Text Book Additional Mathematics Form 5 (Answers)

Answers
CHAPTER 1 CIRCULAR MEASURE

Discovery Activity 1 (Page 2)
3. One radian is the angle subtended at the centre of a circle by an arc that is equal in length to the radius of the
circle.
π rad = 180°
4. 1 rad = 180° ≈ 57.29° and 1° = π ≈ 0.01746 rad
π 180°
Discussion (Page 3)
The answer obtained is more precise and accurate especially in calculating the arc length or the perimeter of a
circular object.
Self-Exercise 1.1
1. (a) π rad = π × 180°
8 8 π
= 1 × 180°
8
= 22.5°
(b) 3 π rad = 3 π × 180°

4 4 π
= 3 × 180°
4
= 135°
(c) 0.5 rad = 0.5 × 180°
3.142
= 28° 39'
(d) 1.04 rad = 1.04 × 180°

3.142
= 59° 35'
2. (a) 18° = 18° × π
180°
= 1 π rad
10
(b) 120° = 120° × π
180°
= 2 π rad
3
(c) 225° = 225° × π
180°
= 1 1 π rad
4
(d) 300° = 300° × π
180°
= 1 2 π rad
3
Formative Exercise 1.1
1. (a) 7 π rad = 7 π × 180°
12 12 π
= 7 × 180°
12
= 105°
1
(b) 1 1 π rad = 4 π × 180°
3 3 π
= 4 × 180°
3
= 240°
(c) 2 rad = 2 × 180°
3.142
= 114° 35'
(d) 4.8 rad = 4.8 × 180°

3.142
= 274° 59'
2. (a) 76° = 76° × 3.142

180°
= 1.327 rad
(b) 139° = 139° × 3.142
180°
= 2.426 rad
(c) 202.5° = 202.5° × 3.142
180°
= 3.535 rad
(d) 320° 10' = 320° 10' × 3.142
180°
= 5.589 rad
3. (a) 73° = 73° × 3.142
180°
= 1.274 rad
(b) 118° = 118° × 3.142

180°
= 2.060 rad
(c) 150.5° = 150.5° × 3.142

180°
= 2.627 rad
(d) 220° = 220° × 3.142

180°
= 3.840 rad
4. Both values are the same.
5. Still the same.
6. If ∠AOB = q is measured in radians, then
Length of the minor arc AB Circumference
=
q 2π
s = 2πr
q 2π
s = 2πr × q
2π
s = rq
Discussion (Page 6)
The size of the angle, q is given by the ratio of the arc length, s to the radius, r, that is:
q= s
r
So, s = rq, where q is the angle in radians.
2
Self-Exercise 1.2
1. (a) Arc length MN = rq
= 12(1.1)
= 13.2 cm
(b) Arc length MN = rq
= 8(2)
= 16 cm
(c) Arc length MN = rq
= 5 5π
6 ( )
= 13.09 cm
(d) Arc length MN = rq
= 10(3.142 – 2.45)
= 10(0.692)
= 6.92 cm
2. (a) sEF = 25
r(6.284 – 1.284) = 25
5r = 25
r = 25
5
= 5 cm
(b) sEF = rq
= 5(1.284)
= 6.42 cm
3. (a) sQR = 5.7
5q ' = 5.7
q ' = 5.7
5
= 1.14 rad
º q = 3.142 – 1.14
= 2.002 rad
(b) sPQ = rq
= 5(2.002)
= 10.01 cm
Flash Quiz (Page 8)
Can, that is:
AC = 10
sin 114° sin 33°
AC = 10 × sin 114°
sin 33°
= 16.77 cm
Self-Exercise 1.3
1. (a) sABC = 6(2.5)
= 15 cm
2.5 rad = 2.5 × 180°
3.142
= 143° 13'
AC2 = 62 + 62 – 2(6)(6)(cos 143° 13')
AC = ! 129.6652
= 11.39 cm
º Perimeter of the shaded segment ABC = 15 + 11.39
= 26.39 cm
3
( )
(b) sABC = 10 π
3
= 10.47 cm
AC2 = 102 + 102 – 2(10)(10)(cos 60°)
= 100
AC = ! 100
= 10 cm
º Perimeter of the shaded segment ABC = 10.47 + 10
= 20.47 cm
(c) 120° = 120° × 3.142
180°
= 2.095 rad
SABC = 8(2.095)
= 16.76 cm
AC2 = 82 + 82 – 2(8)(8)(cos 120°)
= 192
AC = ! 192
= 13.86 cm
º Perimeter of the shaded segment ABC = 16.76 + 13.86
= 30.62 cm
(d) sin ˙AOD = 7.5
9
O
˙AOD = 56° 27'
˙AOC = 2(56° 27') × 3.142 9 cm
180°
= 112° 54' × 3.142
180° A D
= 1.971 rad 7.5 cm
sABC = 9(1.971)
= 17.739 cm
AC2 = 92 + 92 – 2(9)(9)(cos 112° 54')
= 225.0381
AC = ! 225.0381
= 15.001 cm
º Perimeter of the shaded segment ABC = 17.739 + 15.001
= 32.74 cm
2. (a) sPQ = 14
7q = 14
q = 14
7
= 2 rad
2 rad = 2 × 180°
3.142
= 114° 35'
(b) PQ2 = 72 + 72 – 2(7)(7)(cos 114° 35')
= 138.7696
PQ = ! 138.7696
= 11.78 cm
º Perimeter of the shaded segment = 11.78 + 14
= 25.78 cm
Self-Exercise 1.4
1. (a) 110° = 110° × 3.142
180°
= 1.92 rad
4
sAB = 4(1.92)
= 7.68 cm
sCD = 9(1.92)
= 17.28 cm
º Perimeter of the shaded region = 2(5) + 7.68 + 17.28
= 34.96 cm
(b) sCD = 3
4q = 3
q = 3 rad
4
( )
sAB = 3 3
4
= 2.25 cm
( )
sCD = 4 3
4
= 3 cm
º Perimeter of the shaded region = 2(1) + 2.25 + 3
= 7.25 cm
(c) ˙AOB = π – π – 0.5
2
= 1.071 rad
0.5 rad = 0.5 × 180°
3.142
= 28° 39'
10 = tan 28° 39'
AC O
AC = 10
tan 28° 39'
= 18.303 cm 10 cm
OC = ! 102 + 18.3032 28° 39’

A C
= 20.857 cm
BC = 20.857 – 10
= 10.857 cm
sAB = 10(1.071)
= 10.71 cm
º Perimeter of the shaded region = 10.71 + 18.303 + 10.857
= 39.87 cm
2. Angle between Washington and Lima = (38.88° + 12.04°) × 3.142
180°
= 50.92° × 3.142
180°
= 0.889 rad
Distance between Washington and Lima = 6 371(0.889)
= 5 663.819 km
3. 85° = 85° × 3.142
180°
= 1.484 rad
Distance = 25(1.484)
= 37.1 m
4. (a) s = 35(π)
= 35(3.142)
= 109.97 cm
(b) Perimeter = 70 + 2(100) + 109.97
= 379.97 cm
5
5. 2πr = 50.8
r = 50.8
2π
= 50.8
2(3.142)
= 8.084 cm
185° = 185° × 3.142

180°
= 3.229 rad
Arc length = 8.084(3.229)
= 26.103 cm
2πr = 30.5
r = 30.5
2π
= 30.5
2(3.142)
= 4.854 cm
160° = 160° × 3.142
180°
= 2.793 rad
Arc length = 4.854(2.793)
= 13.557
º Length of the chain = 2(25) + 26.103 + 13.557
= 89.66 cm
1. (a) ˙ROS = (360° – 275°) × 3.142
180°
= 85° × 3.142
180°
= 1.484 rad
(b) sRS = 15
r(1.484) = 15
r = 15
1.484
= 10.11 cm
2. sUV = 5
rq = 5 …1
Perimeter of the sector UOV = 18 cm
2r + rq = 18 …2
Substitute 1 into 2: 2r + 5 = 18
2r = 13
r = 13
2
= 6.5
Substitute r = 6.5 cm into 1: 6.5q = 5
q = 0.7692 rad
3. (a) cos q = 4
5
q = 36° 52'
= 36° 52' × 3.142
180°
= 0.6435 rad
(b) EG = ! 52 – 42
= ! 9
= 3 cm
6
sEF = 5(0.6435)
= 3.218 cm
º Perimeter of the shaded region = (5 – 4) + 3 + 3.218
= 7.218 cm
4. (a) Perimeter of the shaded region = 18 cm
2h(0.5) + 2h + 3h(0.5) = 18
4.5h = 18
h = 18
4.5
= 4 cm
(b) sRS = 12(0.5)
= 6 cm
sPQ = 8(0.5)
= 4 cm
º Difference in arc lengths = 6 – 4
= 2 cm
5. (a) 51° = 51° × 3.142
180°
= 0.8902 rad
sMN = 10(0.8902)
= 8.902 cm
(b) 51° = 25° 30' M
2
MP = tan 25° 30' 10 cm

10
25°30’
MP = 10(tan 25° 30') O P
= 4.770 cm
º Perimeter of the shaded region = 2(4.770) + 8.902
= 18.44 cm
6. s = rq
(
= 36 21° × 3.142
180° )
= 13.1964 cm
º Total distance = 2(13.1964)
= 26.39 cm
7. Circumference of the tyre = 2πr
= 2(3.142)(33)
= 207.372 cm
(a) 50 complete oscillations = 50 × 207.372
= 10 368.6 cm
= 103.686 m
(b) 1 000 complete oscillations = 1 000 × 207.372
= 207 372 cm
= 2 073.72 m
4. The value of both ratios is the same.
5. Still the same.
7
6. If ∠AOB = q is measured in radians, then
Area of the minor sector AOB = Area of the circle
q 2π
A = π r 2
q 2π
A= π r 2 × q
2π
A = 1 r 2q
2
Self-Exercise 1.5
1. (a) Area of sector AOB = 1 (62)(1.1)
2
= 19.8 cm2
(b) Area of sector AOB = 1 (102)(2.15)
2
= 107.5 cm2
(c) ˙AOB = 2π – 5 π
3
= 1.047 rad
Area of sector AOB = 1 (52)(1.047)
2
= 13.09 cm2
(d) 135° = 135° × 3.142
180°
= 2.357 rad
2
= 471.4 cm2
2. Arc length, s = 6 cm
5q = 6
q= 6
5
= 1.2 rad
Area, A = 1 r2q
2
= 1 (5)2(1.2)
2
= 1 (25)(1.2)
2
= 15 cm2
3. (a) Area = 195 cm2
1 r2(3.9) = 195
2
1.95r2 = 195
r2 = 195
1.95
= 100
r = ! 100
= 10 cm
(b) sEF = rq
= 10(3.9)
= 39 cm
(c) Perimeter of the major sector EOF = 2(10) + 39
= 59 cm
8
4. (a) Area of sector VOW = 60 cm2
1 (102)q = 60
2
50q = 60
50
= 1.2 rad
(b) sVW = 10(1.2)
= 12 cm
(c) Perimeter of sector VOW = 2(10) + 12
= 32 cm
Self-Exercise 1.6
1. (a) 1.5 rad = 1.5 × 180°
3.142
= 85° 56'
2
= 36.75 cm2
Area of ∆ AOB = 1 (7)(7)(sin 85° 56')
2
= 24.44 cm2
º Area of the segment ACB = 36.75 – 24.44
= 12.31 cm2
2 ( )
(b) Area of sector AOB = 1 (102) 2 π
3
= 104.73 cm2
Area of ∆ AOB = 1 (10)(10)(sin 120°)
2
= 43.30 cm2
= 61.43 cm2
(c) 58° = 58° × 3.142
180°
= 1.012 rad
2
= 12.65 cm2
Area of ∆ AOB = 1 (5)(5)(sin 58°)
2
= 10.601 cm2
= 2.049 cm2
(d) sin q = 7.5
9 A
q = 56° 27'
˙AOB = 2(56° 27') × 3.142
180°
= 112° 54' × 3.142 7.5 cm
9 cm
180°
= 1.971 rad
Area of sector AOB = 1 (92)(1.971) θ
2
O
= 79.83 cm2 D
1
Area of ∆ AOB = (9)(9)(sin 112° 54')
2
= 37.31 cm2
9
= 42.52 cm2
2. (a) sMN = 5 cm
3q = 5
q= 5
3
= 1.667 rad
1.667 rad = 1.667 × 180°
3.142
= 95° 30'
º ˙MON = 95° 30'
(b) Area of sector MON = 1 (32)(1.667)
2
= 7.502 cm2
Area of ∆ MON = 1 (3)(3)(sin 95° 30')
2
= 4.479 cm2
º Area of the segment = 7.502 – 4.479
= 3.023 cm2
3. (a) 60° = 60° × 3.142
180°
= 1.047 rad
(b) Area of sector HOK = 1 (42)(1.047)
2
= 8.376 cm2
Area of ∆ HOK = 1 (4)(4)(sin 60°)
2
= 6.928 cm2
º Area of the segment = 8.376 – 6.928
= 1.448 cm2
Self-Exercise 1.7
1. (a) sSRT = 12π
= 37.70 m
SP + QT = 24 – 16
=8m
º Length of the fence = 37.70 + 8 + 14 + 16
= 75.70 m
(b) sPR = 14
16q = 14
q = 0.875 rad
Area of sector PQR = 1 (162)(0.875)
2
= 112 m2
Area of semicircle SRT = 1 (122)(π)
2
= 226.22 m2
º Area of the flower garden = 226.22 – 112
= 114.22 m2
2. (a) OG = ! 122 – 92 O
= 7.937 cm
º h = 12 – 7.937 12 cm
= 4.063 cm
E 9 cm G
10
(b) sin ˙EOG = 9
12
˙EOG = 48° 35'
˙EOF = 2(48° 35') × 3.142
180°
= 97° 10' × 3.142
180°
= 1.696 rad
Area of sector EOF = 1 (122)(1.696)
2
= 122.11 cm2
Area of ∆ EOF = 1 (12)(12)(sin 97° 10')
2
= 71.44 cm2
º Area of the cross-section covered with water = 122.11 – 71.44
= 50.67 cm2
3. (a) cos ˙BAE = 4
18 A
˙BAE = 77° 10' 18 cm
º ˙BAD = 77° 10' 4 cm
(b) ˙BAD = 77° 10' × 3.142 E B

180°
= 1.347 rad
˙CBR = 2π – π – π – 1.347
2 2
= 1.795 rad
CD = BE = ! 182 – 42
= 17.55 cm
Area of trapezium ABCD = 1 (17.55)(7 + 11)
2
= 157.95 cm2
Area of sector DAR = 1 (112)(1.347)
2
= 81.49 cm2
Area of sector CBR = 1 (72)(1.795)
2
= 43.98 cm2
º Area of the shaded region = 157.95 – 81.49 – 43.98
= 32.48 cm2
( )
4. (a) q = 20 × 360° ×
60
3.142
180°
= 120° × 3.142
180°
= 2.095 rad
Area of the sector = 1 (82)(2.095)
2
= 67.04 cm2
(b) A = 80 cm2
1 (82)q = 80
2
32q = 80
q = 80
32
= 2.5 rad
11
1. (a) sAB = 4.2 cm
6q = 4.2
q = 4.2
6
= 0.7 rad
2
= 12.6 cm2
Area of sector PAQ = 1 (32)(0.5)
2
= 2.25 cm2
º Area of the shaded region = 12.6 – 2.25
= 10.35 cm2
2. (a) 60° = 60° × 3.142
180°
= 1.047 rad
(b) Area of sector VOW = 1 (52)(1.047)
2
= 13.088 cm2
Area of ∆VOW = 1 (5)(5)(sin 60°)
2
= 10.825 cm2
º Area of the shaded segment VW = 13.088 – 10.825
= 2.263 cm2
3. (a) sPQ = 2πr
= 2(3.142)(3)
= 18.852 cm
OP = ! 32 + 42
= ! 25
= 5 cm
5q = 18.852
q = 18.852
5
= 3.77 rad
(b) Area of sector POQ = 1 (52)(3.77)
2
= 47.13 cm2
4. (a) sKL = 7 cm
4q = 7
q= 7
4
= 1.75 rad
(b) Major angle KOL = 2π – 1.75
= 4.534 rad
º Area of the major sector KOL = 1 (42)(4.534)
2
= 36.27 cm2
A 9 cm O
5. (a) AC = tan 70°
9 70°
AC = 9(tan 70°)
= 24.73 cm
(b) Area of ∆ AOC = 1 (24.73)(9)
2
= 111.285 cm2 C
12
º Area of OACB = 2(111.285)
= 222.57 cm2
(c) 140° = 140° × 3.142
180°
= 2.444 rad
º Area of the minor sector OAB = 1 (92)(2.444)
2
= 98.98 cm2
(d) Area of the shaded region = 222.57 – 98.98
= 123.59 cm2
6. (a) RS = cos 60°
6 S R
RS = 6(cos 60°) 60°
= 3 cm (shown)
(b) OR = ! 62 – 32 6 cm
= ! 27
= 5.196 cm
O
Area of ∆OSR = 1 (3)(5.196)
2
= 7.794 cm2
Area of OPSR = 2(7.794)
= 15.59 cm2
Major angle PSR = (360° – 120°) × 3.142
180°
= 240° × 3.142
180°
= 4.189 rad
Area of the major sector PQRS = 1 (32)(4.189)
2
= 18.85 cm2
º Area of panel OPQR = 15.59 + 18.85
= 34.44 cm2
(c) n = 5
Area of the circle = 3.142(92)
= 254.502 cm2
Non-panel area = 254.502 – 5(34.44)
= 82.302 cm2
º Area of the area labelled T = 82.302
5
= 16.46 cm2
Self-Exercise 1.8
1. (a) sin ˙AOP = 16
20
˙AOP = 53° 8' O
º ˙AOB = 2(53° 8') × 3.142
180°
3.142 20 cm
= 106° 16' ×
180°
= 1.855 rad
12q = 21 A 16 cm P
q = 21
12
= 1.75 rad
º ˙TSU = 1.75 rad
13
(b) sAQB = 20(1.855)
= 37.1 cm
sARB = 16(3.142)
= 50.27 cm
º Perimeter of the kite = 37.1 + 50.27 + 21 + 2(12)
= 132.37 cm
(c) Area of sector AOBQ = 1 (202)(1.855)
2
= 371 cm2
Area of ∆ AOB = 1 × 32 × 12
2
= 192 cm2
Area of segment AQB = 371 – 192
= 179 cm2
Area of semicircle APBR = 1 (162)(3.142)
2
= 402.18 cm2
Area of the shaded region AQBR = 402.18 – 179
= 223.18 cm2
Area of sector TSUR = 1 (122)(1.75)
2
= 126 cm2
º Area of the kite = 223.18 + 126
= 349.18 cm2
2. Let the radius of the coin be r cm.
Area of ∆ ABC = 1 (2 r)2(sin 60°)
A
2
= 1 (4 r2)(0.866)
2 2r
= 1.732 r2
60°
60° = 60° × 3.142 B r D C
180°
= 1.047 rad
[
Area of the three sectors of the coin = 3 1 r2(1.047)
2 ]
= 1.571r2
The area of blue coloured region = 12.842 mm2
1.732r 2 – 1.571r 2 = 12.842
0.161r 2 = 12.842
r 2 = 12.842
0.161
= 79.764
r = ! 79.764
= 8.931 mm
1. (a) (i) 40° = 40° × 3.142
180°
= 0.698 rad
sPQ = 11(0.698)
= 7.678 cm
º Perimeter of sector POQ = 2(11) + 7.678
= 29.68 cm
1
(ii) Area of sector POQ = (11 )(0.698)
2
2
= 42.23 cm2
14
(iii) Volume of a piece of cake = 8(42.23)
= 337.84 cm3
(b) Mass of a cake = 9 × 150
= 1 350 grams
2. (a) tan ˙BEF = 6 F 6m B
4
˙BEF = 56° 19'
˙AEB = 2(56° 19') 4m
= 112° 38'
360° – 2(112° 38') 3.142
˙AED = ˙BEC = ×
2 180° E
= 67° 22' × 3.142
180°
= 1.176 rad
BE = ! 42 + 62
= ! 52
= 7.211 m
sAD = sBC = 7.211(1.176)
= 8.48 m
º Perimeter of the pool = 2(12)+2(8.48)
= 40.96 m
(b) Area of rectangle ABCD = 12(8)
= 96 m2
Area of segment AD = Area of sector AED – Area of ∆ AED
= 1 (7.2112)(1.176) – 1 (7.211)(7.211)(sin 67° 22')
2 2
= 30.575 – 23.997
= 6.578 m2
º Area of the floor of the pool = 96 + 2(6.578)
= 109.156 m2
(c) Volume of the water = 109.156(1.5)
= 163.734 m3
3. (a) cos ˙POS = 36 P S
46
˙POS = 38° 30'
˙POQ = 2(38° 30') 46 cm 36 cm
= 77°
q = 77° × 3.142
180° O
= 1.344 rad
(b) sPRQ = 46(1.344)
= 61.824 cm
(c) Area of sector POQ = 1 (462)(1.344)
2
= 1 421.952 cm2
Area of ∆ POQ = 1 (46)(46)(sin 77°)
2
= 1 030.884 cm2
º Cross-section area of the wood = 1 421.952 – 1 030.884
= 391.068 cm2
15
4. (a) (i) 60° = 60° × 3.142
180°
= 1.047 rad
sAB = 30(1.047)
= 31.41 cm
(ii) Area of sector COD = 1 (302)(1.047)
2
= 471.15 cm2
(iii) Perimeter of segment EF = 31.41 + 30
= 61.41 cm
1
(iv) Area of ∆ EOF = (30)(30)(sin 60°)
2
= 389.71 cm2
Area of segment EF = 471.15 – 389.71
= 81.44 cm2
(b) Volume of the concrete = 3(471.15)(5)
= 7 067.25 cm3
(c) Total cost of the concrete = 7 067.25(0.50)
= RM3 533.63
Summative Exercise
1. (a) Area = 60 cm2
1 (102)q = 60
2
50q = 60
q = 60
50
= 1.2 rad
(b) sKL = 10(1.2)
= 12 cm
º Perimeter of sector KOL = 12 + 2(10)
= 32 cm
2. (a) 2 rad = 2 × 180°
3.142
= 114° 35'
CD2 = 32 + 32 – 2(3)(3)(cos 114° 35')
CD = 5.049 cm
sAB = 6(2)
= 12 cm
º Perimeter of the shaded region = 2(3) + 5.049 + 12
= 23.049 cm
1
(b) Area of sector AOB = (6 )(2)
2
2
= 36 cm2
Area of ∆COD = 1 (3)(3)(sin 114° 35')
2
= 4.092 cm2
º Area of the shaded region = 36 – 4.092
= 31.908 cm2
3. (a) Area of the shaded region = 10.8 cm2
1 (62)q – 1 (42)q = 10.8
2 2
18q – 8q = 10.8
10q = 10.8
q = 10.8
10
= 1.08 rad
16
(b) sPQ = 4(1.08)
= 4.32 cm
OP = 2 = 4
PR 1 2
PR = 2 cm
OR = 2 + 4
= 6 cm
sRS = 6(1.08)
= 6.48 cm
º Perimeter of the shaded region = 2(2) + 4.32 + 6.48
= 14.8 cm
4. (a) Perimeter = 18 cm
2r + rq = 18
Area = 8 cm2
1 r2q = 8
2
(b) 2r + rq = 18
r(2 + q) = 18
r = 18 …1
2+q
1 r2q = 8 …2
2
Substitute 1 into 2:
1 q 18 (
2 2+q
2
)
=8
1 q ( 324
2 4 + 4q + q 2 )
=8
162q = 8(4 + 4q + q 2)
162q = 32 + 32q + 8q 2
8q – 130q + 32 = 0
2
4q 2 – 65q + 16 = 0
(4θ – 1)(q – 16) = 0
q = 1 or q = 16 (ignore)
4
When q = 1 , r = 18
4 2+ 1
4
= 18
9
4 ( )
=8
º r = 8 cm and q = 1 rad
4
5. (a) sin ˙PCR = 4
5 P Q
˙PCR = 53° 8'
5 cm
cos ˙DCQ = 4 4 cm
5 cm
5
˙DCQ = 36° 52' D 4 cm C
º ˙PCQ = 53° 8' – 36° 52'
R C
= 16° 16'
(b) DQ = PB = ! 52 – 42
= ! 9
= 3 cm
17
∠PCQ = 16° 16' × 3.142
180°
= 0.2839 rad
sPQ = 5(0.2839)
= 1.42 cm
º Perimeter of the shaded region APQ = 2(4 – 3) + 1.42
= 3.42 cm
(c) Area of square ABCD = 4(4)
= 16 cm2
Area of ∆ DCQ = Area of ∆CBP
= 1 (3)(4)
2
= 6 cm2
Area of sector PCQ = 1 (52)(0.2839)
2
= 3.55 cm2
º Area of the shaded region APQ = 16 – 2(6) – 3.55
= 0.45 cm2
( )
6. (a) sPR = 10 π
2
= 15.71 cm
sPQ = 2 × 15.71
5
10q = 6.284
q = 6.284
10
= 0.6284 rad
( )
(b) ˙QOR = π – 0.6284 × 180°
2 3.142
= 0.9426 × 180°
3.142
= 54°
Area of sector POQ = 1 (102)(0.6284)
2
= 31.42 cm2
Area of ∆QOR = 1 (10)(10)(sin 54°)
2
= 40.45 cm2
º Area of the coloured region = 31.42 + 40.45
= 71.87 cm2
7. 60° = 60° × 3.142 Q
180°
= 1.047 rad
Area of sector POQ = 1 r2(1.047)
2
= 0.524 r2 60°
Area of ∆ POQ = 1 r2 (sin 60°) P r cm O
2
= 0.433 r2
Area of segment PQ = 0.524 r2 – 0.433 r2
= 0.091 r2
120° = 120° × 3.142 R
180°
= 2.095 rad
120°
P r cm O
18
Area of sector POR = 1 r2 (2.095)
2
= 1.048 r2
Area of ∆ POR = 1 r2(sin 120°)
2
= 1 r2(0.866)
2
= 0.433r2
º Area of the shaded region = 1.048r2 – 0.433r2 – 2(0.091r2)
= 0.433r2
8. sVW = 64(2)
= 128 cm
2πr = 128
r = 128
2π 64 cm
= 128
2(3.142)
= 20.369 cm
º Height of the cone = ! 642 – 20.3692 20.369 cm
= 60.67 cm
9. (a) AP = sin 30°
16 P B
π
– rad
AP = 16(sin 30°) 6
= 8 cm
16 cm
(b) BP = ! 162 – 82
= 13.86 cm A
Area of ∆ ABP = 1 (13.86)(8)
2
= 55.44 cm2
(c) ˙AOP = (180° – 120°) × 3.142
180° P
= 60° × 3.142
180° 30°
120°
= 1.047 rad
B
Area of sector AOP = 1 (82)(1.047) O 8 cm
2
= 33.504 cm2
Area of ∆ AOP = 1 (8)(8)(sin 60°)
2
= 27.713 cm2
= 5.791 cm2
10. (a) A(0, 8), B(6, 0), C(7, 7)
Area of ∆ ABC = 1 0 6 7 0
2 8 0 7 8
= 1 (42 + 56 – 48)
2
= 25 units2
(b) dAC = ! (7 – 8)2 + (7 – 0)2
=
! 50 units
dBC = ! (7 – 0)2 + (7 – 6)2
=
! 50 units
19
dAB = ! (0 – 8)2 + (6 – 0)2
= ! 100 A
= 10 units

50 units
102 = (! 50 ) + (! 50 ) – 2(! 50 )(! 50 )(cos ˙ACB)
2 2

cos ˙ACB =
(! 50 ) + (! 50 ) – 10
2 2 2 C
2(! 50 )(! 50 )
10 units

50 units
cos ˙ACB = 0
˙ACB = 90°
(c) ˙ACB = π rad

B
2
Area of sector ACB = 1 (! 50 ) π
2
2
2 ( )
= 39.275 units2
Area of ∆ ACB = 1 (! 50 )(! 50 )(sin 90°)
2
= 25 units2
Area of segment AEB = 39.275 – 25
= 14.275 units2
Area of semicircle = 1 (52)(3.142)
2
= 39.275 units2
= 25 units2
11. (a) cos ˙DFH = 1
4 H
˙DFH = 75° 31' D
1 unit
˙BOD = 2(75° 31') × 3.142 4 units
180°
F
= 151° 2' × 3.142
180°
= 2.636 rad
º q = 2.636 rad
(b) Area of sector BFD = 1 (42)(2.636)
2
= 21.09 units2
(c) Area of ∆ BFD = 1 (4)(4)(sin 151° 2')
2
= 3.874 units2
º Area of the shaded region = 21.09 – 2(3.874)
= 13.34 units2
12. (a) 1 rad = 1 × 180°
3.142
= 57° 17'
JM 2 = 72 + 72 – 2(7)(7)(cos 57° 17')
JM = 6.711 cm
º Radius of the sector of the circle JKLM is 6.711 cm.
(b) sJM = 7(1)
= 7 cm
sJKL = 6.711(3.8)
= 25.50 cm
º Perimeter of the shaded region = 2(7) + 25.50
= 39.50 cm
(c) Area of sector JAM = 1 (72)(1)
2
= 24.5 cm2
20
(d) Area of sector JKLM = 1 (6.7112)(3.8)
2
= 85.571 cm2
Area of segment JM = 24.5 – 1 (7)(7)(sin 57° 17')
2
= 24.5 – 20.613
= 3.887 cm2
º Area of the shaded region = 85.571 – 2(3.887)
= 77.80 cm2
13. (a) 2 = sin 30° A
OP
OP = 2 2 cm
sin 30°
= 4 cm 30°
P O
Radius of sector PQR = 4 + 2
= 6 cm
sQR = rq
= 6(1.047)
= 6.282 cm
(b) AP = ! 42 – 22
= 3.464 cm
Area of ∆ APO = 1 (3.464)(2)
2
= 3.464 cm2
Area of major sector AOB = (360° – 120°) × 3.142
180°
= 240° × 3.142
180°
= 4.189 rad
Area of major sector AOB = 1 (22)(4.189)
2
= 8.378 cm2
Area of sector PQR = 1 (62)(1.047)
2
= 18.846 cm2
º Area of the shaded region = 18.846 – 2(3.464) – 8.378
= 3.54 cm2
14. (a) Area of sector AOB = 243 m2
1 (182)q = 243
2
162q = 243
q = 243
162
= 1.5 rad
(b) 1.5 rad = 1.5 × 180°
3.142
= 85° 56'

AB2 = 182 + 182 – 2(18)(18)(cos 85° 56')

AB = 24.537 m
sACB = 12.269(π)
= 38.55 m
sAB = 18(1.5)
= 27 m
º Length of the fence = 38.55 + 27
= 65.55 m
21
(c) Area of segment AB = 243 – 1 (18)(18)(sin 85° 56')
2
= 243 – 161.592
= 81.41 m2
Area of semicircle ACB = 1 (12.2692)(π)
2
= 236.48 m2
º Area planted with creepers = 236.48 – 81.41
= 155.07 m2
15. sAB = rq
( )
A
= 5.5 π
2
= 8.641 cm
º Length of string = 4(11) + 4(8.641)
= 44 + 34.564 O
5.5 cm
B
= 78.564 cm
16. (a) π r = 110
r = 110
3.142
= 35 cm (proven)
(b) (i) 118° = 118° × 3.142
180°
= 2.06 rad
Area of sector POQ = 1 (352)(2.06)
2
= 1 261.75 cm2
(ii) Area of ∆ POQ = 1 (35)(35)(sin 118°)
2
= 540.805 cm2
º Area of the shaded segment = 1 261.75 – 540.805
= 720.945 cm2
(iii) Volume of the water = 720.945(200)
= 144 189 cm3
= 144.189 litres
17. (a) 40° = 40° × 3.142
180°
= 0.698 rad
sAB = 3(0.698)
= 2.094 cm
2
= 3.141 cm2
(c) Volume of the prism = 3.141(4)
= 12.564 cm3
(d) Area of the plane ACEO = 3(4)
= 12 cm2
Area of the curved surface ABDC = 2.094(4)
= 8.376 cm2
º Total surface area = 2(12) + 8.376 + 2(3.141)
= 38.658 cm2
22
18. (a) 60° = 60° × 3.142
180°
= 1.047 rad
Length of each arc = 5(1.047)
= 5.235 cm
º Perimeter of the coloured region = 12(5.235)
= 62.82 cm
(b) Area of a sector = 1 (52)(1.047)
2
= 13.09 cm2
Area of a triangle = 1 (5)(5)(sin 60°)
2
= 10.83 cm2
Area of a segment = 13.09 – 10.83
= 2.26 cm2
º Area of the coloured region = 12(2.26)
= 27.12 cm2
23
Answers
CHAPTER 2 DIFFERENTIATION
2. The value of f (0) cannot be determined because at x = 0, function f (x) = x + 3x cannot be defined.
2
x
3.
˜ Â
x – 0.1 – 0.01 – 0.001 – 0.0001 … 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1
f (x)

2.9 2.99 2.999 2.9999 … 3.0001 3.001 3.01 3.1
f (x)
4 x 2 + 3x
f (x) = ––––––
x
3
2
x
–4 –2 0 2 4
From the table and graph, the value of f (x) = x + 3x when x approaching zero is 3, that is,
2
x
lim f (x) = lim x + 3x = 3.
2
x˜0 x˜0 x
4. lim f (x) ≠ f (0)
x˜0
Self-Exercise 2.1
1. (a) lim (x2 + x – 3) = 02 + 0 – 3
x˜0
= –3
(b) lim ! x + 1 = ! 0 + 1
x˜0
= ! 1
=1
( )
(c) lim x + 4 = 0 + 4
x˜0 x – 2 0–2
= –2
(d) lim a
(
x ˜ 0 ax + a
= ) a
a(0) + a
= a
a
=1
2. (a) lim (3x – 1) = 3(0) – 1
x˜0
= –1
(b) lim (! 10 – 2x ) = ! 10 – 2(–3)
x ˜ –3
= ! 16
=4
1
( x x+ +x 3– 6 ) = lim ( (x +x3)(x – 2)
)
2
(c) lim
x ˜ –3 +3
x ˜ –3
= lim (x – 2)
x ˜ –3
= –3 – 2
= –5
(d) lim
x˜6
( )
x – 6 = lim
x2 – 36 (
x–6
x ˜ 6 (x – 6)(x + 6)
)
= lim
x˜6 x + 6
1
( )
= 1
6+6
= 1
12
(e) lim
x˜2
( ) (
x2 – 3x + 2 = lim (x – 2)(x – 1)
x2 – 4 x ˜ 2 (x + 2)(x – 2)
)
= lim x – 1
x˜2 x + 2
( )
= 2–1
2+2
= 1
4
(f) lim
x˜0
( 1 – ! 2x + 1
2x2 – x )
= lim
x˜0
1 – ! 2x + 1
2x2 – x ( )(
1 + ! 2x + 1
1 + ! 2x + 1
)
= lim
x˜0 ( 1 – (2x + 1)
x(2x – 1)(1 + ! 2x + 1 ) )
= lim
x˜0 ( –2x
x(2x – 1)(1 + ! 2x + 1 ))
= lim
x˜0 ( –2
(2x – 1)(1 + ! 2x + 1 ))
–2
=
(2(0) – 1)(1 + ! 2(0) + 1)
= –2
–2
=1
(g) lim
x˜4 ( x–4
! x – 2 )
= lim x – 4
x ˜ 4 ! x – 2( )( ! x + 2
! x + 2 )
= lim
x˜4
( (x – 4)(! x + 2)
x–4 )
= lim (! x + 2)
x˜4
= ! 4 + 2
=2+2
=4
2
(h) lim
x˜3
3 – ! 2x + 3
x–3
= lim
x˜3
(
3 – ! 2x + 3
x–3 )(
3 + ! 2x + 3
3 + ! 2x + 3
)
9 – (2x + 3)
= lim
x ˜ 3 (x – 3)(3 + ! 2x + 3 )
6 – 2x
= lim
x˜3 (x – 3)(3 + ! 2x + 3 )
–2(x – 3)
= lim
x˜3 (x – 3)(3 + ! 2x + 3 )
–2
= lim
3 + ! 2x + 3
x˜3
–2
=
3 + ! 2(3) + 3
–2
=
3 + ! 9
= –2
6
= – 1
3
(i) lim
x ˜ –2
x+2
= lim
x+2
(
! 5x + 14 – 2 x ˜ –2 ! 5x + 14 – 2 )( ! 5x + 14 + 2
! 5x + 14 + 2 )
(x + 2)(! 5x + 14 + 2)
= lim
x ˜ –2 (5x + 14) – 4
(x + 2)(! 5x + 14 + 2)
= lim
x ˜ –2 5x + 10
(x + 2)(! 5x + 14 + 2)
= lim
x ˜ –2 5(x + 2)
! 5x + 14 + 2
= lim
x ˜ –2 5
! 5(–2) + 14 + 2
=
5
! 4 + 2
=
5
= 4
5
3. (a) lim x – 2x = lim x(x – 2)
2
x˜0 x 3 – 4x x ˜ 0 x(x 2 – 4)

x(x – 2)
= lim
x ˜ 0 x(x + 2)(x – 2)
= lim 1
x˜0 x + 2
= 1
2
(b) lim x2 – 4x + 3 = lim (x – 3)(x – 1)
x˜3 2x 2 – 5x – 3 x ˜ 3 (2x + 1)(x – 3)
= lim x – 1
x ˜ 3 2x + 1
= 3–1
2(3) + 1
= 2
7
3
x(x 2 – 5x + 6)
(c) lim x – 25x + 6x = lim
3 2
x˜3 x – 3x x˜3 x(x – 3)

x(x – 2)(x – 3)
= lim
x˜3 x(x – 3)
= lim x – 2
x˜3
=3–2
=1
(d) lim
x˜0
5x
3 – ! x + 9
= lim (
5x
x ˜ 0 3 – ! x + 9 )( 3 + ! x + 9
3 + ! x + 9 )
5x(3 + ! x + 9 )
= lim
x˜0 9 – (x + 9)
5x(3 + ! x + 9 )
= lim
x˜0 – x
= lim –5(3 + ! x + 9 )
x˜0
= –5(3 + ! 0 + 9)
= –5(6)
= –30
(e) lim
x˜4
x–4
2 – ! 8 – x
= lim
x ˜ 4 (
x–4
2 – ! 8 – x )( 2 + ! 8 – x
2 + ! 8 – x )
(x – 4)(2 + ! 8 – x )
= lim
x˜4 4 – (8 – x)
(x – 4)(2 + ! 8 – x )
= lim
x˜4 x–4
= lim 2 + ! 8 – x
x˜4
= 2 + ! 8 – 4
= 2 + ! 4
=4
(f) lim
x˜7
! x + 2 – 3
x–7
= lim
x˜7 x–7 (
! x + 2 – 3
)(
! x + 2 + 3
! x + 2 + 3
)
(x + 2) – 9
= lim
x ˜ 7 (x – 7)(! x + 2 + 3)
x–7
= lim
x˜7 (x – 7)(! x + 2 + 3)
1
= lim
x˜7 ! x + 2 + 3
1
=
! 7 + 2 + 3
1
=
! 9 + 3
= 1
6
4. (a) (i) 4
(ii) When x approaches zero from the left, lim f (x) = 1 and when x approaches zero from the right,
x˜0
lim f (x) = 4. Since the left limit is not the same as the right limit, thus lim f (x) does not exist.
x˜0 x˜0
(i) lim f (x) = 2
x ˜ –1
(ii) lim f (x) = 3
x˜5
4
5. When point C approaches point B, the value of m approaches 6.
6.
dy
dx x + dx y + dy dy
dx
1 4 16 7 7
0.5 3.5 12.25 3.25 6.5
0.05 3.05 9.3025 0.3025 6.05
0.005 3.005 9.030025 0.030025 6.005
dy
7. When dx approaches zero, the value of approaches 6, that is:
dx
dy
Value of lim = Gradient of the tangent at point B
dx ˜ 0 dx
=6
Self-Exercise 2.2
1. (a) y = x
dy = x + dx – x
= dx
dy
=1
dx
dy dy
Then, = lim
dx dx ˜ 0 dx
=1
(b) y = 5x
dy = 5(x + dx) – 5x
= 5x + 5dx – 5x
= 5dx
dy
=5
dx
dy dy
Then, = lim
dx dx ˜ 0 dx
=5
(c) y = – 4x
dy = – 4(x + dx) – (– 4x)
= – 4x – 4dx + 4x
= – 4dx
dy
= – 4
dx
dy dy
Then, = lim
dx dx ˜ 0 dx
= – 4
(d) y = 6x2
dy = 6(x + dx)2 – 6x2
= 6(x2 + 2xdx + (dx)2) – 6x2
= 6x2 + 12xdx + 6(dx)2 – 6x2
= 12xdx + 6(dx)2
dy
= 12x + 6dx
dx
dy
Then, = lim (12x + 6dx)
dx dx ˜ 0
= 12x
5
(e) y = –x2
dy = –(x + dx)2 – (–x2)
= –(x2 + 2xdx + (dx)2) + x2
= –x2 – 2xdx – (dx)2 + x2
= –2xdx – (dx)2
dy
= –2x – dx
dx
dy
Then, = lim (–2x – dx)
dx dx ˜ 0
= –2x
(f) y = 2x3
dy = 2(x + dx)3 – 2x3
= 2(x + dx)(x + dx)2 – 2x3
= 2(x + dx)(x2 + 2xdx + (dx)2) – 2x3
= 2[x3 + 2x2dx + x(dx)2 + x2dx + 2x(dx)2 + (dx)3] – 2x3
= 2[x3 + 3x2dx + 3x(dx)2 + (dx)3] – 2x3
= 2x3 + 6x2dx + 6x(dx)2 + 2(dx)3 – 2x3
= 6x2dx + 6x(dx)2 + 2(dx)3
dy
= 6x2 + 6xdx + 2(dx)2
dx
dy dy
Then, = lim
dx dx ˜ 0 dx
= lim (6x2 + 6xdx + 2(dx2))
dx ˜ 0
= 6x2
(g) y = 1 x2
2
dy = 1 (x + dx)2 – 1 x2
2 2
= 1 (x2 + 2xdx + (dx)2) – 1 x2
2 2
= 1 x2 + xdx + 1 (dx)2 – 1 x2
2 2 2
= xdx + 1 (dx)2
2
= x + 1 dx
dy

dx 2
dy dy
Then, = lim
dx dx ˜ 0 dx
= lim (x + 1 dx)
dx ˜ 0 2
=x
(h) y = 1
x
dy = 1 – 1
x + dx x
x – (x + dx)
=
x(x + dx)
= – x – dx
x
x(x + dx)
= –dx
x(x + dx)

dy
= – 1
dx x(x + dx)
dy dy
Then, = lim
dx dx ˜ 0 dx
= lim –
dx ˜ 0
[ 1
]
x(x + dx)
= – 12
x
6
2. y = 2x2 – x + 7
dy = 2(x + dx)2 – (x + dx) + 7 – (2x2 – x + 7)
= 2(x2 + 2xdx + (dx)2) – x – dx + 7 – 2x2 + x – 7
= 2x2 + 4xdx + 2(dx)2 – x – dx + 7 – 2x2 + x – 7
= 4xdx + 2(dx)2 – dx
dy
= 4x + 2dx – 1
dx
dy dy
Then, = lim
dx dx ˜ 0 dx
= lim (4x + 2dx – 1)
dx ˜ 0
= 4x – 1
3. y = 3 + x – x2
dy = 3 + x + dx – (x + dx)2 – (3 + x – x2)
= 3 + x + dx – (x2 + 2xdx + (dx)2) – 3 – x + x2
= dx – 2xdx – (dx)2
dy
= 1 – 2x – dx
dx
dy dy
Then, = lim
dx dx ˜ 0 dx
= lim (1 – 2x – dx)
dx ˜ 0
= 1 – 2x
1. (a) (i) 8 (ii) 3
(iii) 0 (iv) –1
(v) 0 (vi) lim x2 – 4x + 3 = 42 – 4(4) + 3
x˜4
=3
(b) lim x2 – 4x + 3 = 8
a2 – 4a + 3 = 8
x˜a
a2 – 4a – 5 = 0
(a + 1)(a – 5) = 0
a = –1 or a = 5
dy
(c) (i) = 2x – 4
dx
(ii) 2(4) – 4 = 4
2. (a) lim (x2 – 6x + 9) = 02 – 6(0) + 9
x˜0
=9
(b) lim 3! x 4 – 2x2 = 3! 24 – 2(2)2
x˜2
= 3! 8
=2
(c) lim
x˜9
[ x9 –– 81x ]
2
= lim
x˜9
[ (x ––(x9)(x– 9)+ 9) ]
= – 1
9+9
= – 1
18
(d) lim
x˜2
x2
[– x
x–2
– 2 = lim
x˜2
]
(x – 2)(x + 1)
x–2 [ ]
= lim (x + 1)
x˜2
=2+1
=3
7
[ ]
(e) lim x – x = lim
3
x–1 [
x(x2 – 1)
x–1 ]
[ ]
x˜1 x˜1
x(x – 1)(x + 1)
= lim
x˜1 x–1
= lim x(x + 1)
x˜1
= 1(1 + 1)
=2
[ ]
(f) lim x –2 7x + 10 = lim
x˜5
2
x – 25 [
(x – 2)(x – 5)
x ˜ 5 (x – 5)(x + 5)
]
= lim
x˜5
[ xx +– 25 ]
= 5–2
5+5
= 3
10
3. (a) lim
x˜0
! 1 + 2x – ! 1 – 2x
x
= lim
x˜0 x (
! 1 + 2x – ! 1 – 2x
)( ! 1 + 2x + ! 1 – 2x
! 1 + 2x + ! 1 – 2x x
)
1 + 2x – (1 – 2x)
= lim
x˜0 x(! 1 + 2x + ! 1 – 2x )
4x
= lim
x˜0 x(! 1 + 2x + ! 1 – 2x )
4
= lim
x˜0 ! 1 + 2x + ! 1 – 2x
4
=
! 1 + 2(0) + ! 1 – 2(0)
4
=
! 1 + ! 1
= 4
2
=2
(b) lim
x˜4
3 – ! x + 5
x–4
= lim
x˜4 x–4(
3 – ! x + 5
)(
3 + ! x + 5
3 + ! x + 5
)
9 – (x + 5)
= lim
x ˜ 4 (x – 4)(3 + ! x + 5 )
4–x
= lim
x˜4 (x – 4)(3 + ! x + 5 )
–(x – 4)
= lim
x˜4 (x – 4)(3 + ! x + 5 )
–1
= lim
3 + ! x + 5
x˜4
–1
=
3 + ! 4 + 5
–1
=
3 + ! 9
= – 1
6
8
(c) lim
x˜3
x 2 – 5x + 6
2 – ! x + 1
= lim (
x 2 – 5x + 6
x ˜ 3 2 – ! x + 1 )( 2 + ! x + 1
2 + ! x + 1 )
(x 2 – 5x + 6)(2 + ! x + 1 )
= lim
x˜3 4 – (x + 1)
(x – 2)(x – 3)(2 + ! x + 1 )
= lim
x˜3 3–x
(x – 2)(x – 3)(2 + ! x + 1 )
= lim
x˜3 –(x – 3)
= lim –(x – 2)(2 + ! x + 1 )
x˜3
= –(3 – 2)(2 + ! 3 + 1)

= –(2 + ! 4 )
= – 4
4. (a) By direct substitution, we obtain an indeterminate form 0 .
0
Hence, 22 – k = 0
4–k=0
k=4
(b) (−1)2 − 2(−1) − h = 0
3−h=0
h=3
k(−1) + 2 = 0
−k + 2 = 0
k=2
So, h + k = 3 + 2
= 5
5. (a) y = 5x – 8
dy = 5(x + dx) – 8 – (5x – 8)
= 5x + 5dx – 8 – 5x + 8
= 5dx
dy
=5
dx
dy dy
Then, = lim
dx dx ˜ 0 dx
= lim 5
dx ˜ 0
=5
(b) y = x2 – x
dy = (x + dx)2 – (x + dx) – (x2 – x)
= x2 + 2xdx + (dx)2 – x – dx – x2 + x
= 2xdx + (dx)2 – dx
dy
= 2x + dx – 1
dx
dy dy
Then, = lim
dx dx ˜ 0 dx
= lim (2x + dx – 1)
dx ˜ 0
= 2x – 1
(c) y = (x + 1)2
= x2 + 2x + 1
dy = (x + dx)2 + 2(x + dx) + 1 – (x2 + 2x + 1)
= x2 + 2xdx + (dx)2 + 2x + 2dx + 1 – x2 – 2x – 1
= 2xdx + (dx)2 + 2dx
9
dy
= 2x + dx + 2
dx
dy dy
Then, = lim
dx dx ˜ 0 dx
= lim (2x + dx + 2)
dx ˜ 0
= 2x + 2
(d) y = 1
4x
dy = 1 – 1
4(x + dx) 4x
= 4x – 4x – 4dx
16x(x + dx)
= – 4dx
16x(x + dx)

dy
= – 1
dx 4x(x + dx)
dy dy
Then, = lim
dx dx ˜ 0 dx
= lim –
dx ˜ 0
[ 1
4x(x + dx)]
= – 1 2
4x
6. d s = (t + d t)2 – 3(t + d t) – (t 2 – 3t)
= t 2 + 2td t + (d t)2 – 3t – 3d t – t 2 + 3t
= 2td t + (d t)2 – 3d t
ds = 2t + d t – 3
d t
ds
= lim ds
d t dt ˜ 0 d t
= lim (2t + d t – 3)
dt ˜ 0
= 2t – 3
ds
When t = 5, = 2(5) − 3
d t
=7
Hence, the velocity of the squirrel at t = 5 is 7 ms−1.

6. The graph y = f (x) is parabolic while the graph for its gradient function, y = f (x) is a straight line.
When the value of a changes, the tangent line to the graph y = f (x) = x2 also changes.
7.
x-coordinates –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
Gradient of the curve –6 – 4 –2 0 2 4 6
8. f(x) = x2
f (x) = 2x2 – 1
= 2x
f (–3) = 2(–3) f (–2) = 2(–2) f (–1) = 2(–1)
= –6 = – 4 = –2
f (0) = 2(0) f (1) = 2(1) f (2) = 2(2) f (3) = 2(3)
=0 =2 =4 =6
9. The graph for the cubic function y = f (x) = x3 is a cubic arc while the graph for the gradient function,
y = f (x) = 3x2 is a parabolic.
10
Self-Exercise 2.3
( )
1. (a) d 4 x10 = 4 (10x10 – 1)
dx 5 5
= 4 (10x9)
5
= 8x9
(b) d (–2x 4) = –2(4x 4 – 1)
dx
= –2(4x3)
= –8x3
( )
(c) d 3 8 = d 3 x–8
dx 4x dx 4 ( )
= 3 (–8x–8 – 1)
4
= 3 (–8x–9)
4
= – 69
x
( ) ( ) 1
(d) d 6 = d 6x 3
–
dx 3! x dx
= 6 – 1 x 3
3
( –1 – 1
)
–4
= –2x 3
= – 24
x 3
= – 2
3 4
! x
dx dx
(
(e) d (– 123! x2 ) = d –12x 3
2
)
( )
2–1
= –12 2 x 3
3
–1
= –8x 3
= – 8
3
! x
2. (a) (4x + 6x – 1) = d (4x2) + d (6x) – d (1) Â 1 = x 0
d 2
dx dx dx dx
= 4(2x2 – 1) + 6(1x1 – 1) – 0x0 – 1
= 8x + 6
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
(b) d 4 ! x + 2 = d 4 x 2 + d 2x 2
–
dx 5 ! x dx 5 dx
( ) ( )
1–1 – 1 – 1
= 4 1 x2 + 2 – 1 x 2
5 2 2
1 3
= 2 x 2 – x 2
– –
5
= 2 – 1
5! x ! x3
d d
(c) (9 – 4x)2 = (81 – 72x + 16x2)
dx dx
= d (81) – d (72x) + d (16x2)
dx dx dx
= 32x – 72
11
dx dx
(
3. (a) d (4x2(5 – ! x ) = d 20x2 – 4x 2 ) 5
) – 4( 5 x )
5–1
= 20(2x2 – 1 2
2
3
= 40x – 10x 2
= 40x – 10! x3
dx (
(b) d x2 + 4
x ) = dxd (x + 8x + 16x )
2
4 –2
= 4x 4 – 1 + 8(1x1 – 1) + 16(–2x –2 – 1)

= 4x3 + 8 – 323
( ) ( )
x
(4x – 1)(1 – x)
(c) d = d 4x – 4x 1– 1 + x
2
dx ! x dx
x2
( 1
= d 4x – 4x – x + x 2
dx
2
3
2
– 1
2
1
)
= d (5x )
1 3 – 1
2
– 4x – x 2 2
dx
( ) ( ) ( )
1 3 1
= 5 1 x2 – 4 3 x2 – – 1 x 2
–1 –1 – – 1

2 2 2
= 5 – 6! x + 1
2! x 2! x3
4. (a) y = x2 – 2x
dy
= 2x – 2
dx
When x = 1 ,
2 dx
dy
( )
=2 1 –2
2
= –1
(b) y = ! x (2 – x)
1 3
= 2x 2 – x 2
dy
= 1 – 3 ! x
dx ! x 2
dy
When x = 9, = 1 – 3 ! 9
dx ! 9 2
= 1 – 9
3 2
= – 25
6
= – 4 1
x2
+ 4 6
(c) y =
x2
= 1 + 4x–2
dy
= –8x –3
dx
= – 83
x
dy
When x = 2, = – 83
dx 2
=–8
8
= –1
12
2. y = (2x + 3)2
= (2x + 3)(2x + 3)
= 4x2 + 12x + 9
dy
= 8x + 12
dx
3. (a) y = u2
dy
(b) u = 2x + 3, then du = 2 and y = u2. Thus, = 2u
dx du
dy du
(c) × = 2u × 2
du dx
= 4u
= 4(2x + 3)
= 8x + 12
4. The answers are the same.
The method in step 3 is chosen because it is easier and faster in getting its derivative.
Self-Exercise 2.4
1. (a) d (x + 4)5 = 5(x + 4)5 – 1 d (x + 4)
dx dx
= 5(x + 4)4
(b) d (2x – 3)4 = 4(2x – 3)4 – 1 d (2x – 3)
dx dx
= 4(2x – 3)3(2)
= 8(2x – 3)3
[
(c) d 1 (6 – 3x)6 =
dx 3 ] 1 [6(6 – 3x)6 – 1] d (6 – 3x)
3 dx
= 2(6 – 3x)5(–3)
= –6(6 – 3x)5
(d) d (4x2 – 5)7 = 7(4x2 – 5)7 – 1 d (4x2 – 5)
dx dx
= 7(4x2 – 5)6(8x)
= 56x(4x2 – 5)6
(
dx 6 ) (
(e) d 1 x + 2 = 8 1 x + 2
8
6 ) (
8–1 d 1
dx 6
x+2 )
(
= 8 1x + 2 1
6
7
)( )
6
= 4 1 x + 2 (
3 6 )
7
(f) d
[
dx 3
2
]
(5 – 2x) = 2 [9(5 – 2x)9 – 1] d (5 – 2x)
9
3 dx
= 6(5 – 2x)8(–2)
= –12(5 – 2x)8
(g) (1 – x – x2)3 = 3(1 – x – x2)3 – 1 d (1 – x – x2)
d
dx dx
= 3(1 – x – x2)2(–2x – 1)
= –3(2x + 1)(1 – x – x2)2
(h) d (2x3 – 4x + 1)–10 = –10(2x3 – 4x + 1)–10 – 1 d (2x3 – 4x + 1)
dx dx
= –10(2x3 – 4x + 1)–11(6x2 – 4)
60x2 – 40
= – 3
(2x – 4x + 1)11
20(3x2 – 2)
= – 3
(2x – 4x + 1)11
13
2. (a) d( 1
dx 3x+ 2) = d [(3x + 2)–1]
dx
= –1(3x + 2)–1 – 1 d (3x + 2)
dx
= –1(3x + 2)–2(3)
= – 3 2
(3x + 2)
(b) (d 1
dx (2x – 7)3) = d [(2x – 7)–3]
dx
= –3(2x – 7)–3 – 1 d (2x – 7)
dx
= –3(2x – 7)–4(2)
= – 6 4
(2x – 7)
(c) (
d 5
dx (3 – 4x)5) d
= [5(3 – 4x)–5]
dx
= 5[–5(3 – 4x)–5 – 1] d (3 – 4x)]
dx
= –25(3 – 4x)–6(– 4)
= 100 6
(3 – 4x)
(d) (d 3
dx 4(5x – 6)8 ) [
= d 3 (5x – 6)–8
dx 4 ]
[
= 3 –8(5x – 6)–8 – 1 d (5x – 6)
4 dx]
= –6(5x – 6)–9(5)
= – 30 9
(5x – 6)
(e) d (! 2x – 7 ) = d (2x – 7) 2

1
dx dx
1–1
= 1 (2x – 7) 2 d (2x – 7)
2 dx
– 1
= (2x – 7) (2) 1 2
2
= 1
! 2x – 7
(f) d (! 6 – 3x ) = d (6 – 3x) 2

1
dx dx
1–1
= 1 (6 – 3x) 2 d (6 – 3x)
2 dx
– 1
= (6 – 3x) (–3)1 2
2
= – 3
2! 6 – 3x
(g) d (! 3x2 + 5 ) = d (3x2 + 5) 2

1
dx dx
1–1
= 1 (3x2 + 5) 2 d (3x2 + 5)
2 dx
– 1
= (3x + 5) (6x) 1 2 2
2
= 3x
! 3x2 + 5
14
(h) d (! x2 – x + 1) = d (x2 – x + 1) 2
1
dx dx
1–1
= 1 (x2 – x + 1) 2 d (x2 – x + 1)
2 dx
– 1
1
= (x – x + 1) (2x – 1) 2 2
2
= 2x – 1
2! x2 – x + 1
3. (a) y = (2x + 5)4
dy d
= 4(2x + 5)4 – 1 (2x + 5)
dx dx
= 4(2x + 5)3(2)
= 8(2x + 5)3
dy
When x = 1, = 8[2(1) + 5]3
dx
= 8(343)
= 2 744
(b) y = ! 5 – 2x
1
y = (5 – 2x) 2
dy 1 1–1
= (5 – 2x) 2 d (5 – 2x)
dx 2 dx
– 1
1
= (5 – 2x) (–2) 2
2
= – 1
! 5 – 2x
dy
When x = 1 , = – 1
2 dx ! 4
= – 1
2
(c) y = 1
2x – 3
= (2x – 3)–1
dy
= –1(2x – 3)–1 – 1 d (2x – 3)
dx dx
= –1(2x – 3)–2(2)
= – 2 2
(2x – 3)
When y = 1, 1 1=
2x – 3
2x – 3 = 1
2x = 4
x=2
dy 2
and = –
dx [2(2) – 3]2
= –2
2. y = (x2 + 1)(x – 4)2

= (x2 + 1)(x – 4)(x – 4)
= (x2 + 1)(x2 – 8x + 16)
= x 4 – 8x3 + 16x2 + x2 – 8x + 16
= x 4 – 8x3 + 17x2 – 8x + 16
dy
= 4x3 – 24x2 + 34x – 8
dx
15
3. (a) u = x2 + 1, then du = 2x and v = (x – 4)2. Thus, dv = 2(x – 4).
dx dx
(b) u dv + v du = (x2 + 1) × 2(x – 4) + (x – 4)2 × 2x
dx dx
= 2(x2 + 1)(x – 4) + 2x(x – 4)2
= (x – 4)[2(x2 + 1) + 2x(x – 4)]
= (x – 4)(2x2 + 2 + 2x2 – 8x)
= (x – 4)(4x2 – 8x + 2)
= 4x3 – 8x2 + 2x – 16x2 + 32x – 8
= 4x3 – 24x2 + 34x – 8
The method in step 3 is chosen because there is no need to expand the given algebraic expression.
2. y = x(x – 1)–2
Use d (uv) = u dv + v du
dx dx dx
dy
= x[–2(x – 1)–3] + (x – 1)–2(1)
dx
= – 2x 3 + 1
(x – 1) (x – 1)2
= –2x + x –3 1
(x – 1)
= –x –1
(x – 1)3
= – x + 1 3
(x – 1)
3. (a) u = x, then du = 1 and v = (x – 1)2. Thus, dv = 2(x – 1) = 2x – 2.
dx dx
v du – u dv (x – 1) (1) – x(2x – 2)
2
(b) dx 2 dx =
v (x – 1)4
= x – 2x + 1 – 2x + 2x
2 2

(x – 1)4
= 1–x4
2

(x – 1)
(1 + x)(1 – x)
=
(x – 1)4
–(x – 1)(1 + x)
=
(x – 1)4
= – + 1 3
x
(x – 1)
dy
The method in step 3 is chosen as can be obtained directly without using the product rule.
dx
Discussion (Page 45)
Consider a division of polynomial y = u , where u = f (x) and v = g(x).
v
y = u …1
v
From the first principle: y + dy = u + du …2
v + dv
2 – 1: dy = + du – u
u
v + dv v
v(u + du) – u(v + dv)
=
v(v + dv)
= vdu – udv …3
v(v + dv)
16
dy v du – u dv
Divide 3 by dx: = dx dx
dx v(v + dv)

dy v lim du – u lim dv
Take limits on both sides: lim = dx ˜ 0 dx dx ˜ 0 dx
dx ˜ 0 dx v lim (v + dv)
dx ˜ 0
Since dx ˜ 0, so dv also approaches zero, hence lim (v + dv) = v.

dx ˜ 0
dy v lim du – u lim dv

lim = dx ˜ 0 dx 2 dx ˜ 0 dx
dx ˜ 0 dx v

dy dy
Since lim = , then lim du = du and lim dv = dv .
dx ˜ 0 dx dx dx ˜ 0 dx dx dx ˜ 0 dx dx
v du – u dv
Hence, the quotient rule that uses limits is: d u =
dx v ( ) dx
v2
dx

1. Method 1:
y = x(1 – x2)2
= x(1 – 2x2 + x4)
= x – 2x3 + x5
dy
= 1 – 6x2 + 5x4
dx
Method 2:
y = x(1 – x2)2
Use d (uv) = u dv + v du
dx dx dx
dy
= x(2)(1 – x2)(–2x) + (1 – x2)2(1)
dx
= – 4x2(1 – x2) + 1 – 2x2 + x4
= – 4x2 + 4x4 + 1 – 2x2 + x4
= 1 – 6x2 + 5x4
Yes, the answers are the same.
2. (a) Chain rule:
y = 3(2x – 1)4
dy
= 3(4)(2x – 1)4 – 1 d (2x – 1)
dx dx
= 12(2x – 1)3(2)
= 24(2x – 1)3
(b) Product rule:
d (uv) = u dv + v du
dx dx dx
dy
= 3(4)(2x – 1)3(2) + (2x – 1)4(0)
dx
= 24(2x – 1)3
º Chain rule
Self-Exercise 2.5
1. (a) y = 4x2(5x + 3)
dy
= u dv + v du
dx dx dx
= 4x2(5) + (5x + 3)(8x)
= 20x2 + 40x2 + 24x
= 60x2 + 24x
17
(b) y = –2x3(x + 1)
dy
= u dv + v du
dx dx dx
= –2x3(1) + (x + 1)(–6x2)
= –2x3 – 6x3 – 6x2
= –8x3 – 6x2
(c) y = x2(1 – 4x)4
dy
= u dv + v du
dx dx dx
= x2[4(1 – 4x)3(– 4)] + (1 – 4x)4(2x)
= –16x2(1 – 4x)3 + 2x(1 – 4x)4
= 2x(1 – 4x)3[–8x + (1 – 4x)]
= 2x(1 – 12x)(1 – 4x)3
(d) y = x2! 1 – 2x2
dy
= u dv + v du
dx dx dx
[
2 1
2
– 1
]
= x (1 – 2x2) 2 (– 4x) + (! 1 – 2x2 )(2x)
= – 2x
3
+ 2x! 1 – 2x2
! 1 – 2x2
–2x3 + 2x(1 – 2x2)
=
! 1 – 2x2
–2x3 + 2x – 4x3
=
! 1 – 2x2
–6x3 + 2x
=
! 1 – 2x2
2x(1 – 3x2)
=
! 1 – 2x2
(e) y = (4x – 3)(2x + 7)6
dy
= u dv + v du
dx dx dx
= (4x – 3)[6(2x + 7)5(2)] + (2x + 7)6(4)
= 12(4x – 3)(2x + 7)5 + 4(2x + 7)6
= 4(2x + 7)5[3(4x – 3) + (2x + 7)]
= 4(2x + 7)5[12x – 9 + 2x + 7]
= 4(14x – 2)(2x + 7)5
= 8(7x – 1)(2x + 7)5
(f) y = (x + 5)3(x – 4)4
dy
= u dv + v du
dx dx dx
= (x + 5)3[4(x – 4)3(1)] + (x – 4)4[3(x + 5)2(1)]
= 4(x + 5)3(x – 4)3 + 3(x – 4)4(x + 5)2
= (x + 5)2(x – 4)3[(4(x + 5) + 3(x – 4)]
= (x + 5)2(x – 4)3(4x + 20 + 3x – 12)
= (7x + 8)(x + 5)2(x – 4)3
2. (a) y = (1 – x2)(6x + 1)
dy
= u dv + v du
dx dx dx
= (1 – x2)(6) + (6x + 1)(–2x)
= 6 – 6x2 – 12x2 – 2x
= 6 – 18x2 – 2x
= –2(9x2 + x – 3)
18
( )(
(b) y = x + 2 x2 – 1
x x)
= x – 1 + 2x – 22
3
x
dy
= 3x3 – 1 + 2 + 4x –3
dx
= 3x2 + 2 + 43
x
(c) y = (x3 – 5)(x2 – 2x + 8)
= x5 – 2x4 + 8x3 – 5x2 + 10x – 40
dy
= 5x4 – 8x3 + 24x2 – 10x + 10
dx
3. f (x) = x! x – 1
[( ) ]
f (x) = x 1 (x – 1) 2 (1) + (! x – 1 )(1)
2
–1
= x + ! x – 1
2! x – 1
x + 2(x – 1)
=
2! x – 1
= 3x –2
2! x – 1
3(5) – 2
f (5) =
2! 5 – 1
= 13
4
4. y = x! x2 + 9
dy
dx [ 2
–1
]
= x 1 (x2 + 9) 2 (2x) + (! x2 + 9 )(1)
= x2 + ! x2 + 9
! x + 9
2
= x + x + 9
2 2
! x + 9
2
= 2x 2
+9
! x2 + 9
dy 2(4)2 + 9
At x = 4, =
dx ! 42 + 9
= 41
5
5. (a) d
(
dx 2x – 7
3
) =
(2x – 7)(0) – 3(2)
(2x – 7)2
= – 6 2
(2x – 7)
(b) d
(
dx 4x + 6
3x
) =
(4x + 6)(3) – 3x(4)
(4x + 6)2
= 12x + 18 – 212x
(4x + 6)
= 18
(4x + 6)2
(
(c) d 4x
dx 1 – 6x
2
) =
(1 – 6x)(8x) – (4x2)(–6)
(1 – 6x)2
= 8x – 48x + 224x
2 2
(1 – 6x)
= 8x – 24x2
2
(1 – 6x)
8x(1 – 3x)
=
(1 – 6x)2
19
(
(d) d x + 1 =
3
dx 2x – 1 )
(2x – 1)(3x2) – (x3 + 1)(2)
(2x – 1)2
= 6x – 3x – 2x2 – 2
3 2 3
(2x – 1)
= 4x – 3x –2 2
3 2
(2x – 1)
(e) d (
! x
= )
( )
(x + 1) 1 – (! x )(1)
2! x
dx x + 1 (x + 1)2
=
(
x + 1 – 2x
2! x )
(x + 1)2
= 1–x
2! x (x + 1)2
(! x – 1 )(1) – 1 (x) ( )
(f) d
( x
dx ! x – 1
=
) 2! x – 1
(! x – 1 )2
=
2(x – 1) – x
2! x – 1 ( )
x–1
= x–2
2(x – 1)! x – 1
= x–2
2! (x – 1)3
(! 2x + 3 )(6x) –
( 2x
)
( )
2
(3x2)
3x2 ! 2x2 + 3
(g) d =
dx ! 2x2 + 3 (! 2x 2
+ 3)
2
=
( 6x(2x2 + 3) – 6x3
! 2x2 + 3 )
2x2 + 3
= 12x3 + 18x – 6x3
! 2x2 + 3 (2x2 + 3)
= 6x3 + 18x
! 2x + 3 (2x2 + 3)
2
= 6x(x2 + 3)
! (2x2 + 3)3
(h) d
dx (! 3x2 – 7 ) (
4x + 1 = d ! 4x + 1
dx ! 3x2 –7 )
=
(! 3x 2
– 7)
( 2
! 4x + 1 )
– (! 4x + 1)
3x
! 3x2 – 7 ( )
(! 3x 2
– 7)
2
=
2(3x2 – 7) – 3x(4x + 1)
(! 4x + 1 )(! 3x2 – 7 ) ( )
3x2 – 7
= 6x – 14 – 12x2 – 3x
2
(3x – 7)(! 4x + 1 )(! 3x2 – 7 )

2
= 6x – 14 – 12x – 3x
2 2
(! 4x + 1 )! (3x – 7)3

2
= – 6x2 + 3x + 14
(! 4x + 1 )! (3x2 – 7)3
20
2(x + 5) – (2x – 3)
6. = 2x + 10 – 2x +3
(x + 5)2 (x + 5)2
= 13
(x + 5)2
So, by comparison, the value of r is 13.
dx ( x )
1. (a) d 9x2 – 32 = d (9x2 – 3x–2)
dx
= 18x + 6x–3
= 18x + 63
x
(b) d
(
6
dx x3 x
1 d
)
– + 8 = (6x–3 – x–1 + 8)
dx
= –18x– 4 + x–2
= 12 – 184
x x
[ ]
1
(c) d d
5x + 4! x – 7 = (5x + 4x 2 – 7)
dx dx
–1
= 5 + 2x 2
=5+ 2
! x
(
(d) d 10 + 3
) ( )
1 1
= d 10x 2 + 3x 3
– –
dx ! x 3
! x dx
–3 –4
= –5x – x 2 3
= – 53 – 14
x2 x3
= – 5 – 1
! x3 3! x 4
(e)
dx(
d x2 – 3
x) 2
= d
dx (
x4 – 6x + 92
x )
= d (x4 – 6x + 9x –2)
dx
= 4x3 – 6 – 183
x
( 8x +
) ( )
3 1
(f) d 2
x = d 8x + x 2
2
dx ! x dx
1 –1
= 12x 2 + 1 x 2
2
= 12! x + 1
2! x
(g) (
d 4
dx 9x3
– πx + 6 = d
)
dx 9
4
(
x –3 – πx + 6 )
= – 4 x – 4 – π
3
= – 4 4 – π
3x
[ ]
1 3
(h) d ! x (2 – x) = d (2x 2 – x 2 )
dx dx
–1 1
= x 2 – 3 x 2
2
= 1 – 3 ! x
! x 2
21
2 –1
2. f (x) = 3x 3 + 6x 3
–1 –4
f (x) = 2x 3 – 2x 3
= 2 – 2
3
3
! x ! x 4
f (8) = 2 – 2
3
3
! 8 ! 84
=1– 2
16
= 7
8 3
3. (a) f (t) = 6t
3
! t
3–1
= 6t 3
8
= 6t 3 8
(
(b) f (t) = 6 8 t 3
3
–1
)
5
= 16t 3
( )
5
(c) f ( 1 ) = 16 1 3
8 8
( )
5
= 16 13 3
2
2
= 5
4
2
= 1
2
4. s = 3t2 + 5t – 7
ds = 6t + 5
dt
When ds , 0
dt
6t + 5 , 0
6t , –5
t , – 5
6
5. y = ax3 + bx2 + 3
At point (1, 4), 4 = a(1)3 + b(1)2 + 3
4=a+b+3
a + b = 1 …1
dy
and =7
dx
3ax2 + 2bx = 7
At point (1, 4), 3a(1)2 + 2b(1) = 7
3a + 2b = 7 …2
2 × 1: 2a + 2b = 2 …3
2 – 3: a=5
Substitute a = 5 into 1: 5 + b = 1
b = – 4
º a = 5 and b = – 4
22
dy
6. =3
dx
3x2 – 6x + 6 = 3
3x2 – 6x + 3 = 0
x2 – 2x + 1 = 0
(x – 1)(x – 1) = 0
x=1
When x = 1, y = 13 – 3(1)2 + 6(1) + 2
=1–3+6+2
=6
º (1, 6)
7. (a) h(x) = kx3 – 4x2 – 5x
h(x) = 3kx2 – 8x – 5
(b) h(1) = 8
3k(1)2 – 8(1) – 5 = 8
3k – 13 = 8
3k = 21
k = 7
8. (a) y = 3
( )
4 6
x –1
4
dy
dx [ ( ) ] (
= 3 (4) x – 1
4 6
4–1 d x
dx 6 )
–1
( )( )
=3 x –1 1
6
3
6
= 1
( )
2 6
x –1
3
(b) y = 1 (10x – 3)6

12
dy
dx [ ]
= 1 (6)(10x – 3)6 – 1 d (10x – 3)
12 dx
1
= (10x – 3) (10)
2
5
= 5(10x – 3)5
(c) y = 8
2 – 5x
y = 8(2 – 5x)–1
dy
= [8(–1)(2 – 5x)–1 – 1] d (2 – 5x)
dx dx
= –8(2 – 5x)–2(–5)
= 40
(2 – 5x)2
(
(d) y = x – 1
x
3
)
= (x – x–1)3
dy
= 3(x – x –1)3 – 1 d (x – x –1)
dx dx
= 3(x – x –1)2(1 + x –2)
(
= 3 1 + 12 x – 1
x )( x )2
(e) y = 1
! 3 – 9x
3
–1
= (3 – 9x) 3
23
dy –1 – 1
= – 1 (3 – 9x ) 3 d (3 – 9x)
dx 3 dx
–4
= – 1 (3 – 9x ) 3 (–9)
3
= 3
4
(3 – 9x) 3
= 3
3
! (3 – 9x)4
(f) y = ! x2 + 6x + 6
1
= (x2 + 6x + 6) 2
dy 1 2 1–1
= (x + 6x + 6) 2 d (x2 + 6x + 6)
dx 2 dx
[ 1
]
= (x2 + 6x + 6) 2 (2x + 6)
2
– 1
= x+3
! x2 + 6x + 6
9. y = 24
(3x – 5)2
= 24(3x – 5)–2
dy
= – 48(3x – 5)–2 – 1 d (3x – 5)
dx dx
= – 48(3x – 5)–3(3)
= – 144 3
(3x – 5)
dy
When x = 2, = – 144 3
dx (3(2) – 5)
= –144
10. d( 1
dx (3x – 2)3 ) = d (3x – 2)–3
dx
= –3(3x – 2)–4(3)
= – 9 4
(3x – 2)
By comparison, a = 9 and b = 4
11. (a) d [4x(2x – 1)5] = 4x[5(2x – 1)4(2)] + (2x – 1)5(4)
dx
= 40x(2x – 1)4 + 4(2x – 1)5
= 4(2x – 1)4[10x + (2x – 1)]
= 4(12x – 1)(2x – 1)4
d
(b) [x (3x + 1) ] = x4[7(3x + 1)6(3)] + (3x + 1)7(4x3)
4 7
dx
= 21x4(3x + 1)6 + 4x3(3x + 1)7
= x3(3x + 1)6[21x + 4(3x + 1)]
= x3(33x + 4)(3x + 1)6
[ ]
(c) d (x! x + 3 ) = x 1 (x + 3) 2 (1) + ! x + 3(1)
–1
dx 2
= x + ! x + 3
2! x + 3
x + 2(x + 3)
=
2! x + 3
= 3x +6
2! x + 3
3(x + 2)
=
2! x + 3
24
(d) d [(x + 7)5(x – 5)3] = (x + 7)5[3(x – 5)2(1) + (x – 5)3[5(x + 7)4(1)]
dx
= 3(x + 7)5(x – 5)2 + 5 (x + 7)4(x – 5)3
= (x + 7)4(x – 5)2[3(x + 7) + 5(x – 5)]
= (x + 7)4(x – 5)2(3x + 21 + 5x – 25)
= (x + 7)4(x – 5)2(8x – 4)
= 4(2x – 1) (x + 7)4(x – 5)2
(1 + ! x )(– 12 x 2) – (1 – ! x )( 12 x 2)
–1 –1
( )=

1 – ! x
(e) d
dx 1 + ! x (1 + ! x )2
1 + ! x 1 – ! x
– –
2! x 2! x
=
(1 + ! x ) 2
–1 – ! x – 1 + ! x
=
2! x (1 + ! x )
2
2
= –
2! x (1 + ! x )
2
1
= –
! x (1 + ! x )
2
(! 4x + 1)(1) – x[ 12 (4x + 1) 2(4)]

–1
( )

(f) d x =
dx ! 4x + 1 (! 4x + 1) 2
! 4x + 1 – 2x
! 4x + 1
=
4x + 1
4x + 1 – 2x
! 4x + 1
=
4x + 1
= 2x + 1
(4x + 1)! 4x + 1
= 2x + 1
! (4x + 1)3
(
(g) d 2 1
dx x + 2x + 7
= )
(x2 + 2x + 7)(0) – 1(2x + 2)
(x2 + 2x + 7)2
2(x + 1)
= – 2
(x + 2x + 7)2
(
(h) d 1 – 2x = ) (x – 1)(–6x2) – (1 – 2x3)(1)
3
dx x – 1 (x – 1)2
= –6x + 6x – 21 + 2x
3 2 3
(x – 1)
= 6x – 4x 2– 1
2 3
(x – 1)
12. f (x) = x! x2 + 3
1
= x(x2 + 3) 2
( ) – 1 1
f (x) = x 1 (2x)(x2 + 3) 2 + (1)(x2 + 3) 2
2
x2
= + ! x2 + 3
! x + 3
2
x2 + x2 + 3
=
! x2 + 3
= 2x + 3 (Proven)
2

! x + 3
2
25
13. y = 4x2 – 3
x +1
dy (x2 + 1)(4) – (4x – 3)(2x)
=
dx (x2 + 1)2
4x + 4 – 8x2 + 6x
2
=
(x2 + 1)2
4 + 6x – 4x2
=
(x2 + 1)2
dy
For to be positive, 4 + 6x – 4x2 . 0
dx
2x2 – 3x – 2 , 0
(2x + 1)(x – 2) , 0
– 1 , x , 2 …1
2
For y to be positive, 4x – 3 . 0
x . 3 …2
4
Combine 1 and 2, we obtain 3 , x , 2.
4
14. y = x2 – 2
x +5
dy x2 + 5 – 2x (x – 2)
=
dx (x2 + 5)2
x2 + 5 – 2x2 + 4x
=
(x2 + 5)2
5 + 4x – x2
=
(x2 + 5)2
dy
For , 0,
dx
5 + 4x – x2 , 0
x2 – 4x – 5 . 0
(x + 1)(x – 5) . 0
x , –1 or x . 5 …1
For y , 0,
x – 2 , 0
x , 2 …2
Combine 1 and 2, we obtain x , –1.
Flash Quiz (Page 50)

Given y = 5x – 3.
dy
=5
dx
(a) ( )
dy 2
dx
= 52
= 25
d 2y
(b) 2 = 0
dx
Then, ( )
dy 2 d 2y
dx
≠ 2.
dx
Self-Exercise 2.6
1. (a) y = 3x4 – 5x2 + 2x – 1
dy
= 12x3 – 10x + 2
dx
d 2y
= 36x2 – 10
dx2
26
(b) y = 4x2 – 2
x
= 4x2 – 2x–1
dy
= 8x + 2x–2
dx
= 8x + 22
x
d 2y
= 8 – 4x–3
dx2
= 8 – 43
x
(c) y = (3x + 2)8
dy
= 8(3x + 2)7(3)
dx
= 24(3x + 2)7
d 2y
= 24(7)(3x + 2)6(3)
dx2
= 504(3x + 2)6
2. (a) f (x) = ! x + 12
x
1
= x 2 + x –2
1
f (x) = 1 x 2 – 2x–3
–
2
= 1 – 23
2! x x
– 3
f (x) = – 1 x 2 + 6x–4
4
= – 1 3 + 64
x
4x 2
(b) f (x) = x +2 2
4
x
= x2 + 2x–2
f (x) = 2x – 4x–3
= 2x – 43
x
f (x) = 2 + 12x– 4
= 2 + 124
x
(c) f(x) = 2x + 5
x–1
(x – 1)(2) – (2x + 5)(1)
f (x) =
(x – 1)2
= 2x – 2 – 2x2 – 5
(x – 1)
= – 7 2
(x – 1)
(x – 1)2(0) – [(–7)(2)(x – 1)(1)]
f (x) =
[(x – 1)2]2
14(x – 1)
=
(x – 1)4
= 14 3
(x – 1)
27
3. y = x3 + 3x2 – 9x + 2
dy
=0
dx
3x2 + 6x – 9 = 0
x2 + 2x – 3 = 0
(x + 3)(x – 1) = 0
x = –3 or x = 1
When x = –3, y = (–3)3 + 3(–3)2 – 9(–3) + 2
= –27 + 27 + 27 + 2
= 29
When x = 1, y = 13 + 3(1)2 – 9(1) + 2
=1+3–9+2
= –3
Hence, the possible coordinates of A are (–3, 29) and (1, –3).
d 2y
= 6x + 6
dx2
d 2y
When x = –3, 2 = 6(–3) + 6
dx
= –18 + 6
= –12
dy
2
When x = 1, 2 = 6(1) + 6
dx
=6+6
= 12

1. xy – 2x2 = 3
xy = 3 + 2x2
y = 3 + 2x
2
x
= 2x + 3
x
= 2x + 3x –1
dy
= 2 – 3x –2
dx
= 2 – 32
x
dy
2
= 6x –3
dx2

= 63
x
d y dy
( ) (
x2 2 + x = x2 63 + x 2 – 32 )
2
dx dx x x
= 6 + 2x – 3
x x
= 2x + 3 (Proven)
x
2. (a) f (x) = 3x – 2x3
f (x) = 3 – 6x2
f (x) = –12x
f (1) = 3 – 6(1)2
= –3
f (1) = –12(1)
= –12
(b) f (x) = x2(5x – 3)
= 5x3 – 3x2
f (x) = 15x2 – 6x
f (x) = 30x – 6
f (1) = 15(1)2 – 6(1)
=9
28
f (1) = 30(1) – 6
= 24
(c) f (x) = x +2 x
3
x
= x + 1
x
= x + x–1
f (x) = 1 – x –2
= 1 – 12
x
f (x) = 2x –3

= 23
x
f (1) = 1 – 12
1
=0
f (1) = 23
1
=2
3. f (x) = ! x2 – 5
( )
1
f (x) = 1 (x2 – 5) 2 (2x)
–
2
x
=
! x2 – 5
f (x) =
[ –1
]
! x2 – 5 (1) – x 1 (x2 – 5) 2 (2x)
2
(! x2 – 5 )2
! x2 – 5 – x2
! x – 5
2
=
x2 – 5
= x – 5 – x
2 2
(x2 – 5)! x2 – 5
= – 5
(x2 – 5)! x2 – 5
= – 5
! (x2 – 5)3
3
f (3) =
! 3 – 5
2
= 3
! 4
= 3
2
f (–3) = – 5
! [(–3)2 – 5]3
= – 5
! 43
= – 5
8
4. a = t3 + 2t2 + 3t + 4
da = 3t2 + 4t + 3
dt
d 2a = 6t + 4
dt2
29
da = d 2a
dt dt2
3t2 + 4t + 3 = 6t + 4
3t2 – 2t – 1 = 0
(3t + 1)(t – 1) = 0
t = – 1 or t = 1
3
5. g(x) = hx3 – 4x2 + 5x
g(x) = 3hx2 – 8x + 5
g(x) = 6hx – 8
Given g(1) = 4
6h(1) – 8 = 4
6h = 12
h=2
6. f (x) = x3 – x2 – 8x + 9
(a) f (x) = 0
3x2 – 2x – 8 = 0
(3x + 4)(x – 2) = 0
x = – 4 or x = 2
3
(b) f (x) = 6x – 2
(c) f (x) = 0

6x – 2 = 0
6x = 2
x = 1
3
(d) f (x) , 0
6x – 2 , 0
6x , 2
x , 1
3
Self-Exercise 2.7
1. (a) (i) y = 9x + 1
x
= 9x + x–1
dy
= 9 – x –2
dx
= 9 – 12
x
dy
When x = 1 , =9– 1
4 dx 1
4 ( ) 2
= 9 – 16
= –7
dy
When x = 1, = 9 – 12
dx 1
=9–1
=8
(ii) At x = 1 , the gradient of the tangent is negative, that is, –7 (, 0). Hence, the tangent line slants to the
4
left.
At x = 1, the gradient of the tangent is positive, that is, 8 (. 0). Hence, the tangent line slants to the right.
30
dy
(b) =0
dx
9 – 12 = 0
x
9 = 12
x
9x2 = 1
x2 = 1
9
x = ± 1
3
( )
When x = 1 , y = 9 1 + 1 , When x = – 1 , y = 9 – 1 + 1 ( )
3 3 1
3
3 3
( )
– 1
3
= 3 + 3 = –3 – 3
= 6 = – 6
( ) ( )
º 1 , 6 and – 1 , – 6
3 3
2. (a) y = ax +
2 b
x
= ax2 + bx–1
dy
= 2ax – bx –2
dx
= 2ax – b2
x
dy dy
When x = 1 , = –14 , When x = 2, =7
2 dx dx
( ) ( )
2a 1 – b 2 = –14
2 1
, 2a(2) – b2 = 7
2
2
a – 4b = –14 …1 , 4a – 1 b = 7
4
16a – b = 28 … 2
2 × 4: 64a – 4b = 112 …3
3 – 1: 63a = 126
a = 126
63
=2
Substitute a = 2 into 1: 2 – 4b = –14
4b = 16
b=4
º a = 2, b = 4
dy
(b) =0
dx
4
2(2)(x) – 2 = 0
x
4x – 42 = 0
x
4x = 42
x
x3 = 1
x=1
When x = 1, y = 2(1)2 + 4
1
=2+4
=6
º (1, 6)
31
Self-Exercise 2.8
1. (a) f (x) = 5x2 – 7x – 1
f (x) = 10x – 7
When x = 1, f (1) = 10(1) – 7
=3
Equation of the tangent: y – (–3) = 3(x – 1)
y + 3 = 3x – 3
y = 3x – 6
Equation of the normal: y – (–3) = – 1 (x – 1)
3
3y + 9 = –x + 1
3y + x + 8 = 0
(b) f (x) = x3 – 5x + 6
f (x) = 3x2 – 5
When x = 2, f (2) = 3(2)2 – 5
= 12 – 5
=7
Equation of the tangent: y – 4 = 7(x – 2)
y – 4 = 7x – 14
y = 7x – 10
Equation of the normal: y – 4 = – 1 (x – 2)
7
7y – 28 = –x + 2
7y + x = 30
(c) f (x) = ! 2x + 1
– 1
f (x) = 1 (2x + 1) 2 (2)
2
= 1
! 2x + 1
When x = 4, f (4) = 1
! 2(4) + 1
= 1
! 9
= 1
3
Equation of the tangent: y – 3 = 1 (x – 4)
3
3y – 9 = x – 4
3y – x = 5
Equation of the normal: y – 3 = –3(x – 4)
y – 3 = –3x + 12
y = –3x + 15
(d) f (x) = x + 1
x–1
(x – 1)(1) – (x + 1)(1)
f (x) =

(x – 1)2
= x – 1 – x 2– 1
(x – 1)
= – 2 2
(x – 1)
When x = 3, f (3) = – 2 2
(3 – 1)
= – 1
2
32
Equation of the tangent: y – 2 = – 1 (x – 3)
2
2y – 4 = –x + 3
2y = –x + 7
Equation of the normal: y – 2 = 2(x – 3)
y – 2 = 2x – 6
y = 2x – 4
2. (a) y = 2x3 – 4x + 3
dy
= 6x2 – 4
dx
When x = 1, y = 2(1)3 – 4(1) + 3
=2–4+3
=1
dy
and = 6(1)2 – 4
dx
=6–4
=2
y – 1 = 2x – 2
y = 2x – 1
2
2y – 2 = –x + 1
2y + x = 3
(b) y = ! x – 1
! x
1 – 1
= x 2 – x 2
dy 1 – 12 1 – 32
= x + x
dx 2 2
= 1 + 1
2! x 2! x3
When x = 4, y = ! 4 – 1
! 4
=2– 1
2
= 3
2
dy
and = 1 + 1
dx 2! 4 2! 43
= + 1 1
4 16
= 5
16
2 16
16y – 24 = 5x – 20
16y – 5x = 4

2 5
5y – 15 = –16x + 64
2
10y – 15 = –32x + 128
10y = –32x + 143
33
(c) y = ! x + 1
1
y = (x + 1) 2
dy 1 – 1
= (x + 1) 2
dx 2
= 1
2! x + 1
When x = 3, y = ! 3 + 1
= ! 4
=2
dy 1
and =
dx 2! 3 + 1
= 1
4
4
y= x– 3 +2
1
4 4
y = 1x + 5
4 4
Equation of the normal: y – 2 = – 4(x – 3)
y = – 4x + 12 + 2
y = – 4x + 14
(d) y = 2 5
x +1
dy (x2 + 1)(0) – 5(2x)
=
dx (x2 + 1)2
= – 210x 2
(x + 1)
When x = –2, y = 5
(–2)2 + 1
=1
dy 10(–2)
and = –
dx [(–2)2 + 1]2
= 4
5
Equation of the tangent: y – 1 = 4 (x + 2)
5
5y – 5 = 4x + 8
5y – 4x = 13
Equation of the normal: y – 1 = – 5 (x + 2)

4
4y – 4 = –5x – 10
4y + 5x + 6 = 0
(e) y = 2 + 1
x
dy
= – 12
dx x
When x = –1, y = 2 + 1
–1
=1
dy
and = – 1 2
dx (–1)
= –1
Equation of the tangent: y – 1 = –[x – (–1)]

y – 1 = –x – 1
y = –x
34
Equation of the normal: y – 1 = x – (–1)
y=x+1+1
y=x+2
(f) y = x + 3
2
x+1
dy (x + 1)(2x) – (1)(x2 + 3)
=
dx (x + 1)2
= 2x + 2x – x2 – 3
2 2
(x + 1)
= x + 2x –2 3
2
(x + 1)
32 + 3
When x = 3, y =
3+1
=3
dy 32 + 2(3) – 3
and =
dx (3 + 1)2
= 3
4
4
y = 3x – 9 + 3
4 4
y = 3x + 3
4 4
3
y = – 4 x + 4 + 3
3
y = – 4 x + 7
3
3. (a) y = x! 1 – 2x
dy
dx [ 2
– 1
]
= x 1 (1 – 2x) 2 (–2) + ! 1 – 2x (1)
= – x + ! 1 – 2x
! 1 – 2x
= –x + 1 – 2x
! 1 – 2x
= 1 – 3x
! 1 – 2x
dy 1 – 3(– 4)
When x = – 4, =
dx ! 1 – 2(– 4)
= 13
! 9
= 13
3
(b) When x = – 4, y = – 4! 1 – 2(– 4)
= – 4(3)
= –12
Equation of the tangent: y + 12 = 13 (x + 4)

3
3y + 36 = 13x + 52
3y – 13x = 16
(c) Equation of the normal: y + 12 = – 3 (x + 4)
13
13y + 156 = –3x – 12
13y + 3x + 168 = 0
35
4. (a) y = (x – 2)2
= x2 – 4x + 4
dy
= 2x – 4
dx
dy
When x = 3, = 2(3) – 4
dx
=2
y – 1 = 2x – 6
y = 2x – 5
At point (k, 7): 7 = 2k – 5
2k = 12
k=6
(b) y = 7x – 6
x
= 7x – 6x –1
When x = 1, y = 7(1) – 6
1
=1
dy
and = 7 + 6x –2
dx

= 7 + 62
x
= 7 + 62
1
= 13
13
13y – 13 = –x + 1
13y + x = 14
At the x-axis, y=0
13(0) + x = 14
x = 14
º A(14, 0)
Self-Exercise 2.9
1. (a) y = x2 – 3x + 4
dy
= 2x – 3
dx
dy
When x = 1, = 2(1) – 3
dx
=2–3
= –1
Equation of the tangent at point A(1, 2) is
y – 2 = –1(x – 1)
y – 2 = –x + 1
y+x=3
dy
(b) When x = 3, = 2(3) – 3
dx
=6–3
=3
Equation of the normal at point B(3, 4) with a gradient of – 1 is
3
y – 4 = – 1 (x – 3)
3
3y – 12 = –x + 3
3y + x = 15
(c) y + x = 3 …1
3y + x = 15 …2
2 – 1: 2y = 12
y=6
36
Substitute y = 6 into 1:
6+x=3
x = –3
º C(–3, 6)
2. (a) y = 2x2 – 5x – 2
dy
= 4x – 5
dx
= 4(1) – 5
= –1
Equation of the normal: y + 5 = x – 1
y=x–6
(b) x – 6 = 2x2 – 5x – 2
2x2 – 6x + 4 = 0
2(x2 – 3x + 2) = 0
2(x – 2)(x – 1) = 0
x = 2 or x = 1
When x = 2, y = 2 – 6
= – 4
º B(2, – 4)
(
(c) Midpoint of AB, M = 1 + 2 ,
2
–5 + (– 4)
2 )
(
= 3 , – 9
2 2 )
3. (a) mPQ = 1 – 0
2 – 11
2
= 2
y = ax − 4x + b
3
dy
= 3ax2 − 4
dx
dy
At point P(2, 1), =2
dx
3a(2) − 4 = 2
2
12a = 6
a= 1
2
and 1 = 1 (2)3 − 4(2) + b
2
1=4−8+b
1 = −4 + b
b=5
Then, a = 1 and b = 5.
2
(b) P(2, 1) and m = − 1
2
Equation of the normal: y − 1 = − 1 (x − 2)
2
2y − 2 = −x + 2
2y + x = 4
(c) At the x-axis, 2(0) + x = 4
x=4
Hence, the coordinates of R is (4, 0).
3
2 2 4 2
(d) Area of ∆ PQR = 1
2
1 0 0 1
= 4 – 3
1
 
2 2
= 1
( )
2 2
5
= 1 1 units2
4
37
4. (a) 3y − x = 14
3y = x + 14
y = 1 x + 14
3 3
Hence, the gradient of the tangent is −3.
y = ax + b
x
= ax + bx−1
dy
= a − b2
dx x
dy
At point P(1, 5), = –3
dx
b
a − 2 = –3
1
a – b = –3 ……1
and 5 = a(1) + b
1
a + b = 5 ……2
1 + 2: 2a = 2
a=1
Substitute a = 1 into 1:
1 – b = –3
b=4
Then, a = 1 and b = 4.
(b) P(1, 5) and m = –3
Equation of the tangent: y – 5 = –3(x – 1)
y – 5 = –3x + 3
y + 3x = 8
(c) 3y − x = 14
y = x + 14 ……1
3
y = x + 4 ……2
x
x + 14 = x + 4
3 x
x(x + 14) = 3x2 + 12
x2 + 14x = 3x2 + 12
2x2 – 14x + 12 = 0
x2 – 7x + 6 = 0
(x – 1)(x – 6) = 0
x = 1 or x = 6
Substitute x = 6 into 1: y = 6 + 14
3
= 6 2
3
(
Hence, the coordinates of Q is 6, 6 2 . )
3
5 + 62
(
(d) MPQ = 1 + 6 ,
2 2
3
)
( )
= 3 1 , 5 5
2 6
38
5. (a) y = ! 2x + 1
dy 1 – 1
= (2x + 1) 2 (2)
dx 2
= 1
! 2x + 1
dy 1
At point A(4, 3), =
dx ! 2(4) + 1
= 1
3
3
3y – 9 = x – 4
3y = x + 5
At the x-axis, 3(0) = x + 5
x = –5
Hence, the coordinates of B is (–5, 0).
Thus, dAB = ! (–5 – 4)2 + (0 – 3)2
= ! 81 + 9
= ! 90
= 3! 10 units
(b) y = x2 + 6x + 4
dy
= 2x + 6
dx
dy
At point (−2, − 4), = 2(−2) + 6
dx
=2
1 dy
At point (1, ), = − 1
2 dx 2
3h(1) + k = − 1
2
2
6h + 2k = −1 ……1
and 1 = h(1)3 + k(1) + 2
2
1 =h+k+2
2
h + k = − 3
2
2h + 2k = −3 ……2
1 − 2: 4h = 2
h= 1
2
2 ( )
Substitute h = 1 into 1: 6 1 + 2k = −1
2
3 + 2k = –1
2k = – 4
k = –2
Then, h = 1 and k = −2.
2
39
4. x-coordinates at P –1 0 1 2 3
dy
Gradient of the curve at point P, 4 2 0 –2 – 4
dx
dy
Sign for + + 0 – –
dx
Sketch of the tangent / / – \ \
Sketch of the graph
5. x-coordinates at P –3 –2 –1 0 1
dy
Gradient of the curve at point P, – 4 –2 0 2 4
dx
dy
Sign for – – 0 + +
dx
Sketch of the tangent \ \ – / /
Sketch of the graph
6. x-coordinates at P –2 –1 0 1 2
dy
Gradient of the curve at point P, 12 3 0 3 12
dx
dy
Sign for + + 0 + +
dx
Sketch of the tangent / / – / /
Sketch of the graph
7. (a) (i) (1, 4)

dy
(ii) The value of changes from 4 to 0 and then to – 4 when x increases through the stationary point (1, 4)
dx
(iii) The sign changes from positive to negative when x increases through the stationary point (1, 4)
(iv) The turning point is a maximum point
(b) (i) (–1, – 4)
dy
(ii) The value of changes from – 4 to 0 and then to 4 when x increases through the stationary point
dx
(–1, – 4)
(iii) The sign changes from negative to positive when x increases through the stationary point (–1, – 4)
(iv) The turning point is a minimum point
(c) (i) (0, 4)
dy
(ii) The value of changes from 12 to 0 and then to 12 once again when x increases through the stationary
dx
point (0, 4)
(iii) The sign remains unchanged when x increases through the stationary point (0, 4)
(iv) Point of inflection
y = x3 + 6x2 + 12x + 7, y = x3 – 6x2 + 12x – 5 and many others.
40
Self-Exercise 2.10
1. (a) y = x3 – 12x
dy
= 3x2 – 12
dx
dy
For the turning point, =0
dx
3x – 12 = 0 2
3x2 = 12
x2 = 4
x = ±2
When x = –2, y = (–2)3 – 12(–2)
= –8 + 24
= 16
When x = 2, y = 23 – 12(2)
= 8 – 24
= –16
Hence, the turning points are (–2, 16) and (2, –16).
d 2y
When x = –2, = 6x
dx2
= 6(–2)
= –12 (, 0)
Then, (–2, 16) is a maximum point.
d 2y
When x = 2, 2 = 6x
dx
= 6(2)
= 12 (. 0)
Then, (2, –16) is a minimum point.
(b) y = x(x – 6)2
= x(x2 – 12x + 36)
= x3 – 12x2 + 36x
dy
= 3x2 – 24x + 36
dx
dy
dx
3x2 – 24x + 36 = 0
x2 – 8x + 12 = 0
(x – 2)(x – 6) = 0
x = 2 or x = 6
When x = 2, y = 23 – 12(2)2 + 36(2)
= 8 – 48 + 72
= 32
When x = 6, y = 63 – 12(6)2 + 36(6)
= 216 – 432 + 216
=0
Hence, the turning points are (2, 32) and (6, 0).
d 2y
When x = 2, = 6x – 24
dx2
= 6(2) – 24
= –12 (, 0)
Then, (2, 32) is a maximum point.
d 2y
When x = 6, 2 = 6x – 24
dx
= 6(6) – 24
= 12 (. 0)
Then, (6, 0) is a minimum point.
41
(c) y = x! 18 – x2
dy
dx [ 2
– 1
]
= x 1 (18 – x2) 2 (–2x) + ! 18 – x2 (1)
= – x
2
+ ! 18 – x2
! 18 – x2
= –x + 18 – x
2 2
! 18 – x 2
= 18 – 2x2
! 18 – x2
2(9 – x2)
=
! 18 – x2
2(3 + x)(3 – x)
=
! 18 – x2
dy
dx
2(3 + x)(3 – x)
=0
! 18 – x2
2(3 + x)(3 – x) = 0
x = –3 or x = 3
When x = –3, y = –3! 18 – (–3)2
= –3! 9
= –9
When x = 3, y = 3! 18 – 32
= 3! 9
=9
Hence, the turning points are (–3, –9) and (3, 9).
d 2y
=
[ –1
]
! 18 – x2 (– 4x) – (18 – 2x2) 1 (18 – x2) 2 (–2x)
2
dx2 (! 18 – x2 )2
– 4x! 18 – x2 + 18x – 2x
3
! 18 – x2
=
18 – x2
– 4x(18 – x2) + 18x – 2x3
= 3
(18 – x2) 2
= –72x + 4x + 18x – 2x
3 3

! (18 – x2)3
= 2x – 54x
3

! (18 – x2)3
2x(x2 – 27)
=
! (18 – x2)3
d 2y 2(–3)[(–3)2 – 27]
When x = –3, 2 =
dx ! [18 – (–3)2]3
= 108
27
= 4 (. 0)
Then, (–3, –9) is a minimum point.
42
d 2y 2(3)[(3)2 – 27]
When x = 3, =
dx2 ! [18 – (3)2]3
= – 108
27
= – 4 (, 0)
(d) y = (x – 6)(4 – 2x)
= 4x – 2x2 – 24 + 12x
= –2x2 + 16x – 24
dy
= – 4x + 16
dx
dy
dx
– 4x + 16 = 0
x=4
When x = 4, y = (4 – 6)[4 – 2(4)]
= (–2)(– 4)
=8
Hence, the turning point is (4, 8).
d 2y
When x = 4, 2 = – 4 (, 0)
dx
(e) y = x + 4
x
= x + 4x–1
dy
= 1 – 4x –2
dx

= 1 – 42
x
dy
dx
1 – 42 = 0
x
1 = 42
x
x2 = 4
x = ±2
When x = –2, y = –2 + 4
(–2)
= – 4
When x = 2, y = 2 + 4
2
=4
Hence, the turning points are (–2, – 4) and (2, 4).
d 2y
When x = –2, = 8x –3
dx2
= 83
x
= 8 3
(–2)
= –1 (, 0)
Then, (–2, – 4) is a maximum point.
d 2y
When x = 2, = 83
dx2 2
= 1 (. 0)
43
(f) y = x2 + 12
x
= x2 + x –2
dy
= 2x – 2x –3
dx

= 2x – 23
x
dy
dx
2x – 23 = 0
x
2x = 23
x
x 4 = 1
x=1
When x = 1, y = 1 + 2 2 1
1
=2
Hence, the turning point is (1, 2).
d 2y
When x = 1, = 2 + 6x– 4
dx2
= 2 + 64
x
= 2 + 64
1
= 8 (. 0)
(g) y = x + 1
x–1
= x + (x – 1)–1
dy
= 1 – 1(x – 1)–2(1)
dx

=1– 1
(x – 1)2
dy
dx
1– 1 =0
(x – 1)2
1= 1
(x – 1)2
(x – 1)2 = 1
x – 1 = ±1
x = ±1 + 1
x = –1 + 1 or x = 1 + 1
= 0 =2
When x = 0, y = 0 + 1
0–1
= –1
When x = 2, y = 2 + 1
2–1
=3
Hence, the turning points are (0, –1) and (2, 3).
d 2y 2
When x = 0, 2 =
dx (0 – 1)3
= –2 (, 0)
Then, (0, –1) is a maximum point.
d 2y 2
When x = 2, 2 =
dx (2 – 1)3
= 2 (. 0)
44
(x – 3)2
(h) y = x
= x2
– 6x + 9
x
= x – 6 + 9x–1
dy
= 1 – 9x–2
dx

= 1 – 92
x
dy
dx
1 – 92 = 0
x
1 = 92
x
x2 = 9
x = ±3
(–3 – 3)2
When x = –3, y = –3
= –12
(3 – 3)2
When x = 3, y =
3
=0
Hence, the turning points are (–3, –12) and (3, 0).
d 2y 18
When x = –3, = 3
dx2 x
= 18 3
(–3)
= – 2 (, 0)
3
Then, (–3, –12) is a maximum point.
d 2y 18
When x = 3, = 3
dx2 3
= (. 0) 2
3
2. (a) y = x(x – 2)3
dy
= x[3(x – 2)2(1)] + (x – 2)3(1)
dx
= 3x(x – 2)2 + (x – 2)3
= (x – 2)2[3x + (x – 2)]
= (4x – 2)(x – 2)2
= 2(2x – 1)(x – 2)2
dy
(b) For the turning point, =0
dx
2(2x – 1)(x – 2)2 = 0
2x – 1 = 0 or (x – 2)2 = 0
x = 1 x=2
2
2 ( )
When x = 1 , y = 1 1 – 2 3
2 2
( )
= 1 – 27
2 8
27
= –
16
When x = 2, y = 2(2 – 2)3
=0
( )
º P 1 , – 27 and Q(2, 0)
2 16
45
(c) Q is a point of inflection.
Can.
Substitute r = 512 into A = 8r2 + 2π rh. Then, determine the value of h when dA = 0.
! π h dh
Then, substitute the value of h = 10.186 obtained into r = 512 to find the value of r.
! π h
Self-Exercise 2.11
1. (a) sPQ = 80 – 2r
rq = 80 – 2r
q = 80 – 2r
r
Area of sector POQ, A = 1 r2q
( )
2
= 1 r2 80 – 2r
2 r
= 1 r(80 – 2r) (Shown)
2
(b) A = 1 r(80 – 2r)
2
= 40r – r2
For maximum area, dA = 0
dr
40 – 2r = 0
2r = 40
r = 20
When r = 20, A = 1 (20)[80 – 2(20)]
2
= 400
d 2A = –2 (. 0)
dr2
Then, A is maximum.
Hence, the maximum area of the sector POQ is 400 cm2.
2. (a) 2y + 2(13x) + 24x = 240
2y + 50x = 240
y + 25x = 120
y = 120 – 25x
(b) A = 24xy + 1 (24x)(5x)
2
= 24x(120 – 25x) + 60x2
= 2 880x – 600x2 + 60x2
= 2 880x – 540x2 (Shown)
(c) (i) For maximum value, dA = 0
dx
2 880 – 1 080x = 0
1 080x = 2 880
x = 22
3
When x = 2 2 , y = 120 – 25 2 2
3 ( )
3
= 53 1
3
and d A2 = –1 080 (, 0)
2
dx
Hence, A has a maximum value when x = 2 2 cm and y = 53 1 cm.
3 3
46
(ii)

( )
3 ( )
AMax = 2 880 2 2 – 540 2 2
3
2
= 7 680 – 3 840
= 3 840
Hence, the maximum area of the region is 3 840 cm2.
3. (a) Let the radius and the height of the cylinder be r cm and h cm respectively.
π r2h = 32π
h = 32π
π r2
= 322 …1
r
The cost function, C = 2π r2(2) + 2π rh(1)
( )
= 4π r2 + 2π r 322
r
= 4π r +
2 64π (Shown)
r
(b) For C to be minimum, dC = 0
dr
8πr – 64π r –2 = 0
8π r = 64π
r2
r =8
3
r = 3! 8
= 2 cm
and h = 322 = 322 = 8 cm
r 2
d 2C = 8π + 128π
dr2 r3
When r = 2, d C2 = 8π + 128π
2
dr 23
= 8π + 16π
= 24π (. 0)
Then, C is minimum when r = 2. Hence, the factory must produce the cylindrical tins with the radius of 2 cm
and the height of 8 cm in order for the cost to be minimum.
2. 3π cm3 ˜ 1 second
48π cm3 ˜ 48π = 16 seconds
3π
So, the time taken to fill the water in each container is 16 seconds.
3.
Container Cylinder Cone
h cm h cm
9 9
Depth-time graph
ts ts
0 16 0 16
4. (b) The surface area of the water in a cylindrical container is always uniform as the container is being filled up.
Thus, the water level increases uniformly over time and the water depth is said to increase at a constant rate.
The surface area of the water in the cone container increases as the water level increases. Thus, the rate of
change in the water level depth changes as the container is being filled up, that is, the rate of change in water
depth decreases over time.
47
Self-Exercise 2.12
1. (a) y = 3x2 – 4
dy
= 6x
dx
When x = 1 ,
2 dx
dy
( )
=6 1
2
= 3
dy dy dx
= ×
dt dx dt
dy
= 3 × 2 = 6 units s–1
dt
(b) y = 2x2 + 1 = 2x2 + x–1
x
dy
= 4x – 12
dx x dy
When x = 1, = 4(1) – 12
dx 1
=4–1
= 3
dy dy dx
= ×
dt dx dt
dy
= 3 × 2 = 6 units s–1
dt
(c) y = 2 = 2(3x – 5)–3
(3x – 5)3
dy
= – 6(3x – 5)– 4(3) = – 18 4
dx (3x – 5)
dy 18
When x = 2, = –
dx [3(2) – 5]4
= –18
dy dy dx
= ×
dt dx dt
dy
= –18 × 2 = –36 units s–1
dt
(d) y = (4x – 3)5
dy
= 5(4x – 3)4(4) = 20(4x – 3)4
dx
When x = 1 ,
2 dx
dy
[( ) ]
= 20 4 1 – 3
2
4
= 20
dy dy dx
= ×
dt dx dt
dy
= 20 × 2 = 40 units s–1
dt
(e) y = x
x+1
dy (x + 1)(1) – x(1) 1
= =
dx (x + 1)2 (x + 1)2
When y = 2, 2 = x
x+1
2x + 2 = x
x = –2
dy 1
and =
dx (–2 + 1)2
=1
dy dy dx
= ×
dt dx dt
dy
= 1 × 2 = 2 units s–1
dt
48
(f) y = x3 + 2
dy
= 3x2
dx
When y = 10, 10 = x3 + 2
x3 = 8
x=2
dy
and = 3(2)2
dx
= 12
dy dy dx
= ×
dt dx dt
dy
= 12 × 2 = 24 units s–1
dt
2. (a) y = x3 – 2x2
dy
= 3x2 – 4x
dx
dy
When x = 1, = 3(1)2 – 4(1)
dx
=3–4
= –1
dy dy dx
= ×
dt dx dt
dx
6 = –1 ×
dt
dx
= – 6 units s–1
dt
(b) y = x2 + 4
x
= x2 + 4x–1
dy
= 2x – 42
dx x
dy
When x = 2, = 2(2) – 42
dx 2
=4–1
=3
dy dy dx
= ×
dt dx dt
dx
6=3×
dt
dx
= 2 units s–1
dt
(c) y = 2x
2
x–1
dy (x – 1)(4x) – 2x2(1)
=
dx (x – 1)2
= 4x – 4x –2 2x
2 2
(x – 1)
= 2x – 4x2
2
(x – 1)
2x(x – 2)
=
(x – 1)2
dy 2(3)(3 – 2)
When x = 3, =
dx (3 – 1)2
= 6
4
= 3
2
49
dy dy dx
= ×
dt dx dt
dx
6 = 3 ×
2 dt

dx
dt ( )
= 6 2 = 4 units s–1
3
(d) y = (x – 6)! x – 1
dy
dx [ 2 ]
– 1
= (x – 6) 1 (x – 1) 2 (1) + ! x – 1
= x – 6 + ! x – 1
2! x – 1
x – 6 + 2(x – 1)
=
2! x – 1
= x – 6 + 2x – 2
2! x – 1
= 3x – 8
2! x – 1
dy 3(2) – 8
When x = 2, =
dx 2! 2 – 1
= – 2
2
= –1
dy dy dx
= ×
dt dx dt
dx
6 = –1 ×
dt
dx
= – 6 units s–1
dt
(e) y = 2x – 1
x+1
dy (x + 1)(2) – (2x – 1)(1)
=
dx (x + 1)2
= 2x + 2 – 2x2 + 1
(x + 1)
= 3
(x + 1)2
When y = 3, 3 = 2x – 1
x+1
3x + 3 = 2x – 1
x = – 4
dy 3
and =
dx (– 4 + 1)2
= 3
9
= 1
3
dy dy dx
= ×
dt dx dt
dx
6 = 1 ×
3 dt
dx
= 18 units s–1
dt
(f) y = ! 2x + 7
dy 1 – 1
= (2x + 7) 2 (2)
dx 2
= 1
! 2x + 7
50
When y = 3, 3 = ! 2x + 7
9 = 2x + 7
2x = 2
x=1
dy 1
and =
dx ! 2(1) + 7
= 1
! 9
= 1
3
dy dy dx
= ×
dt dx dt
dx
6 = 1 ×
3 dt
dx
= 18 units s–1
dt
3. (a) y = (x – 8)! x + 4
dy
dx [ 2
– 1
]
= (x – 8) 1 (x + 4) 2 (1) + ! x + 4(1)
= x – 8 + ! x + 4
2! x + 4
x – 8 + 2(x + 4)
=
2! x + 4
= x – 8 + 2x + 8
2! x + 4
= 3x
2! x + 4
dy 3(5)
(b) When x = 5, =
dx 2! 5 + 4
= 15
2(3)
= 15
6
= 5
2
dy dy dx
= ×
dt dx dt
dy 5
= × 6
dt 2
= 15 units s–1

(a) V = 1 π r2h …1
3
r = h
8 16
r= h ×8
16
= h …2
2

3 2( )
V = 1 π h h
2
= 1 π h3
12
51
Rate of change of V is given by:
dV = dV × dh (chain rule)
dt dh dt
(
dh 12 )
= d 1 πh3 × dh
dt
= 1 πh2 × dh
4 dt
When h = 8 and dV = 64π, we get
dt
64π = 1 π(8)2 × dh
4 dt
64π = 16π × dh
dt
dh = 4
dt

Then, the rate of change of the depth of water in the container is 4 cms–1.
(b) A = πr2 …3
A = π h( )
2
2
= 1 πh2
4
The rate of change of A is given by:
dA = dA × dh (chain rule)
dt dh dt
(
dh 4 )
= d 1 πh2 × dh
dt
= 1 πh × 4
2
When h = 8 and dh = 4, we get
dt
dA = 1 π(8) × 4
dt 2
= 16π
Thus, the rate of change of area of the horizontal surface is 16π cm2s–1.
Self-Exercise 2.13
1. y = 1 x2
8
dy 1
= x
dx 4
dy
When x = 4, = 1 (4) = 1
dx 4
dy dy dx
= ×
dt dx dt
dy
=1×3
dt
= 3 units s–1
2. A = x2
dA = 2x
dx
When A = 4,
x2 = 4
x2 = ! 4
= 2 (. 0)
and dA = 2(2) = 4
dx
52
dL = dL × dx
dt dx dt
dx
8=4×
dt
dx
= 8
dt 4
= 2 cms–1
3. V = x3
dV = 3x2
dx
When x = 10, dV = 3(10)2
dx
= 300
dI = dI × dx
dt dx dt
dV = dV × dx
dt dx dt
–10.5 = 300 × dx
dt
dx = – 10.5 = – 7 cmmin–1
dt 300 200
4. (a) V = π r2h
= π(3)2h
= 9πh
(b) dV = 9π × – 0.6
dt
= –5.4π cm3min–1
5. Suppose the length of the shadow and the length of the tip of the shadow from the foot of the lamp post are s m
and l m respectively.
6 = 1.8
x+s s
6s = 1.8(x + s)
6s = 1.8x + 1.8s 6m
4.2s = 1.8x
s = 3 x 1.8 m
7
(a) s = 3 x xm sm
7 lm
ds = 3
dx 7
Then, ds = ds × dx
dt dx dt
= 3 × 3.5
7
= 1.5
Thus, the rate of change of the length of the shadow is 1.5 ms–1.
(b) l = x + s
= x + 3 x
7
= 10 x
7
dl = 10
dx 7
Then, dl = dl × dx
dt dx dt
= 10 × 3.5
7
=5
Thus, the rate of change of the tip of the moving shadow is 5 ms–1.
Can be used but the answer is not accurate and not the best approximation.
53
Self-Exercise 2.14
1. (a) y = 4x3 – 3x2
dy
= 12x2 – 6x
dx
When x = 1, dx = 1.05 – 1
= 0.05
dy
and = 12(1)2 – 6(1)
dx
= 12 – 6
=6
dy
Thus, dy ≈ × dx
dx
= 6 × 0.05
= 0.3 unit
(b) y = 4! x + 3x2
dy
dx ( 2 )
– 1
= 4 1 x 2 + 6x
= 2 + 6x
! x
When x = 4, d x = 3.98 – 4
= – 0.02
dy 2
and = + 6(4)
dx ! 4
= 1 + 24
= 25
dy
Thus, dy ≈ × dx
dx
= 25 × – 0.02
= – 0.5 unit
3
2. (a) y = 2x 2
dy 1
= 3x 2
dx
= 3! x 3
When y = 16, 16 = 2x 2
3
x2 = 8
x = (2 ) 3
3 2

=4
dy = 15.7 – 16
= – 0.3
dy
and = 3! 4
dx
= 3(2)
=6
dy
Thus, dy ≈ × dx
dx
– 0.3 = 6 × dx
dx = – 0.3
6
= – 0.05 unit
(b) y = x + 2
2
= 1 x + 1
2
dy 1
=
dx 2
54
When y = 2, 2 = x + 2
2
4=x+2
x=2
dy = 2 + p – 2
= p
dy
Thus, dy ≈ × dx
dx
p = 1 × dx
2
dx = 2p unit
3. y = 162 = 16x–2
x
dy
= –32x–3 = – 323
dx x
When x = 2, y = 162
2
y= 16
4
=4
dx = 2.02 – 2
= 0.02
dy
and = – 323
dx 2
= – 4
dy
f (x + dx) ≈ y + dx
dx
16
2 = 4 + (– 4)(0.02)
(2 + 0.02)
= 4 – 0.08
= 3.92
5
4. y = x 4
dy 5 14
= x
dx 4
dy = 4 y
100
= 0.04y
5
= 0.04x 4
dy
dy ≈ × dx
dx
5 1
0.04x 4 = 5 x 4 × dx
4
5
dx = 0.04x1
4

5 x4
4
= 0.032x
The approximate percentage change in x = dx × 100%
x
= 0.032x × 100%
x
= 3.2%
55
Self-Exercise 2.15
1. T = 2π l
!
10
dl [ ( ) ( )]
dT = 2π 1 l 2 1
2 10
– 1
10
= π
10 l !
10
When l = 9, dT = π
dl
10 9 !
10
π! 10
=
30
and dl = 9.05 – 9 = 0.05
Thus, dT ≈ dT × dl
dl
π! 10
= × 0.05
30
π! 10
= second
600
2. A = π r2
dA = 2π r
dr
A = 4π
π r2 = 4π
r2 = 4
r = 2 (. 0)
When r = 2, dA = 2π(2)
dr
= 4π
dA = 4.01π – 4π
= 0.01π
and dA ≈ dA × d r
dr
0.01π = 4π × d r
d r = 0.01π
4π
= 0.0025 cm
3. V = x3
dV = 3x2
dx
When x = 2, dx = 1.99 – 2
= – 0.01
and dV = 3(2)2
dx
= 12
Thus, dV = dV × dx
dx
= 12 × – 0.01
= – 0.12 cm3
4
4. V = π r3
3
dV = 4π r2
dr
When r = 5, d r = 4.98 – 5
= – 0.02
56
and dV = 4π (5)2
dr
= 100π
Thus, dV ≈ dV × d r
dr
= 100π × – 0.02
= –2π cm3
1. (a) y = ! x + 1
dy 1 – 1
= (x + 1) 2 (1)
dx 2
= 1
2! x + 1
dy 1
When x = 0, =
dx 2! 0 + 1
= 1
2
2
2y – 2 = x
2y – x = 2
At the x-axis, y = 0
2(0) – x = 2
x = –2
º Q(–2, 0)
(b) Equation of the normal: y – 1 = –2(x – 0)
y – 1 = –2x
y = –2x + 1
0 = –2x + 1
2x = 1
x= 1
( )1 2
ºR ,0
2
1
0 –2 2 0
(c) Area of ∆ PQR = 1
2
1 0 0 1
= 1 1 – (–2)
 
2 2
= 1 1 + 2
 
2 2
= 5
4
= 1 1 units2
4
2. (a) 2y = 4 – x
y = 2 – 1 x
2
y = x2 – 4x + 1
dy
= 2x – 4
dx
Then, 2x – 4 = 2
2x = 2 + 4
2x = 6
x=3
57
When x = 3, y = 32 – 4(3) + 1
= 9 – 12 + 1
= –2
º a = 3, b = –2
(b) Equation of the tangent: y + 2 = 2(x – 3)
y + 2 = 2x – 6
y = 2x – 8
0 = 2x – 8
2x = 8
x=4
º B(4, 0)
(c) Equation of the normal: y + 2 = – 1 (x – 3)
2
2y + 4 = –x + 3
2y + x + 1 = 0
2(0) + x + 1 = 0
x = –1
º C(–1, 0)
4 –1 3 4
(d) Area of ∆ BPC = 1
2 0 0 –2 0
= 1  2 – (–8) 

2
= 1  10 

2
= 5 units2
3. (a) Area = 75
x2 + 4hx = 75
4hx = 75 – x2
h = 75 – x
2
4x
Volume, V = x2h
= x2 75 – x ( 4x )
2
= 1 x(75 – x2)
4
= 1 (75x – x3) (Shown)
4
(b) For V be maximum, dV = 0
dx
75 3
– x2 = 0
4 4
75 = 3 x2
4 4
3x2 = 75
x2 = 25
x = 5 (. 0)
V = 1 [75(5) – 53]
4
= 1 (375 – 125)
4
= 1 (250)
4
= 62.5 cm3
d 2V = – 3 x
dx2 2
58
When x = 5, d V2 = – 3 (5)
2
dx 2
= –7.5 (, 0) Ú V is maximum
Hence, V has a maximum value when x = 5 cm and the maximum volume is 62.5 cm3.
4. (a) x2 + y2 = 102
y2 = 100 – x2

y = ! 100 – x2
dy 1 – 1
= (100 – x2) 2 (–2x)
dx 2
= – x
! 100 – x2
dy dy dx
= ×
dt dx dt
= – x ×3
! 100 – x2
= – 3x
! 100 – x2
dy 3(8)
When x = 8, = –
dt ! 100 – 82
= – 4
Hence, the rate of change of end A of the plank is – 4 ms–1.
(b) x2 + y2 = 102
When y = 6, x2 + 62 = 102
x2 = 100 – 36
x = ! 64
=8
dy 8
When x = 8, = –
dx ! 100 – 82
= – 4
3
dy dy dx
and = ×
dt dx dt
dx
–2 = – 4 ×
3 dt
dx
= 1.5
dt
Hence, the rate of change of end B of the plank is 1.5 ms–1.
5. Let x m be the horizontal distance between the helicopter and the boy and z m be the distance between the
helicopter and the boy at time t.
z2 = x2 + 1352
z = ! x2 + 18 225 xm
1
dz = 1 (x2 + 18 225)– 2 (2x)
dx 2
= x
135 m zm
! x2 + 18 225
So, dz = dz × dx
dt dx dt
When x = 72 and dx = –17, dz = 72 × –17
dt dt ! 722 + 18 225
= 72 × –17
153
= –8
º –8 ms–1
59
Summative Exercise
(
1. (a) lim 8 + 2x –2 x = lim
8 – 2x
2
) [
(4 – x)(2 + x)
2(4 – x2) ]
[ ]
x ˜ –2 x ˜ –2
(4 – x)(2 + x)
= lim
x ˜ –2 2(2 + x)(2 – x)
= lim
(4 – x)
x ˜ –2 2(2 – x)
[ ]
4 – (–2)
=
2[2 – (–2)]
= 6
8
= 3
4
(b) lim
x˜0
(
! 1 + x + x2 – 1
x
= lim
x˜0
) x ( )(
! 1 + x + x2 – 1 ! 1 + x + x2 + 1
! 1 + x + x2 + 1
)
1+x+x –1
[ ]
2
= lim
x ˜ 0 x(! 1 + x + x2 + 1)
= lim
x˜0 [( x + x2
x ! 1 + x + x2 + 1 )]
= lim
x˜0 [( x(1 + x)
x ! 1 + x + x2 + 1 )]
= lim
x˜0 ( 1+x
! 1 + x + x2 + 1 )
1
=
! 1 + 1
= 1
2
9 – x 2
(c) lim =8
x ˜ k 4 – ! x 2 + 7

9 – k 2
=8
4 – ! k 2 + 7
( 9 – k 2
4 – ! k 2 + 7
)( 4 + ! k 2 + 7
4 + ! k 2 + 7
=8 )
(9 – k 2)(4 + ! k 2 + 7 )
=8
16 – (k2 + 7)
(9 – k 2)(4 + ! k 2 + 7 )
=8
9 – k2
4 + ! k 2 + 7 = 8
! k 2 + 7 = 4
k2 + 7 = 16
k2 = 9
k = ±3
2. lim
x ˜ –1
( xa +– 54 ) = –3
a–5 = –3
–1 + 4
a–5 = –3
3
a – 5 = –9
a = –9 + 5
a = – 4
60
3. (a) d(
dx 2x + 1)
1 = d [(2x + 1)–1]
dx
= –1(2x + 1)–2(2)
= – 2 2
(2x + 1)
(b) d [4x(2x – 1)5] = 4x[5(2x – 1)4(2)] + (2x – 1)5(4)
dx
= 40x(2x – 1)4 + 4(2x – 1)5

= 4(2x – 1)4[10x + (2x – 1)]
= 4(12x – 1)(2x – 1)4
(c) d[ ]
6
dx (2 – x)2
= d [6(2 – x)–2]
dx
= 6(–2)(2 – x)–3(–1)
= 12 3
(2 – x)
( ) – 1
(d) d (x! x + 3) = x 1 (x + 3) 2 (1) + ! x + 3(1)
dx 2
x
= + ! x + 3
2! x + 3
x + 2(x + 3)
=
2! x + 3
3x + 6
=
2! x + 3
3(x + 2)
=
2! x + 3
4. (a) y = x(3 – x)
= 3x – x2
dy
= 3 – 2x
dx
d 2y
= –2
dx2
d 2y dy
y 2 + x + 12 = (3x – x2)(–2) + x(3 – 2x) + 12
dx dx
= –6x + 2x2 + 3x – 2x2 + 12
= 12 – 3x
(b) 12 – 3x = 0
3x = 12
x = 12
3
x = 4
5. y = ax + b2
x
= ax + bx–2
dy
= a – 2bx–3
dx
= a – 2b3
x
( )
At point –1, – 7 , – 7 = a(–1) + b 2
2 2 (–1)
– 7 = –a + b
2
a–b= 7
2
2a – 2b = 7 …1
61
dy
and =2
dx
a– 2b =2
(–1)3
a + 2b = 2 …2
1 + 2: 3a = 9
a=3
Substitute a = 3 into 1: 2(3) – 2b = 7
6 – 2b = 7
2b = –1
b = – 1
2
º a = 3, b = – 1
2
6. V = 4 π r3
3
dV = 4π r2
dr
dV = dV × dr
dt dr dt
20π = 4π r2 × 0.2
20 = 0.8r2
r2 = 25
r = 5 (. 0)
º r = 5 cm
14 – 1
7. (a) y = = 14(6x3 + 1) 2
! 6x + 1
3

dy
dx ( ) – 3
= 14 – 1 (6x3 + 1) 2 (18x2)
2
= – 126x
2
3
(6x3 + 1) 2
When x = 2, dx = 2.05 – 2
= 0.05
dy 126(2)2
and = –
dx 3
[6(2)3 + 1] 2
= – 504
343
= – 72
49
dy
Then, dy ≈ × dx
dx
= – 72 × 0.05
49
= –0.0735 unit
14
(b) When x = 2, y =
! 6(2)3 + 1
= 14
7
=2
dx = 2.05 – 2 = 0.05
dy
and = – 72
dx 49

14
! 6(2.05)3 + 1
( )
= 2 + – 72 (0.05)
49
= 2 – 0.0735
= 1.927
62
1
8. y =
! x
– 1
= x 2
dy – 3
= – 1 x 2
dx 2
= – 1
2! x3
1
When x = 4, y =
! 4
= 1
2
dx = 2 × 4 = 0.08
100
dy
and = – 1 = – 1
dx 2! 43 16
dy
Then, dy ≈ × dx
dx
1
= – × 0.08
16
= – 0.005
dy
Hence, the approximate percentage change in y = × 100%
y
= – 0.005 × 100%
1
2
= –1%
9. y = 3x2 – 4x + 6
dy
= 6x – 4
dx
When x = 2, y = 3(2)2 – 4(2) + 6
= 12 – 8 + 6
= 10
dy
= 6(2) – 4
dx
=8
p
and dx = ×2
100
= 0.02p
dy
dy = × dx
dx
= 8 × 0.02p
= 0.16p
0.16p
Hence, the corresponding percentage change in y is × 100 = 1.6p%
10
10. (a) The maximum point is (–1, 6) and the minimum point is (1, 2)
(b)
y
(–1, 6) y = f (x)
(1, 2)
x
0

63
11. (a) y = 3x3 – 4x + 2
dy
= 9x2 – 4
dx
dy
At point A(2, 1), = 9(2)2 – 4
dx
= 36 – 4
= 32
The equation of the tangent at A(2, 1) is:
y – 1 = 32(x – 2)
y – 1 = 32x – 64
y = 32x – 63
dy
(b) = 32
dx
9x – 4 = 32
2
9x2 = 36
x2 = 4
x = ±2
When x = –2, y = 3(–2)3 – 4(–2) + 2
= –24 + 8 + 2
= –14
º (–2, –14)
12. (a) r2 = (6! 3 )2 – h2 A
r = ! 108 – h2 …1
V = 1 π r2h …2
3
6� 3 cm h cm
V = 1 π (! 108 – h2 )2h
3
= 1 π (108 – h2)h B r cm D
3
= 36π h – 1 π h3
3
For maximum volume, dV = 0
dh
36π – π h2 = 0
36π = π h2
36 = h2
h = 6 (. 0)
º h = 6 cm
(b) V = 36π h – 1 π h3
3
When h = 6, V = 36π(6) – 1 π (6)3
3
= 216π – 72π
= 144π
º The volume of the cone is 144π cm3.
13. AC = ! 302 + x2 = ! 900 + x2
Total time taken from A to D is
! 900 + x2
T= + 400 – x
40 50
T = ! 900 + x + 8 – 1 x
1 2
40 50
64
For stationary point T, dT = 0
dx
( )
1
1 1 (900 + x2)– 2 (2x) – 1 = 0
40 2 50
x
= 1
40! 900 + x2 50
50x = 40! 900 + x2
5x = 4! 900 + x2
25x2 = 16(900 + x2)
25x2 = 14 400 + 16x2
9x2 = 14 400
x2 = 1 600
x = ! 1 600
= 40
º The distance from B to C is 40 m.
14. V = 8
x3 = 8
x = 2
A = 6x2
dA = 12x
dx
When x = 2, dA = 12(2)
dx
= 24
dA = dA × dx
dt dx dt
dA = 24 × 2
dt
= 48
º The rate of change of the total surface area of the cuboid is 48 cm2s–1.
15. (a) Area, A = 1 xy
2
= 1 x(6x – x2)
2
= 1 (6x2 – x3) (Shown)
2
(b) (i) A = (6x2 – x3) = 3x2 – 1 x3
1
2 2
dA = 6x – 3 x2
dx 2
dA = dA × dx
dt dx dt

dt( )
dA = 6x – 3 x2 (2)
2
[
When x = 2, dA = 6(2) – 3 (2)2 (2)
dt 2]
= (12 – 6)(2)
= 12
The rate of increase of A is 12 units2 s–1
[ ]
(ii) When x = 5, dA = 6(5) – 3 (5)2 (2)
dt 2
= (30 – 37.5)(2)
= –15
º The rate of decrease of A is 15 units2 s–1
65
16. (a) r = h
12 20
r = 12 h
20
r = 3 h …1
5
V = 1 π r2h …2
3
3 5 ( )
Substitute 1 into 2: V = 1 π 3 h h
2

3 25 ( )
= 1 π 9 h2 h
= 3 π h3 (Shown)
25
(b) (i) V = 3 π h3
25
dV = 9 π h2
dh 25
When h = 5, dh = 4.99 – 5 = – 0.01
and dV = 9 π (5)2
dh 25
= 9π
d V ≈ dV × d h
dh
d V = 9π × – 0.01
= – 0.09π
º The small change in the volume of the water is – 0.09π cm3.
(ii) If h decreases by p%,
p ph
d h = – (h) = –
100 100
d V ≈ dV × d h
dh
ph
d V = 9 π h2 × –
25 100
= – 9 π ph3
2 500
– 9 π ph3
Then, dV × 100% = 2 500 × 100%
V 3 π h3
25
= –3p
º The volume is decrease by 3p%.
66
Answers
CHAPTER 3 INTEGRATION
∫
3. (a) The graph of function g(x) = f (x) dx is the same as the graph of function f (x).
(b) The graph of function k(x) = ∫ h(x) dx is the same as the graph of function h(x).
(c) The graph of function n(x) = ∫ m(x) dx is the same as the graph of function m(x).
1. Find the volume of water in the pail from the rate of water flow from the pipe.
2. Find the distance travelled by an object from the rate of change of distance or speed.
3. Find the area of reproduction of mold from the rate of increase of the area of the mold on the bread.
Self-Exercise 3.1
∫
1. (15x2 + 4) dx = 5x3 + 4x
2. ∫ 24x 2
dx = 8x3
3. (a) dJ = 300t2 + 60t
dt
(b) dJ = 1 500t2 + 300t
dt
= 5(300t2 + 60t)
J = 5(100t3 + 30t2)
= 500t 3 + 150t2
When t = 2, J = 500(2)3 + 150(2)2
= 4 600 litres
dy
1. = 3(3)(2)(2x + 2)2
dx
= 18(2x + 2)2
∫ 18(2x + 2) 2
dx = 3(2x + 2)3
(2 – 3x)(5) – (–3)(5x + 2)
2. f (x) =
(2 – 3x)2
= 16
(2 – 3x)2
∫ f (x) dx = ∫ 16
(2 – 3x)2
dx
= 5x + 2
2 – 3x
dy
3. = 15(x + 2)2
dx
dy
Compare with ,
dx
h = 15 and k = 2
h + k = 15 + 2
= 17
1
1
∫( )
dy
10 dx
dx = 1 15(x + 2)2 dx
10 ∫
= 1 [5(x + 2)3]
10
(x + 2)3
=
2
When x = 2, the value of 1
dy
10 dx
dx =
2∫( )
(2 + 2)3
= 32
4. f (x) = 3x(2x + 1)2
f (x) = 3(2x + 1)2 + 2(2)(2x + 1)(3x)
= (2x + 1)[3(2x + 1) + 12x]
= (2x + 1)(6x + 3 + 12x)
= (2x + 1)(18x + 3)
= 36x2 + 6x + 18x + 3
= 36x2 + 24x + 3
= 3(12x2 + 8x + 1)
∫ ∫
(12x2 + 3x + 1) dx = 1 f (x) dx
3
= 1
3 ∫
f (x) dx
af(x) = 1 f(x)
3
a= 1
3
5. (a) dA = 200t + 150t2
dt

When t = 5, dA = 200(5) + 150(5)2
dt
= 4 750
The rate of daily profit from the sale of the bus tickets for company K is RM4 750.
(b) The daily profit function from the sale of the bus tickets for company H
∫
= 30t2 + 40t dt
∫
= 1 200t + 150t2 dt
5
= 1 [100t2 + 50t3]
5
= 20t2 + 10t3
Hence, the profit of company K is five times the profit of company H.
Case 1
Function f (x) ∫ f (x) dx

f (x) = 2x + c 2 2x + c
f (x) = 3x + c

3 3x + c
f (x) = 0.5x + c 0.5 0.5x + c
f (x) = –7x + c

–7 –7x + c
f (x) = – 4x + c

– 4 – 4x + c
∫
Hence, a dx = ax + c.
2
Case 2
Function f (x) ∫ f (x) dx Pattern
f (x) = 2x2 + c 4x 4x2 + c = 2x2 + c 4x1 + 1 + c

2 1+1
f (x) = 2x3 + c 6x2 6x3 + c = 2x3 + c 6x2 + 1 + c
3 2+1
f (x) = 2x4 + c 8x3 8x4 + c = 2x4 + c 8x3 + 1 + c
4 3+1
f (x) = 2x5 + c 10x4 10x5 + c = 2x5 + c 10x4 + 1 + c
5 4+1
f (x) = 2x6 + c 12x5 12x6 + c = 2x6 + c 12x5 + 1 + c
6 5+1
∫
Hence, axn dx = ax .
n+1
n+1
∫
(a) dx = 1 dx ∫
= x + c
∫
(b) 0 dx = 0 +c
= c
1 x2 + c if x > 0
∫
(c)  x  dx =
2
1 x2 + c if x , 0
–
2
Even though the integration of a function which consists of addition or subtraction contains many constant of
integration, the sum of all the constants is also a constant. Hence, the integral of a function which has algebraic terms
add or subtract together is represented by a single constant only.
Self-Exercise 3.2
∫
1. (a) 2 dx = 2x + c
(b) ∫ 5 dx = 5 x + c
6 6
(c) ∫ –2 dx = –2x + c
(d) ∫ π dx = π x + c
3 3
2. (a) ∫ 3x dx = 3x + c
3
2
3
= x3 + c
∫
(b) 4 x3 dx = 4 x + c ( )
4
3 3 4
= x +c
4

3
∫
(c) –x dx = – x + c
2
2
∫ ∫
(d) – 22 dx = –2x –2 dx
x
= –2x + c
–1

–1
= 2 +c
x
3
(e) ∫ x33 ∫
dx = 3x –3 dx
= 3x + c
–2

–2
= – 3 2 + c
2x
∫ ∫
1
(f) 3! x dx = 3x 2 dx
3
= 3x + c
2

3
2
3
= 2x 2 + c
= 2! x3 + c
∫ ∫
1
2 dx = 2x – 3 dx
(g)
3
! x 2
= 2x + c
3

2
3
2
= 3x 3 + c
= 33! x2 + c
∫ (– ! x3 ) ∫
3 – 3
(h) dx = –27x 2 dx
– 1
= –27x + c
2

– 1
2
= 54 +c
! x
∫
3. (a) 2x + 3 dx = 2x + 3x + c
2
2
= x2 + 3x + c
∫
(b) 4x2 + 5x dx = 4x + 5x + c
3 2
3 2
= 4 x3 + 5 x2 + c
3 2
1
∫ x + 5x – 2 dx = x + 5x – 2x + c
1
( )
4 2
(c) 3
2 2 4 2
= 1 x4 + 5 x2 – 2x + c
8 2
3
∫
(d) 2 + 4x – 2 dx = 3x + 4x – 2 dx
x
–2
∫
= 3x + 4x – 2x + c
–1 2

–1 2
= – 3 + 2x2 – 2x + c
x
∫
4. (a) (x + 2)(x – 4) dx = x2 + 2x – 4x – 8 dx ∫
=∫x 2
– 2x – 8 dx
= x – 2x – 8x + c
23

3 2
= x – x2 – 8x + c
3

3
∫
(b) x2(3x2 + 5x) dx = 3x4 + 5x3 dx ∫
= 3x + 5x4 + c
5

5 4
= 3 x5 + 5 x4 + c
5 4
4
∫ ∫ (5x )
1
(c) (5x2 – 3! x ) dx = 2
– 3x 2 dx
3
= 5x – 3x + c
3 2

3 3
2
3
= 5 x3 – 2x 2 + c
3
= 5 x3 – 2! x3 + c
3
∫ ∫
(d) (5x – 3)2 dx = 25x2 – 30x + 9 dx
= 25x – 30x + 9x + c
3 2

3 2
= 25 x3 – 15x2 + 9x + c
3
∫( )
(e) 5x – 3x dx = 5x – 3 dx ∫
2
x
= 5x – 3x + c
2

2
= 5 x2 – 3x + c
2
∫ (x + ! x ) ∫
3
2
(f) dx = (x2 + 2x 2 + x) dx
5
= x + 2x + x + c
3 2 2

3 5 2
2
5
= 1 x3 + 4 x 2 + 1 x2 + c
3 5 2
Cannot. Substitution method can only be used for function in the bracket which is linear only. We need to expand the
function if it is not linear before doing integration.
Self-Exercise 3.3
∫
1. (a) (x – 3)2 dx
Let u = x – 3 and du = 1
dx
∫ (x – 3)2
∫
dx = u2 du
= u +c
3

3
(x – 3)3
= +c
3
(b) Let u = 3x – 5 and du = 3
dx
∫ u
∫
9
(3x – 5) dx =
9
du
3
= u +c
10

30
(3x – 5)10
= +c
30
(c) Let u = 5x – 2 and du = 5
dx
∫ 4u
∫
5
4(5x – 2) dx =
5
du
5
= 4u + c
6

30
= 2 (5x – 2)6 + c
15
5
(d) Let u = 7x – 3 and du = 7
dx
∫(7x – 3)4
∫
dx = u du
4

3 21
= u 5
+c
105
(7x – 3)5
= +c
105
(e) Let u = 2x – 6 and du = 2
dx
∫ 12
(2x – 6)3
dx = ∫12u–3 du
2
= 6u + c
–2

–2
= – 3 2 + c
(2x – 6)
(f) Let u = 3x – 2 and du = 3
dx
∫ 2
3(3x – 2)2
dx = ∫
2u–2 du
9
= 2u –1
+c
–9
= – 2 +c
9(3x – 2)
∫ (4x + 5) 5
2. (a) (4x + 5)4 dx = +c
5(4)
(4x + 5)5
= + c
20
∫
(b) 2(3x – 2)3 dx =
2(3x – 2)4
4(3)
+c
(3x – 2)4
= +c
6
∫ (5x – 11) 5
(c) (5x – 11)4 dx = +c
5(5)
(5x – 11)5
= +c
25
∫ (3x – 2) (3x – 5)
5 6
(d) dx = +c
5 5(3)(6)
(3x – 5)6
= +c
90
(e) ∫ 5
(6x – 3)6 ∫
dx = 5(6x – 3)–6 dx
5(6x – 3)–5
= +c
–5(6)
= – 1 +c
6(6x – 3)5
(f) ∫ 12
(3x – 5)8 ∫
dx = 12(3x – 5)–8 dx
12(3x – 5)–7
= +c
–7(3)
= – 4 +c
7(3x – 5)7
Self-Exercise 3.4
∫
1. (a) y = 4x – 2 dx
y = 4x – 2x + c
2
2
y = 2x2 – 2x + c …1
6
Substitute x = –1 and y = 7 into the equation 1:
7 = 2(–1)2 – 2(–1) + c
c=3
∫
(b) y = – 6x – 63 dx
x
∫
y = – 6x – 6x –3 dx
y = – 6x – 6x + c
2 –2
2 –2
y = –3x2 + 32 + c…1
x
Substitute x = –1 and y = 6 into the equation 1:
6 = –3(–1)2 + 3 2 + c
(–1)
c = 6
∫
2. y = 20x3 – 6x2 – 6 dx
y = 20x – 6x – 6x + c
4 3
4 3
y = 5x4 – 2x3 – 6x + c …1
Substitute x = 1 and y = 2 into the equation 1:
2 = 5(1)4 – 2(1)3 – 6(1) + c
c=5
y = 5x4 – 2x3 – 6x + 5 …2
Substitute x = 1 into the equation 2:
2
y=5 1
2 () () ()
4
–2 1
2
3
–6 1 +5
2
y= 33
16
∫
3. (a) y = 9x2 – 2 dx
y = 9x – 2x + c
3
3
y = 3x3 – 2x + c …1
Substitute point (1, 6) into the equation 1:
6 = 3(1)3 – 2(1) + c
c=5
Equation of the curve is y = 3x3 – 2x + 5
∫
(b) y = 10x – 2 dx
y = 10x – 2x + c
2
2
y = 5x2 – 2x + c …1
13 = 5(2)2 – 2(2) + c
c = –3
Equation of the curve is y = 5x2 – 2x – 3
∫
(c) y = 24x2 – 5 dx
y = 24x – 5x + c
3
3
y = 8x3 – 5x + c …1
1 = 8(1)3 – 5(1) + c
c = –2
Equation of the curve is y = 8x3 – 5x – 2
7
∫
(d) y = 18x2 + 10x dx
y = 18x + 10x + c
3 2
3 2
y = 6x3 + 5x2 + c …1
Substitute point (–2, –10) into the equation 1:
–10 = 6(–2)3 + 5(–2)2 + c
c = 18
Equation of the curve is y = 6x3 + 5x2 + 18
2 ∫
1. (a) 1 dx = 1 x + c
2
5
∫ dx = 5x dx ∫
–3
(b)
3x3 3
= 5x + c
–2

– 6
= – 5 2 + c
6x
∫ ! x1 ∫
– 1
(c) dx = x 2 dx
1
= x +c
2

1
2
1
= 2x 2 + c
(d) ∫ ( x2 )
– 34 dx = 2x –3 – 3x – 4 dx
x 3 ∫
= 2x – 3x + c
–2 –3

–2 –3
= – 12 + 13 + c
x x
∫
5x – 3x
∫
2 3
2. (a) dx = 5x – 3x2 dx
x
= 5x – 3x + c
2 3

2 3
= 5 x2 – x3 + c
2
∫
(b) 6x + 22x dx = 3x + 1 dx ∫
3 2
2x
= 3x + x + c
2

2
= 3 x2 + x + c
2
∫
(c) (5 – 6x)3 dx =
(5 – 6x)4
–24
+c
(5 – 6x)4
= – + c
24
∫ ∫
1
(d) 1 –
dx = (5 – 2x) 4 dx
! 5 – 2x 4
3
(5 – 2x) 4
= +c
3 (–2)
4 ( )
3
2(5 – 2x) 4
= – +c
3
8
dy p
3. = 10x + 2 …1
dx x
dy
Substitute = 20 1 and x = 2 into the equation 1:
dx 2
41 = 10(2) + p
2 (2)2
p=2
∫
y = 10x + 22 dx
x
y = ∫ 10x + 2x
–2
dx
y = 10x + 2x + c
2 –1
2 –1
y = 5x –
2 2 + c …2
x
Substitute y = 19 and x = 2 into the equation 2:
19 = 5(2)2 – 2 + c
2
c = 0
y = 5x2 – 2 …3
x
Substitute x = –2 into the equation 3:
y = 5(–2)2 – 2
–2
= 21
∫
4. (a) y = 4x3 – 15x2 + 6 dx
y = 4x – 15x + 6x + c
4 3
4 3
y = x4 – 5x3 + 6x + c …1
Substitute x = 3 and y = –20 into the equation 1:
–20 = (3)4 – 5(3)3 + 6(3) + c
c = 16
y = x 4 – 5x3 + 6x + 16 …2
Substitute x = –2 into the equation 2:
y = (–2)4 – 5(–2)3 + 6(–2) + 16
y = 60
∫
(b) y = 2x + 2 dx
y = 2x + 2x + c
2

2
y = x2 + 2x + c …1
Substitute x = 2 and y = 2 into the equation 1:
2 = (2)2 + 2(2) + c
c = – 6
y = x2 + 2x – 6 …2
Substitute y = – 6 into the equation 2:
– 6 = x2 + 2x – 6
x + 2x = 0
2
x(x + 2) = 0
x = 0 or x = –2
∫
5. y = 3x2 – 8x dx
y = 3x – 8x + c
3 2
3 2
y = x3 – 4x2 + c …1
9
Substitute point (1, –1) into the equation 1:
–1 = (1)3 – 4(1)2 + c
c = 2
Equation of the curve is y = x3 – 4x2 + 2.
dy
6. = – (6x – 2)
dx
∫
y = 2 – 6x dx
y = 2x – 6x + c
2
2
y = 2x – 3x2 + c …1
Substitute point (2, 2) into 1:
2 = 2(2) – 3(2)2 + c
c = 10
Hence, y = 2x – 3x2 + 10
dy
7. = ax + b
dx
dy
At point (–2, 8), = –7
dx
a(–2) + b = –7
–2a + b = –7 …1
dy
At point (0, 6), =5
dx
a(0) + b = 5
b = 5
Substitute b = 5 into 1,
–2a + 5 = –7
–2a = –12
a=6
y = 6x + 5 dx ∫
= 6x + 5x + c
2

2
= 3x2 + 5x + c …2
Substitute point (–2, 8) into 2:
8 = 3(–2)2 + 5(–2) + c
c = 8 – 12 + 10
=6
Hence, the equation of the curve is y = 3x2 + 5x + 6.
8. s = 10t – 2 dt ∫
s = 10t – 2t + c
2
2
s = 5t2 – 2t + c …1
Substitute s = 8 and t = 1 into 1:
8 = 5(1)2 – 2(1) + c
c=5
s = 5t2 – 2t + 5 …2
Substitute t = 3 into 2:
s = 5(3)2 – 2(3) + 5
= 44 m
∫ 1 dx = [x]1
2
(a)
2
1
=2–1
=1
10
∫
2
(b) 1
0 dx = 0
4.
∫ 2 3x ∫ 2 3x
2 6
2
dx 2
dx
∫ 2 3x ∫2
3 3x2 dx
6 6
2
dx
∫ 2 3(3x ) dx ∫ 2 3x ∫ 2 6x dx

6 6 6
2 2
dx +
∫ 1 3x + ∫ 4 3x2 dx ∫6

– 3x2 dx
4 6 2
2
dx
∫ 2 (3x
6
2
+ 6x) dx 0
Self-Exercise 3.5
1. (a) ∫x3 dx = x 2
4
2 4
4 4
[ ]
= 4 – 2
4 4
4 4
= 60
∫ ∫
4 2 4
(b) 1 2 dx = 1 2x –2 dx
x
= 2x 1
–1
–1 4
[ ]
= –2 – – 2
4 1
( ) ( )
1
= – + 2
2
= 3
2
5
∫
(c) 1 (2x + 3x) dx = 2x + 3x 1
2
3
3
2
2 5
[ ]
=
2(5)3 3(5)2
3
+
2
–
3
+[
2(1)3 3(1)2
2 ] [ ]
= 356
3
∫ (
1
) ∫
6 6
(d) 2 3 – 2x dx = 2 (x –3 – 2x) dx
x
= x – 2x 2
–2
–2
2
2 6
[ ]
= –
1
2(6)2
– 62 – –
1
[
2(2)2
– 22 ] [ ]
= – 287
9
∫ (3x – ! x ) dx = ∫ (3x – x ) dx
3 3
1
(e)
[ ]
2
1 1
3 3
= 3x – x
2 2

2 3
[ ][ ]
2 1
3 3
3(3) 32 2
3(1)2 12
= – – –
2 3 2 3
2 2
= 9.203
11
∫ (x – ! x1 ) dx = ∫ (x – x ) dx
5 5 – 1
(f) 2
[ ]
3 3
1 5
= x – x
2 2

2 1
2 3
= 5
2
2
[– 2! 5 – 3 – 2! 3
2
2
] [ ]
= 6.992
∫ ( )
x3 + x2 dx =
∫
4 4
2. (a) x2 + x dx
2 x 2
[
= x + x 2
3
3
2
2 4
]
[
= 4 + 4 – 2 + 2
3
3
2
2
3
3
2
2
] [ ]
= 74
3
∫ ( 5 +x x ) dx = ∫
3 2 3
(b) 1 2 1
5x–2 + 1 dx
= 5x + x 1
–1
–1 3
[ ]
= – 5 + 3 – – 5 + 1
3 [1 ] [ ]
= 16
3
∫ (
(2x + 3)(x – 2)
) ∫
5 5
(c) 1 dx = 1 (2x–2 – x–3 – 6x – 4) dx
x4
= 2x – x – 6x 1
–1
–1 –2
–2 –3
–3 5
[ ]

5 2(5) 5 [
= – 2 + 1 2 + 23 – – 2 + 1 2 + 23
1 2(1) 1 ] [ ]
108
= –
125
∫ (3x – 4)
[ ]
4 3 4
(d) 3 (3x – 4)2 dx =
9 3
=
[3(4) – 4]3
9 [
–
[3(3) – 4]3
9 ] [ ]
= 43
∫ 3
∫
–1 –1
(e) dx = 3(5 – 3x)–3 dx
–3 (5 – 3x)3 –3
[ 3(5 –63x) ]
–2 –1
=
[ ] [ ]
–3
= 1 – 1
2[5 – 3(–1)]2 2[5 – 3(–3)]2
= 33
6 272
∫ ∫
– 1
(f)
0 2 dx =
0
2(3 – 2x) 2
dx
[ ]
–2
! 3 – 2x –2
1 0
= –2(3 – 2x) 2
–2
[
= –2[3 – 2(0)] 2 – –2[3 – 2(–2)] 2
1
] [ 1
]
= 1.827
∫ ∫
2 5
3. (a) 5
f (x) dx = – 2
f (x) dx
= –3
12
∫
1 f (x) dx = 1 5 f (x) dx
∫
5
(b)
2 2 2 2
1
= (3)
2
= 3
2
∫ ∫ ∫
5 5 5
(c) 2
[3f (x) – 2] dx = 3 2
f (x) dx – 2
2 dx
= 3(3) – [2x] 2
5

= 9 – [2(5) – 2(2)]
=3
∫ ∫ ∫
7 7 7
4. (a) 3
[ f (x) + k(x)] dx = 3
f (x) dx + 3
k(x) dx
=5+7
= 12
∫ ∫ ∫ ∫
5 5 5 7
(b) 3 f (x) dx – 7
f (x) dx = 3 f (x) dx + 5
f (x) dx
= ∫
7
3
f (x) dx
= 5
∫ ∫ ∫
7 7 7
(c) [ f (x) + 2x] dx = f (x) dx + 2x dx
[ ]
3 3 3
= 5 + 2x
2 7

2 3
= 5 + [72 – 32]
= 45
4.
Number of Sum of the areas of the rectangles Area of the region under
rectangles, n under the curve the actual curve
1 54
2 54
3 50
4 47
5 45
6 4 4
7 43
8 42
9 42
10 41
36
11 41
12 40
13 40
14 40
15 39
16 39
17 39
18 39
19 39
20 39
13
We divide the area under a curve into n trapeziums.
Thus, there are (n + 1) vertical lines that form the boundaries for each trapezium.
Width of each trapezium = b – a
n
n(
Area of the first trapezium = b – a )( y +2 y )
1 2
Then,
∫
b
f (x) dx = Total area under the curve
( )[ ]
a
y + y2 y + y3 y + y4 y + yn + 1
= b – a 1 + 2 + 3 +…+ n
n 2 2 2 2
6.
Integral Integral value Location of the region
∫ 1 x3 dx 625
5
0 3 12 Above the x-axis
∫ 1 x3 dx – 625

0
–5 3 12 Below the x-axis

6.
Integral Integral value Location of the region
∫
5
1
0
y dy
3
6.412 On the right side of y-axis
∫
0
1
–5
y 3 dy – 6.412 On the left side of y-axis

The area below the straight line y = x + 2 bounded by x = –2 and x = 3 can be found by using the area of the triangle
formula.
Area of triangle = 1 × 5 × 5 y
2
= 25 units2
2
∫
y=x+2
Hence, area of the region A = –2 (–x2 + 2x + 8) dx – 25
3
2 5

3 [
= – x + x2 + 8x –2 – 25
3 3
2 ] 5 units
([ ] [ ])
A
(–2)
= – 3 + 32 + 8(3) – – + (–2)3 + 8(–2) – 25
3 3
x
3 3 2 –2 O 3
= 100 – 25 5 units
3 2
= 125 units2
6
Self-Exercise 3.6
∫
3
1. (a) Area of the shaded region = 0
3x – x2 + 2 dx
[
= 3x – x + 2x 0
2
2
3
3 3
]
= [
3(3)2 33
2
–
3
+ 2(3) –
2 ] [
3(0)2 03
–
3
+ 2(0) ]
= 21 units2
2
14
∫ 1 x2 dx
2
(b) Area of the shaded region = –3 2

6[ ]
= x –3
3 2
[ ] [ ]
= 2 –
6
3 (–3)3
6
= 35 units 2
6
∫
1
(c) Area of the shaded region = –2
y2 + y – 6 dy
[ y3 + y2 – 6y]
3 2 1
=
[ ] [ ]
–2
(–2)3 (–2)2
= 1 + 1 – 6(1) –
3 2
+ – 6(–2)
3 2 3 2
= – 33
2
= 33 units2
2
2. (a) At the x-axis, y = 0
–x(x + 3)(x – 4) = 0
x = 0 or x = –3 or x = 4
∫ –x(x + 3)(x – 4) dx  + ∫ –x(x + 3)(x – 4) dx

0 4
Area of the shaded region = –2 0
= ∫ –x + x + 12x dx  + ∫ –x + x + 12x dx

0 4
–2
3 2
0
3 2
= [– x + x + 12x ]  + [– x + x + 12x ]

4 3 2 0 4 3 2 4

4 3 2 4 3 2–2 0
[
= – 0 + 0 + 6(0)2 – –
(–2) (–2)
] [ ] 
4 3 4 3
+ + 6(–2)2
4 3 4 3
– – 4 + 4 + 6(4)2 – – 0 + 0 + 6(0)2
4
4
{[3
3
4
4
3
3
] [ ]}
=  – 52  + 160
3 3
= 212 units 2
3
(b) y = x2 – 4x + 5 …1
y = –2x + 5 …2
x2 – 4x + 5 = –2x + 5
x2 – 2x = 0
x(x – 2) = 0
x = 0 or x = 2
∫ ∫
2 2
Area of the shaded region = 0
(–2x + 5) dx – 0
(x2 – 4x + 5) dx
[
= – 2x + 5x 0 – x – 4x + 5x 0
2
2 2
3
3
2
2
] [
2
]
= {[–(2)2 + 5(2)] – [–(0)2 + 5(0)]} – {[ 23 – 2(2) + 5(2)] – [ 03 – 2(0) + 5(0)]}
3
2
3
2
= 4 units2
3
(c) y2 = 5x …1
x = –2y …2
y2 = 5(–2y)
y2 = –10y
y2 + 10y = 0

y(y + 10) = 0
y = 0 or y = –10
15
∫ ∫ ( y5 ) dy
0 0 2
Area of the shaded region = –10
(–2y) dy – –10
[ 2y2
] – [ 15y ]
0 3 0
= –
2 –10 –10
{[ 150 ] – [(–10)
15 ]}
3 3
= {[–(0)2] – [–(–10)2]} –
= 100 units2
3
3. (a)
y
y = –x3 – x2
x
–1 O 1
y = –x – x2
–2

Area of the region between the two curves
∫ ∫ ∫ ∫
0 0 1 1
= –1
–x – x2 dx +  –1
–x3 – x2 dx  +  0
–x – x2 dx  – 0
–x3 – x2 dx 
[ 2 ] + [– x4 – x3 ]  +  [– x2 – x3 ]  + [– x4 – x3 ] 

= – x – x
2
3
3 0
–1
4 3 0
–1
2 3 1
0
4 3 1
= {[– 0 – 0 ] – [–
3 ]} {[ 4
+ – 0 – 0 ] – [–
3 ]} 
(–1)
2 (–1)
3 2
(–1) (–1) 3 4 3 4 3
– –
2 3 2 3 4
+  [– 1 – 1 ] – [– 0 – 0 ]  –  [– 1 – 1 ] – [– 0 – 0 ] 
2 3 2 3 4 3 4 3
2 3 2 3 4 3 4 3
= 1 + 1 + 5 + 7
6 12 6 12
= 5 units2
3
(b) y = x2 – 4x …1
y = 2x – x2 …2
x2 – 4x = 2x – x2
2x2 – 6x = 0
2(x)(x – 3) = 0
x = 0 or x = 3
y = 2x – x2
x
O 2 3 4
y = x2 – 4x
–3
16
Area of the region between the two curves
∫ ∫ ∫
2 3 3
= 0
(2x – x2) dx +  0
x2 – 4x dx  –  2
(2x – x2) dx 
[ 2 ] + [ x3 – 4x2 ]  – [ 2x2 – x3 ] 
= 2x – x
2
3
3 2
0
3 2 3
0
2 3 3
= {[2 – 2 ] – [0 – 0 ]} + {[ 3 – 2(3) ] – [ 0 – 2(0) ]}  –  {[3 – 3 ] – [2 – 2 ]} 

3 3 3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3
= 4 + 9 – 4
3 3
= 9 units2
(a) Cone
(b) Cylinder
Self-Exercise 3.7
∫
2
1. (a) Generated volume = 0
π(–x2 + 3x)2 dx
∫
2
=π (x4 – 6x3 + 9x2) dx
[ ]
0
= π x – 6x + 9x 0
4 3 2 5

5 4 3
= π 2 –
5
5 3(2)4
2 {[
+ 3(2)3 – 0 –
5
5 3(0)4
2
+ 3(0)3 ] [ ]}
= 32 π units3
5
6
(b) Generated volume = 0 π
6–y
2 ∫
dy ( )
y
∫ ( )
6
=π 0 3– dy
2
= π 3y –
y2 6
4 0 [ ]
= π 3(6) – 6 – 3(0) – 0
4
2
{[ 4
2
] [ ]}
= 9π units 3
∫ ( y4 ) dy
2 2 2
2. Generated volume = 0
π –
= π ∫ ( ) dy
y 2 4

16 0
= π [ ]
y 2 5

80 0
[
=π 2 – 0
5
80 80
5
]
= 2 π units3
5
∫ π(5 – x) dx – ∫ π(–x + 4) dx
5 2
3. Generated volume = 0
2
0
2 2
= π ∫ (25 – 10x + x ) dx – π ∫ (x – 8x

5 2
0
2
0
4 2
+ 16) dx
[ ] – π [ x5 – 8x3 + 16x]

= π 25x – 10x + x
2
2
3
3 5
0
5 3 2
= π {[25(5) – 5(5) + 5 ] – [25(0) – 5(0) + 0 ]}

3 3
2 2
3 3
– π {[ 2 – + 16(2)] – [ 0 – + 16(0)]}
8(2) 8(0) 5 3 5 3

5 3 5 3
= 125 π – 256 π
3 15
= 123 π units3
5
17
4. (a) y2 = 4 – x …1
y = x – 2 …2
(x – 2)2 = 4 – x
x2 – 4x + 4 = 4 – x
x2 – 3x = 0
x(x – 3) = 0
x = 0 or x = 3
x = 0, y = 0 – 2
= –2
Hence, A(0, –2)
(b) x = 3, y = 3 – 2
= 1
Hence, B(3, 1)
∫ ∫
1 1
(c) Generated volume = –2 π(4 – y2)2 dy – –2
π(y + 2)2 dy
∫ ∫
1 1
= π –2
(16 – 8y2 + y4) dy – π –2
(y2 + 4y + 4) dy
[ 8y3 + y5 ] – π [ y3 – 4y2 + 4y]

3 5 1 3 2 1
= π 16y – –2 –2
= π {[16(1) – + 1 ] – [16(–2) –
5 ]}
8(1) 8(–2) (–2) 3 5 3 5
+
3 5 3
– π {[ 1 + + 4(1)] – [ + 4(–2)]}
4(1) (–2) 4(–2) 3 2 3 2
–
3 2 3 2
= 108 π units3
5
∫ [ (2 ––6x) ]
3 6 3
1. (a) –1
(2 – x)5 dx = –1
= {– } – {– [2 – 6(–1)] }

[2 – 3] 6 6

6
= 364
3
∫ 8x – 6x2 + 8 dx =
∫ (6x + 4)(2 – x)
2 2
(b) dx
–3 2–x –3 2–x
= ∫
2
–3
6x + 4 dx

2
2
[
= 6x + 4x –3
2
]
= [3(2)2 + 4(2)] – [3(–3)2 + 4(–3)]
=5
∫ ∫
3 3
(c) –2 2x2(x2 – x) dx = –2 2x4 – 2x3 dx
= 2x – 2x
5
5
[4 3
4 –2 ]
=
5
– [
2(3)5 2(3)4
4
–
2(–2)5 2(–2)4
5
–
4 ] [ ]
= 155
2
∫ ∫
2. (a) 3 1 f (x) dx + 2 3g(x) dx = – 1 0 f (x) dx + 3 2 g(x) dx ∫ ∫
0 5 3 5
2 2
= – 1 (2) + 3(7)
2
= –1 + 21
= 20
18
∫ ∫ ∫ ∫ ∫
3 7 3 3 7
(b) 1
[ k(x) – 3] dx + 3
k(x) dx = 1
k(x) dx – 1
3 dx + 3
k(x) dx
= ∫ k(x) dx – ∫

7 3
1 1
3 dx
= 10 – [3x]1
3

= 10 – [3(3) – 3(1)]
= 10 – 6
= 4
∫
(x2 + hx – 5) dx = 28 1
4
3. 1 2
3 2 1
[
x3 + hx2 – 5x 4 = 57
2 ]
[ ] [
43 + h(4) – 5(4) – 13 + h(1) – 5(1) = 57
]
2 2
3 2 3 2 2
15 h + 6 = 57
2 2
h=3
4. (a) Equation of HK is y = –x + 2
y = –x + 2 …1
y = x2 …2
x2 = –x + 2
x2 + x – 2 = 0
(x – 1)(x + 2) = 0
x = 1 or x = –2
x = 1, y = –1 + 2
=1
º The point K is (1, 1)
∫ (y) ∫ (–y + 2) dy

4
1 2
(b) Area of region P = 2
dy –
[]
1 1
[ ]
3 4
y 2
y2 2
= – – + 2y
3 2 1
{[ ] [ ]}
2 1
{[– 22 + 2(2)] – [– 12 + 2(1)]}

3 3
2(4) 2 2(1) 2 2 2
= – –
3 3
= 14 – 1
3 2
= 25 units2
6
∫ (y) ∫ (–y + 2) dy

1
1 2
Area of region Q = 2
dy +
[]
0 1
[ ]
3 1
y 2
y2 2
= + – + 2y
3 2 1
{[ ] [ ]}
2 0
{[– 22 + 2(2)] – [– 12 + 2(1)]}

3 3
2(1) 2 2(0) 2 2 2
= – +
3 3
= 2 + 1
3 2
= 7 units2
6
19
Area of region P
Ratio of area of region P to area of region Q =
Area of region Q
25
= 6
7
6
= 25 : 7
5. (a)

y
y = 6x + x2
x
–6 O
(–3, –9)

dy
(b) = 6 + 2x
dx
At the origin (0, 0), equation of the tangent is y – 0 = [6 + 2(0)](x – 0)
y = 6x
At x = 2, y = 6(2) + (2)2
= 16
At point (2, 16), equation of the tangent is y – 16 = [6 + 2(2)](x – 2)
y = 10x – 20 + 16
y = 10x – 4
(c) 6x = 10x – 4
– 4x = – 4
x = 1
x = 1, y = 6(1)
=6
The point A is (1, 6)
6x + x2 = 10x – 4
x2 – 4x + 4 = 0
(x – 2)(x – 2) = 0
x=2
At x = 2, y = 10(2) – 4
= 16
The point B is (2, 16)
∫ ∫ ∫

2 1 2
Area of the region between the tangent and the curve = 0
6x + x2 dx – 0
6x dx – 1
10x – 4 dx
[
= 6x + x
2
2
3
3
] – [ 6x2 ] – [10x2 – 4x]
2
0
2 1
0
2 2
= {[3(2) + 2 ] – [3(0) + 0 ]}
3 3
2 2
3 3
– [3(1)2 – 3(0)2] – {[5(2)2 – 4(2)] – [5(1)2 – 4(1)]}
= 2 unit2
3
6. At x = 1, y = 12 + 2
=3
At x = 2, y = 22 + 2
=6
20
∫
6
Generated volume = π (y – 2) dy
[ y2 – 2y]
3
2 6
= π 3
= π {[ 6 – 2(6)] – [ 3 – 2(3)]}

2 2

2 2
= 15 π units3
dy 2
7. (a) = 2x
dx
dy
x = 1, = 2(1)
dx
=2
y – 5 = 2(x – 1)
y = 2x – 2 + 5
y = 2x + 3
º The point Q is (0, 3)
∫ ∫
1 1
(b) Area of the shaded region = 0
x2 + 4 dx – 0
(2x + 3) dx
3 [
= x + 4x 0 – 2x + 3x 0
3 1
2
2 1
] [ ]

3 {[
= 1 + 4(1) – 0 + 4(0)
3
3
3
] [ ]} – {[1 + 3(1)] – [0 + 3(0)]}
2 2
= 1 unit2
3
∫ π (y – 4) dy
8
(c) Generated volume = 4
= π∫ (y – 4) dy
8
4
[ y2 – 4y]
2 8
= π 4
= π {[ 8 – 4(8)] – [ 4 – 4(4)]}

2 2

2 2
= 8π units3
8. (a) x = 6 – y …1
2
3y = 8 + 2x …2
3y = 8 + 2(6 – y2)
3y = 8 + 12 – 2y2
2y2 + 3y – 20 = 0
(2y – 5)(y + 4) = 0
y = 5 or y = – 4
2
From the diagram, y = 5 , x = 6 – 5
2 2 ( ) 2
= – 1
4
( )
So, A – 1 , 5
4 2
(b) x = 0, 3y = 8
y = 8
3
x = 0, 0 = 6 – y2
y2 = 6
y = ±! 6
y = ! 6
21
∫ ( 23 x + 83 ) dx – ∫
0 0
Area of region Q = –1 –1
! 6 – x dx
4 4
= 31 – 0.619
48
= 0.027 unit2
∫
0
(c) Generated volume by region P = –1
π (6 – x) dx
4
∫ (6 – x) dx
0
= π –1
4
= π [6x – x ]
2 0

2 –1
{[ [ ]}
4
(– 14 )
] ( )
2
= π 6(0) – 0 – 6 – 1 –
2

2 4 2
= 49 π units3
32
Self-Exercise 3.8
1. (a) Sketch the food cover on the Cartesian plane:
y
x
–50 O 50
–50
(–50, –50) (50, –50)

Substitute the point (50, –50):
–50 = –k(50)2
k = 1
50
∫
0
(b) Interior volume = –50 π (–50y) dy
= π – [
50y2 0
2 –50 ]
= π{[–25(0)2] – [–25(50)2)]}
= 62 500π cm3
2. (a) S(t) = A (20 – t)
1 000
∫ 48 000 (20 – t) dt
7
Amount of depreciation after 7 years = 0 1 000
= ∫
7
0
960 – 48t dt
[
= 960t – 48t 0
2
2 7
]
= [960(7) – 24(7)2] – [960(0) – 24(0)2]
= RM5 544
The price of the car after 7 years = RM48 000 – RM5 544
= RM42 456
22
∫ 88 500 (20 – t) dt
5
(b) Amount of depreciation after 5 years =
1 000 0
= ∫ 770 – 177t dt

5
1
0 2
[
= 1 770t – 177t 0
4
2 5
]
[
= 1 770(5) –
177(5)2
4
– 1 770(0) –
4 ] [
177(0)2
]
= RM7 743.75
Percentage of depreciation = 7 743.75 × 100%
88 500
= 8.75%
1. Given dh = 5 cm min–1 and dV = 3 t – 6
dt dh 5
dV = dV × dh
dt dh dt
(
= 3 t – 6 × 5
5 )
= 3t – 30
∫
30
Volume of oil leaked out from the tank = 0
3t – 30 dt

2
2
[
= 3t – 30t 0
30
]
[
= 3 (30)2 – 30(30) – 3 (0)2 – 30(0)
2 2 ] [ ]
= 450 cm3
∫
2.8
2. Internal volume generated by the function = 0
π (44.8 – 16y) dy
= 197.0407
∫
3
External volume generated by the function = 0
π (60 – 20y) dy
= 282.7433
Volume of the plastic filament used to make 20 machine covers
= (282.7433 – 197.0407) × 20
= 1 714.052 cm3
The estimated cost of the plastic filament used to make 20 machine covers
= 1 714.052 × RM0.07
= RM119.98
[
3. (a) dK = 50 1 + 300 2
dt (t + 25) ]
dK = 50 + 15 000
dt (t + 25)2
∫ 50 + 15 0002 dt
5
Number of machines produced after 5 years = 0 (t + 25)
= ∫
5
0
50 + 15 000(t + 25)–2 dt
[ 15 000(t–1+ 25) ]
–1 5
= 50t + 0
= [50(5) – 15 000 ] – [50(0) – 15 000 ]

(5 + 25) (0 + 25)
= 350
23
∫ 50 + 15 0002 dt
6
(b) Number of machines produced after 6 years = 0 (t + 25)
= ∫
6
0
50 + 15 000(t + 25)–2 dt
[ 15 000(t–1+ 25) ]
–1 6
= 50t + 0
= [50(6) – 15 000 ] – [50(0) – 15 000 ]

(6 + 25) (0 + 25)
= 416.129
≈ 416
Number of machines produced in the 6th year = 416 – 350
= 66
Summative Exercise
∫
1. (a) x(x – 2)(x + 3) dx = x3 + x2 – 6x dx ∫
= x + x – 6x + c
4 3 2

4 3 2
= 1 x4 + 1 x3 – 3x2 + c
4 3
(b) ∫ (2x 2– 3) 3 ∫
dx = 2(2x – 3)–3 dx
2(2x – 3)–2
= +c
2(–2)
= – 1 +c
2(2x – 3)2
2. (a) ∫ (3x 2– 2) n ∫
dx = 2(3x – 2)–n dx
2(3x – 2)–n + 1
= +c
3(–n + 1)
= 2 (3x – 2)–n + 1 + c
(3 – 3n)
Compare with a(3x – 2)–2 + c:
–n + 1 = –2
n = 3
a= 2
3 – 3(3)
a = – 1
3
(b) 1
3
∫ 8
(3x – 2)3
dx = 4 – 1
[ 3
3(3x – 2)2 1 ]
= 4 – 1
[{
3[3(3) – 2]2
– – 1
} {
3[3(1) – 2]2 }]
= 64
49
dy 3(2)(2)(2x + 1)(5x – 1) – (5)[3(2x + 1)2]
3. =
dx (5x – 1)2
= 60x – 24x –2 27
2
(5x – 1)
3(20x2 – 8x – 9)
=
(5x – 1)2
∫
3(20x2 – 8x – 9)
4
1(5x – 1)2
dx =
3(2x + 1)2 4
5x – 1 1 [ ]
=
3[2(4) + 1]2
5(4) – 1
– [
3[2(1) + 1]2
5(1) – 1 ] [ ]
= 459
76
24
∫
4. f (x) = 2x2 + 5x – r dx
f (x) = 2x + 5x – rx + c
3 2
3 2
f (1) = 14
2(1)3 5(1)2
+ – r(1) + c = 14
3 2
2 + 5 – r + c = 14
3 2
r = 2 + 5 – 14 + c
3 2
r = c – 65 …1
6
f (–2) = –16
2(–2)3 5(–2)2
+ – r(–2) + c = –16
3 2
– 16 + 10 + 2r + c = –16
3
2r + c = –16 + 16 – 10
3
2r + c = – 62 …2
3
(
2 c – 65 + c = – 62
6 3 )
c = 1
3
r = 1 – 65
3 6
= – 21
2
∫ ∫ ∫ ∫
2 2 2 4
5. (a) 0
f (x) dx – 4
f (x) dx = 0
f (x) dx + 2
f (x) dx
= ∫
4
0
f (x) dx
=4
∫ ∫
4 v
(b) 0
f (x) dx + 1
[g(x) + x] dx = 19
∫ ∫ ∫
4 v v
0
f (x) dx + 1
g(x) dx + 1
x dx = 19
4+3+ x 1=
2
2 v
[ ] 19
7+ v – 1 =
2
19
2 2
v2 = 25
2 2
v2 = 25
v= 5 or v = –5
Hence, v = 5 (. 1)
6. dV = 10t + 3
dt
∫
V = 10t + 3 dt
V = 10t + 3t + c
2
2
V = 5t2 + 3t + c
Substitute t = 2 and V = 24 into the function:
24 = 5(2)2 + 3(2) + c
c = –2
V = 5t2 + 3t – 2
When t = 5, V = 5(5)2 + 3(5) – 2
= 138 cm3
25

7. (a) 3y = 4x – 13 …1
x = 2y2 + 2 …2
3y = 4(2y2 + 2) – 13
8y2 – 3y – 5 = 0
(8y + 5)(y – 1) = 0
y = – 5 or y = 1
8
y = 1, x = 2(1)2 + 2
=4
Hence, K(4, 1)
∫
1
(b) Area of the shaded region = 0 (2y2 + 2) dy
[ 2y3 + 2y]
3 1
=
0
= [ + 2(1)] – [ ]
2(1) 2(0) 3 3
+ 2(0)
3 3
= 8 units2
3
8. (a) 3x2 + 2x + 4 = (x – 4)2
2x2 + 10x – 12 = 0
2(x – 1)(x + 6) = 0
x = 1 or x = – 6
x = 1, y = (1 – 4)2
=9
The equilibrium point P is (1, 9)
(b) Consumer surplus
∫
1
= (x – 4)2 dx – 1 × 9
0
= ∫
1
x2 – 8x + 16 dx – 1 × 9
0
[
= x – 8x + 16x – 9
3
3
2
2 1
0
]
= [ 1
3
3
2
3
3
] [
– 4(1) + 16(1) – 0 – 4(0)2 + 16(0) – 9 ]
= 10 units2
3
(c) Producer surplus
∫
1
=1×9– (3x2 + 2x + 4) dx
0

3 [
= 9 – 3x + 2x + 4x
3
2
2
] 1
= 9 – {[13 + 12 + 4(1)] – [03 + 02 + 4(0)]}

= 3 units2
3y – 18
9. (a) x = …1
2
4x = 4 – y2 …2
4
2(
3y – 18
)
= 4 – y2
–y2 – 6y + 40 = 0
–(y – 4)(y + 10) = 0
y = 4 or y = –10
3(4) – 18
At y = 4, x =
2
= –3
º P(–3, 4)
26
(b) At x = 0,
3y = 18 + 2(0)
y = 18
3
y=6
4(0) = 4 – y2
y2 = 4
y = 2 or y = –2
y = 2
Area of shaded region A
∫ ∫
4 4 – y2 6 3y – 18
=  dy  +  dy 
2 4 4 2
[ ]   [
=  y –
y3 4
12 2
+
3y2
4
6
]
– 9y 
4
=  [4 – 4 ] – [2 – 2 ] +  [ ] [ 3(4)4 ]

3 3(6)3 2 2
– 9(6) – – 9(4) 
12 12 4
= 17 units2
3
(c) Generated volume of the shaded region B
∫
0
= π(4 – 4x) dx
–3
[
= π 4x – 4x
2 0
2 –3 ]
= π{[4(0) – 2(0)2] – [4(–3) – 2(–3)2]}
= 30π units3
10. (a) y = –x2 + 4
dy
= –2x
dx
dy
x = 1, = –2(1)
dx
= –2
y – 3 = –2(x – 1)
y = –2x + 2 + 3
y = –2x + 5
When x = 0, y = 5
When y = 0, –2x + 5 = 0
x= 5
2
5
( )
Hence, P(0, 5), R , 0 and S(0, 4)
2
(b) Area of the shaded region
∫ ∫
1 1
= (–2x + 5) dx – (–x2 + 4) dx
[ ] [ ]
0 0
= – 2x + 5x – – x + 4x
2 1 3 1
2 3
{[– 13 + 4(1)] – [– 03 + 4(0)]}
0 0
3 3
= {[–(1)2 + 5(1)] – [–(0)2 + 5(0)]} –
= 1 unit2
3
∫
4
(c) Generated volume = π(4 – y) dy
3
∫
4
= π (4 – y) dy
3
[ y2 ]
2 4
= π 4y –
3
= π {[4(4) – 4 ] – [4(3) – 3 ]}
2 2

2 2
= 1 π units3
2
27
11. p(2)2 + 6(2) = 24
4p + 12 = 24
4p = 12
p = 3
q = 24(2) – 30
q = 18
12. (a) Area of region P
∫ ∫
–3 –2
= ! (x + 28) dx + x2 – 4 dx
[ ]
–28 –3
[ ]
3 –3
(x + 28) 2
+ x – 4x
3 –2
=
3 3
[ ]
–3
2
{[ ] [ ]}
–28
3 3
2(–3 + 28) 2 2(–28 + 28) 2 (–2)3 (–3)3
= – + – 4(–2) – – 4(–3)
3 3 3 3
= 250 + 7
3 3
= 257 units2
3
∫
10
(b) Generated volume = π(y + 4) dy
– 4
∫
10
= π y + 4 dy
– 4
[ y2 + 4y]
2 10
= π
– 4
= π {[ 10 + 4(10)] – [ + 4(– 4)]}

(– 4)
2 2

2 2
= 98π units3
13. (a) Substitute (5, 33) into the function y = 2x2 – 3x + c:
33 = 2(5)2 – 3(5) + c
c = –2
On the x-axis, 2x2 – 3x – 2 = 0
(x – 2)(2x + 1) = 0
x = 2 or x = – 1
2
A(2, 0)
(b) Area of the shaded region
∫ ∫
2 5
= (2x2 – 3x – 2) dx  + (2x2 – 3x – 2) dx
0 2
[
=  2x – 3x – 2x  + 2x – 3x – 2x
3
3
2
2 2
0 3
3
2] [
2 5
2
]
=  [
2(2)3 3(2)2
3
–
2
– 2(2) –
2(0)3 3(0)2
3
–
2 ] [
– 2(0)  +
2(5)3 3(5)2
3
–
2
– 2(5) –
3
–] {[
2(2)3 3(2)2
2
– 2(2) ] [ ]}
= 14 + 81
3 2
= 271 units2
6
π (2x2 – 3x – 2)2 dx
∫
2
(c) Generated volume (180°) =
0 2
= π (2x2 – 3x – 2)2 dx ∫
2

2 0
= π 4x 4 – 12x3 + x2 + 12x + 4 dx ∫
2

2 0
= π 4x – 12x + x + 12x + 4x
2 5
5
4
4
3
3
2
2
[ 2
0
]
π 4(2)5 2
{[ 4(0)5
– 3(0)4 + 0 + 6(0)2 + 4(0) ] [ ]}
3 3
= – 3(2) +
4
+ 6(2) + 4(2) –
2
2 5 3 5 3
= 92 π units3
15
28
14. 30 = a(30)2
a = 1
30
Volume of the container
∫
30
= π(30y) dy
0
= π [ ]
30y2 30
2 0
= π{15(30)2 – 15(0)2}
= 42 411.5 cm3
The mass of rice that can be stored = 42 411.5 × 1.182
= 50 130.393 g
= 50.13 kg
15. (a) Volume of the swimming pool
∫
5
= (3t 2 + 14t) dt
0
= 3t + 14t
3
3
2
2
[ ] 5
= [53 + 7(5)2] – [03 + 7(0)2]

= 300 m3
(b) Area of the base of the pool × depth of the pool = volume of the pool
Area of the base of the pool = 300
1.2
= 250 m2

Cost to paint the base of the pool = RM250 × 5
= RM1 250
º Mr Razak is not able to paint the base of the pool completely because the amount of money allocated is
less than the actual cost.
29
Answers
CHAPTER 4 PERMUTATION AND COMBINATION
2.
Curry gravy {Roti canai, Curry gravy}
Roti canai
Dal gravy {Roti canai, Dal gravy}
Curry gravy {Roti nan, Curry gravy}

Roti nan
Dal gravy {Roti nan, Dal gravy}
Curry gravy {Roti jala, Curry gravy}

Roti jala
Dal gravy {Roti jala, Dal gravy}

3. 3 types of bread × 2 types of gravy = 6 ways to choose a set
4. 3 types of bread × 2 types of gravy × 4 types of drinks = 24 ways to choose a set
The number of digits from 0 to 9 is 10. Each digit of the code has 10 digits to choose from. Thus, the number of
ways a 4-digit code can be formed = 10 × 10 × 10 × 10 = 10 000.
Self-Exercise 4.1
1. Number of ways to match a shirt with a pair of pants:
3 × 5 = 15
2. Number of ways to obtain a set of answers:
15 × 2 = 30
3. (a) Number of ways to use the same road:
4 × 5 × 1 × 1 = 20
(b) Number of ways not to use the same road:
4 × 5 × 4 × 3 = 240
3. There are two methods that can be used.
Method 1: List all possible arrangements.
TUAH TUHA TAUH TAHU THUA THAU
UT A H UTHA UATH UAHT UHAT UHTA
ATUH ATHU AUTH AUHT AHTU AHUT
HTUA HTAU HUTA HUAT HATU HAUT
There are 24 ways to arrange the letters without repetition.
Method 2:
Fill in the blanks below.

4 options 3 options 2 options 1 option
1
For the first box, there are four ways to fill the letters: it can be either T, U, A or H.
For the second box, there are three ways to fill the letters.
For the third box, there are two ways to fill the letters.
For the fourth box, there is one way to fill the letter.
Using multiplication rule, the number of possible arrangements is 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 24.
It is known that n! = n × (n – 1) × (n – 2) × … × 3 × 2 × 1
Can also be written as n! = n × (n – 1)!
Next, (n – 1)! = n!
n
Substitute the value of n = 1
(1 – 1)! = 1!
1
0! = 1
n! n! × (n – 1)! × (n – 2)! × (n – 3)!… × 3 × 2 × 1
(a) =
(n – 2)! (n – 2)! × (n – 3)! × … × 3 × 2 × 1
= n(n – 1)!
(n – 1)! (n – 1)!
(b) =
n! n(n – 1)!
1
=
n
Types of Number of
Arrangement
arrangement arrangements
Linear API IAP PIA AIP PAI IPA 6
A I P A P I
Circular I P = P A = A I P I = I A = A P 2
5. If the word API is linearly arranged, the number of possible ways is 3! = 6. If the word API is arranged in a
circle, it is found that 3 linear permutations is equal to 1 permutation when it is arranged in a circle.
Self-Exercise 4.2
1. (a) 8! = 8 × 7 × 6 × 5!
5! 5!
= 336
(b) 8! – 6! = 8 × 7 × 6! – 6!
6! 6!
6!(8 × 7 – 1)
=
6!
= 55
(c) 4! = 4 × 3 × 2 × 1
2!2! 2 × 1 × 2 × 1
=6
(d) 7!5! = 7 × 6 × 5 × 4! × 5 × 4 × 3!
4!3! 4! 3!
= 4 200
2. (a) Given n = 4.
Thus, the number of permutations is 4! = 24.
(b) Given n = 5.
2
(c) Given n = 6.
(b) Given n = 9.
Thus, the number of permutations is 9! = 362 880.
3. There are 7 customers who need to be arranged to sit at a round table.
Thus, the number of ways to arrange the 7 customers is (7 – 1)! = 6! = 720.
4. Given n = 8. It is found that, clockwise and anticlockwise arrangements do not make any difference. Thus, the
(8 – 1)! 7!
number of ways to arrange 8 gemstones of different colours to form a chain is = = 2 520.
2 2
(a) n
P2 = 20
n!
= 20
(n – 2)!
n(n – 1)(n – 2)!
= 20
(n – 2)!
n(n – 1) = 20
n2 – n – 20 = 0
(n + 4)(n – 5) = 0
n=5
(b) n+2
P3 = 30n
(n + 2)!
= 30n
(n + 2 – 3)!
(n + 2)(n + 1)n(n – 1)!
= 30n
(n – 1)!
(n + 2)(n + 1) = 30
n2 + n + 2 – 30 = 0
n2 – 3n – 28 = 0
(n – 4)(n + 7) = 0
n=4
(c) n+1
P4 = 10nP2
(n + 1)! n!
= 10
(n – 3)! (n – 2)!
(n + 1)! (n – 3)!
= 10
n! (n – 2)!
(n + 1)n! (n – 3)!
= 10
n! (n – 2)(n – 3)!
(n + 1)(n – 2) = 10
n2 – n – 2 – 10 = 0
n2 – n – 12 = 0
(n – 4)(n + 3) = 12
n=4
Self-Exercise 4.3
1. (a) 5P3 = 5! = 5! = 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 60
(5 – 3)! 2! 2×1
(b) 8P7 = 8! = 8! = 40 320
(8 – 7)! 1!
(c) 9P5 = 9! = 9 × 8 × 7 × 6 × 5 × 4! = 15 120
4! 4!
(d) 7P7 = 7! = 7 × 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 5 040
2. There are 9 participants competing for the first three places
9
P3 = 9! = 504
(9 – 3)!
3
3. There are 5 gates that can be entered by 3 people.
5
P3 = 5! = 60
(5 – 3)!
4. There are 8 digits to choose from to form a four-digit numbers
8
P4 = 8! = 1 680
(8 – 4)!
5. There are 6 out of 10 plates that need to be arranged in a circle. Clockwise and anticlockwise arrangements do
not make any difference.
10
P6
= 25 200
6
2.
P A2 A1PA2
A1
A2 P A1A2P
A1 A2 PA1A2
P
A2 A1 PA2A1

A1 P A2A1P
A2
P A1 A2PA1

3. Number of arrangements = 3 2 1
= 3×2×1
= 6
= 3
P3
= 3!
4. When A1 = A = A2 where two identical arrangements is considered as one arrangement, then there are 3
arrangements obtained, namely APA, AAP and PAA. The way to get these 3 arrangements is to divide the total
number of letters in A1PA2 by 2 identical letters in A, which is 3! = 3.
There are 9 letters with 3 identical letters S and 3 identical letters I.
Only 7 letters need to be arranged. They are three S, three I and one from M, B or O
Two methods to find the number of ways to arrange the letter:
Method 1: 3 × 8! = 3 360
3!3!
Method 2 = S = 1 × 8! = 3 360
2!3!
8!
2!3!
Self-Exercise 4.4
1. (a) Given n = 6. There are two O as identical object.
The number of permutations = 6! = 360.
2!
(b) Given n = 7. There are three A as identical object.
Number of permutations = 7! = 840
3!
(c) Given n = 9. There are two T and two I as identical object.
Number of permutations = 9! = 90 720
2!2!
4
(d) Given n = 14. There are five S, three I and two O as identical object.
Number of permutations = 14! = 60 540 480
5!3!2!
2. Given the number of pens, n = 8. There are 5 identical blue pens and 3 identical red pens.
Number of permutations, 8! = 56
5!3!
3. Given the number of flags, n = 10. The identical objects are 4 white flags and 6 yellow flags.
6!4!
4. Given 4, 6 and 8 are repeated twice and 3 only once, thus n = 7.
2!2!2!
Self-Exercise 4.5
1. (a) There are 3! = 6 ways to arrange the consonant letters.
There are 2! = 2 ways to arrange the vowel letters.
The number of ways is 3! × 2! = 12.
(b) There are 2! = 2 ways to arrange the vowel letters at the beginning and end of the arrangement.
There are 3! = 6 ways to arrange the rest of the letters.
The number of ways is 3! × 2! = 12.
(c) If the vowels and consonants are in their respective groups,
KKK VV
There are 3! × 2! = 12 ways to arrange the consonants in its group at the front and the vowels in its group at
the back.
VV KKK
There are 2! × 3! = 12 ways to arrange the vowels in its group at the front and the consonants
in its group at the back.
Thus, the number of possible permutations is 12 + 12 = 24.
2. There are 6 digits to choose from.
There are 5 digits that qualify to form 4-digit numbers that are more than 2 000, namely 2, 4, 5, 6 and 7.
Permutating the first digit is 5P1.
For the next 3 remaining digits, the number of permutations = 5P3.
Thus, the number of ways a 4 digit number greater than 2 000 to be formed is 5P1 × 5P3 = 300.
3. There are 12 letters in the word TRIGONOMETRI with two T, two R, two I and two O. Since the first letter is
G and the last letter is E, then the number of arrangements = 10! = 22 680.
2!2!2!2!
4. (a) The number of ways to arrange 6 family members at a round table is (6 – 1)! = 120.
(b) Assuming the mother and father make one unit, the number of ways to arrange a mother and a father with
4 children is (5 – 1)! = 24
The positions of the mother and father can be changed by 2! = 2 ways.
Thus, 24 × 2 = 42 ways.
1. (5 × 2) × (5 × 4) = 200
2. (a) 10 × 10 × 10 = 1 000
(b) 10 × 9 × 8 = 720 or 10P3 = 720
3. Number of numbers that is between 5 000 and 6 000 is 1P1 × 4P3 = 24.
The number of even numbers between 5 000 and 6 000 is given by 1P1 × 3P1 × 3P2 = 18.
4. (a) 2P2 × 9P9 = 725 760 or 2! × 9! = 725 760

(b) 2P2 × 8P8 = 80 640 or 2! × 8! = 80 640
(c) 10P10 – (2P2 × 9P9) = 2 903 040 or 10! – (2! × 9!) = 2 903 040
5. BAKU: 4! = 24
BAKA: 4! = 12
2!
Not the same because the word BAKA contains identical object, which is A.
5
6. 8! = 56
5!3!
7
P
7. 6 = 840
6
Self-Exercise 4.6
Combination because there is no condition of the position to choose the channel.

n!
It is known that nCr =
r!(n – r)!
n
C0 = n! , nC1 = n!
0!n! 1!(n – 1)!
n(n – 1)!
= 1 =
(n – 1)!
= n
In Example 7, the seating positions are important, namely the President, Vice President and Secretary. Therefore, the
concept of permutations is used.
In Example 15, the seating positions is not taken into account. Any three candidates can be chosen as committee
members.
Self-Exercise 4.7
1. (a) 12P3 × 9P2 = 95 040
(b) 12C5 = 12! = 12! = 792
5!(12 – 5)! 5!7!
2. C3 =
25 25! = 25! = 2 300
3!(25 – 3)! 3!22!
3. 6C4 = 6! = 6! = 15
4!(6 – 4)! 4!2!
4. Number of lines that can be formed with the vertices, 8C2 = 8! = 8! = 28
2!(8 – 2)! 2!6!
Thus, the number of diagonals is 28 – 8 = 20.
The same answer will be obtained whether five or three people are choosen first.
10
C2 × 8C3 × 5C5 = 2 520
10
C5 × 5C3 × 2C2 = 2 520
10
C3 × 7C5 × 2C2 = 2 520
Self-Exercise 4.8
1. 5C2 × 3C1 = 30
2. 3C2 × 6C4 = 45
3. (a) 5C5 × 6C2 = 15
(b) When selecting at least five female graduates, there are two possible cases, namely
6 female graduates are selected, 5C1 × 6C6 = 5
5 female graduates are selected, 5C2 × 6C5 = 60
Thus, the number of ways is (5C1 × 6C6) + (5C2 × 6C5) = 65
6
1. It is known that nCr = n!
r!(n – r)!
n
Cn – r = n!
(n – r)!(n – (n – r))!
n
Cn – r = n!
(n – r)!(n – n + r)!
n
Cn – r = n!
(n – r)! r!
n
Cn – r = nCr
2. (a) C5 = 56
8
(b) 5C3 × 3C2 = 30

(c) (5C4 × 3C1) + (5C5 × 3C0) = 15 + 1 = 16
3. (4C4 × 3C1) + (4C3 × 3C2) = 15
4.
( C4 × C4) + ( C3 × C5) + ( C2 × C6) = 45
4 6 4 6 4 6
5. (a) 12C4 × 8C4 × 4C4 = 34 650

(b) 12C6 × 6C6 = 924
Summative Exercise
1. Number of four-letter code that can be formed without repetition, 8P4 = 1 680
Number of four-letter code beginning with a consonant, 5P1 × 7P3 = 1 050
2. 10 digits and 26 letters, 36P6 = 1 402 410 240
3. (a) Number of arrangements that do not begin with the letter S,
5P5 – (1P1 × 4P4) = 96 or 5! – (1 × 4!) = 96
(b) Number of arrangements that do not end with the letter S or P,
5P5 – (2P1 × 3P3 × 1P1) = 108
4. 5 matches with 3 outcomes, 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 = 243
5. There are 7 letters, n = 7 in the word JANJANG. There are two J, two A and two N.
The number of possible arrangements, 2!6! = 180
2!2!2!
6. There are 15 shirts, n = 15. There are 2 size-S, 3 size-M, 6 size-L and 2 size-XL.
Number of ways, 13! = 360 360
2!3!6!2!
7
P5
7. There are 7 saplings, n = 7, = 504
5
8. (a) The arrangements of Emma and Fakhrul together with the others is (5 – 1)!.
Emma and Fakhrul's positions can be exchanged.
Thus, (5 – 1)! × 2 = 24 × 2 = 48 ways.
(b) The number of arrangements of all people in the circle is (6 – 1)! = 120.
It is known from (a), the number of ways Emma and Fakhrul are next to each other is 48.
Thus, 120 – 48 = 72 ways .
9. There are 3 red flowers, 4 blue flowers and 5 white flowers.
(12 – 1)!
= 1 155
2 × 3!4!5!
10. If the candidate answers 4 questions in part A, 6C4 × 7C6 = 105
If the candidate answers 5 questions in part A, 6C5 × 7C5 = 126
If the candidate answers 6 questions in part A, 6C6 × 7C4 = 35
Thus, 105 + 126 + 35 = 266 ways.
7
11. (a) Number of ways a committee can be formed without any conditions, 8C3 = 56

(b) Number of ways a committee can be formed from 4 husbands, 4C3 = 4
(c) From (a), 8C3 = 56 ways
Number of ways a committee can be formed if married couple are selected, 4C1 = 4
The remaining one committee member can be selected from the other 6 people, 6C1 = 6 ways.
Therefore, the number of ways a committee is formed if there is a married couple selected,
C1 × 6C1 = 24
4
Thus, the number of ways a committee is selected if no married couple can hold the position is 56 – 24 = 32.
12. (a) Number of ways 4 people choose a seat, 4C1 × 3C3 = 4

(b) Number of ways to choose a seat if Zara sits in the front, 1C1 × 3C3 = 1
(c) Number of ways to choose a seat if Zara sits at the back, 3C1 × 2C2 × 1C1 = 3
13. (a) Number of ways to shake hands with each other, 15C2 = 105
(b) Number of ways 3 people who know each other shake hands is given by 3C2.
Thus, 15C2 – 3C2 = 102
14. (a) Number of straight lines that can be formed, 9C2 = 36
(b) Number of triangles that can be formed, 9C3 = 84
(c) Number of rectangles that can be formed, 9C4 = 126
8
Answers
CHAPTER 5 PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION
Yes. Pupils’ mass cannot be pre-determined.
Self-Exercise 5.1
1. (a) {win, draw, lose}
(b) {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
(c) {0, 1, 2, 3}
2. X = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}
3. Activity 1
• Countable.
• Values are in integer form.
Activity 2
• Values are not in integer form.
• Values are in a certain interval.
Self-Exercise 5.2
1. (a) X = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. Discrete random variable
(b) X = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}. Discrete random variable
(c) X = {x : 3 < x < 460}. Continuous random variable
4. (a) X = (0, 1, 2}
(b) The probability of getting an odd number for each draw is 3 .
5
5. Let G be getting an odd number and G be getting an even number.
First Second
selection selection Outcomes X=r P(X = r)
3 3 × 3 = 9
5
G {G, G} 2 5 5 25
G
3 2 3 × 2 = 6
5 5
G {G, G} 1 5 5 25
3 2 × 3 = 6
2
5 G {G, G} 1 5 5 25
5
G
2
G {G, G} 0 2 × 2 = 4
5 5 5 25
6. (a) P(X = 0) = 2 × 2 = 4
5 5 25
P(X = 1) = 3 × 2 + 2 × 3 = 12
5 5 5 5 25
P(X = 2) = 3 × 3 = 9
5 5 25
(b) Total probability = 4 + 12 + 9
25 25 25
= 25
25
=1
1
7. The probability for each value of X is between 0 and 1 and the total probability is 1.
Self-Exercise 5.3
1. (a) X = {0, 1, 2, 3}
(b) Let H be the switch that is on and H be the switch that is off.
Switch 1 Switch 2 Switch 3
P(H, H, H) = 1 × 1 × 1 = 1
1 H
3 3 3 3 27
1 H
3 2
3
H P(H, H, H) = × × 2 = 2
1 1
H 3 3 3 27
P(H, H, H) = 1 × 2 × 1 = 2
1
1 2 3 H
3 3 H 3 3 3 27
2
3
H P(H, H, H) = × × 2 = 4
1 2
3 3 3 27
1
3 H P(H, H, H) = × × = 2
2 1 1
2 H 3 3 3 27
1
3 3 2 2 × 1 × 2 = 4
H P(H, H, H) =
H
3 3 3 3 27
P(H, H, H) = × × 1 = 4
2 2
1
2 3 H
3 H 3 3 3 27
2 H P(H, H, H) = × × 2 = 8
2 2

3 3 3 3 27
(c) Total probability = 1 + 2 + 2 + 4 + 2 + 4 + 4 + 8 = 27 = 1
27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27
2. (a) X = {0, 1, 2}
(b) Let P be the white cars and P be non white cars.
I II
0.38 P P(P, P) = 0.38 × 0.38 = 0.1444
P
0.38 0.62 P P(P, P) = 0.38 × 0.62 = 0.2356
0.62 0.38 P P(P, P) = 0.62 × 0.38 = 0.2356

P
0.62 P P(P, P) = 0.62 × 0.62 = 0.3844

3. (a) X = {0, 1, 2, 3}
(b) Let G be getting a head and G be getting a tail.
1
2 G P(G, G, G) = 1 × 1 × 1 = 1
G 2 2 2 8
1
2 1 G P(G, G, G) = × × = 1
1 1 1
G
2 2 2 2 8
1
1 2 G P(G, G, G) = × × = 1
1 1 1
1 2
G 2 2 2 8
2
1 G P(G, G, G) = × × = 1
1 1 1
2 2 2 2 8
1
2 G 1
P(G, G, G) = × × = 1 1 1
1
G 2 2 2 8
2 1
2 1
2
G P(G, G, G) = × × = 1
1 1 1
G 2 2 2 8
1
1 2 G P(G, G, G) = × × = 1
1 1 1
2
G 2 2 2 8
1 G P(G, G, G) = × × = 1
1 1 1

2 2 2 2 8
()
8
(c) Total probability = 8 1 = 1; ∑ P(X = ri) = 1
8 i=1
2
No.
If the first product K is not returned to the box, P(K) = 4 (Only 4 products K remain and the box has 7 products only).
7
If the second product K is not returned to the box, only 3 products K remain and the box has only 6 products now.
Thus, P(K) = 3 = 1 .
6 2
8 8( )( )
(a) P(X = 0) = 3C0 5 3 = 27
0 3
512
(b) P(X = 2) = 3C2 5
8 8( )( )
2 3 1
= 225
512
8 8( )( )
(c) P(X = 3) = 3C3 5 3 = 125
3 0
512
4
27 + 135 + 225 + 125
∑ P(X = ri) = 512
i=1 512 512 512
=1
Self-Exercise 5.4
1. X = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
P(X = 0) = 5C0(0.6)0(0.4)5 = 0.0102
P(X = 1) = 5C1(0.6)1(0.4)4 = 0.0768
P(X = 2) = 5C2(0.6)2(0.4)3 = 0.2304
P(X = 3) = 5C3(0.6)3(0.4)2 = 0.3456
P(X = 4) = 5C4(0.6)4(0.4)1 = 0.2592
P(X = 5) = 5C5(0.6)5(0.4)0 = 0.0778
P(X = r)
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0 r
0 1 2 3 4 5
2. (a) X = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}
P(X = 0) = 4C0(0.59)0(0.41)4 = 0.0282
P(X = 1) = 4C1(0.59)1(0.41)3 = 0.1627
P(X = 2) = 4C2(0.59)2(0.41)2 = 0.3511
P(X = 3) = 4C3(0.59)3(0.41)1 = 0.3368
P(X = 4) = 4C4(0.59)4(0.41)0 = 0.1212
X=r 0 1 2 3 4
P(X = r) 0.0282 0.1627 0.3511 0.3368 0.1212
3
(b)
P(X = r)
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0 r
0 1 2 3 4

3. X = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}
P(X = 0) = 4C0 1
3
0
( ) ( 23 ) = 0.1975
4
P(X = 1) = 4C1 1
3
1
( ) ( 23 ) = 0.3951
3
P(X = 2) = 4C2 1
3
2
( ) ( 23 ) = 0.2963
2
P(X = 3) = 4C3 1
3
3
( ) ( 23 ) = 0.0988
1
P(X = 4) = 4C4 1
3
4
( ) ( 23 ) = 0.0123
0
P(X = r)
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0 r
0 1 2 3 4

1. (a) X = {0, 1, 2}
(b) Discrete random variable
2. (a) X = {x : 1.2 cm < x < 10.2 cm}
(b) Continuous random variable
4
3. (a) ∑ P(X = ri) = 0.2 + 0.35 + 0.3 + 0.15
i = 1 =1
4
Hence, ∑ P(X = ri) = 1 is a discrete random variable.
i=1
(b)
P(X = r)
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0 r
0 1 2 3

4. (a) X = {0, 1, 2, 3}
(b) P(X = 0) = 3C0(0.2)0(0.8)3 = 0.512
P(X = 1) = 3C1(0.2)1(0.8)2 = 0.384
4
P(X = 2) = 3C2(0.2)2(0.8)1 = 0.096
P(X = 3) = 3C3(0.2)3(0.8)0 = 0.008
4
∑ P(X = ri) = 0.512 + 0.384 + 0.096 + 0.008
i = 1 =1
4
Hence, ∑ P(X = ri) = 1 is a discrete random variable.
i=1
(c)
P(X = r)
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0 r
0 1 2 3

5. p + p + (p + q) + q + q = 1
3p + 3q = 1 …1
p = 2q …2
Substitute 2 into 1, 3(2q) + 3q = 1
6q + 3q = 1
9q = 1
q= 1
9
p=2 1 = 2
9 9 ()
6. (a)
Outcomes
M 3
M S 2.5
K 2
M 2.5
M S S 2
K 1.5
M 2
K S 1.5
K 1
M 2.5
M S 2
K 1.5
M 2
S S S 1.5
K 1
M 1.5
K S 1
K 0.5
M 2
M S 1.5
K 1
M 1.5
K S S 1
K 0.5
M 1
K S 0.5
K 0

5
(b) X = {0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3}
(c) P(X = 0) = 1 × 1 × 1 = 1
3 3 3 27
(
P(X = 0.5) = 3 1 × 1 × 1 = 3
3 3 3 27 )
(
P(X = 1) = 6 1 × 1 × 1 = 6
3 3 3 27)
P(X = 1.5) = 7 × × 1
(
3 3 3
1 1 = 7
27 )
P(X = 2) = 6 × × 1
(
3 3 3
1 1 = 6
27)
P(X = 2.5) = 3 × × 1
(
3 3 3
1 1 = 3
27 )
1
P(X = 3) = × × = 1 1 1
3 3 3 27
P(X = r)
_7
27
_6
27
_5
27
_4
27
_3
27
_2
27
_1
27
0 r
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

6. (a) Yes
(b) Independent. No
(c) Two types – odd numbers, even numbers
(d) X = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}
Self-Exercise 5.5
1. (a) X = {0, 1}
(b) p = 0.3
So, q = 1 – 0.3 = 0.7
Thus, the probability of ‘failure’ is 0.7.
2. Not a binomial experiment because the first toss is not the same as the second toss.
P(toss 1) = 1
2
P(toss 2) = 1
6
3. Binomial distribution
(a) There are two possible outcomes, namely salary over RM2 000 and salary less than RM2 000.
(b) Independent.
(c) Discrete random variable, X = {0, 1, 2, 3}.
(d) Probability of salary over RM2 000 = 1 each time.
2
4. Yes.
(a) P(students taking part-time job) = 9 . Fixed
10
(b) X = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}. Discrete random variable.
6
(c) Independent.
(d) Only two types of outcomes.
5.
Continuing his studies abroad
Continuing his studies locally
Do not continue his studies
There are three types of outcomes.
Not a binomial distribution because the binomial distribution has only two outcomes in each trial.
P(X , 1) + P(X . 2) = P(X = 0) + P(X = 3)
= 0.42 + 0.02
= 0.44
Self-Exercise 5.6
1. P(using a smartphone) = 0.57, n = 8
(a) P(X = 6) = 8C6(0.57)6(0.43)2 = 0.1776
(b) P(X < 2) = P(X = 0) + P(X = 1) + P(X = 2)
= 8C0(0.57)0(0.43)8 + 8C1(0.57)1(0.43)7 + 8C2(0.57)2(0.43)6
= 0.0711
2. (a) P(choosing a comic) = 2
5
Outcomes
2
5 K {K, K, K}
2 K
5 3 K {K, K, K}
K 52
3 5 K {K, K, K}
2
5 5 K
3 K {K, K, K}
2 5
5 K {K, K, K}
3 2 K
5 5 3 K {K, K, K}
K 5 2
3 5 K {K, K, K}
5 K
3 K {K, K, K}
5
5 5 ( )( )
(b) (i) P(X = 1) = 3C1 2 3 = 54
1 2
125
5 5 ( )( )
(ii) P(X = 0) = 3C0 2 3 = 27
0 3
125
3. P(computer) = 0.95, n = 8
(a) P(X = 6) = 8C6(0.95)6(0.05)2 = 0.0515
(b) P(X < 2) + P(X . 7) = P(X = 0) + P(X = 1) + P(X = 2) + P(X = 8)
= 8C0(0.95)0(0.05)8 + 8C1(0.95)1(0.05)7 + 8C2(0.95)2(0.05)6 + 8C8(0.95)8(0.05)0
= 0.6634
4. (a) P(X = n) = 0.0319
nCn × 0.65n × 0.350 = 0.0319
n log 0.65 = log 0.0319
log 0.0319
n=
log 0.65
=8
(b) P(X . 2) = 1 – P(X = 0) – P(X = 1) – P(X = 2)
= 1 – 8C0(0.65)0(0.35)8 – 8C1(0.65)1(0.35)7 – 8C2(0.65)2(0.35)6
= 0.9747
2. P(blue ball) = 6 = 0.6
10
7
X=r P(X = r)
0 5
C0(0.6) (0.4)5 = 0.0102
0
1 5
C1(0.6)1(0.4)4 = 0.0768
2 5
C2(0.6)2(0.4)3 = 0.2304
3 5
C3(0.6)3(0.4)2 = 0.3456
4 5
C4(0.6)4(0.4)1 = 0.2592
5 5
C5(0.6)5(0.4)0 = 0.0778
4. (a) P(X = 3) = 0.3456
(b) P(X , 3) = P(X = 0) + P(X = 1) + P(X = 2)
= 0.0102 + 0.0768 + 0.2304
= 0.3174
(c) P(1 , X , 3) = P(X = 2)
= 0.2304
5. Read from the table and graph according to the instructions given.
Self-Exercise 5.7
1. P(grade B) = 0.35, n = 6
(a) P(X = 4) = 6C4(0.35)4(0.65)2 = 0.0951
(b) P(X . 1) = 1 – P(X < 1)
= 1 – P(X = 0) – P(X = 1)
= 1 – 6C0(0.35)0(0.65)6 – 6C1(0.35)1(0.65)5
= 0.6809
2. P(spoilt) = 0.78, n = 7
(a) P(X = 4) = 7C4(0.78)4(0.22)3 = 0.1379
(b) 0.1379 × 200 = 27.59
≈ 28
3. P(locally produced) = 0.54, n = 8
(a) P(X > 2) = 1 – P(X = 0) – P(X = 1)
= 1 – 8C0(0.54)0(0.46)8 – 8C1(0.54)1(0.46)7

= 0.9792
(b) P(X . 6) = P(X = 7) + P(X = 8)
= 8C7(0.54)7(0.46)1 + 8C8(0.54)8(0.46)0
= 0.0565
4. P(faulty machine) = 0.05, n = 5
(a) X = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
X=r P(X = r)
0 C0(0.05) (0.95)5 = 0.7738
5 0
1 C1(0.05)1(0.95)4 = 0.2036
5
2 C2(0.05)2(0.95)3 = 0.0214
5
3 C3(0.05)3(0.95)2 = 0.0011
5
4 C4(0.05)4(0.95)1 = 0.00003
5
5 C5(0.05)5(0.95)0 = 3.1 × 10–7

5
8
P(X = r)
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0 r
0 1 2 3 4 5
(b) (i) P(X = 2) = 0.0214

(ii) P(X . 1) = 1 – P(X = 0) – P(X = 1)
= 1 – 0.7738 – 0.2036
= 0.0226
5. (a) X = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
(b) 1 + 1 m + 1 + 5 + m + 2m = 1
36 4 9 36
3m + 1 m = 1 – 10
4 36
= 26
36
13m = 26
4 36
m= 2
9
(c) P(X > 2) = 1 – P(X = 0) – P(X = 1)
= 1 – 1 m – 1
4 9
=1– 1 – 1
18 9
= 15
18
= 5
6
Hence, 5 × 100% = 83.33%
6
6. P(suffering from diabetes) = 0.17, n = 10
(a) P(X = 5) = 10C5(0.17)5(0.83)5 = 0.0141
(b) P(2 < X < 6) = P(X = 2) + P(X = 3) + P(X = 4) + P(X = 5) + P(X = 6)
= 10C2(0.17)2(0.83)8 + 10C3(0.17)3(0.83)7 + 10C4(0.17)4(0.83)6
+ 10C5(0.17)5(0.83)5 + 10C6(0.17)6(0.83)4
= 0.5267

2. 1 × 100 = 50
2
Out of 100 times, 50 of the times may get tails.
3. 1 × 60 = 15
4
Out of 60 questions, 15 questions may be correct, that is, 15 = 1 .
60 4
Variance is the square of the difference of the data from the mean while standard deviation is the difference of the data
from the mean. So, to get the standard deviation, we need to square root the value of the variance.
9
Self-Exercise 5.8
1. X ~ B(n, p)
m = 45 = np …1
s 2 = 9 = npq …2
2 ÷ 1: q = 9 , p = 4
45 5
= 1
5
np = 45
()
n 4 = 45

5
n = 56.25
Since n is an integer, then n = 56.
2. X ~ B(120, 0.4)
m = np = 120(0.4) = 48
s = ! npq = ! 120(0.4)(0.6) = 5.367
3. n = 5 000, p = 8 = 4
10 5
m = 5 000 × 4 = 4 000
5
s 2 = 5 000 × 4 × 1 = 800
5 5
s = ! 800 = 20! 2
4. p = 3 , n = 1 000
5
m = 1 000 × 3 = 600
5
s 2 = 600 × 2 = 240
5
s = ! 240 = 4! 15

The value of log 0.88 is negative.
The value of log 0.15 is also negative.
Since we know that if – a , –b, then a . b.
So, n log 0.88 , log 0.15
– 0.0555n , –0.8239
0.0555n . 0.8239
n . 0.8239
0.0555
Self-Exercise 5.9
1. P(getting scholarship) = 1
3
(a) P(X = 7) = C7
7
( )( )
1 7 2 0
3 3
= 1
2 187
( )( )
(b) P(X = 2) = 7C2 1 2 = 224 = 0.3073
2
3 3
5
729
(c) P(X < 2) = P(X = 0) + P(X = 1) + P(X = 2)
( )( )
3 3 ( )( )
= 7C0 1 2 + 7C1 1 2 + 7C2 1
0 7
3 3
1 6
( ) ( 23 )
3
2 5
= 416
729
= 0.5706
2. m = np = 36, s 2 = npq = 14.4
(a) q = 14.4 = 0.4
36
p = 0.6
n = 36 = 60
0.6
10
(b) n = 8
P(X = 4) = 8C4(0.6)4(0.4)4 = 0.2322
3. P(Science) = 0.8 = p
(a) P(X = n) = 0.1342
n
Cn(0.8)n(0.2)0 = 0.1342
n log 0.8 = log 0.1342
log 0.1342
n=
log 0.8
= 9
(b) P(X , 3) = P(X = 0) + P(X = 1) + P(X = 2)
= 9C0(0.8)0(0.2)9 + 9C1(0.8)1(0.2)8 + 9C2(0.8)2(0.2)7
= 3.139 × 10– 4
1. X = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}
X=r P(X = r)
0 4
C0(0.5) (0.5) = 0.0625
0 4
1 4
C1(0.5)1(0.5)3 = 0.2500
2 4
C2(0.5)2(0.5)2 = 0.3750
3 4
C3(0.5)3(0.5)1 = 0.2500
4 4
C4(0.5)4 (0.5)0 = 0.0625
2. P(X . 3) = 3 = 1
6 2
X = {0, 1, 2, 3}
X=r P(X = r)
1
0 8
3
1 8
3
2 8
1
3 8
P(X = r)
_
3
8
_
2
8
_
1
8
0 r
0 1 2 3
3. P(Continuing their studies after finishing) = 0.85, n = 8

(a) P(X = 8) = 8C8(0.85)8(0.15)0 = 0.2725
(b) P(X , 3) = P(X = 0) + P(X = 1) + P(X = 2)
= 8C0(0.85)0(0.15)8 + 8C1(0.85)1(0.15)7 + 8C2(0.85)2(0.2)6
= 2.423 × 10– 4
11
4. P(rotten durian) = 0.1, n = 50
m = 50(0.1) = 5
s 2 = 5(0.9) = 4.5
s = 2.121
5. X ~ B(n, p)
m = np = 5, s 2 = npq = 4
(a) q = 4 , p = 1
5 5
5=n 1 () 5
n = 25
( )( )
(b) P(X = 3) = 25C3 1 4 = 0.1358
5 5
3 22
6. X ~ B(10, p)
(a) s 2 = npq = 12 , n = 10
5
12 = npq
5
pq = 6 = 2 × 3
25 5 × 5
p , 0.5, then p = 2 and q = 3
5 5
()
m = 10 2 = 4
5
(b) P(X = 4) = 10C4(0.4)4(0.6)6 = 0.2508
7. m = np = 20 × 1 = 10
2
s 2 = npq = 10 × 1 = 5
2
8. P(Calculator lasted more than 8 years) = 1
5
(a) P(X = n) = 0.0016
n
( )( )
Cn 1 4 = 0.0016
5 5
n 0
n log 0.2 = log 0.0016

log 0.0016
n=
log 0.2
=4
(b) n = 4, p = 0.2
P(X . 1) = 1 – P(X = 0) – P(X = 1)
= 1 – 4C0(0.2)0(0.8)4 – 4C1(0.2)1(0.8)3
= 0.1808
3
9. (a) 16 × = 12
4
(b) n = 16, p = 3
4
( )( )
(i) P(X = 16) = 16C16 3
4
16 1 0
4
= 0.01
(ii) x × 100% = 60%
16
x = 9.6
Hence, x = 10 questions guessed correctly.

( )( )
P(X = 10) = 16C10 1
4
10 3 6
4
= 1.359 × 10–3
Height of people, blood pressure, IQ score and measurement errors.
12
When n ˜ ∞, the binomial distribution can be estimated by normal distribution, that is, the graph is in bell-shaped and
symmetrical about the mean.
Self-Exercise 5.10
1. (a) m = 15
(b) R: P(X , 12)
Q: P(X . 18)
(c) P(X , 18) = 0.7635
P(X . 18) = 1 – 0.7635
= 0.2365
P(15 , X , 18) = 1 – 2(0.2365)
= 0.5270
2. X ~ N(m, 16)
(a) m = 12
(b)
f (x)
0 x
10 12 15

5. (a) The mean value of the experiment will become more consistent.
(b) Yes, the experimental mean value will come close to the theoretical mean value, that is, 0.5.
(d) Experimental mean value, m’ = Theoretical mean value, m.
Self-Exercise 5.11
X – m 19.5 – 24
1. Z = = = – 0.75
s 6
2. X ~ N(500, 169)
1.35 = X – 500
13
X = 13(1.35) + 500
= 517.55
3. (a) Z = 0.14 – 0.15 = – 0.2
0.05
(b) – 0.12 = X – 0.15
0.05
X = 0.15 – 0.12(0.05)
= 0.144 kg
4. m = 45
1.5 = 60 – 45
s
s = 15
1.5
= 10
P(Z . 0) = P(Z , 0) = 0.5
The larger the value of z, the smaller the area under the graph.
The value of z = 0.235 is greater than z = 0.23, so it is necessary to subtract 0.0019 from 0.4090.
13
Self-Exercise 5.12
f (z)
1. m = 350, s = 45
(
P(280 , X , 375) = P 280 – 350 , Z , 375 – 350
45 45 )
(
= P – 14 , Z , 5
9 9)
2. (a) P(Z < 0.538) = 0.7046
(b) P(–2.1 , Z , 1.2) = 0.8671
(c) P(–1.52 , Z , – 0.253) = P(Z . 0.253) – P(Z . 1.52) z
= 0.3359 –1.52 –0.253 0
(d) P(0 < Z < 1.984) = 0.5 – P(Z . 1.984) f (z)
= 0.4764
z
0 1.984

3. 0.0157, 0.8606, 0.5664, 0.2876, 0.2286, 0.3785, 0.821, – 0.984, – 0.107, 0.471, 0.729
4. (a) P(Z , k) = 0.6078 f (z)
1 – P(Z . k) = 0.6078
P(Z . k) = 0.3922
k = 0.274
z
0 k

(b) P(Z > k) = 0.4538 f (z)
k = 0.116
z
0 k

5. P(X , 16.2) = 0.7654
( )
P Z , 16.2 – 15 = 0.7654
s
f (z)
( )
1 – P Z . 1.2 = 0.7654
s
( )
P Z . 1.2 = 0.2346
s
1.2 = 0.724
s
s = 1.2
z
0 1.2
_
0.724 σ
= 1.657
6. P(X . 0.69) = 0.5178
(
P Z . 0.69
)
– 0.75 = 0.5178
s
( )
P Z . – 0.06 = 0.5178
s
– 0.06 = – 0.045
s
s = 1.333

14
7. Y ~ N(m, s 2) = Y ~ N(m, 16) f (z)
P Y .(14.5 – m
4 )
= 0.7321
14.5 – m
= – 0.619 0.7321
4 0.2679
m = 14.5 + 4(0.619)
= 16.98
8. P(X . 80) = 0.0113 z
( )
–0.619 0
80 – m
P Z . = 0.0113
s
80 – m f (z)
= 2.28
s
80 – m = 2.28s …1
P(X , 30) = 0.0287
( )
30 – m 0.0113
P Z , = 0.0287
s
30 – m
= –1.9
s z
30 – m = –1.9s …2 0 2.28
1–2
50 = 2.28s + 1.9s
s = 11.96
m = 80 – 2.28(11.96)
= 52.73 f (z)
Self-Exercise 5.13
1. m = 210, s = 12 0.245
(a) Z = 216 – 210 = 0.5
12
(b) –1.8 = – 210
X
12
X = 210 – 12(1.8)
= 188.4 0
z
2.8
2. m = 24, s = 0.5
( )
k - 24
_
P k , X , 25.4 = 0.245 0.5
P( k – 24 , Z , 25.4 – 24 ) = 0.245
0.5 0.5
P( k – 24 , Z , 1.4 ) = 0.245
0.5 0.5
P(Z .
0.5 )
k – 24 = 0.245 + 0.00256
= 0.2476
k – 24 = 0.682
0.5
k = 24 + 0.5(0.682)
= 24.34
3. m = 145, s = 10
(
(a) P(X > 140) = P Z > 140 – 145
10 )
= P(Z > – 0.5)
= 0.6915
(
(b) P(X < 150) = P Z < 150 – 145
10 )
= P(Z < 0.5)
= 0.6915
Number of pupils = 0.6915 × 450 = 311
15
4. m = 50, s = 10
(
(a) P(X > 70) = P Z > 70 – 50
10 )
f (z)
= P(Z > 2)
= 0.02275
Number of pupils = 0.02275 × 200 = 5
(b) P(X > m) = 0.6 0.6
( )
P Z > m – 50 = 0.6
10
m – 50 = – 0.253
10 m
_ - 50 0
z
m = 50 – 0.253(10) 10
= 47.47
≈ 47
5. (a) P(X . 75) = 0.1
PZ. (75 – m
s )
= 0.1
75 – m
= 1.282 f (z)
s
75 – m = 1.282s …1
P(X , 40) = 0.25
PZ, (40 – m
s )
= 0.25
0.25
40 – m
= – 0.674
s z
40 – m = – 0.674s …2 40
_ –µ 0
σ
1 – 2:
35 = (1.282 + 0.674)s
s = 17.89
m = 75 – 1.282(17.89)
= 52.07
6. m = 840, s = 24
(
(a) P(812 , X , 882) = P 812 – 840 , Z , 882 – 840
24 24 )
(
= P –28 , Z , 42
24 24 )
= 0.8383
(
(b) P(X < 812) = P Z < –28
24 )
= 0.1217
The probability that the papayas are not sold overseas or in the local market = 1 – 0.8383 – 0.1217
= 0.04
Hence, the number of papayas which are not sold overseas or in the local market = 0.04 × 2 500
= 100
1. P(k , Z , 0) = 0.3415
P(Z , k) = 0.5 – 0.3415
= 0.1585
k = –1.001
2. m = 12, s 2 = 4
(a) Z = 14.2 – 12 = 2.2 = 1.1
2 2
(
(b) P(11 , X , 13.5) = P 11 – 12 , Z , 13.5 – 12
2 2 )
(
= P – 0.5 , Z , 1.5
2 )
= 0.4649
16
3. P(m , Z , 0.35) = 0.5124
P(Z . 0.35) = 0.3632
P(Z , m) = 1 – 0.3632 – 0.5124
= 0.1244
4. m = 3.1, s = 0.3
(
(a) P(2.9 , X , 3.3) = P 2.9 – 3.1 , Z , 3.3 – 3.1
0.3 0.3 )
2
(
= P – , Z ,
3
2
3 )
= 0.4950 f (z)
(b) P(X , m) = 0.25
(
P Z , m – 3.1
0.3 ) = 0.25 0.25
m – 3.1 = – 0.674

0.3
m = 3.1 – 0.3(0.674)
= 2.898 kg z
m0
5. (a) P(X , 600) = 0.0012
(
)
P Z , 600 – 650 = 0.0012
p
– 50 = – 3.034
p
p = 50
3.034
= 16.48
(
(b) P(645 , X , 660) = P 645 – 650 , Z , 660 – 650
16.48 16.48 )
= P – 5
(
16.48
,Z, 10
16.48 )
= 0.3472
Number of fish = 0.3472

350
= 1 008
6. m = 80, s = 15
(
(a) P(X . 85) = P Z . 85 – 80
15 )
=PZ. ( 1
3 )
= 0.3694
Hence, 0.3694 × 200 ≈ 74
(b) P(X , 85) = 1 – 0.3694

= 0.6306
p = 63.06
Summative Exercise
1. X = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12}
2. (a) 1 + 5 + 1 + q = 1
12 12 3
q = 1
6
(b) P(X . 2) = 1 + 1 = 1
3 6 2
17
3. (a) Outcomes
+ 6
+
– 3
+
+ 3
–
– 0
+ 3
+
– 0
–
+ 0
–
– –3
(b) X = {–3, 0, 3, 6}
4. (a) X = {0, 1, 2, 3}
X=r P(X = r)
0 3
C0(0.45) (0.55) = 0.1664
0 3
1 3
C1(0.45)1(0.55)2 = 0.4084
2 3
C2(0.45)2(0.55)1 = 0.3341
3 3
C3(0.45)3(0.55)0 = 0.0911
4
∑ P(X = ri) = 0.1664 + 0.4084 + 0.3341 + 0.0911 = 1
i=1
Hence, X is a discrete random variable.
(b)
X=r 0 1 2 3
P(X = r) 0.1664 0.4084 0.3341 0.0911
P(X = r)
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0 r
0 1 2 3
5. X ~ B(6, 0.4)
(a) P(X = 2) = 6C2(0.4)2(0.6)4 = 0.3110
(b) P(X . 4) = P(X = 5) + P(X = 6)
= 6C5(0.4)5(0.6)1 + 6C6(0.4)6(0.6)0
= 0.0410
(c) P(X < 2) = P(X = 0) + P(X = 1) + P(X = 2)
= 6C0(0.4)0(0.6)6 + 6C1(0.4)1(0.6)5 + 6C2(0.4)2(0.6)4
= 0.5443
6. p = 0.6, n = 8
(a) P(X = 3) = 8C3(0.6)3(0.4)5 = 0.1239
(b) P(X . 4) = P(X = 5) + P(X = 6) + P(X = 7) + P(X = 8)
= 8C5(0.6)5(0.4)3 + 8C6(0.6)6(0.4)2 + 8C7(0.6)7(0.4)1 + 8C8(0.6)8(0.4)0
= 0.5941
7. p = 18 = 3 , n = 9
30 5
(a) P(X = 4) = 9C4(0.6)4(0.4)5 = 0.1672
(b) P(X > 7) = P(X = 7) + P(X = 8) + P(X = 9)
= 9C7(0.6)7(0.4)2 + 9C8(0.6)8(0.4)1 + 9C9(0.6)9(0.4)0
= 0.2318
18
8. p = 1 , q = 4 , n = 35
5 5
m = np
= 35 × 1
5
=7
s 2 = npq
=7× 4
5
= 28
5
= 5.6
s = 2.366
9. m = 7, s 2 = 2.8
(a) m = np
7 = np …1
s 2 = npq
2.8 = npq
q = 2.8 …2
np
Substitute 1 into 2,
q = 2.8
7
= 2
5
Then, p = 3 .
5
(b) P(2 teachers) = 3 × 3
5 5
= 9
25
10. (a) P(X . 47) = k
( )
P Z . 47 – 48 = k
12
( )
P Z . – 1 = k
12
(b)
k = 0.5332
P(38 , X , 46) = k
( P 38 – 48 , Z , 46 – 48 = k
12 12 )
(
P – , Z , –2 = k
10
12 )
12
(c) P(X < 49.5) = k
k = 0.2315
(
)
P Z < 49.5 – 48 = k
12
( )
P Z < 1.5 = k
12
(d)
k = 0.5497
P(47 , X , 50) = k
( P 47 – 48 , Z , 50 – 48 = k
12 12 )
( )
P – 1 , Z , 2 = k
12 12
k = 0.0995
19
(e) P(X . k) = 0.615 f (z)
(
P Z . k – 48 = 0.615

12 )
k – 48 = – 0.292
12 0.385 0.615
k = 48 – 12(0.292)
= 44.5
z
k 0
(f) P(45 , X , k) = 0.428

P(45 –
12
48 , Z , k – 48
12 ) = 0.428 f (z)
( 3
P – , Z ,
12
k –
12
48
) = 0.428 0.428
(
P Z . k – 48 ) = 1 – 0.428 – 0.4013

12
= 0.1707
k – 48 = 0.952
12 z
k = 48 + 0.952(12) __3 0 k – 48
—–
12 12
= 59.42
(g) P(X .  k ) = 0.435
) (
f (z)
P X . k = 0.2175

P(Z . k – 48 ) = 0.2175
12
12 k – 48 = 0.781
k = 48 + 12(0.781)
= 57.37 –k 0 k
z
(h)
P(– k , X , 48) = 0.2578

P(–k – 48 , Z , 0 = 0.2578
12 ) f (z)
( P Z , – k – 48 = 0.2422
12 ) 0.2578
– k – 48 = – 0.699

12
k = –39.61
11. m = 115, s = 10
( )
z
(a) P(X > 96) = P Z > 96 – 115 k – 48 0
–_
10 12
= P(Z > –1.9)
= 0.9713
Number of students = 0.9713 × 500
= 485
Hence, the number of candidates who do not qualify = 500 – 485
= 15
(b) P(X . m) = 0.6
m – 115 = – 0.253
10
m = 115 – 10(0.253)
= 112.47
12. m = 65, s 2 = 56.25
(a) P(56 , X , 72)
(
= P 56 – 65 , Z , 72 – 65
7.5 7.5 )
(
= P – 9 , Z , 7
7.5 7.5 )
= 0.7096
20
Number of workers = 250
0.7096
≈ 352
(b) P(X . m) = 0.05
m – 65 = 1.645
7.5
m = 65 + 1.645(7.5)
= 77.34 kg
13. m = 260, s = 35
(
(a) P(X . 300) = P Z . 300 – 260
35 )
(
= P Z . 40
35 )
= 0.1266
(
(b) P(200 , X < 300) = P 200 – 260 , Z < 300 – 260
35 35 )
( 35 )
= P – 60 , Z < 40
35
= 0.8302 f (z)
Number of grade B oranges = 0.8302 × 600
≈ 498
(c) P(X . m) = 0.99
( )
0.99
P Z . m – 260 = 0.99
35
m – 260 = – 2.326
35 z
m = 178.59

m – 260 0
_
≈ 179 35
21
Answers
CHAPTER 6 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
1. 0° = 0 rad 4. 120° = 120 × π rad 7. 270° = 270 × π rad
180 180
= 2 π rad = 3 π rad
3 2
= 2.094 rad = 4.712 rad
2. 45° = 45 × π rad 5. 180° = 180 × π rad 8. 300° = 300 × π rad

180 180 180
= π rad = π rad = 5 π rad
4 = 3.142 rad 3
= 0.785 rad = 5.236 rad
3. 90° = 90 × π rad 6. 225° = 225 × π rad 9. 360° = 360 × π rad

180 180 180
= π rad = 5 π rad = 2π rad
2 4 = 6.283 rad
= 1.571 rad = 3.927 rad
Angle Quadrant Angle Quadrant Angle Quadrant

140° II 1 000° IV −550° II
7 π rad III 13 π rad – – 16 π rad
6 2 3 II
500° II –135° III –850° III

11 π rad IV – 5 π rad III – 27 π rad
6 6 8 I
Self-Exercise 6.1
1. (a) 290° 10' = 290.17 × π (b) –359.4° = –359.4° × π
180 180
= 5.064 rad = –6.273 rad
(c) 620° = 620 × π (d) –790° = –790° × π
180 180
= 10.82 rad = –13.79 rad
2. (a) 1.3 rad = 1.3 × 180 (b) 13 rad = 13 × 180
π 4 4 π
= 74.48° = 186.21°
(c) –2.7π rad = –2.7π × 180 (d) 13 π rad = 13 π × 180
π 4 4 π
= – 486° = 585°
3. (a) 75° in quadrant I (b) –340.5° in quadrant 1
y y
–340.5˚
75˚
x O x
O

1
(c) 550° = 550° – 360° (d) –735° = –735° – 2(–360°)
= 190° = –15°
550° in quadrant III –735° in quadrant IV
y y
x x
O O
550˚ –735˚

(e) 0.36 rad = 20.63° (f) – 4 rad = –229.18°
0.36 rad in quadrant I – 4 rad in quadrant II
y y
0.36 rad x
x – 4 rad O
O

(g) 5 π rad = 300° (h) –1 200° – 3(–360°) = –120°
3
5 π rad in quadrant IV – 20 π rad in quadrant III
3 3
y
y
O x
x –1 200˚
5 πO
—
3

1. 0° = 0 rad
30° = 30 × π = π = 0.5236 rad
180 6
90° = 90 × π = π = 1.571 rad
180 2
150° = 150 × π = 5π = 2.618 rad
180 6
210° = 210 × π = 7π = 3.665 rad
180 6
270° = 270 × π = 3π = 4.712 rad
180 2
330° = 330 × π = 11π = 5.7596 rad
180 6
360° = 360 × π = 2π = 6.283 rad
180
y y y
90˚ 150˚
30˚ x x
O x
O O

2
y y y
210˚
x O x O x
O 270˚
330˚

Column A Column B
y sin (90° – q) = x
sin q =
! x2 + y2 ! x2 + y2
cos q = x y
cos (90° – q) =
! x2 + y2 ! x2 + y2
y
tan q = x tan (90° – q) = x
y
y
cot q = x cot (90° – q) = x
y
! x2 + y2 ! x2 + y2
sec q = x sec (90° – q) = y
! x2 + y2 ! x2 + y2
cosec q = y cosec (90° – q) = x
Self-Exercise 6.2
1. QR = ! 25 – 2 = ! 23
(a) cot R =
! 23
! 2
23
= 2 ! (b) sin2 R = ( ) ! 2
5
2
= 2
25
! 23 ! 2 ! 23 – ! 2
–
(c) cos R – sin R = 5 5 = 5
cosec R 5 5
! 2 ! 2
= (
! 23 – ! 2
5
×
! 2
5
)
! 46 – 2
=
25
2. (a) sin a = 2
! 13
(b) cos2 a =
( )
3 2= 9
! 13 13
(c) cot a = 3
! 13
(d) cosec a =
( )
2 2 2
! 13
4–
(e) 4 – sec a = 3
( )
2
2 – sec a ! 13
2–
3
= 36 –
9
13
( × 3
6 – ! 13
)
= 23
3(6 – ! 13 )
3. (a) 90° – 54° = 36°
(b) 90° – 5° 17' 14" = 84° 42' 46"
3
(c) π – π = 5π – 2π
2 5 10
= 3π
10
4. (a) sin 57° = cos (90° – 57°)
= cos 33°
= 0.839
(b) tan 57° = cot (90° – 57°)
= cot 33°
= cos 33°
sin 33°
= 0.839
0.545
= 1.539
(c) sec 57° = 1
cos 57°
= 1
sin (90° – 57°)
= 1
sin 33°
= 1
0.545
= 1.835
For example: Find the value of sin 2 rad.
Basic method: Convert the angle to degrees.
(
sin 2 rad = sin 2 × 180 °
π )
= sin 114.59°
= 0.9093
Usage of calculator will depend on the model used.
sin (–A) – sin (A)
cos (–A) cos A
tan (–A) – tan A
cot (–A) – cot A
sec (–A) sec A
cosec (–A) – cosec A
1.
A D
X
30°
1 �2 2 2
60° �3
45°
B 1 C Y 1 M 1 Z

2. (a) AC = ! 2 (b) YM = 1 (c) XM = ! 3
(d) ∠ACB = 45° (e) ∠XYZ = 60° (f) ∠MXY = 30°
4
3.
Ratio
sin cos tan cosec sec cot
Angle
π 1 ! 3 1 2
30° 6 2 2 ! 3
2 ! 3 ! 3
π 1 1
45° 1 ! 2 ! 2 1
4 ! 2 ! 2
π ! 3 1 ! 3 2 1
60° 3 2 2
2 ! 3 ! 3
Self-Exercise 6.3
1. (a) tan 165.7° = – 0.2549
(b) cot (–555°) = 1
tan (–555°)
= –3.7321
(c) cosec2 (–1.2 rad) = 1

sin2 (–1.2 rad)
= 1.1511
(16
(d) sec – π = ) 1
9 cos – 16 π
9 ( )
= 1.3054
2. (a) sin 330° = coordinate-y
= – 1
2
( )
(b) tan 2 π = tan 120°
3
coordinate-y
= –
coordinate-x
= – 2
! 3
( )
( )

1
2
= – ! 3
( )
(c) cot 7 π = cot 210°
6
coordinate-x
= –
coordinate-y
= – ( ) ! 3
2
× (–2)
= ! 3
(d) cos 600°
= cos (600° – 360°)
= cos 240°
= coordinate-x
= – 1
2
7
( )
(e) cosec – π = cosec (– 630°)
2
= cosec (–270°)
= 1
sin (–270°)
= 1
coordinate-y
=1
5
( )
(f) sin π – (sec 3π) = sin 90° – sec 540°
2
= sin 90° – sec 540°
= sin 90° – sec (540° – 360°)
= sin 90° – 1
cos 180°
= coordinate-y – 1
coordinate-x
= 1 – (–1)
=2
3. (a) 360° – 335° = 25°
Corresponding acute angle = 25°
3 ( )
(b) π – 2π = π
3
Corresponding acute angle = π
3
( )
(c) 7π – 2π = π
3 3
Corresponding acute angle = π
3
(d) 710° – 360° = 350°
Corresponding acute angle = 360° – 350°
= 10°
4. (a) sec 150° = –sec 30°
= – 2
! 3
(b) cosec 240° = – cosec (240° – 180°)
= – cosec 60°
= – 2
! 3
(c) cot 315° = –cot (360° – 315°)
= –cot 45°
= –1
(d) sin 45° + cos 225° = 1 + (–cos (225° – 180°))
! 2
= 1 + (–cos 45°)
! 2
= 1 – 1
! 2 ! 2
=0
(e) sec 60° + 2 cosec 30° = 2 + 2(2)
=6
(f) sec π + cos π = –1 + 0
2
= –1
1.
9t
2
� 1+ 3t
x
1
(a) cot x = 1
3t
(b) sec (90° – x) = cosec x
! 1 + 9t2
=
3t
6
(c) cosec (180° – x) = cosec x
! 1 + 9t2
=
3t
2. y
θ
–1 x
–3
�10
(a) cot q = 1
3
(b) tan (π + q) = tan q
=3
(c) sin (–q) = –sin q
= – – 3
! 10 ( )
= 3
( )
! 10
3. (a) 2 sin 45° + cos 585° = 2 1 + cos (585° – 360°)
! 2
= 2 + cos 225°
( )
! 2
= 2 + – 1
! 2 ! 2
= 1 or
! 2
! 2 2
(b) tan 210° – cot (–240°) = tan 30° – (– cot 60°)

= 1 – – 1
! 3 ! 3 ( )
= 2
! 3
5 1
(c) cosec π + sin π = cosec 150° + sin 30°
6 6
= cosec 30° + 1
2
=2+ 1
2
= 5
2
3
(d) tan 2π – 6 cosec π = tan 360° – 6 cosec 270°
2
= 0 – 6(–1)
=6
4. (a) sin 137° = sin (180° – 137°)
= sin 43°
= 0.6820
(b) sec 24° = 1
cos 24°
= 1.095
(c) tan 224° = tan (224° – 180°)
= tan 44°
= 0.9656
(d) cot 15° = cot (180° + 15°)
= cot 195°
= 3.732
7
! 2
5. (a) sin 135° =
2
(b) sec 135° = 1
cos 135°
= – 2
! 2
= – ! 2
(c) cot 45° = 1
(d) cosec (– 45°) = – ! 2

2.
x° 0° 30° 60° 90° 120° 150° 180° 210° 240° 2700 300° 330° 360°
x radian 0 π π π 2π 5π π 7 π 4 π 3 π 5 π 11 π 2π
6 3 2 3 6 6 3 2 3 6
y = sin x 0 0.5 0.87 1 0.87 0.5 0 – 0.5 – 0.87 –1 – 0.87 – 0.5 0
y = cos x 1 0.87 0.5 0 – 0.5 – 0.87 –1 – 0.87 – 0.5 0 0.5 0.87 1
y = tan x 0 0.58 1.73 ∞ –1.73 – 0.58 0 0.38 1.73 ∞ – 1.73 – 0.58 0
3. Group I: y = sin x for 0° < x < 360° or 0 < x < 2π.

y y
1 1
x x
0 90˚ 180˚ 270˚ 360˚ 0 π
— π π
— 2π
2 4
–1 –1

Group II: y = cos x for 0° < x < 360° or 0 < x < 2π.
y y
1 1
x x
0 90˚ 180˚ 270˚ 360˚ 0 π π π 2π
— —
2 4
–1 –1

Group III: y = tan x for 0° < x < 360° or 0 < x < 2π.
y y
2 2
1 1
x x
0 90˚ 180˚ 270˚ 360˚ 0 π
— π π
— 2π
2 4
–1 –1
–2 –2

8
4.

Maximum Minimum One
y-intercept x-intercept Amplitude
value of y value of y period
I y = sin x 0 0, 180°, 360° 1 –1 1 360°
II y = cos x 1 90°, 270° 1 –1 1 360°
III y = tan x 0 0, 180°, 360° None None None 180°

Amplitude: The maximum or minimum displacement of a point on the graph from the x-axis or equilibrium line.
Period: Horizontal length corresponding to a cycle of a trigonometric function.
Cycle: A complete rotation of a trigonometric function.
Asymptote: A straight line that goes close to a curve but never cuts or touches it.
1.
x° 0° 30° 60° 90° 120° 150° 180° 210° 240° 270° 300° 330° 360°
x rad π π π 2π 5π 7 π 4 π 3 π 5 π 11 π
0 6 3 2 3 6 π 6 3 2 3 6 2π
y = sin x 0 0.5 0.87 1 0.87 0.5 0 – 0.5 – 0.87 –1 – 0.87 – 0.5 0

y = 3 sin x 0 1.5 2.6 3 2.6 1.5 0 –1.5 –2.6 –3 –2.6 – 1.5 0
y = 3 sin 2x 0 2.6 2.6 0 – 2.6 –2.6 0 2.6 2.6 0 –2.6 –2.6 0
y = 3 sin 2x + 1 1 3.6 3.6 1 –1.6 –1.6 1 3.6 3.6 1 –1.6 –1.6 1
2. (a) y = sin x and y = 3 sin x for 0° < x < 360° or 0 < x < 2π.
y
x
0 90˚ 180˚ 270˚ 360˚
–1
–2
–3
9
(b) y = sin x and y = 3 sin 2x for 0° < x < 360° or 0 < x < 2π.
y
x
0 90˚ 180˚ 270˚ 360˚
–1
–2
–3
(c) y = sin x and y = 3 sin 2x + 1 for 0° < x < 360° or 0 < x < 2π.
y
x
0 90˚ 180˚ 270˚ 360˚
–1
–2
Self-Exercise 6.4
1. (a) y = 1 – 3 sin 2x for –90° < x < 180°.
y
4
2
x
–90˚ 0 90˚ 180˚
–2
–4

10
(b) f(x) = –  tan 2x  + 1 for 0 < x < π.
y
1
x
0 � �
–1 —
2

2. (a) y = tan x + 3, 0 < x < 2π
(b) y = 2 cos 3x – 1, 0° < x < 360°
3. (a) A = amplitude = 3
360° = 90°, B = 4
B
Minimum value = –3 + C = –2
C=1
(b) Graph of y = 3 sin 4x + 1
y
4
2
x
0 180˚ 360˚
–2

4.
Number of Cycles/
Function Amplitude Translation Graph sketching
Period
y
2
1
1. y = 3 sin 3x 3 3 0
2 2 0 π
x
−1
−2
5
4
2. y =  tan 2x  + 1 None 4 1 3
2
1
x
0 π
Self-Exercise 6.5
1. (a) (i) y = 1 sin 2x, 0° < x < 360°
2
y
1
—
2
x
0 90˚ 180˚ 270˚ 360˚
1
–—
2

11
(ii) y = 2 – cos x, 0° < x < 360°
y
3
2
1
x
0 90˚ 180˚ 270˚360˚

(iii) y = – tan 2x + 1, 0° < x < 360°

y
2
1
x
0 90˚ 180˚ 270˚ 360˚
–1

(b) (i) y = 3 cos 2x, 0 < x < 2π
y
3
x
0 π 2π
–3

(ii) y = –3 sin x + 2, 0 < x < 2π
y
4
2
x
0 � 2�

(iii) y =  tan x  – 1, 0 < x < 2π
y
4
2
x
0 � 2�

2. y = –2  sin 2x  + 1 for 0 < x < 2π.
y
1
x
0 � 2�
–1
12
3. Sketch the graph y = 3 cos 3x and y = x + 1 for 0 < x < π .
2 π 2
y
1.5
x
0 �
—
2
3 cos 2x = 2x + 2
π
3 cos 3x = x + 1
2 π
π
x 0 2
3
y 1 2
Number of solutions = 1
4. x – 2π  cos 2x  = 0
x = 2π  cos 2x 
x =  cos 2x 
2π
Sketch the graph for the range 0 < x < π.
y =  cos 2x  and y = x y
2π
1
x 0 π
1 x
y 1 2 0 � 2� �
— —
3 3
1. cos π x + 1 = 0
2 4
cos π x = – 1
2 4
Draw the graph y = cos π x and y = – 1 .
2 4
From the graph, x = 1.0 and 3.0.
y
1.5
1
0.5
x
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
– 0.5
–1
–1.5
–2
13
2. 30 tan x – 6x + 5π = 0
30 tan x = 6x – 5π
÷ 6: 5 tan x = x – 5π
6
y = x – 5π
6
x 0 5π
6
y –2.62 0
x = 63π or 3.30 rad

60
y
4
2
x
0 � � � 2� 5� � 7� 4�
–2 — — — — — — —
6 3 2 3 6 6 3
3.
y
2
1
x
0 � 2� � 4� 5� 2�
–1 — — — —
3 3 3 3
–2
3π sin 2x + 2x = 3π
3π sin 2x = 3π – 2x
3 sin 2x = 3 – 2x
2x π
y=3–
π
x 0 π
y 3 1
4.
y
1
x
0 � �
—
2
x – 2π  cos 2x  = 0
2π  cos 2x  = x
 cos 2x  = x
2π
y= x
2π
x 0 π
y 0 0.5
14
5.
y
2
1
x
0 � � 3� � 5� 3� 7� 2�
–1 — — — — — —
4 2 4 4 2 4
4 ( ) ( 4 )
Points of intersection: (0.322, 1.6), (1.249, 1.6), 3π , 0 , (3.463, 1.6), (4.391, 1.6), 7π , 0
6.
y
4
3
2
1
x
0 � 2� � 4� 5� 2�
— — — —
3 3 3 3
 cos x  = k – 3
3 +  cos x  = k
No real roots if k , 3 and k . 4.
7. (a) y = –2 cos 3x for 0 < x < 2π.
2
y
2
1
x
0 � � 4� 5� 2�
— 2�
−1 3 —3
— —
3 3
−2

(b)
y
2
1
x
0 � � 4� 5� 2�
— 2�
−1 3 —3
— —
3 3
−2
2 cos 3x + π = 0
2 2x
–2 cos 3x = π
2 2x
Draw y = π
2x
x 0 π 2π
y ∞ 0.5 0.25

15
Group 1
(a)
Trigonometric
sin q cos q tan q cosec q sec q cot q
ratio
m n m p p n
Value p p n m n m
Trigonometric
sin2 q cos2 q tan2 q cosec2 q sec2 q cot2 q
ratio
m2 n2 m2 p2 p2 n2
Value p2 p2 n2 m2
m2 n2
(b)
m2 + n2 = p2 m2 + n2 = p2 m2 + n2 = p2
p2
÷ m : 2 + n 2 = 2
m 2 2
p2 p2
÷ m2: m2 + n2 = 2 ÷ n2: m2 + n2 = 2
2 2 2 2 2
p p p n n n m m m
sin2 q + cos2 q = 1 tan2 q + 1 = sec2 q 1 + cot2 q = cosec2 q
Group 2
(a) x = cos q
y = sin q
n2 1 1 y2
Value x2 y2 m2 y2 x2 x2
Trigonometric
sin2 q cos2 q tan2 q cosec2 q sec2 q cot2 q
ratio
(b)
x2 + y2 = 1 x2 + y2 = 1
y2
÷ y2: x2 + 2 = 12
2
x2 + y2 = 1 x2 y2 1
÷ x2: 2 + 2 = y y y
cos2 q + sin2 q = 1 x x x2
1 + tan2 q = sec2 q cot2 q + 1 = cosec2 q
Self-Exercise 6.6
1. (a) cos2 80° + sin2 80° = 1
(b) sec2 173° – tan2 173° = 1
(c) 1 – cos2 45° = sin2 45°
= ( )
! 2 2
2
= 2
4
= 1
2
(d) cosec2 8 π – cot2 8 π = 1
5 5
2. (a) sec2 q = 1
cos2 q
= 12
m
(b) sin2 q + cos2 q = 1
sin2 q = 1 – cos2 q
sin2 q = 1 – m2
16
(c) cot2 q = cosec2 q – 1
= 1 –1
sin2 q
= 1 –1
1 – m2
1 – (1 – m2)
=
1 – m2
= m 2
1 – m2
3. cosec2 q = 1 + cot2 q
=1+ 1
9
= 10
9
cosec2 q = 1
sin2 q
sin2 q = 9
10
sin q = 9
! 10
3
=
! 10
sec2 q = 1 + tan2 q
=1+9
= 10
sec q =
2 1
cos2 q
cos2 q = 1
10
1
cos q =
! 10
p2
4. (a) sin2 A = 2
q
p2
1 – cos2 A = 2
q
(! )
2
q2 – p2
(b) cot2 A =
p
q2 – p2 B
cosec A – 1 =
2
p2
( )
q
p 2 p
(c) – tan2 A = –
! q – p
2 2
A C
p2 q2 – p2
1 – sec2 A = – 2
q – p2
Self-Exercise 6.7
1. (a) Left side = 3 sin2 A – 2
= 3(1 – cos2 A) – 2
= 3 – 3 cos2 A – 2
= 1 – 3 cos2 A
= Right side
17
(b) Right side = 1 – sin A
4
cos4 A
(1 + sin2 A)(1 – sin2 A)
=
cos4 A
(1 + sin A)(cos A)
2 2
=
(cos2 A)2
= 1 + sin A
2

cos2 A
= sec2 A + tan2 A
= 1 + tan2 A + tan2 A
= 1 + 2 tan2 A
= left side
(c) Left side = sec A cosec A – tan A
= 1 – sin A
cos A sin A cos A
= 1 – sin A
2

cos A sin A
= cos A
2

cos A sin A
= cos A
sin A
= cot A
= right side
(d) Right side = 1 – tan 2 A
2
1 + tan A
(
1 – sin 2 A)
2
= cos A
sec2 A
= cos A –2 sin A × cos A
2 2 2

cos A 1
= cos2 A – sin2 A
= left side
(e) Left side = cot2 q – tan2 q
= cos2 q – sin 2 q
2 2

sin q cos q
= cos 2 q – sin2 q
4 4

sin q cos q
(cos2 q + sin2 q) (cos2 q – sin2 q)
=
sin2 q cos2 q
1(cos q – sin2 q)
2
=
sin2 q cos2 q
= cos2 q – sin2 q
sin2 q cos2 q sin2 q cos2 q
= cosec2 q – sec2 q
= right side
(f) Left side = sin q
2
1 + cos q
= 1 – cos q
2

1 + cos q
(1 + cos q)(1 – cos q)
=
1 + cos q
= 1 – cos q
= right side
18
(g) Left side = tan2 q (cosec2 q – 1)
= tan2 q (cot2 q)
(
= tan2 q 12
tan q )
=1
= right side
(h) Left side = 1 – 2 sin q
2
cos q – sin q
= sin q + cos q – 2 sin q
2 2 2

cos q – sin q
= cos q – sin q
2 2

cos q – sin q
(cos q – sin q)(cos q + sin q)
=
cos q – sin q
= cos q + sin q
= right side
1. (a) sec2 q = p (b) cos2 q = 1 (c) sin2 q = 1 – cos2 q
sec2 q
tan2 q = sec2 q – 1 =1– 1
= p – 1 = 1 p
p
p–1
= p
2. (a) sin2 100° + cos2 100° = 1

(b) tan2 3 rad – sec2 3 rad = tan2 3 rad – (1 + tan2 3 rad)
= –1
(c) 1 + tan2 120° = sec2 120°
= (–sec 60°)2
=4
(d) 1 + cot2 225° = cosec2 225°
= (–cosec 45°)2
=2
3. (a) Left side = tan x2
2
1 + tan x
= tan2 x
2

sec x
( )
= sin 2 x × cos2 x
2

cos x
= sin2 x
= right side
(b) Right side = 9 sec2 x – 4 tan2 x
= 9(1 + tan2 x) – 4 tan2 x
= 9 + 9 tan2 x – 4 tan2 x
= 9 + 5 tan2 x
= 9 + 5(sec2 x – 1)
= 9 + 5 sec2 x – 5
= 5 sec2 x + 4
= left side
19
(c) Left side = sin q + 1 + cos q
1 + cos q sin q
sin2 q + (1 + cos q)2
=
sin q (1 + cos q)
= sin q + 1 + 2 cos q + cos q
2 2

sin q (1 + cos q)
= 1 + 1 + 2 cos q
sin q (1 + cos q)
= 2 + 2 cos q
sin q (1 + cos q)
2(1 + cos q)
=
sin q (1 + cos q)
= 2
sin q
= 2 cosec q
= right side
(d) Left side = sec4 q – sec2 q
= sec2 q (sec2 q – 1)
= (1 + tan2 q)(1 + tan2 q – 1)
= (1 + tan2 q)(tan2 q)
= tan4 q + tan2 q
= right side
4. (a) Left side = 1 + 1
1 + cos q 1 – cos q
(1 – cos q) + (1 + cos q)
=
(1 + cos q)(1 – cos q)
= 2
1 – cos2 q
= 22
sin q
= 2 cosec2 q
= right side
(b) 2 cosec q =
2 1 + 1
1 + cos q 1 – cos q
= 1 + 1
1 + 0.6 1 – 0.6
= 3.125
cosec2 q = 1.5625
5. (a) sin y tan y + cos y = sin y ( )
sin y
cos y
+ cos y
sin2 y + cos2 y
=
cos y
= 1
cos y
= sec y
tan y + cot y ( sin y

cos y
+ )
cos y
sin y
(b) =
cosec y 1
sin y
( sin y + cos2 y
)
2
= × sin y
cos y sin y
sin y
=
cos y sin y
= sec y
20
1 – sin y cos y (1 – sin y)2(2) + 2(cos2 y)
(c) + =
2 cos y 2 – 2 sin y 2 cos y (2 – 2 sin y)
(1 – 2 sin y + sin2 y)(2) + 2 cos2 y
=
2 cos y (2 – 2 sin y)
2 – 4 sin y + 2 sin2 y + 2 cos2 y
=
2 cos y (2 – 2 sin y)
4 – 4 sin y
=
2 cos y (2 – 2 sin y)
2(2 – 2 sin y)
=
2 cos y (2 – 2 sin y)
= sec y

A B sin (A + B) sin A cos B cos A sin B sin A cos B + cos A sin B
10° 20° sin 30° = 0.5 0.1632 0.3368 0.5
Accept any correct answers

(a) cosec (A + B) = 1
sin (A + B)
= – 65
63
(b) sec (A – B) = 1
cos (A + B)
= 1
cos A cos B + sin A sin B
1
( )( ) ( )( )
=
4 –5 + 2 –12
5 13 5 13
= 1
–56
65
= – 65
56
(c) cot (B – A) = 1
tan (B – A)
= 56
33
Self-Exercise 6.8
1. (a) Left side = sin (x – y) – sin (x + y)
= sin x cos y – cos x sin y – (sin x cos y + cos x sin y)
= –2 cos x sin y
= right side
(
(b) Left side = tan A + π )
4
tan A + tan π
= 4
1 – tan A tan π
4
= 1 + tan A
1 – tan A
= right side
21
cos (x – y) – cos (x + y)
(c) Left side =
sin (x + y) + sin (x – y)
cos x cos y + sin x sin y – (cos x cos y – sin x sin y)
=
sin x cos y + cos x sin y + (sin x cos y – cos x sin y)
2 sin x sin y
=
2 sin x cos y
= tan y
= right side
(d) Right side = cot A cot B + 1
cot B – cot A
=
( )( )
cos A cos B + 1
sin A sin B
( ) ( )
cos B – cos A
sin B sin A
cos A cos B + sin A sin B
sin A sin B
=
sin A cos B – cos A sin B
sin A sin B
= cos A cos B + sin A sin B
sin A cos B – cos A sin B
cos (A – B)
=
sin (A – B)
= cot (A – B)
= left side
2. (a) cos 75° = cos (30° + 45°)
= cos 30° cos 45° – sin 30° sin 45°
= ( )( )
! 3 ! 2
2 2 ( )(
– 1
2 2
! 2
)
=
! 6 – ! 2
4
(b) cosec 105° = 1
sin (60° + 45°)
= 1
sin 60° cos 45° + cos 60° sin 45°
1
( )( ) ( )( )
=
+ 1
! 3 ! 2 ! 2
2 2 2 2
= 1
! 6 + ! 2
4
= 4
! 6 + ! 2
(c) cot 195° = 1
tan (150° + 45°)
= 1
tan 150° + tan 45°
1 – tan 150° tan 45°
= – tan 150°
1
tan 150° + 1
1 – (– tan 30°)
=
– tan 30° + 1
1+ 1
( )
( )
! 3
=
– 1 +1
! 3
! 3 + 1
=
! 3 – 1
22
3. cos x = –5 , 0 , x , π sin y = – 3 , π , y , 3 π
13 5 2 2
y
y
y
–4 x
13
12
–3
5
x
x
–5

(a) sin (x + y) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y

13 5 ( )( ) ( )( )
= 12 – 4 + –5 –3
13 5
= – 48 + 15
65 65
= – 33
65
(b) cos (x – y) = cos x cos y + sin x sin y

13 5 ( )( ) ( )( )
= –5 – 4 + 12 – 3
13 5
= 20 – 36
65 65
= – 16
65
(c) cot (x + y) = 1
tan (x + y)
= 1
tan x + tan y
1 – tan x tan y
1 – tan x tan y
= tan x + tan y
=
( )( – 4
1 – 12
–5
–3
)
–5 (4)
12 + 3
=
( )
1 + 36
20
33
–20
= (20 + 36
20 ) × ( –20
33 )
= – 56
33
Self-Exercise 6.9
1. (a) 2 sin 30° cos 30° = sin 2(30°)
= sin 60°
! 3
=
2
(b) cos2 165° – sin2 165° = cos 2(165°)
= cos 330°
= cos 30°
! 3
=
2
23
(c) 1 – tan 75° = 1
2
2 tan 75° tan 2(75°)

= 1
tan 150°
= 1
–tan 30°
= –! 3
2. Left side = cosec 2A
= 1
sin 2A
= 1
2 sin A cos A
= 1 sec A cosec A
2
= right side
3. (a) Left side = sin 2q (tan q + cot q)
(
= 2 sin q cos q sin q + cos q
cos q sin q )
(
= 2 sin q cos q sin q + cos q
2 2
cos q sin q )
=2
= right side
(b) Left side = sin 4x + sin 2x
cos 4x + cos 2x + 1
= 2 sin2 2x cos 2x + sin 2x
2 cos 2x – 1 + cos 2x + 1
sin 2x (2 cos 2x + 1)
=
cos 2x (2 cos 2x + 1)
= tan 2x
= right side
(c) Left side = cosec 2A + cot 2A
= 1 + cos 2A
sin 2A sin 2A
= 1 + cos 2A
sin 2A
= 1 + 2 cos2 A – 1
2 sin A cos A
= 2 cos2 A
2 sin A cos A
= cot A
(d) Right side = cot x + tan x
cot x – tan x
cos x + sin x
sin x cos x
=
cos x – sin x
sin x cos x
= cos 2 x + sin2 x
2 2

cos x – sin x
= 1
cos 2x
= sec 2x
= left side
24
5
4. Given sin x = 4 and x is an acute while sin y = 13 is an obtuse.
5
y y
5 13 y
4 5
x
x –12
x
3

(a) cosec 2x = 1
sin 2x
= 1
2 sin x cos x
= 1
( )( )
2 4 3
5 5
= 1
24
25
= 25
24
(b) sec 2y = 1
cos 2y
= 1
1 – 2 sin2 y
= 1
1–2 5 ( )
13
2
= 1
169 – 50
169
= 1
119
169
= 169
119
1 – cos x
(c) sin x = ! 2
2
1– 3
=
!2
5
= 1
! 5
y sin y
(d) tan
=
2 1 + cos y
= 5 ÷ 1 – 12
13 13 ( )
= 5 ÷ 1
13 13
= 5 × 13
13 1
= 5
25
1. tan (A + B) =3
tan A + tan B =3
1 – tan A tan B
tan A + 1 = 3(1 – 1 tan A)
3 3
tan A + 1 = 3 – tan A
3
2 tan A = 3 – 1
3
tan A = 4
3
2. (a) sin 3A = sin (2A + A)
= sin 2A cos A + cos 2A sin A
= 2 sin A cos A cos A + (1 – 2 sin2 A)sin A
= 2 sin A cos2 A + sin A – 2 sin3 A
= 2 sin A(1 – sin2 A) + sin A – 2 sin3 A
= 2 sin A – 2 sin3 A + sin A – 2 sin3 A
= 3 sin A – 4 sin3 A
(b) cos 3A = cos (2A + A)
= cos 2A cos A – sin 2A sin A
= (2 cos2 A – 1)cos A – 2 sin A cos A sin A
= 2 cos3 A – cos A – 2 sin2 A cos A
= 2 cos3 A – cos A – 2(1 – cos2 A)cos A
= 2 cos3 A – cos A – 2 cos A + 2 cos3 A
= 4 cos3 A – 3 cos A
3. sin x = 24 , 0 < x < π and cos y = 8 , π < y < 2π.
25 2 17
y y
y
8 x
25
24 –15
17
x
x
7

(a) cos (x + y) = cos x cos y – sin x sin y
( )( ) ( )( )
= 7 8 – 24 –15
25 17 25 17
= 56
425 ( )
– –72
85
= 416
425
(b) cosec (x – y) = 1
sin (x – y)
= 1
sin x cos y – cos x sin y
= 1
( )( ) ( )( )
24 8 – 7 –15
25 17 25 17
= 1
( ) ( )
192 – – 21
425 85
= 1
297
425
= 425
297
26
tan x – tan y
(c) tan (x – y) =
1 + tan x tan y
= 7
( ) ( )
24 – – 15
8
1+( )( )
24
7
– 15
8
297
= 56
– 38
7
= – 297
304
(d) sec 2y = 1
cos 2y
= 1
2 cos2 y – 1
= 1
( )
2 8 –1
17
2
= 1
– 161
289
= – 289
161
y 1 – cos y
(e) sin
2
= ± ! 2
8
= ± !
1 – 17
2
9
= ±
34 !
=± 3
! 34
y y
Take sin = – 3 since is an obtuse angle
2 2
[ ]
! 34
y
π , y , 2π, thus π , , π, (obtuse)
2 2
4. (a) Left side = cot (x + y)
= 1
tan (x + y)
1 – tan x tan y
= tan x + tan y
1– 1
cot x cot y
=
1 + 1
cot x cot y
cot x cot y – 1
cot x cot y
= cot y + cot x
cot x cot y
cot x cot y – 1
=
cot x cot y
= right side
27
cos (x – y) – cos (x + y)
(b) Right side =
sin (x – y) + sin (x + y)
cos x cos y + sin x sin y – (cos x cos y – sin x sin y)
=
sin x cos y – cos x sin y + (sin x cos y + cos x sin y)
2 sin x sin y
=
2 sin x cos y
= tan y
= left side
5.
y
t2
t
+
�1
θ
x
1
(a) sin 2q = 2 sin q cos q

=2
( t 1
)(
! 1 + t2 ! 1 + t2 )
= 2t 2
1+t
(b) cos 2q = 2 cos2 q – 1
=2
( 1
! 1 + t 2
2
)–1
= 2 2 –1
1+t
2 – (1 + t2)
=
1 + t2
= 1 – t 2
2
1+t
(c) tan 2q = 2 tan 2q
1 + tan q
= 2t 2
1–t
(d) cos q = 1 – 2 sin2 q
2
2 sin2 q = 1 – cos q
2
2 sin2 q = 1 – 1
2 ! 1 + t2
–1
sin2 q = ! 1 + t
2

2 2! 1 + t2
(e) 2 cos2 q – 1 = cos q

2
2 cos2 q = cos q + 1
2
2 cos 2 q
= 1 +1
2 ! 1 + t2
1 + ! 1 + t2
cos2 q =
2 2! 1 + t2
28
6. (a) Right side = sin q
1 + cos q
2 sin q cos q
= 2 2
1 + 2 cos2 q – 1
2
2 sin q cos q
= 2 2
2 cos2 q
2
sin q
= 2
cos q
2
= tan q
2
= tan q1
2
= left side
(b) Right side = 2
1 + cos q
= 2
1 + 2 cos2 q – 1
2
= 2
2 cos2 q
2
= sec2 q
2
2 1
= sec q
2
= left side
(c) Right side = 2 tan 2q
1 + tan q
= 2 tan q
sec2 q
= 2 sin q × cos2 q
cos q
= 2 sin q cos q
= sin 2q
= left side
( )
sin q + π
(
7. (a) tan q + π =) 2
2
( )
cos q + π
2
sin q cos π + cos q sin π
= 2 2
cos q cos π – sin q sin π
2 2
= cos q
–sin q
= – cot q
( 2)
(b) cos q + π = cos q cos π – sin q sin π
2 2
= – sin q
( 2)
(c) sin q + π = sin q cos π + cos q sin π
2 2
= cos q
29
Ratio x=…
sin x = 0 0°, 180°, 360°
cos x = 0 90°, 270°
tan x = 0 0°, 180°, 360°
sin x = 1 90°
cos x = 1 0°, 360°
tan x = 1 45°, 225°
sin x = –1 270°
cos x = –1 180°
tan x = –1 135°, 315°
Self-Exercise 6.10
1. (a) sin 2x = – 0.4321
Reference angle, a = sin–1 0.4321
= 25.60°
sin 2x negative, 2x in quadrant III, quadrant IV, 0° < 2x < 720°
2x = 205.6°, 334.4°, 360 + 205.6°, 360° + 334.4°
= 205.6°, 334.4°, 565.6°, 694.4°
x = 102.8°, 167.2°, 282.8°, 347.2°
(b) sec (2x + 40°) = 2
cos (2x + 40°) = 1
2
Reference angle, a = cos–1 1
2
= 60°
2x + 40° in quadrant I, quadrant IV, 40° , 2x + 40° , 760°
2x + 40° = 60°, 300°, 360° + 60°, 360° + 300°
= 60°, 300°, 420°, 660°
2x = 20°, 260°, 380°, 620°
x = 10°, 130°, 190°, 310°
(c) cot x = 0.4452
3
tan x = 1 = 2.246
3 0.4452
Reference angle, a = tan–1 2.246
= 66°
tan positive, in quadrant I, 0° < x < 120°
x x
3 3 3
x = 66°
3
x = 198°
(d) 5 tan x = 7 sin x
5 sin x – 7 sin x = 0
cos x
5 sin x – 7 sin x cos x = 0
sin x(5 – 7 cos x) = 0
If sin x = 0, x = 0°, 180°, 360°
If 5 – 7 cos x = 0, cos x = 5
7
7
= 44.42°
Thus, x = 0°, 44.42°, 180°, 315.58°, 360°
30
(e) sin2 x – 2 sin x = cos 2x
sin2 x – 2 sin x – (1 – 2 sin2 x) = 0
3 sin2 x – 2 sin x – 1 = 0
(sin x – 1)(3 sin x + 1) = 0
If sin x – 1 = 0, sin x = 1, x = 90°
If 3 sin x + 1 = 0, sin x = – 1
3
Reference angle, a = 19.47°
x is in quadrant III and quadrant IV
x = 199.47°, 340.53°
Thus, x = 90°, 199.47°, 340.53°
(f) sin (x + 30°) = cos (x + 120°)
sin x cos 30° + cos x sin 30° – (cos x cos 120° – sin x sin 120°) = 0
! 3
2 2 (
sin x + 1 cos x – – 1 cos x –
2
! 3
2 )
sin x = 0
2! 3
sin x + cos x = 0
2
tan x = – 1
tan x is negative, x in quadrants II and IV ! 3
x = 150° and 330°
(g) 7 sin x + 3 cos 2x = 0
7 sin x + 3(1 – 2 sin2 x) = 0

7 sin x + 3 – 6 sin2 x = 0
sin x = – 0.3333, 1.5 (ignore)
Thus, sin x = – 0.3333
= 19.47°
sin x is negative, x in quadrants III and IV
x = 199.47°, 340.53°
(h) sin x = 3 sin 2x
sin x – 3(2 sin x cos x) = 0
sin x – 6 sin x cos x = 0
sin x(1 – 6 cos x) = 0
If sin x = 0, x = 0°, 180°, 360°
If 1 – 6 cos x = 0
cos x = 1
6
Reference angle, a = cos –1 1 ( ) 6
= 80.41°
cos x is positive, x in quadrants I and IV.
x = 80.41°, 279.59°
Thus, x = 0°, 80.41°, 180°, 279.59°, 360°
(i) cos (x – 60°) = 3 cos (x + 60°)
cos x cos 60° + sin x sin 60° – 3 (cos x cos 60° – sin x sin 60°) = 0

2 2 2( ) 2 ( )
1 cos x + ! 3 sin x – 3 1 cos x + 3 ! 3 sin x = 0
4! 3
–cos x + sin x = 0
2
4! 3
sin x = cos x
2
tan x = 1
2! 3
x = tan–1 1
2! 3
= 16.10°
31
tan x is positive, x in quadrants I and III.
x = 16.10° and 196.10°
( 6)
2. (a) sin 2x + π = –
! 3
2
! 3
Reference angle, a = sin–1
2

= π
3
( 6 ) (6 )
sin 2x + π is positive, 2x + π is in quadrants III and IV.
6 ( 6 )
π < 2x + π < 4π + π
6
2x + = π + , 2π – , 2π + π + π , 2π + 2π – π
π π π
6 3 3 3 3
2x + π = 4π , 5π , 10π , 11π
6 3 3 3 3
2x = 7π , 3π , 19π , 7π
6 2 6 2
x = 7π , 3π , 19π , 7π
12 4 12 4
(b) 3 sin y = 2 tan y
3 sin y – 2 ( )
sin y
cos y
=0
3 sin y cos y – 2 sin y = 0
sin y (3 cos y – 2) = 0
If sin y = 0, y = 0 rad, π and 2π.
If 3 cos y – 2 = 0, cos y = 2
3
3
= 48.19°
cos y is positive, y in quadrants I and IV
y = 48.19° × π , 311.81° × π
180 180
y = 0 rad, 0.2677π rad, π rad, 1.732π rad and 2π rad.
(c) 3 cot2 z – 5 cosec z + 1 = 0
3(cosec2 z – 1)5 cosec z + 1 = 0
3 cosec2 z – 3 – 5 cosec z + 1 = 0
3 cosec2 z – 5 cosec z – 2 = 0
cosec z = 2, – 0.3333
1
If cosec z = 2, sin z = = 0.5
2

= π
6
sin z is positive, so z in quadrants I and II
z = π rad, π – π = 5π rad
6 6 6
If cosec z = – 0.3333, sin z = –3, ignore
Thus, z = π rad, 5π rad

6 6
32
(d) sin 2A – cos 2A = 0
sin 2A = cos 2A
tan 2A = 1
tan 2A is positive, so 2A is in quadrants I and III, 0 < 2A < 4π
2A = π , π + π , 2π + π , 2π + π + π
4 4 4 4
= π , 5π , 9π , 13π
4 4 4 4
A = π , 5π , 9π , 13π
8 8 8 8
(e) cos B sin B = 1
4
2 cos B sin B = 1
2
sin 2B = 1
2
= π
6
sin 2B is positive, so 2B is in quadrants I and II, 0 < 2B < 4π
2B = π , π – π , 2π + π , 2π + π – π
6 6 6 6
= π , 5π , 13π , 17π
6 6 6 6
B = π , 5π , 13π , 17π
12 12 12 12
(f) 4 sin (x – π) cos (x – π) = 1
2(2 sin (x – π) cos (x – π)) = 1
sin 2(x – π) = 1
2
Reference angle, a = π
6
sin is positive, so 2x – 2π in quadrants I and II, –2π < 2x – 2π < 2π
2x – 2π = π , π – π , 2π + π , 2π + π – π
6 6 6 6
= ,π 5π , 13π , 17π
6 6 6 6
2x = + 2π, π 5π + 2π, 13π + 2π, 17π + 2π
6 6 6 6
= 13π , 17π , 25π , 29π
6 6 6 6
x = 13π , 17π , 25π , 29π
12 12 12 12
Self-Exercise 6.11
1. v = 770 sin 135°
sin q
770 (sin 45°)
=
7
! 50
= 770 ( )( )
! 2 ! 50
2 7
= 55! 100
= 550 kmh–1
2. sec2 A + tan2 A = 2
1 + tan2 A + tan2 A = 2
2 tan2 A = 1
tan2 A = 1
2
tan A = ± 1
! 2
tan A = ± 0.7071
33
3. (a) tan (a + b) = 15 = 1.5
10
(b) tan a = 8 = 0.8
10
tan a + tan b
(c) tan (a + b ) =
1 – tan a tan b
0.8 + tan b
1.5 =
1 – 0.8 tan b
1.5 – 1.2 tan b = 0.8 + tan b
–2.2 tan b = – 0.7
tan b = 0.3182
tan a = 0.8
a = 38.66°
tan b = 0.3182
b = 17.65°
∠BAC = 180° – 90° (38.66° + 17.85°)
= 33.69°
∠ADB = 180° – 17.85° – 33.49°
= 128.66°
∠BDC = 180° – a – 90°
= 90° – 38.66°
= 51.34°
BD = ! 82 + 102
= 12.81 cm
AB = ! 102 + 152
= 18.03 cm

1. (a) 2 cos (x – 10°) = –1
cos (x – 10°) = – 1
2
2
= 60°
x – 10° is in quadrants II and III
x – 10° = 120°, 240°
x = 130°, 250°
(b) tan2 x = sec x + 2
sec2 x – 1 = sec x + 2
sec2 x – sec x – 3 = 0
sec x = –1.303, 2.303
If sec x = –1.303, cos x = – 0.7675
x is in quadrants II and III
x = 140.13°, 219.87°
If sec x = 2.303
cos x = 1
2.303
= 0.4342
x = 64.27°
x is in quadrants I and IV
x = 64.27°, 295.73°
Then, x = 64.27°, 140.13°, 219.87°, 295.73°
34
(c) 3 sin x + 4 cos x = 0
3 sin x = – 4 cos x
tan x = – 4
3
Reference angle, a = tan–1 4
3
= 53.13°
tan x is negative, so x is in quadrants II and IV.
x = 126.87°, 306.87°
2. (a) sin 2A = sin 4A
sin 2A = 2 sin 2A cos 2A
sin 2A – 2 sin 2A cos 2A = 0
sin 2A(1 – 2 cos 2A) = 0
If sin 2A = 0
2A = 0, π, 2π, 3π, 4π
A = 0, π , π
2
If 1 – 2 cos 2A = 0
2 cos 2A = 1
cos 2A = 1
2
Reference angle, a = π
3
cos 2A is positive, so 2A is in quadrants I and IV, 0 < 2A < 2π
2A = π , 2π – π
3 3
= , π 5π
3 3
A = π , 5π
6 6
Thus, A = 0, π , π , 5π , π
6 2 6
(b) 5 cot2 A – 4 cot A = 0
cot A(5 cot A – 4) = 0
If cot A = 0, A = 0, π
If 5 cot A = 4, cot A = 4
5
tan A = 5
4
A = 51.34° × π
180
= 0.2852π rad
Thus, A = 0 rad, 0.2852π rad, π rad
3. tan q + cot q = sec q cosec q
Left side = tan q + cot q
= sin q + cos q
cos q sin q
= sin q + cos q
2 2
cos q sin q
= 1
cos q sin q
= sec q cosec q
35
Solve: sec q cosec q = 4 cot q
tan q + cot q = 4 cot q
tan q – 3 cot q = 0
tan q – 3 = 0
tan q
tan2 q =3
tan q = ± ! 3
= 60°, 120°, 240°, 300°
4. (a) sin (B + C) = sin A, B + C = 180° – A
Left side = sin (B + C)
= sin (180° – A)
= sin 180° cos A – cos 180° sin A
= 0 – (–1) sin A
= sin A
= right side
(b) cos (B + C) = –cos A, B + C = 180° – A
Left side = cos (B + C)
= cos (180° – A)
= cos 180° cos A + sin 180° sin A
= – cos A
= right side
5. ∠BCD = q
(a) cos q = –cos ∠BCE 10 cm C 8 cm
= – 8 D E
17 q
(b) sin 2q = 2 sin q cos q, sin q = sin ∠BCE 17 cm
15 cm 15 cm
= 15
17
Then, sin 2q = 2 × 15 × – 8
17 ( ) 17 A
18 cm
B
= – 240
289
(c) tan 2q = 2 tan q , tan q = – tan ∠BCE
1 – tan2 q
= – 15
8
=
( )
2 – 15
8
( )
1 – – 15
8
2
– 15
= 4
64 – 225
64
= –15 × 64
4 –161
= 240
161
To determine the value of q, use
cos q = – 8 , q = 118.07°
17
6. (a) ∠CAD = 60° – q
sin ∠CAD = sin (60° – A)
= sin 60° cos A – cos 60° sin q
( )(
=
! 3 24
2 25 ) ( )( )
+ 1 7
2 25
24! 3 – 7
=
50
36
cos ∠CAD = cos (60° – q)
= cos 60° cos q – cos 60° sin q
= 1 24 –
2 25 ( )( )
! 3 7
2 25 ( )( )
24 + 7! 3
=
50
tan ∠CAD = sin ∠CAD
cos ∠CAD
24! 3 – 7 50
= ×
50 24 + 7! 3
24! 3 – 7
=
24 + 7! 3
Or
tan ∠CAD = tan (60° – q)
= tan 60° – tan q
1 + tan 60° tan q
=
! 3 – 7
24 ( )
1 + ! 3 7
24 ( )
24! 3 – 7
=
24 + 7! 3
(b) The length of the cable AC = 25 m (Pythagoras’ theorem)
cos 60° = 24
AD
AD = 24
cos 60°
The length of the cable AD = 48 m
p2 sin b sin a
7. L =
2 sin (b + a)
Prove: L = 1 rq sin q,
2
Using the sine rule:
r = q = p
sin a sin b sin q
p sin a
r =
sin q
p sin b
q =
sin q
Thus, L = 1 ( p sin a
2 sin q ) (
×
sin q)
p sin b
× (sin q)
p sin b sin a
2
L= …1
2 sin (b + a)
Since sin q = sin (180° – (b + a))
= sin (b + a)
p2 sin b sin a
Equation 1: L =
2 sin (b + a)
37
8. sec q = t
! t2 – 1 y
(a) sin q =
t
( 2 )
(b) cos π + q = cos π cos q – sin π sin q
2 2
! t2 – 1 t
= – �t2 – 1
t
(c) tan (π – q) = tan π – tan q θ
x
1 + tan π tan q 1
= – tan q
= –! t2 – 1
9. f(x) = 1 +  cos x  y
(a) Corresponding range 1 < f(x) < 2
3
(b) x  cos x  = 1 – x 2
1
 cos x  = 1 – 1 x
x 0 � � 3� 2�
Sketch f(x) = 1
— —
2 4
x
x 0 π 2π
f(x) ∞ 0.32 0.16

Summative Exercise
1. (a) 0 < x < 2π
(b) –π < x < π
2
(c) 3 π < x < 4π
2
2. (a) Acute angle = 0 , x , π
2
(b) Obtuse angle = π , x , π
2
(c) Reflex angle = π , x , 2π
3. (a) sin q = ± 0.66
Reference angle = sin–1 0.66 = 41.30°
sin q is both positive and negative: q is in all quadrants.
q = 41.30°, 180° – 41.30°, 180° + 41.30°, 360 – 41.30°
q = 41.30°, 138.70°, 221.30°, 318.70°
(b) sec q = ± 2.2727
cos q = ± 1 , ± 0.44
2.2727
Reference angle = cos–1 0.44 = 63.90°
cos q is both positive and negative, q is in all quadrants
q = 63.90°, 116.10°, 243.90°, 296.10°
(c) cot q = ±1.136
tan q = ± 0.8803
Reference angle = tan–1 0.8803 = 41.36°
tan q is both positive and negative, q is in all quadrants
q = 41.36°, 138.64°, 221.36°, 318.64°
4. (a) sin (–120°) = – sin 120°
= – sin (180° – 120°)
= – sin 60°
! 3
= –
2
38
(b) tan 480° = tan (480° – 360°)
= tan 120°
= – tan (180° – 120°)
= – tan 60°
= – ! 3
(c) sec 750° = sec (750° – 2(360°))
= sec 30°
= 2
! 3
(d) cosec 3π = cosec (3π – 2π)
= cosec π
= 1
0
=∞
( ) (
(e) cot – 9 π = cot – 9 π – (–2π)
4 4 )
( )
= cot – π
4
= –cot π
4
= –1
( ) [
(f) cos – 8 π = cos – 8 π – (–2π)
3 3 ]
( )
= cos – 2π
3
= – cos 2π
3
(
= – cos π – 2π)
3
= – cos π
3
= – 1
2
5. sin A = 5 and sin B = 4 . Find the value of cos (A − B) and tan (A + B)
13 5
(a) A and B are acute
cos (A – B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B
( )( ) ( )( )
= 12 3 + 5 4
13 5 13 5
= 36 +
65 65
20
= 56
65
tan (A + B) = tan A + tan B
1 – tan A tan B
5 + 4
= 12 3
( )( )
1– 5 4
12 3
7
= 4
4
9
= 7 × 9
4 4
= 63
16
39
(b) A and B are obtuse
cos (A – B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B
( )( ) ( )( )
= –12 –3 + 5 4
13 5 13 5
= 36
65 65
+ 20
= 56
65
tan (A + B) = tan A + tan B
1 – tan A tan B
5 + 4
= –12 –3
1– 5 ( )( )
4
–12 –3
– 7
= 4
4
9
= – 7 × 9
4 4
= – 63
16
(c) cos A and cos B are negative.
A and B are in quadrant II and both of them are obtuse like in (b).
cos (A – B) = 56
65
tan (A + B) = – 63
16
6. y = a cos bx, 0 < x < 2π
Number of Class
Graph Equation Period
Cycles Interval
π
I y = cos x 1 2π 2
π
II y = cos 2x 2 π 4
III y = cos 1 x 1
4π π
2 2
7. (a) Period for y = sin 2x is π.

(b) Amplitude for y = 1 + 2 cos 3x is 2. Maximum value is y = 3, minimum value is y = –1.
(c) Graph sketching for y = sin 2x and y = 1 + 2 cos 3x
y
3
2
1
x
0 π
_ π
–1 2

(d) Solutions for sin 2x – 2 cos 3x – 1 = 0 are the points of intersection
sin 2x = 1 + 2 cos 3x
There are 3 intersections on the graph, hence there are 3 solutions.
40
8. A + B + C = 180°
C = 180° – (A + B)
sin (A – B) sin C = sin (A – B) sin (180° – (A + B)
= sin (A – B) sin (A + B)
= (sin A cos B – cos A sin B)(sin A cos B + cos A sin B)
= sin2 A cos2 B – cos2 A sin2 B
= sin2 A(1 – sin2 B) – sin2 B(1 – sin2 A)
= sin2 A – sin2 B
9. tan A tan (A – 60°) + tan A tan (A + 60°) + tan (A – 60°) tan (A + 60°) = –3
Prove:
( ) ( ) (
Left side = tan A tan A – tan 60° + tan A tan A + tan 60° + tan A – tan 60°
1 + tan A tan 60° 1 – tan A tan 60° )(
tan A + tan 60°
1 + tan A tan 60° 1 – tan A tan 60° )
=
tan2 A – ! 3 tan A
1 + ! 3 tan A
+
tan2 A + ! 3 tan A
1 – ! 3 tan A
+ tan A –23
1 –
2
3 tan A
=
(tan2
A – ! 3 tan A)(1 – ! 3 tan A) + (tan2 A + ! 3 tan A) (1 + ! 3 tan A) + tan2 A – 3
1 – 3 tan2 A
tan2 A – ! 3 tan3 A – ! 3 tan A + 3 tan2 A + tan2 A + ! 3 tan3 A + ! 3 tan A + 3 tan2 A + tan2 A – 3
=
1 – 3 tan2 A
= 9 tan A –2 3
2
1 – 3 tan A
–3(1 – 3 tan2 x)
=
1 – 3 tan2 x
= –3
10. A = cos
( )
–1 3 Ú cos A = 3
! 10 ! 10
B = sin–1
( ) 1
! 5
Ú sin B = 1
! 5
sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B
= 1
( )( ) ( )( )
! 10 ! 5
2 + 3 1
! 10 ! 5
= 2 + 3
! 50 ! 50
= 5
! 25 × 2
= 5
5! 2
sin (A + B) = 1
! 2
Thus, A + B = π
4
11. (a) sin 2x + sin x = 0
2 sin x cos x + sin x = 0
sin x(2 cos x + 1) = 0
sin x = 0, x = 0, π, 2π
2 cos x + 1 = 0
cos x = – 1
2
x = 2 π, 4 π
3 3
Hence, the x-intercepts of the graph are 0, 2 π, π, 4 π and 2π.
3 3
41
(b) y
2
1
x
0 � � 3� 2�
–1 — —
2 2
–2

Maximum value, y = 2
Period = π
(c) The intersect of the graphs y = sin 2x and y = cos 2x + 1 is
sin 2x + sin x = cos 2x + 1
sin 2x + sin x = 2 cos2 x – 1 + 1
sin 2x + sin x = 2 cos2 x
Hence, the intersection of the graphs are the solutions to sin 2x + sin x = 2 cos2 x.
12. (a) Left side = 1 – tan 2 x
2
1 + tan x
= 1 – tan x
2

sec2 x
( )
= 1 – sin 2 x cos2 x
2

cos x
( cos
)
x – sin2 x cos2 x
2
=
cos2 x
= cos2 x – sin2 x
= cos 2x
= right side
(b) y
x
0 π
_ π π
3_
2 2
–1

(c) 5π (1 – tan2 x) = x (1 + tan2 x)
1 – tan 2 x = x
2
1 + tan x 5π
cos 2x = x
5π
Draw y = x on the graph in (b).
5π
There are 3 solutions.
13. (a) (i) sin (x + 30°) = 2 cos x
sin x cos 30° + cos x sin 30° – 2 cos x = 0
sin x + 1 cos x – 2 cos x = 0

! 3

2 2
sin x = 3 cos x
! 3

2 2
tan x = 3
! 3
= ! 3
x = 60°, 240°
42
(ii) 2 sec (x + 60°) = 5 sec (x – 20°)
2 = 5
cos (x + 60°) cos (x – 20°)
2 cos (x – 20°) = 5 cos (x + 60°)
2 (cos x cos 20° + sin x sin 20°) = 5 (cos x cos 60° – sin x sin 60°)
( ) 2 ( )
2 cos x cos 20° + 2 sin x sin 20° = 5 cos x 1 – 5 sin x
! 3
2
1.879 cos x + 0.684 sin x = 2.5 cos x – 4.33 sin x
5.014 sin x = 0.621 cos x
tan x = 0.1239
x = 7.063°, 187.063°
(iii) tan x + tan 15° =2
1 – tan x tan 15°
tan (x + 15°) = 2
x + 15° = 63.43°, 243.43°
x = 48.43°, 228.43°
(b) (i) (
3 sin x = 2 cos x + π) 4
(
3 sin x = 2 cos x cos π – sin x sin π )
4 4

( )
3 sin x = 2 cos x 1
! 2 ( )
– 2 sin x 1
! 2
( )
3 + 2 sin x = 2 cos x
! 2 ! 2
tan x = 0.3204
x = 17.77° × π , 197.77° × π
180 180
= 0.0987π rad or 0.3102 rad, and 1.099π rad or 3.452 rad
(ii) ( )
2 tan x + 3 tan x – π = 0
( )
4
tan x – tan π
2 tan x + 3 4 =0
1 + tan x tan π
4
(
2 tan x + 3 tan x
)–
1 + tan x
1 =0
2 tan x(1 + tan x) + 3 tan x – 3 = 0

2 tan x + 2 tan2 x + 3 tan x – 3 = 0
2 tan2 x + 5 tan x – 3 = 0
tan x = 0.5, –3
If tan x = 0.5, x = 26.57°, 206.57°
If tan x = –3, reference angle, a = 71.57°
x = 108.43°, 288.43°
Thus, x = 26.57°, 108.43°, 206.57°, 288.43°
x = 0.4637 rad, 1.892 rad, 3.605 rad, 5.034 rad
(iii) tan 5x = tan 2x
tan (2x + 3x) = tan 2x
tan 2x + tan 3x = tan 2x
1 – tan 2x tan 3x
tan 2x + tan 3x = tan 2x – tan2 2x tan 3x
tan 3x + tan2 2x tan 3x = 0
tan 3x(1 + tan2 2x) = 0
43
If tan 3x = 0,
3x = π, 2π, 3π, 4π, 5π, 6π
x = π , 2π , π, 4π , 5π , 2π
3 3 3 3
If 1 + tan2 2x = 0
tan2 2x = –1
tan 2x = ! –1 , impossible
Thus, x = π , 2π , π, 4π , 5π , 2π
3 3 3 3
14. g = 9.78039(1 + 0.005288 sin q – 0.000006 sin2 2q)
(a) The latitude of Kuala Lumpur is 3.1390° N
sin 3.1390° = 0.05476
sin 2(3.1390°) = 0.1094
Thus, g = 9.78039(1 + 0.005288(0.05476) – 0.000006(0.1094))
= 9.78039(1 – 6.564 × 10–7)
= 9.780 ms–2
(b) Latitude of the equator = 0°, sin 0° = 0
Latitude of the poles = 90°, sin 90° = 1
Value of gravity at the equator = 9.78039(1 + 0.005288 sin 0° – 0.000006 sin2 2(0°))
= 9.78039 ms–2
Value of gravity at the poles = 9.78039(1 + 0.005288 sin 90° – 0.000006 sin2 2(90°))
= 9.78039(1 – 0.005288)
= 9.8321 ms–2
Hence, the value of gravity is maximum at the north and south poles when q = 90° N and 90° S.
The value is 9.8321 ms–2.
15. Coordinates of P is (cos B, sin B)
Coordinates of Q is (cos A, sin A)
Area of ∆OPQ = 1 (1)(1)(sin (A – B)
2
= 1 sin (A – B) …1
2
0 cos B cos A 0
Area of ∆OPQ = 1
2 0 sin B sin A 0
= 1  cos B sin A – cos A sin B) 
2
= 1 (sin A cos B – cos A sin B) …2
2
Equation 1 = Equation 2
Thus, sin (A – B) = sin A cos B – cos A sin B
16. (a) 1 = sin x cos x

tan x + cot x
44
Left side = 1
tan x + cot x
= 1
sin x + cos x
cos x sin x
= 1
sin2 x + cos2 x
cos x sin x
= cos x sin x
= right side
(b) (sin x – cos x)(tan x + cot x) = sec x – cosec x

Left side = (sin x – cos x)(tan x + cot x)
(
= (sin x – cos x) sin x + cos x
cos x sin x )
( sin x + cos x
)
2 2
= (sin x – cos x)
cos x sin x
(
= (sin x – cos x) 1
cos x sin x)
= sin x + cos x
cos x sin x cos x sin x
= sec x – cosec x
= right side
(c) cot x – tan x = cos2 x – sin2 x
cot x + tan x
45
Left side = cot x – tan x
cot x + tan x
1 – tan x
= tan x
1 + tan x
tan x
1 – tan2 x
= tan x
1 + tan2 x
tan x
= 1 – tan2 x
1 + tan x
= 1 – tan x
2

sec x
2
= 12 – sin2 x
sec x cos x sec2 x
2
= cos2 x – sin2
x cos2 x
cos2 x
= cos2 x – sin2 x
= right side
Thus, (a) 1 = y = sin x cos x
tan x + cot x
(b) (sin x – cos x)(tan x – cot x) = sec x – cosec x
(c) cot x – tan x = cos2 x – sin2 x
cot x + tan x
46
Answers
CHAPTER 7 LINEAR PROGRAMMING
Based on the following situations, determine the constraints and form the mathematical model.
Situation Mathematical sentence Mathematical model
Raju sells a packet of nasi lemak Let x = price of nasi lemak
for RM5 and a packet of chicken y = price of chicken rice
rice for RM7. How many packages Constraint: Sales more than RM400
of nasi lemak and chicken rice Mathematical model: 5x + 7y . 400
need to be sold in a day to earn Graphic representation
more than RM400 in sales? y
A 80
60
40
20
x
–20 0 20 40 60 80 100
A school wants to send x Form 4 Let x = number of Form 4 students

students and y Form 5 students to y = number of Form 5 students
join a youth camp. The maximum Constraint: Maximum number of students
number of students to be sent is 50
50 people. Mathematical model: x + y < 50
Graphic representation
y
B
80
60
40
20
x
0 20 40 60 80
An electronic factory produces two Constraint: Number of components is at

components, A and B. On a given most 80
day, the factory produces x units Mathematical model: x + y < 80
of components A and y units of Graphic representation
components B. The total number y
of components produced is at most
C 80 units. 80
60
40
20
x
0 20 40 60 80
1
The statement is false because the mathematical model 10x – 15y < 100 when compared to the general linear
inequality, ax + by < c, b is negative so the region that satisfies the inequality of 10x – 15y < 100 is above the line.
y
600
500 The value of linear optimal function can be
400 obtained by moving the linear optimal function
5x + 2y = 1 000 line parallel to itself towards and into the region
300
that satisfies all the constraints.
200 The maximum point is (120, 200).
x + 2y = 600
100 R Maximum value, k = 60x + 90y
60x + 90y = 5 400 x + y = 320 = 60(120) + 90(200)
0 x
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 = 25 200

Self-Exercise 7.1
1.
(a) (b) (c)
y y y
6 2 40
2y – 3x 12 y + 7x – 49 0
5 1 30
4 x 20
1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
3 –1 10
6x – y 12
2 –2 x
0 2 4 6 8
1
x
–4 –3 –2 –1 0
2. (a) y < 3x
(b) x + y < 80
(c) y > 10
3. (a) Area of the land is 80 hectares, 360 workers and the capital is RM24 000
(b) (i) x + y < 80
(ii) 3x + 6y < 360
(iii) 800x + 300y > 24 000
(c)
(i) (ii) (iii)
y y y
80 60 80
60 40 60
40 20 3x + 6y 360 40 8x + 3y 240
20 x + y 80 0 x 20
20 40 60 80 100 120
x x
0 20 40 60 80 –40 –20 0 20 40
2
4. (a), (b)
y
40
Maximum point (0, 30)
30 3x + 2y = 60
20
Minimum point (10, 5)
10 x + y = 15 y = –x
2
x
0 5 10 15 20
(c) (i) Maximum point is (0, 30).

Maximum value, k = x + 2y
= 0 + 2(30)
= 60
(ii) Minimum point is (10, 5).
Minimum value, k = x + 2y
= 10 + 2(5)
= 20
1. (a) The line passes through the points (1, 0) and (0, –1)
0 – (–1)
Equation of the line, y – 0 = (x – 1)
1–0
y = 1(x – 1)
= x – 1
º Linear inequality is y . x – 1 (Dash line, sign . is used)
(b) The line passes through the points (0, 1) and (–1, – 4)
1 – (– 4)
Equation of the line, y – 1 = (x – 0)
0 – (–1)
y = 5(x – 0) + 1
= 5x + 1
º Linear inequality is y , 5x + 1 (Dash line, sign , is used)
2. x = Number of students taking the course P
y = Number of students taking the course Q
I: x + y < 100
II: y < 4x
III: y – x > 5
3. y < 3x, y < x + 50, x + y < 1 000
Self-Exercise 7.2
1. (a) I: x + y < 80, II: y < 4x, y – x > 10
(b)
y
80 y = 4x
y – x = 10
70
(16, 64)
60
50
40 R
30 x + y = 80
20
10
x
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

3
(c) (i) 30 < y < 60
(ii) Maximum point is (16, 64).
k = 60x + 70y
= 60(16) + 70(64)
= 5 440
Hence, the maximum total fees is RM5 440.
2. (a) 40x + 20y < 2 000 or its equivalent,
30x + 60y > 1 800 or its equivalent,
y < 3x or its equivalent
(b)
y
100
40x + 20y = 2 000
90
80
70 y = 3x
60 (20, 60)
50
40
30 R
20
10
30x + 60y = 1 800
0 x
10 20 30 40 50 60 70

(c) (i) Minimum number = 15
k = 300(20) + 250(60)
= 21 000
Hence, the maximum profit is RM21 000.
1. (a) 4x + 5y > 1 000 or its equivalent,
0.4x + 0.3y < 300 or its equivalent,
y – x < 200 or its equivalent
(b)
y
0.4x + 0.3y = 300
900
800 y – x = 200
700
600
(342, 542)
500
400
300 R
200 4x + 5y = 1 000
100
0 x
100 200 300 400 500 600 700

(c) (i) 500
4
k = 3.50x + 2.40y
= 3.50(342) + 2.40(542)
= 2 497.80
Hence, the maximum profit is RM2 497.80
2. (a) 30x + 25y < 3 000
x > 20
y > x + 10
(b) y
120
100 x = 20
80
y = x + 10
60 R
40 30x + 25y = 3 000
(20, 30)
20
0 x
20 40 60 80 100

(c) Minimum point is (20, 30).
k = 30x + 25y
= 30(20) + 25(30)
= 1 350
Hence, the minimum cost is RM1 350.
3. (a) x + y < 7 000
y < 2x
y > 1 000
(b) y
7 000
x + y = 7 000
6 000 y = 2x
5 000
4 000
3 000
2 000 R
(6 000, 1 000)
1 000
y = 1 000
0 x
1 000 2 000 3 000 4 000 5 000 6 000 7 000

(c) (i) 5 000 litres
(ii) Maximum point is (6 000, 1 000).
k = 50x + 30y
= 50(6 000) + 30(1 000)
= 330 000
Summative Exercise
1. (a) 3x + 5y > 60, 2x + 3y < 60, x > 5, y > 5
5
(b) y
x=5
20
(5, 17)
15
10 2x + 3y = 60
R
y=5
5
3x + 5y = 60
0 x
5 10 15 20 25 30 35

(c) (i) x = 5, y = 17
(ii) k = 40x + 80y
= 40(5) + 80(17)
= 1 560
2. (a) 5x + 6y > 60
3x + 4y < 60
x < 2y
(b) y
16
14
12 3x + 4y = 60
x = 2y
10
8 R
6
4
5x + 6y = 60
2
0 x
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

(c) Maximum point is (12, 6).
k = 17x + 20y
= 17(12) + 20(6)
= RM324
Hence, the maximum profit is RM324.
3. (a) 120x + 50y < 600 or 12x + 5y < 60
y < 3x
y>2
(b) y
12 y = 3x
12x + 5y = 60
10
8
6
4 R
2
y=2
0 x
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

(c) (i) 1 < y < 4
k = 150x + 100y
= 150(4) + 100(2)
= 800
Hence, the maximum cost is RM800.
6
4. (a) x + y < 80
x > 1 or y < 3x
y 3
100x + 120y > 5 000
(b) y
80 y = 3x
70
60
50
40
10
30 0x
+ R
12 x + y = 80
20 0y
=
50
10 00
0 x
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

(c) (i) 33
k = 100x + 120y
= 100(20) + 120(60)
= 9 200
Maximum profit = 25 × 9 200
100
= RM2 300
5. (a) 2x + 5y < 30
3x + 2y < 24
x < 2y
(b)
y
12
11
10
9
8 3x + 2y = 24
7
6 x = 2y
5
(5, 4)
4
3 R
2x + 5y = 30
2
1
0 x
2 4 6 8 10 12 14

(c) (i) 4
(ii) Maksimum point is (5, 4).
k = 200x + 250y
= 200(5) + 250(4)
= RM2 000
7
Answers
CHAPTER 8 KINEMATICS OF LINEAR MOTION
Weight, force, momentum
2.
Time, t (s) 0 1 2 3 4
Displacement, s (m) 0 –2 –2 0 4
3. The value of displacement obtained which represent the displacement of particle during t = 0, t = 1, t = 2, t = 3
and t = 4.
4. Number line: Displacement-time graph:
s (m)
t=1 t=0
4 s = t2 – 3t
s (m)
–2 O 4
t=2 t=3 t=4

t (s)
0 1 2 3 4
–2
5. (a) Object is on the left of point O.
(b) Object is on the point O.
(c) Object is on the right of point O.
2. Number line: Displacement-time graph:
t=0 t=1 s (m)
v=8 v=4
t=2 v=0
v=0 8
s (m)
–24 –10 O 6 8 v>0
t=6 t=5 t=4 t=3 0 t (s)
v = –16 v = –12 v = –8 v = – 4 2 4 5 6
v<0
–10
–24
s = 8t – 2t2
1
3. & 4.
Time, t (s) The gradient of tangent, m Running direction Sign for v Value of v
0 8 Move to the right Positive 8
1 4 Move to the right Positive 4
2 0 Stationary No sign 0
3 – 4 Move to the left Negative – 4
4 –8 Move to the left Negative –8
2. (a)
v (ms–1)
a=0
4
a>0
t (s)
0 2 4 5 6
–5
a<0
–12
v = 4t – t2
(b)
Time, t (s) The gradient of tangent
1 2
2 0
3 –2
4 –4
5 –6
(c) The acceleration of the swimmer when t = 1, t = 2, t = 3, t = 4 and t = 5 is the same as the gradient of tangent on
t = 1, t = 2, t = 3, t = 4 and t = 5.
(d) If the movement of particle to the right from fixed point O is positive, then
• The positive acceleration, a . 0 shows the velocity of particle is increasing against time.
• The zero acceleration, a = 0 shows the velocity of particle is maximum or minimum.
• The negative acceleration, a , 0 shows the velocity of particle decreasing against time.
Self-Exercise 8.1
1. (a) Given s = 2t 2 – 5t – 3
(i) When t = 0, s = 2(0)2 − 5(0) − 3
= −3
Thus, the instantaneous displacement of the particle when t = 0 is −3 m.
(ii) When t = 2, s = 2(2)2 − 5(2) − 3
= 8 − 10 − 3
= −5
Thus, the instantaneous displacement of the particle when t = 2 is −5 m.
2
(b) (i) When the particle passes through point O, s = 0
Which is 2t2 − 5t − 3 = 0
(2t + 1)(t − 3) = 0
t = − 1 or t = 3
2
Thus, in the time 3 seconds, the particles start to pass point O.
(ii) When the particle is 9 m to the right of point O, s = 9
Which is 2t2 − 5t − 3 = 9
2t2 − 5t − 12 = 0
(2t + 3)(t − 4) = 0
t = − 3 or t = 4
2
Thus, the time is 4 seconds when the particles located 9 m on the right of point O.
(c) When the particles on the right of point O, s . 0
Which is 2t2 − 5t − 3 . 0
(2t + 1)(t − 3) . 0
Thus, the range of time is t . 3.
2. (a) Given v = t2 – 8t + 7
When t = 3, v = 32 − 8(3) + 7
= 9 − 24 + 7
= −8
Thus, the velocity of the particles when t = 3 is −8 ms−1.
(b) When the particles stop, v = 0
Which is t2 − 8t + 7 = 0
(t − 1)(t − 7) = 0
t = 1 or t = 7
Thus, when the time is 1 second and 7 seconds, the particles stops for a while.
(c) When the particles moves to the left, v , 0
Which is t2 − 8t + 7 , 0
(t − 1)(t − 7) , 0
Thus, the range of time is 1 , t , 7.
3. (a) Given a = 8 − 4t
When t = 4, a = 8 − 4(4)
= 8 − 16
= −8
Thus, the acceleration of the particle when t = 4 is –8 ms–2.
(b) For maximum velocity, a = 0
Which is 8 − 4t = 0
4t = 8
t=2
Thus, the time is 2 seconds when the velocity of the particle is maximum.
(c) When the velocity of the particle increasing, a . 0
Which is 8 − 4t . 0
4t − 8 , 0
4t , 8
t,2
Thus, the range of time is t , 2.
Self-Exercise 8.2
1. (a) s = s4 – s0
= [4(4)2 + 4] – 0
= 68 m
(b) s = s6 – s3
= [4(6)2 + 6] – [4(3)2 + 3]
= 150 – 39
= 111 m
3
2. (a) (i) s = 15 – 7 s (m)
s = 8 m
(ii) s = (16 – 7) + 16 + 20 16 s = 6t – t2 + 7
15
s = 9 + 16 + 20
7
s = 45 m
(b) s = s7 – s6 t (s)
0 2 3 7 9

s =  [6(7) – (7) + 7] – [6(6) – (6) + 7] 
2 2

s =  0 – 7 

s=7m –20

1. (a) s = t2 – 4t
Time, t (second) 1 2 3 4 5
Displacement, s (metre) –3 – 4 –3 0 5
(b)
s (m)
s = t2 – 4t
5
t (s)
0 2 45
–4
(c) s = t2 – 4t
When the boat return to the jetty, s = 0
t 2 – 4t = 0
t(t – 4) = 0
t=4
The boat returns to the jetty again in 4 seconds.
2. (a) Given s = t 3 + 2t + c and the initial displacement is 2 m.
When t = 0, s = 2.
Thus, c = 2.
(b) (i) When t = 2, s = 23 + 2(2) + 2
s = 14 m
(ii) When t = 3, s = 33 + 2(3) + 2
s = 35 m
3. s = 3t 2 + 2t
When t = 0, s = 0
When t = 10, s = 3(10)2 + 2(10)
s = 320 m
4. v = 7t – 5
When t = 2, v = 7(2) – 5
v = 9 ms–1
When t = 4, v = 7(4) – 5
v = 23 ms–1
5. (a) Given a = 4 − 2t
When t = 0, a = 4 − 2(0)
=4
Thus, the initial acceleration of the particle is 4 ms−2.
4
(b) When the velocity of the particle decreasing, a , 0
Which is 4 − 2t , 0
2t − 4 . 0
2t . 4
t.2
Thus, the range of time is t . 2.
6. (a) Given s = 2t2 + t
When t = 3, s = 2(3)2 + 3
s = 21 m
(b) In the first 5 seconds, s = 2(5)2 + 5
s = 55 m
7. (a)
Time, t (s) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Displacement, s (m) 9 6 5 6 9 14 21
(b)
s (m)
21 s = (t – 2)2 + 5
9
5

t (s)
0 2 6
(c) Total distance = (9 – 5) + (21 – 5)

= 4 + 16
= 20 m
Self-Exercise 8.3
1. (a) s = t(2 – t) 2
s = t(4 – 4t + t2)
s = 4t – 4t2 + t3
v = ds
dt
v = 4 – 8t + 3t2
(b) s = 16t – t 2
v = ds
dt
v = 16 – 2t
(c) s = 2t3 – 4t 2 + 2t + 1
v = ds
dt
v = 6t2 – 8t + 2
(d) s = t 3(3 + t)2

s = t 3(9 + 6t + t 2)
s = 9t 3 + 6t 4 + t 5
v = ds
dt
v = 27t2 + 24t 3 + 5t 4
(e) s = t(2t2 – 9t – 5)
s = 2t3 – 9t2 – 5t
v = ds
dt
v = 6t2 – 18t – 5
5
(f) s = 1 t3 – 3t2 + 5t – 2
3
v = ds
dt
v = t2 – 6t + 5
2. (a) s = 1 t3 – 1 t2 + 4t
3 2
v = ds
dt
v = t2 – t + 4
a = dv
dt
a = 2t – 1
(b) s = t 3 – 5t 2 + 7
v = ds
dt
v = 3t2 – 10t
a = dv
dt
a = 6t – 10
(c) s = 8t – 2t 3
v = ds
dt
v = 8 – 6t2
a = dv
dt
a = –12t
(d) v = (5 – 3t)2
v = 25 – 30t + 9t2
a = dv
dt
a = 18t – 30
(e) v = 3t2 – 1 + 4
t
v = 3t2 – t –1 + 4
a = dv
dt
a = 6t + 1 2
t
(f) v = 6t3 – 4 2
t
v = 6t3 – 4t –2
a = dv
dt
a = 18t 2 + 8 3
t
3. (a) s = 8 + 2t – t 2
v = ds
dt
v = 2 – 2t
a = dv
dt
a = –2
Thus, the function of velocity of the particle is v = 2 − 2t and the function of its acceleration is a = −2.
6
(b)
s/v/a
9
8
s = 8 + 2t – t2
2
0 1 2 4 t
–2 a = –2
–6 v = 2 – 2t

The particle starts to move on the displacement of 8 m from the fixed point O with the initial velocity of
2 ms−1 and acceleration of −2 ms−2. At t = 1, the particle is in rest with velocity 0 ms−1 and starts to change the
direction to the left with its maximum displacement of 9 m and acceleration of −2 ms−2.
At t = 4, the particle reaches at the fixed point O with velocity of −6 ms−1 and its acceleration still the same
which is −2 ms−2. Through out the time of 0 < t < 4, the acceleration of the movement of the particle is
constant. The total distance that passed through by the particle in that duration time is (9 − 8) + 9 = 10 m.
4. The gradient of the tangent to the curve changes when point A changes.
5.
Time, t (s) 0 4 8 10
Gradient of tangent, ds 40 0 – 40 –60

dt
6. The value of gradient of tangent, ds to the curve on the obtained time, t is a velocity of the particle to the
dt
displacement-time graph, s = 40t – 5t 2 at time t.
Self-Exercise 8.4
1. (a) s = 2t 2 – 3t + 6
v = ds
dt
v = 4t – 3
(i) v 1 = 4 1 − 3
4
4 ( )

v1 = 1 − 3
4

v 1 = −2
4
Thus, the velocity of the particle when t = 1 is −2 ms−1.
4
(ii) v2 = 4(2) − 3
v2 = 8 − 3
v2 = 5
Thus, the velocity of the particle when t = 2 is 5 ms−1.
(iii) v6 = 4(6) − 3
v6 = 24 − 3
v6 = 21
(b) (i) 4t − 3 = −1
4t = 2
t = 1
2
Thus, the time when the instantaneous velocity of the particle −1 ms−1 is 1 second.
2
(ii) 4t − 3 = 5
4t = 8
t = 2
Thus, the time when the instantaneous velocity of the particle 5 ms−1 is 2 seconds.
7
(iii) 4t − 3 = 9
4t = 12
t = 3
Thus, the time when the instantaneous velocity of the particle 9 ms−1 is 3 seconds.
2. (a) s = 2t 3 – 5t 2 + 4t
v = ds
dt
v = 6t 2 – 10t + 4
When t = 2, v = 6(22) – 10(2) + 4
v = 24 – 20 + 4
v=8
(b) When the particle stops, v = 0
Which is 6t2 − 10t + 4 = 0
3t2 − 5t + 2 = 0
(3t − 2)(t − 1) = 0
t = 2 or t = 1
3
Thus, the time when the particle stops is 2 second and 1 second.
3
(c) When the particle moves to the right, v , 0
Which is 6t2 − 10t + 4 , 0
3t2 − 5t + 2 , 0
(3t − 2)(t − 1) , 0
Thus, the range of t when the particle moves to the right is 0 < t , 2 or t . 1.
3
Self-Exercise 8.5
1. (a) v = 8t – t 2
a = dv
dt
a = 8 – 2t
a0 = 8 – 2(0)
a0 = 8
Thus, the initial acceleration of the particle is 8 ms–2.
(b) When the particle stops, v = 0
Which is 8t − t2 = 0
t(8 − t) = 0
t = 0 or t = 8
When t = 8, a8 = 8 − 2(8)
a8 = −8
Thus, the acceleration when the particle stops instantaneously for the second time is −8 ms−2.
(c) When the velocity of the particle is uniform, a = 0
2t = 8
t=4
Thus, the time when the velocity of the particle is uniform is 4 seconds.
2. (a) v = t 2 – 2t – 8
a = dv
dt
a = 2t – 2
For zero acceleration, a = 0
Which is 2t − 2 = 0
2t = 2
t=1
Thus, the time of particle when its acceleration zero is 1 second.
8
(b) When the particle is at a deceleration, a , 0
Which is 2t – 2 , 0
2t , 2
t,1
Thus, the range of value t is t , 1.
1. (a) –2 ms–1
(b) 3 seconds
(c) 4 m
(d) (4 – 3) + 5 = 10 m
(e) t . 1
2. (a) Given s = ht2 + k
At point P(0, 1), 1 = h(0)2 + k
k=1
At point Q(2, 3), 3 = h(2)2 + 1
3 = 4h + 1
4h = 2
h= 1
2
Thus, h = 1 and k = 1.
2
(b) (i) s = 1 t2 + 1
2
v = ds
dt
v=t
When t = 1, v = t
v=1
(ii) 0 ms−1
(iii) −1.5 ms−1
3. (a) Given s = t3 − 5t2 − 8t + 12
Thus, when t time, the function of velocity, v = ds
dt
v = 3t2 – 10t – 8
and the function of acceleration, a = dv
dt
a = 6t – 10
(b) When t = 3, v = 3(3)2 − 10(3) − 8
v = 27 − 30 − 8
v = −11
and a = 6(3) − 10
a=8
Thus, the velocity and acceleration of the particle when t = 3 are −11 ms−1 and 8 ms−2 respectively.
(c) When the particle stops, v = 0
Which is 3t2 − 10t − 8 = 0
(3t + 2)(t − 4) = 0
t = − 2 or t = 4
3
Thus, the particle stops when t = 4.
(d) When the particle is located on point O, s = 0
Which is t3 − 5t2 − 8t + 12 = 0
(t2 + t − 2)(t − 6) = 0
(t + 2)(t − 1)(t − 6) = 0
t = −2 or t = 1 or t = 6
Thus, the particle located on O when t = 1 and t = 6.
9
(e) When t = 0, s = 03 − 5(0)2 − 8(0) + 12
s = 12
When t = 4, s = 43 − 5(4)2 − 8(4) + 12
s = 64 − 80 − 32 + 12
s = −36
Number line for the displacement of particle is shown as below.
t=0
t=4
s (m)
–36 O 12
t=6
Thus, the total distance travelled by the particle in the first 6 seconds
= 12 + 36 + 36
= 84 m
Self-Exercise 8.6
1. (a) Given a = 4t − 8
∫
Thus, v = (4t − 8) dt
v = 2t2 − 8t + c
When t = 0 and v = 10, hence c = 10
Thus, v = 2t2 − 8t + 10
When t = 4, v = 2(4)2 − 8(4) + 10
v = 32 − 32 + 10
v = 10
(b) For minimum velocity, a = 0
4t = 8
t=2
Thus, the minimum velocity of the particle v = 2(2)2 − 8(2) + 10
= 8 − 16 + 10
= 2 ms−1
2. (a) Given a = 4 – 6t
∫
Thus, v = (4 – 6t) dt
v = 4t – 3t2 + c
Thus, in t time, v = 46 – 3t2 + 2
When t = 3, v = 4(3) − 3(3)2 + 2
v = 12 − 27 + 2
v = −13
Thus, the velocity of the particle when t = 3 is −13 ms−1.
(b) Given a = −8
Thus, 4 − 6t = −8
6t = 12
t=2
When t = 2, v = 4(2) − 3(2)2 + 2
v = 8 − 12 + 2
v = −2
Thus, the velocity of the particle when a = –8 is −2 ms−1.
3. (a) Given a = 6t – 24
∫
Thus, v = (6t − 24) dt
v = 3t2 − 24t + c
Thus, v = 3t2 − 24t + 36
10
For negative velocity, v , 0
Which is 3t2 − 24t + 36 , 0
t2 − 8t + 12 , 0
(t − 2)(t − 6) , 0
Thus, the range of value t when the particle in negative velocity is 2 , t , 6.
(b) For minimum velocity, a = 0
6t = 24
t=4
Thus, the minimum velocity of the particle, v = 3(4)2 − 24(4) + 36
v = 48 − 96 + 36
v = −12 ms−1
4. (a) a = 8 – 2t
v = a ∫
v = ∫ (8t – 2t) dt
v = 8t – t 2 + c
When t = 0, v = 20,
8(0) – (0)2 + c = 20
c = 20
Thus, in t time, v = 8t – t 2 + 20
When t = 2, v = 8(2) – (2)2 + 20
= 32 cms–1
(b) When the acceleration is zero, a = 0
8 – 2t = 0
8 = 2t
t = 4
v = 8(4) – (4)2 + 20
v = 36 cms–1
(c) When a = 5,
8 – 2t = 5
3 = 2t
t = 3 s
2
t = 1.5 s
(d) –t2 + 8t + 20 = 11
–t2 + 8t + 9 = 0
t 2 – 8t – 9 = 0
(t + 1)(t – 9) = 0
t = –1 or t = 9
ºt=9s
Self-Exercise 8.7
1. (a) Given a = 6 − 3t
∫
Thus, v = (6 − 3t) dt
v = 6t − 3 t2 + c
2
Thus, v = 6t − 3 t2 + 3
2
∫ 3
s = (6t − t + 3) dt
2
2
s = 3t2 − 1 t3 + 3t + c
2
When t = 0 and s = 0, hence c = 0
Thus, s = 3t2 − 1 t3 + 3t
2
11
When t = 5, s = 3(5)2 − 1 (5)3 + 3(5)
2
s = 75 − 125 + 15
2
s = 27 1
2
Thus, the displacement of the particle when t = 5 is 27 1 m.
2
(b) For uniform velocity, a = 0
3t = 6
t=2
When t = 2, s = 3(2)2 − 1 (2)3 + 3(2)
2
s = 12 − 4 + 6
s = 14 m
2. (a) Given a = 12t − 8
∫
Thus, v = (12t − 8) dt
v = 6t2 − 8t + c
When t = 1 and v = −10,
hence, −10 = 6(1)2 − 8(1) + c
−10 = −2 + c
c = −8
Thus, in t time, v = 6t2 − 8t − 8
∫
s = (6t2 − 8t − 8) dt
s = 2t3 − 4t2 − 8t + c
Thus, in t time, s = 2t3 − 4t2 − 8t
When the acceleration is 4 ms−2; a = 4,
12t = 12
t=1
When t = 1, s = 2(1)3 − 4(1)2 − 8(1)
s=2−4−8
s = −10
Thus, the displacement of the particle when a = 4 is −10 m.
(b) When the particle in stationary state, v = 0
Which is 6t2 − 8t − 8 = 0
3t2 − 4t − 4 = 0
(3t + 2)(t − 2) = 0
t = − 2 or t = 2
3
When t = 2, s = 2(2)3 − 4(2)2 − 8(2)
s = 16 − 16 − 16
s = −16
Thus, the displacement of the particle when v = 0 is −16 m.
3. (a) Given a = 10 – 6t
∫
Thus, v = 10 – 6t dt
v = 10t – 3t 2 + c
Thus, in t time, v = 8 + 10t – 3t 2
12
∫
s = (8 + 10t − 3t2) dt
s = 8t + 5t2 − t3 + c
Thus, in t time, s = 8t + 5t2 − t3
For maximum displacement, v = 0
Which is 8 + 10t − 3t2 = 0
3t2 − 10t − 8 = 0
(3t + 2)(t − 4) = 0
t = − 2 or t = 4
3
When t = 4, s = 8(4) + 5(4)2 − (4)3
s = 32 + 80 − 64
s = 48
Thus, the maximum displacement of the particle is 48 m.
(b) When t = 5, s = 8(5) + 5(5)2 − (5)3
s = 40 + 125 − 125
s = 40
Thus, the distance travelled by the particle in the 5th seconds is  40 − 48  =  −8  = 8 m.
4. (a) Given a = 8t – 6
∫
Thus, v = (8t – 6) dt
v = 4t 2 – 6t + c
When t = 0 and v = –18, hence c = –18
Thus, in t time, v = 4t2 – 6t – 18
∫
s = (4t2 − 6t – 18) dt
s = 4 t3 + 3t2 − 18t + c
3
Thus, in t time, s = 4 t3 + 3t2 − 18t
3
Thus, the displacement function is s = 4 t3 + 3t2 − 18t and the velocity function is v = 4t2 – 6t – 18.
3
(b) When Farhan stops, v = 0
Which is 4t 2 – 6t – 18 = 0
2t 2 – 3t – 9 = 0
(2t + 3)(t – 3) = 0
t = – 3 or t = 3
2
Thus, Farhan stops at t = 3.
(c) When t = 3, s = 4 (3)3 + 3(3)2 − 18(3)
3
= 36 + 27 − 54
=9
Thus, the total distance travelled by Farhan in the first 3 hours is 9 km.
1. (a) a = 12 – 6t
v = a dt∫
∫
v = (12 – 6t) dt
v = 12t – 3t 2 + c
Thus, v = 12t – 3t 2 + 30
When t = 2, v = 12(2) – 3(2)2 + 30
= 24 – 12 + 30
= 42 ms–1
13
∫
(b) s = v dt
s = ∫ (12t – 3t 2
+ 30) dt
s = 6t – t + 30t + c
2 3

Thus, s = 6t2 – t3 + 30t
When t = 1, s = 6(1)2 – 13 + 30(1)
= 6 – 1 + 30
= 35 m
The particle is located at 35 m to the right of point O.
2. (a) v = 24t – 6t2
a = dv
dt
a = 24 – 12t
The initial acceleration of the particle when t = 0,
a = 24 – 12(0)
a = 24
The initial acceleration of the particle is 24 ms–2.
(b) When the acceleration is zero, a = 0.
24 – 12t = 0
12t = 24
t=2
∫
(c) s = (24t − 6t 2) dt
= 12t2 – 2t 3 + c
Thus, in t time, s = 12t2 – 2t 3
When the particle returns to point O, s = 0
12t 2 – 2t 3 = 0
2t 2(6 – t) = 0
t = 0 or t = 6
Thus, when the particle returns to the point O, the value of t is 6 seconds.
3. (a) m + nt = –10
When t = 0, m = –10
a = –10 + nt
∫
v = (–10 + nt) dt
v = –10t + n t2 + c
2
v = –10t + n t2 – 12
2
When t = 6,
–10(6) + n (6)2 – 12 = 0
2
–60 + 18n – 12 = 0
18n = 72
n=4
(b) Minimum velocity, a = 0
–10 + 4t = 0
4t = 10
t= 5 s
2
5
When t = , v = 2
2
5
2 ( )
2
2( )
– 10 5 – 12
= – 49 ms–1
2
= –24.5 ms–1
14
(c) Total distance travelled by particle in the first 9 seconds
∫ ∫
6 9
=  (2t2 – 10t – 12) dt +  (2t2 – 10t – 12) dt 
0 6
=  –108  + 81
= 189 m
4. (a) Given v = 2t2 – 5t – 3
∫
s = (2t2 – 5t – 3) dt
s = 2 t3 – 5 t2 – 3t + c
3 2
When t = 0 and s = 0, hence c = 0.
Thus, s = 2 t3 – 5 t2 – 3t
3 2
When the particle stops instantaneously, v = 0
2t2 – 5t – 3 = 0
(2t + 1)(t – 3) = 0
t = 3 or t = – 0.5
When, t = 3
s = 2 (3)3 – 5 (3)2 – 3(3)
3 2
= – m 27
2
(b) v = 2t2 – 5t – 3
a = 4t – 5
When the particle decelerates, a , 0
4t – 5 , 0
4t , 5
t , 5
4
(c) When t = 6, s = 2 (6)3 – 5 (6)2 – 3(6)
3 2
= 144 – 90 – 18
= 36
The total distance travelled by the particle in first 6 seconds
= 13 1 + 13 1 + 36
2 2
= 63 m
∫
5. (a) v = a dt
v = ∫ (12 – 4t) dt
v = 12t – 2t2 + c
v = 12t – 2t2
Maximum velocity, a = 0
12 – 4t = 0
12 = 4t
t=3s
v = 12(3) – 2(3)2
v = 18 ms–1
(b) 12t – 2t2 = 0
2t(6 – t) = 0
t = 0 or t = 6
∫
(c) s = v dt
s = ∫ (12t – 2t ) dt 2
2
s = 6t – t + c
2 3
3
s = 6t2 – 2 t3
3
15
[ ] [
s5 – s4 = 6(5)2 – 2 (5)3 – 6(4)2 – 2 (4)3
3 3 ]
= 200 – 160
3 3
= 40 m
3
6. (a) v = 3 t – 3 t 2
4 100
a = – t 3 3
4 50
Zero acceleration, a = 0,
0 = 3 – 3 t
4 50
3 t = 3
50 4
t = 25 s
2
( )
(b) v = 3 25 – 3 25
4 2 ( )
100 2
2
= 75 ms–1
16
∫
(c) s = v dt
s = ∫ ( 3 t – 3 t ) dt
2
4 100
s = 3 t 2 –
1 t 3 + c
8 100
Thus, s = 3 t 2 – 1 t 3
8 100
When t = 25 seconds,
s = 3 (25)2 – 1 (25)3
8 100
s = 625 m
8
Self-Exercise 8.8
1. (a) Given v = 20 – 10t
When the rocket stops, v = 0
20 – 10t = 0
10t = 20
t=2
Thus, the value of p is 2.
∫
(b) s = (20 − 10t) dt
s = 20t – 5t2 + c
Thus, in t time, s = 20t – 5t2
(c) (i) Maximum height reaches when v = 0.
When v = 0, t = 2.
s = 20(2) – 5(2)2
s = 40 – 20
s = 20 m
The maximum height of the rocket is 20 m.
(ii) When the rocket touches the surface of the field, s = 0
20t – 5t2 = 0
5t(4 – t) = 0
t = 0 or t = 4
The rocket touches the surface of the field is at 4 seconds.
16
2. (a) Given v = 6 + 4t − 2t2
Thus, a = dv
dt
a = 4 – 4t
For maximum velocity, a = 0
4t = 4
t=1
When t = 1, v = 6 + 4(1) − 2(1)2
v=6+4−2
v=8
Thus, the maximum velocity of Faiz is 8 ms−1.
(b) (i) When Faiz stops at point R, v = 0
Which is 6 + 4t − 2t2 = 0
2t2 − 4t − 6 = 0
t2 − 2t − 3 = 0
(t + 1)(t − 3) = 0
t = –1 or t = 3
Velocity-time graph of Faiz for 0 < t < 3 is shown as below.
v (ms–1)
8
6 v = 6 + 4t – 2t2
t (s)
0 1 3

∫
(ii) s = (6 + 4t − 2t2) dt
= 6t + 2t2 − 2 t3 + c
3
Thus, s = 6t + 2t2 − 2 t3
3
When t = 3, s = 6(3) + 2(3)2 − 2 (3)3
3
= 18 + 18 − 18
= 18 m
Thus, the distance travelled by Faiz from point P to point R is 18 m.
(c) Given the velocity of Qian Hao is −5 ms−1.
Thus, v = −5
and s = ∫ v dt
= ∫ −5 dt
= −5t + c
At fixed point Q, when t = 0 and s = 0, hence c = 0
Thus, s = −5t
When t = 3, s = −5(3)
= −15
Thus, the distance between Faiz and Qian Hao when Faiz is located at point R
= 50 − 18 − 15
= 17 m
17
3. (a) v=0
m(1)2 + n(1) = 0
m + n = 0
a = 2mt + n
2m(1) + n = 12.5
2m + n = 12.5
m = 25 and n = – 25
2 2
(b) a=0
25t – 25 = 0
2
t = 0.5
v = 25 (0.5)2 – 25 (0.5)
2 2
= –3.125 kmh–1
(c) s = 25 t3 – 25 t2
6 4
[ 25
6 ] [
4 6 4 ]
s2 – s1 =  (2)3 – 25 (2)2 – 25 (1)3 – 25 (1)2 
=  – –  ( )
25
3
25
12
= 125 km
12
4. (a) v = 3t – 16t – 12
2
a = 6t – 16
The car is located at point B when v = 0
3t2 – 16t – 12 = 0
(3t + 2)(t – 6) = 0
t = − 2 or t = 6
3
The car is located at point B when t = 6.
a = 6(6) – 16
a = 36 – 16
a = 20
Thus, the acceleration of the car at point B is 20 ms–2.
∫
(b) s = (3t2 − 16t − 12) dt
s = t3 − 8t2 − 12t + c
Thus, s = t3 − 8t2 − 12t
When t = 5, s = 53 – 8(5)2 – 12(5)
= – 135 m
When t = 6, s = 63 – 8(6)2 – 12(6)
= –144 m
Distance AB =  –144  –  – 135 
=9m

∫
1. (a) v = (12 – 6t) dt
v = 12t – 3t 2 + c
When t = 0, v = 44
44 = 12(0) – 3(0)2 + c
c = 44
Thus, v = 12t – 3t 2 + 44
Maximum velocity when a = 0
12 – 6t = 0
t = 2
18
When t = 2
v = 12(2) – 3(2)2 + 44
= 56
The maximum velocity of the ball is 56 ms–1.
∫
(b) s = (12t – 3t 2 + 44) dt
s = 6t 2 – t 3 + 44t + c
Thus, s = 6t 2 – t 3 + 44t
When t = 2, s = 6(2)2 – 23 + 44(2)
= 104 m
The distance of the ball from the centre P when t = 2 is 104 m.
∫
2. (a) v = a dt
v = ∫ (16 – 4t) dt
v = 16t – 2t2 + c
When t = 3, v = 38
38 = 16(3) – 2(3)2 + c
c=8
v = 16t – 2t2 + 8
When t = 0,
v = 16(0) – 2(0)2 + 8
v=8
The initial velocity of the object is 8 ms–1.
(b) When t = 4, v = 16(4) – 2(4)2 + 8
v = 64 – 32 + 8
v = 40 ms–1
3. (a) 2t – 4 , 0
2t , 4
t , 2
∫
(b) s = (2t – 4) dt
s = t2 – 4t + c
Thus, s = t2 – 4t
When t = 2, s =  22 – 4(2) 
=4m
Thus, the toy car will not arrive at object B.
(c)
s (m)
s = t2 – 4t
12
t (s)
0 2 4 6
–4
From the graph, the total distance =  – 4  + 4 + 12

= 20 m
19
(d)
s (m)
s = t2 – 4t
12
t (s)
0 2 4 6
–4
4. (a) s = t3 – 4t2 + 4t + 2
When t = 5, s = 53 – 4(5)2 + 4(5) + 2
= 47 m
(b) a = 6 t – 8
When a = 0,
6t – 8 = 0
6t = 8
t = 4 seconds
3
3 ( ) ( )
When t = 4 , v = 3 4 – 8 4 + 4
3
2
3
= – 4 ms–1
3
(c) 3t2 – 8t + 4 , 0
(3t – 2)(t – 2) , 0
t = 2 or t = 2
3
2 ,t,2
3
∫
(d) s = (3t2 – 8t + 4) dt
= t3 – 4t2 + 4t + 2
When t = 2 , s = 2 – 4 2
3 3
3
3( ) ( ) 2
( )
+4 2 +2
3
= 86 m
27
Summative Exercise
1. (a) s = 2t3 – 24t2 + 90t
When t = 8, s = 2(8)3 – 24(8)2 + 90(8)
= 208 m
(b) v = 6t2 – 48t + 90
When t = 1, v = 6(1)2 – 48(1) + 90
= 48 ms–1
(c) a = 12t – 48
When t = 3, a = 12(3) – 48
= –12 ms–2
(d) 6t2 – 48t + 90 = 0
t2 – 8t + 15 = 0
(t – 3)(t – 5) = 0
t = 3 or t = 5
2. (a) s = 3t2 – 12t + 2
When t = 3, s = 3(3)2 – 12(3) + 2
= –7 m
The displacement of the particle at t = 3 is –7 m.
(b) v = ds
dt
v = 6t – 12
20
When t = 0, v = 6(0) – 12
v = –12 ms–1
The initial velocity of the particle is –12 ms–1.
(c) a = dv
dt
a=6
The constant acceleration of the particle is 6 ms–2.
3. (a) (i) v = 6t2 – 18t + 12
When t = 0, v = 12 mmin–1
(ii) When t = 3, v = 6(3)2 – 18(3) + 12
= 54 – 54 + 12
= 12 mmin–1
(iii) a = 12t – 18
When t = 2, a = 12(2) – 18
= 6 mmin–2
(iv) s7 – s6 = [2(7) – 9(7)2 + 12(7) + 6] – [2(6)3 – 9(6)2 + 12(6) + 6]
3
= 335 – 186
= 149 m
(b)
t (s) 0 1 2 3 4
v (ms–1) 12 0 0 12 36

v (ms–1)
36 v = 6t2 – 18t + 12
12
0 1.5 t (s)
–1.5 1 2 4

4. (a) a = 10
v = ∫ 10 dt
v = 10t + c
Thus, in t time, v = 10t
∫
s = v dt
s = ∫ 10t dt
s = 5t2 + c
Thus, s = 5t2
(b) 5t2 = 1.25
t = 0.5 second
º v = 10(0.5)
v = 5 ms–1
The particle is located at point X after 0.5 second with velocity of 5 ms–1.
5. (a) v = –3t2 + 6t + 8
When t = 2, v = –3(2)2 + 6(2) + 8
= 8 ms–1
(b) s = –t + 3t + 8t
3 2
When t = 5, s = –(5)3 + 3(5)2 + 8(5)

= –10 m
21
6. (a) When the particle stops momentarily, v = 0
t2 – 4t + 3 = 0
(t – 1)(t – 3) = 0
t = 1 s or t = 3 s
∫ ∫ ∫
1 3 8
(b) s =  v dt  +  v dt  +  v dt 
0 1 3
= 4 +  – 4  + 200
3 3 3
= 69 m 1
3
∫
7. (a) v = (mt + n) dt
v = m t2 + nt + c
2
Thus, v = m t2 + nt + 30
2
When t = 0 and a = –20 ms–2,
m(0) + n = –20
n = –20
When t = 2 and v = 0 ms–1,
m (2)2 – 20(2) + 30 = 0
2
2m – 10 = 0
2m = 10
m=5
Thus, m = 5 and n = –20.
(b) v = 5 t2 – 20t + 30
2
∫(
s = 5 t2 – 20t + 30 dt
2 )
s = 5 t3 – 10t2 + 30t + c
6
Thus, in t time, s = 5 t3 – 10t2 + 30t
6
The displacement function of the particle is s = 5 t3 – 10t2 + 30t.
6
(c) When the particle stops, v = 0
5 t2 – 20t + 30 = 0
2
5t2 – 40t + 60 = 0
t2 – 8t + 12 = 0
(t – 2)(t – 6) = 0
t = 2 or t = 6
The value of t when the particle stops for the second time is at 6 seconds.
(d) When t = 2, s = 5 (2)3 – 10(2)2 + 30(2)
6
s = 20 – 40 + 60
3
s= 80 m
3
5
When t = 1, s = (1)3 – 10(1)2 + 30(1)
6
s = 5 – 10 + 30
6
s= 125 m
6
( 3 )
The total distance of the particle travelled at the 2nd second is 80 – 125 = 35 m.
6 6
8. (a) v = 2t2 – 6t – 6
When t = 2, v = 2(2)2 – 6(2) – 6
= –10 ms–1
22
(b) 2t2 – 6t – 6 = 14
t2 – 3t – 10 = 0
(t + 2)(t – 5) = 0
t = –2 or t = 5
a = 4t – 6
When t = 5, a = 4(5) – 6
= 14 ms–2
9. (a) v = 1 t2 – 2t
2
v = 0
1 t2 – 2t = 0
2
t2 – 4t = 0
t(t – 4) = 0
t = 0 or t = 4
ºt=4
∫
(b) s = 1 t2 – 2t dt
2
s = 1 t3 – t2 + c
6
Thus, s = 1 t3 – t2 + 50
6
When t = 4, s = 1 (4)3 – 42 + 50
6
s = 64 – 16 + 50
6
s= 134
3
When t = 7, s = 1 (7)3 – 72 + 50
6
s = 343 – 49 + 50
6
s= 349
6
( ) (
Total distance = 50 – 134 + 349 – 134
3 6 3)
= 16 + 27
3 2
= 113 m
6
The displacement of the car travelled in the first 7 seconds is 113 m.
6
(c) The car reverses for 4 seconds and then moves forward.
10. (a) a = 0
a = 2t – 8
2t – 8 = 0
t = 4
When t = 4, v = 42 – 8(4)
v = –16 ms–1
∫
(b) s = v dt
s = ∫ (t 2
– 8t) dt
s = t – 4t2 + c
3

3
When t = 4, s = 4 – 4(4)2
3
4
s = – 42.7 m
≈ –43 m
23
11. (a) s = t3 – 3t + 1
v = ds
dt
v = 3t2 – 3
a = dv
dt
a = 6t
(b) When t = 0, v = 3(0)2 – 3
= –3 ms–1
The particle moves to the left with initial velocity of –3 ms–1 and zero acceleration.
When t = 2, v = 3(2)2 – 3
= 9 ms–1
At t = 2, the particle moves to the right with velocity of 9 ms–1 and has an acceleration of 12 ms–2.
(c) 3t2 – 3 . 0
3(t2 – 1) . 0
3(t + 1)(t – 1) . 0
t.1
12. (a) When t = 3, h(3)2 + k(3) = 0
9h + 3k = 0 …1
When t = 3 and a = 9,
2h(3) + k = 9
6h + k = 9 …2
2 × 3: 18h + 3k = 27 …3
2 – 1: 9h = 27
h=3
Substitute h = 3 into 1
9(3) + 3k = 0
27 + 3k = 0
3k = –27
k = –9
h = 3 and k = –9
(b) s = t3 – 9 t2
2
s = 0
t3 – 9 t2 = 0
2
(
t2 t – 9 = 0
2 )
t = 0 or t = 4.5
º t = 4.5 s
(c) a = 6t – 9
When t = 4.5, a = 6(4.5) – 9
= 18 ms–2
∫ ∫ 3t2 – 9t dt  =  27  +  –1 
3 5
(d)  3t2 – 9t dt  + 
0 3 2
= 29 m
2
= 14.5 m
13. (a) a = 8 – 4t
∫
v = (8 – 4t) dt
v = 8t – 2t2 + c
Thus, v = 8t – 2t2 – 6
Maximum velocity, a = 0
8 – 4t = 0
8 = 4t
t = 2
24
When t = 2,
v = 8(2) – 2(2)2 – 6
= 16 – 8 – 6
v = 2 ms–1
(b) v = 8t – 2t2 – 6
∫
s = (8t – 2t2 – 6) dt
s = 4t2 – 2 t3 – 6t + c
3
Thus, s = 4t2 – 2 t3 – 6t
3
s=0
4t2 – 2 t3 – 6t = 0
3
2t3 – 12t2 + 18t = 0
2t(t2 – 6t + 9) = 0
2t(t – 3)(t – 3) = 0
t = 0 or t = 3
Hence, t = 3 seconds.
(c)
v (ms–1)
2 v = 8t – 2t2 – 6
t (s)
0 1 2 3
–6
 ∫ 0 (8t – 2t ∫
1 3
(d) Total distance = 2
– 6) dt  +  (8t – 2t2 – 6) dt 
1
=  – 8  + 8
3 3
= 16 m
3
14. (a) (i) v = 6 cms–1
(ii) v , 0
t2 – 7t + 6 , 0
(t – 1)(t – 6) , 0
1 ,t,6
(iii) a = 2t – 7
a . 0
2t – 7 . 0
t . 7 s
2
(b)
v (ms–1)
6
v = t2 – 7t + 6
t (s)
0 1 1 6
3—
2
1
–6 —
4
15. (a) a = 2t – 6
a = 0
2t – 6 = 0
t = 3
25
When t = 3, v = 32 – 6(3) + 8
= –1 ms–1
(b) When v = 0,
t2 – 6t + 8 = 0
(t – 4)(t – 2) = 0
t = 4 or 2
∫
4
2
2
[
 t – 6t + 8 dt  = t – 3t2 + 8t
3
3
] 4
=  16 – 20 
3 3
= 4 m
3
(c)
v (ms–1)
15
v = t2 – 6t + 8
8
t (s)
0 2 3 4 7
–1
t.3
26

Text Book Additional Mathematics Form 5 (Answers)

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Text Book Additional Mathematics Form 5 (Answers)

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CHAPTER 1 CIRCULAR MEASURE

(b) 3 π rad = 3 π × 180°

(d) 1.04 rad = 1.04 × 180°

(d) 4.8 rad = 4.8 × 180°

2. (a) 76° = 76° × 3.142

(b) 118° = 118° × 3.142

(c) 150.5° = 150.5° × 3.142

(d) 220° = 220° × 3.142

OC = ! 102 + 18.3032 28° 39’

185° = 185° × 3.142

(b) ˙BAD = 77° 10' × 3.142 E B

(c) ˙ACB = π rad

x˜0 x 3 – 4x x ˜ 0 x(x 2 – 4)

x˜3 x – 3x x˜3 x(x – 3)

= –(3 – 2)(2 + ! 3 + 1)

Discovery Activity 3 (Page 39)

= 4x 4 – 1 + 8(1x1 – 1) + 16(–2x –2 – 1)

(e) d (! 2x – 7 ) = d (2x – 7) 2

(f) d (! 6 – 3x ) = d (6 – 3x) 2

(g) d (! 3x2 + 5 ) = d (3x2 + 5) 2

Since dx ˜ 0, so dv also approaches zero, hence lim (v + dv) = v.

dy v lim du – u lim dv

Discussion (Page 46)

(3x – 7)(! 4x + 1 )(! 3x2 – 7 )

(! 4x + 1 )! (3x – 7)3

Formative Exercise 2.2

(b) y = 1 (10x – 3)6

(! 4x + 1)(1) – x[ 12 (4x + 1) 2(4)]

Flash Quiz (Page 50)

Formative Exercise 2.3

Equation of the normal: y – 3 = – 16 (x – 4)

Equation of the normal: y – 1 = – 5 (x + 2)

Equation of the tangent: y – 1 = –[x – (–1)]

Equation of the tangent: y + 12 = 13 (x + 4)

Sketch of the graph

Sketch of the graph

Sketch of the graph

7. (a) (i) (1, 4)

Discussion (Page 68)

Function f (x) ∫ f (x) dx

Function f (x) ∫ f (x) dx Pattern

f (x) = 2x2 + c 4x 4x2 + c = 2x2 + c 4x1 + 1 + c

∫ 2 3(3x ) dx ∫ 2 3x ∫ 2 6x dx

∫ 1 3x + ∫ 4 3x2 dx ∫6

0 3 12 Above the x-axis

∫ 1 x3 dx – 625

–5 3 12 Below the x-axis

Discovery Activity 6 (Page 99)

Discussion (Page 103)

∫ –x(x + 3)(x – 4) dx  + ∫ –x(x + 3)(x – 4) dx

= ∫ –x + x + 12x dx  + ∫ –x + x + 12x dx

= [– x + x + 12x ]  + [– x + x + 12x ]

[ 2 ] + [– x4 – x3 ]  +  [– x2 – x3 ]  + [– x4 – x3 ] 

= {[2 – 2 ] – [0 – 0 ]} + {[ 3 – 2(3) ] – [ 0 – 2(0) ]}  –  {[3 – 3 ] – [2 – 2 ]} 

= π ∫ (25 – 10x + x ) dx – π ∫ (x – 8x

[ ] – π [ x5 – 8x3 + 16x]

= π {[25(5) – 5(5) + 5 ] – [25(0) – 5(0) + 0 ]}

[ 8y3 + y5 ] – π [ y3 – 4y2 + 4y]

= {– } – {– [2 – 6(–1)] }

= ∫ k(x) dx – ∫

∫ (y) ∫ (–y + 2) dy

{[– 22 + 2(2)] – [– 12 + 2(1)]}