372 chapter 8. Porotc Properties of he Eloments TABLE 8.4 Properties of the Noble Gases joment CL enone He 2372 42 048 Ne tHe} 2208 70 2081 ara 0.90 we nel 3573¢° 98 521 ara 178 Me (an 4249? a ast uso ara ye (no 559° 130 1170 16541 586 “Radon i omited because ie rosoncve. *"Since ony te haver robe gases fom compounes, covalent ad fer Ne smaller rote gEsES ae esUnsed for each successive noble gas, and the first ionization energy decreases. As their boiling, points indicate, all of the noble gases are gases at oom temperature and must be cooled t0, ‘extremely low temperatures before they liquefy. For this reason, some noble gases can be ‘ezyogenic liquids—liquids used to cool other substances to low temperatures. For exam- pl, researchers often submerse samples of interest in boiling liquid helium to cool them down to 4.2 K (or lower) and study their properties at this extremely low temperature, ‘The high first ionization energies of the noble gases and their completely full s and psublevels make them exceptionally unteactive. In fact, before the 1960s, no noble gas ‘compounds were known. Since then, two of the noble gases have been shown to react with fluorine (the most reactive nonmetal on the periodic table) under fairly extreme ‘A Liquid helium, @ evogenic Hai cools substances to temperatures, 3 low a8 1.2K. ‘conditions. For instance, krypton reacts with fluorine to form KrF Kr + — Kifh Similarly, Xe reacts with fluorine to form three different xenon fluorides: Xe th —> Xeh Xe +2R —> Xek, Xenon can also be forced to react Xe + 3h — Xeh, ice aaamenepereec nee! ‘The inertnessof the noble gases has led to their use in situations where reactionsare undesirable, For example, argon is used in lightbulbs to prevent the hot tungsten fila: ment from oxidizing, and helium is part of the mixture breathed by deep-sea divers to prevent the toxicity caused by too much oxygen and nitrogen under high pressues, (The helium replaces some of the oxygen and nitrogen in the tank, lowering the concen- trations of oxygen and nitrogen in the blood.) Self-Assessment Quiz se canes le ener release a) stastaphastapt by Istzstaphastsptastsd™ apt cc) 1stastaptastsptastap a) stastaphast3phasta® According to Coulomb’ law, ithe sepacation between, tweo particles of the same charg is doubled, what happens {othe potential energy ofthe wo prs? 4, choose the core ofa agra forvenada. 4) Itistwice as high as it was before the distance » oa [i] Gi eee Wy Mone % ud 6) sone una high anise peon, » oa [| iin {2 Whichlecton in sularis mont shielded rom cer * 3d change! 8) anelecton inthe tsoebital etd | 1) anelecon ina pot % 3d 6 anelctronina porta 4 one of the above (lla these ectronsare eqaly » 1d fi) on shee tom nal chat) a mcrapterin Review 373. 06, Which toteueguanim ames cineyonstoan QML. Age the stoms adios inode ong ai ‘Stevan spear comer er 12m = Om, = 3 ar < Be < cst b cst

dm = 3m, = =F ionization energy: C, Sa, Si. Qe. Wk cementite ll omit pacaes pe pS om ar binesca OF, Win sateen kon slag 9 seacs cesar decades 2 Ontmcnsiions Aicenyhcdone mtx GA. Telit ego nike tors oucesoare Pealcmen asters Wey element Conc tsi done anthem Ferment i S00 30 eee TEL sed) ny — 16004 at oi am ey soca SS ie arr omar Oe ee eoeemesa east 4) Metallic character increases as you move to the right 8 Winsett eae sboutetcvenucar chase? SE eres ns nove dwn act teacomasowintepric te Mea hse nr on onothe ight >) ee mace ers you more he oss nn thc poo ean a erheeecpetoteaat ee 6 ete cee re on cme 330m 6 Meni rat oon month ight tote rgtsceea nthe prea dors ninth pened hc snd ee 2908 4) ene ncn cs on ree eee trinrinoryeumoneto te gh aco 0 6) Mein rst eon ete sigt Inthe prae wi dors nwinthepeogcaic and eres 08. Whitson oF"? Seino a ata see 5, foresee ithe psng ofan nk ©) (aslasPad® dy (aniss3a exothermic? 80. Whey baamagnti? ou os De bm din OC oF on CFSE PE OFEL OF2E TE GOL OE GR WE 019 E's PF (AE 0) (aT SOMSUY Chapter 8 in Review sections section meee a a seoton 8 Pauli exclusion principle (140) ipecton ee) van der Waal radius (nonbonding atomic radius) (352) covalent radius (bonding atomic radius) (382), atomic radius 382) degenerate (341) Coulomb's law (381), shielding (342) ‘etfctive nuclear charge 2x) (342) ppenetzation (342)