relationship in the
Level of technology use to the Level of critical thinking abilities of the grade 12 STEM
and HUMSS learners of Bulwangan National High School. The researchers therefore
concludes that if students were actively engaged in technology, the student’s level of
critical thinking ability is not affected. Engagement in technology should have set limits,
Recommendations
Out of the findings and results presented and conclusions generated, the following
are recommended:
1. Learners must maintain their high level of involvement in textbooks and other
learning materials that aids to elicit higher performance and achieve above
3. Parents must take part of nurturing their children to lessen the use of technology.
4. School administrators must propose some programs that would help enhance the
5. A similar study should be conducted in other schools using other variables that
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47
Very Very
No Low Moderate High
Statements Low High
.
1 2 3 4 5
1. I use technology for
communication (e.g.,
smartphones, social media)
extensively.
2. I often find myself spending
more time on digital devices
than I intend.
3. Technology has improved my
ability to access information.
4. I rely on technology for work or
educational purposes.
5. I feel comfortable navigating
and using various technological
devices.
6. I believe technology has
enhanced my productivity.
7. I use technology to entertain
myself (e.g., streaming,
48
gaming).
8. Technology has made my life
more convenient.
9. I feel anxious or restless when I
am without access to
technology.
10. I often check my digital devices
first thing in the morning.
11. I feel that technology has
strengthened my relationships
with others.
12. I am concerned about the
amount of personal data
collected by technology
companies.
13. I use a smartphone for more
than 8 hours a day.
14. I feel anxious when I don't have
access to the internet.
15. I rely on technology for work or
school-related tasks.
49
Part B – Survey on Critical Thinking Ability
Below are the questions composed of 5 tests that includes inference, recognition
of assumptions, deduction, interpretation, and evaluation of arguments. You will be given
a statement that will be your basis to choose an answer. Each test has designated
instruction to follow, please read them carefully. Watson-Glaser’s test will be used to
measure your critical thinking ability.
No. Statements T PT ID PF F
Test I. Inference
In the exercises that follow, more than one of the inferences from a given
statement of facts may be true (T), or false (F), or probably true (PT), or probably
false (PF), or have insufficient data (ID) to warrant any conclusion. Thus, you are
to judge each inference independently.
Statement: Studies have shown that there is relatively much more heart disease
among people living in the north of England than people living in the south of
England. There is little if any difference, however, in rate of heart disease between
northerners and southerners who have the same level of income. The average
income of southerners in England is considerably higher than the average income
of northerners.
1. The easiest way to eliminate
heart disease in England would
be to raise the general standard
of living
2. People in high income brackets
are in a better position to avoid
developing heart disease than
people in low-income brackets.
3. There is a lower rate of heart
disease among northerners with
relatively high incomes than
among northerners with much
lower incomes.
4. Whether northerners have high
incomes or low incomes makes
no difference to the likelihood
of their developing heart
disease.
YES NO
Test II. Recognition of Assumptions
50
If you think that the given assumption is taken for granted in the statement, mark
‘YES’ under ‘Assumption made’ in the proper place on the answer sheet. If you
think the assumption is not necessarily taken for granted in the statement, mark
‘NO’ in the space under ‘Assumption made’. Remember to judge each
assumption independently.
Statement: In 1970, 60.4% of adults (people 25 years of age and older) had
completed 11 years or less of schooling, while 4.6% had completed three or more
years of university. In 1990, 40.0% of adults had completed 11 years or less of
schooling, while 7.1% had completed three or more years of university
Statement: Should the government provide ‘baby grants’ to help support each
dependent child in a family so that the family standard of living is not lowered by
52
having children?
15. Yes; many families who cannot
now afford it would then
provide better childcare, and
this would greatly improve the
general health of the nation.
16. No; such grants would seriously
undermine parents’ sense of
personal responsibility for their
own families.
17. No; government provision of
‘baby grants’ would involve
additional public expenditure of
money.
53
1 1 1 1 1 1 MEA
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 N INTERPRETATION
A1 4 4 4 4 3 3 4 4 3 4 4 5 3 4 4 3.80 High Usage
A2 5 4 5 4 5 5 5 5 3 3 5 5 3 3 4 4.27 Very High Usage
A3 3 2 4 3 3 4 2 3 3 3 3 4 1 3 2 2.87 Moderate Usage
A4 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 3 4 4 3 4 4 4 3.80 High Usage
A5 5 5 5 5 4 5 4 4 3 5 4 4 5 4 5 4.47 Very High Usage
A6 5 5 5 4 5 3 5 5 5 5 3 4 5 4 3 4.40 Very High Usage
A7 4 4 5 2 3 3 4 4 3 5 2 2 3 4 2 3.33 Moderate Usage
A8 4 3 5 3 5 4 5 5 3 3 4 4 3 3 3 3.80 High Usage
A9 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 4.67 Very High Usage
A10 4 2 4 3 3 3 4 3 2 3 3 3 3 2 2 2.93 Moderate Usage
A11 5 3 4 5 4 4 5 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 3.40 Moderate Usage
A12 4 5 4 5 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 3 4 4.00 High Usage
A13 5 5 5 3 4 3 4 4 3 4 3 4 2 2 3 3.60 High Usage
A14 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 4.80 Very High Usage
A15 5 4 5 4 4 4 4 5 2 2 3 2 3 1 3 3.40 Moderate Usage
A16 4 3 3 4 3 3 4 3 3 5 4 1 2 3 3 3.20 Moderate Usage
A17 5 5 5 3 4 3 4 4 3 4 4 4 2 2 4 3.73 High Usage
A18 5 4 4 3 3 3 4 4 2 3 3 3 3 2 3 3.27 Moderate Usage
A19 4 3 4 4 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3.13 Moderate Usage
A20 5 2 4 3 3 3 3 3 2 5 3 3 2 4 5 3.33 Moderate Usage
A21 5 4 5 4 4 3 3 4 3 3 3 2 1 3 3 3.33 Moderate Usage
A22 3 3 4 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 2.87 Moderate Usage
A23 3 4 5 4 3 2 4 4 2 3 2 4 3 4 3 3.33 Moderate Usage
A24 5 3 4 5 4 4 1 2 2 2 2 1 3 2 4 2.93 Moderate Usage
A25 5 3 4 4 3 4 5 4 2 4 3 3 3 3 5 3.67 High Usage
A26 5 2 3 2 3 4 3 4 2 3 4 1 2 2 2 2.80 Moderate Usage
A27 5 4 5 4 4 3 4 5 4 5 3 4 3 4 4 4.07 High Usage
A28 3 3 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 4 3 3 3 3 3 3.13 Moderate Usage
A29 3 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 2 3 2 2 3 2 3 2.27 Low Usage
A30 4 2 3 4 3 4 2 3 4 5 3 2 5 4 4 3.47 High Usage
A31 3 3 4 3 4 4 4 3 3 5 3 4 4 4 4 3.67 High Usage
A32 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 5 5 5 4.80 Very High Usage
A33 4 3 4 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 4 2 2 2 3.07 Moderate Usage
A34 4 4 5 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 4.07 High Usage
54
1 2 3 4
A1 6 35.29412 Below Average 3.8
A2 9 52.94118 Average 4.266667
A3 8 47.05882 Below Average 2.866667
A4 8 47.05882 Below Average 3.8
A5 11 64.70588 Average 4.466667
A6 11 64.70588 Average 4.4
A7 12 70.58824 Average 3.333333
A8 15 88.23529 Above Average 3.8
A9 8 47.05882 Below Average 4.666667
A10 9 52.94118 Average 2.933333
A11 6 35.29412 Below Average 3.4
A12 8 47.05882 Below Average 4
A13 9 52.94118 Average 3.6
A14 8 47.05882 Below Average 4.8
A15 5 29.41176 Below Average 3.4
A16 9 52.94118 Average 3.2
A17 10 58.82353 Average 3.733333
A18 11 64.70588 Average 3.266667
A19 6 35.29412 Below Average 3.133333
A20 8 47.05882 Below Average 3.333333
A21 5 29.41176 Below Average 3.333333
A22 6 35.29412 Below Average 2.866667
A23 7 41.17647 Below Average 3.333333
A24 8 47.05882 Below Average 2.933333
A25 10 58.82353 Average 3.666667
A26 6 35.29412 Below Average 2.8
A27 6 35.29412 Below Average 4.066667
A28 9 52.94118 Average 3.133333
A29 7 41.17647 Below Average 2.266667
A30 9 52.94118 Average 3.466667
A31 11 64.70588 Average 3.666667
57
Sir:
Good Day!
May I respectfully ask permission from your good office to conduct a research
study entitled, “EFFECT OF TECHNOLOGY USE ON CRITICAL THINKING
ABILITIES IN GRADE 12 HUMSS AND STEM LEARNERS” This research is a
fulfillment in partial requirement
– for our Practical Research 2. In line with this, we
would like to ask your approval to allow us to conduct our research study inside the
campus.
Furthermore, this research study can be a relevant basis for the teachers, parents
and school administration to revise programs and strategies to address the ascertaining
problems in our school.
Respectfully yours,
Direction: Kindly rate or evaluate according to the rating scale provided herein (based on
r = 1 — __________
6Σ D²
s
N³ - N
_
6 (8)
r = 1 — __________
s
(10)³ - 10
48
r = 1 — __________
s
1000-10
_
48
rs = 1 — __________
990
_
rs = 1 — 0.0485
rs = 0.9515