EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

let a and b be real number constants . An exponential function is a function

that can be written in the form :

Where :

flx )
✗
=
a •
b * a is non
-

zero

* b is positive and =/ 0
* constant a the initial
is value off ( the value at ✗ =

0) and b is the base .

EXAMPLES :
Determine whether the ff .

functions are exponential .

f- ( X )
"
⑨ = 3
↳ ✓ Exponential
↳
because a = 1 ( non -

zero ✓)
,
b =3 ( positive =/ 0 ,
✓ )

④ g ( X) =
6×-4
co ✗ Not Exponential
↳ because the base is a variable and not a constant .

↳ since glx ) can be expressed as glx ) =

¥ , which is a rational function

② hlx )
✗
=
-2 •
( 1. 5)
↳ ✓ Exponential
↳ because a =
-2 ( non -

zero ✓ ) ,
b
=
15 ( positive ,
=/ 0 ✓ )

ANOTHER EXAMPLE :

"
*
f- ( x ) =
b

If base b 1 will it still be an exponential function ?

=
,

↳ NO It is a constant function (1)

/
. .

↳ because
it will always
a = 1

be
and

equal
if b

to
=

1
1

.
,
no matter the exponent ,
µ / 1
"
=

YMsuBsT1TUT
When being asked to evaluate ,

EVALUATING EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS your goal is to find the value

of the function . To do that ,

Given the function f- ( X ) =

3.2 ✗
,
solve for the following
:

f- (2) ① f- lol ③ fl E) -

④ flit)
↳ 3-20-00
any value
to 3.22 raised to to 3- 2 to * input mo sacaton * .

↳ ↳3 zero is equal to
12 to one .
↳ 2.12 26 -

47
?⃝
 IDENTIFYING THE EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION FROM A TABLE
OF VALUES

Determine the formula for the exponential functions g and h

whose value are given below :

"
f- (X ) = a -

b
✗ 91×1 hlx )
-

2 419 128 Base on the def .

of an Exponential function :

-
I 4/3 32

0 a
⑤ a
*
-
a is the initial value offline value at ✗ =o )
12 * base § could be expressed
I 2
the as the

2 36
'
12 common ratio ( what is multiplied to the pier value

[
.

to get the new value )

glx) hlx )
0 any value
-

b
=

prev .
value
*
a = 4 * 9--8
'
14
* b =3 * b = 0.25 or
WHAT IF ZERO IS NOT
To because if you look
b-
because 32 •
025=80 GIVEN IN THE TABLE ?
for the common ratio , 8 •

0-25=20 ,
-
- -
↳
using the common ratio , you solve for
4=30,36 12=30 ✗

(g)
12 :- ÷
b first then fill up the table using
-
- .

hcx )
.

g.
. •
= ,
• •

glx) the common ratio

•
'
'
• •
=
4-3 to solve for a.

Another EXAMPLE :

3Éth
i÷¥-;
"" " ""

-
I given the information found on the table , we form the eq .
:

0
✗

a =3 .
: qlx ) =3 (7)
2 147 b- 7

b=7_

Example
:
Another

✗ 2- (X ) Sd -

since the common ratio is 2/3 ,

then b- -

43

sacanu.mn#
-

5 81243 Further given the info .

above , we can form the eq .
:

4181
④ %⑨
4
input monaiang
(g)
*
z 2/27 =
g.
19
'
2

# 4¥
algor °

¥=_j
: The
formula is
.

✗
2- (x ) =

f- (3)
?⃝
 EXPLORE :

Graph observe , ,
and
identify the properties of the following exponential functions :

"

( USE Desmos ) ⑨ 1×1=2 "

✗
⑤ gcx)
-
-

(E)

✗
y=z× y
-

(E)
Fob > 1 -00 0lb 21

t
yr ✗ t ytr
=
✗
-
-

PROPERTIES OF THE GRAPHS OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

b > 1 0lb Lt
: :
When when
* Dom :
IR * Dom :
IR
* Ran :( 0,8 ) or ly / y > }0 * Ran :( 0,8 )
* int *
✗ : NONE ✗ int NONE
-

:
-

*
y
-

int :
10,1 ) *
y
-

int :
10,1 )
* Horizontal Asymptote :
4=0 * Horizontal Asymptote :
4=0
* characteristic :
INCREASING * characteristic : DECREASING

* passes through (1) b) and * passes through (1) b) and

C- 1 ,
'
/ b) C- 1 ,
'
/ b)
* is
*
the graph is continuous the graph continuous

Ex :

dMSM^"" "&*"
✗
=3
y
""

Answer :

* Dom :
IR
*
ran :{ yly > 0 }
* int

,⑤and③
✗ :
none
-

*
y
-

int :
10,1 )
* the graph passes through a )
* the graph is INCREASING
?⃝
NATURAL EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION
A special exponential function is formed when the base b is the number :

- Natural
e = 2 .
718281828 .
. .

Number / Euler 's number

also known as the natural

of exponential functions
base .
It is also called Euler 's number .

Thus , a natural exponential function is an equation of the form

:

f- ( X ) =
ex ,
where e = 2.718281828 .
- .

( Ith )
"

* As n
approaches infinity ,
the value of the expression approaches
the irrational number e

EVALUATING NATURAL EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

Evaluate each function round off to five (5) decimal places .

①
f- ( X ) =
ex ⑨ at ✗
=
3 →
f- (3) = 20-08554

⑤ at ✗ =
4.8 →
f- (4-8) = 121.51042

② f-( x ) =
2 at ✗ =
f- (-0-53)=3.39786

2et-0.si#
-

GRAPH OF NATURAL EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

* since Euler 's number is > 1

,

its graph is
lNCREASl①
* its characteristics I properties follow
" " "
the
mentioned above in b > I
 APPLICATIONS OF EXPONENTIAL
FUNCTIONS
one of the models that describe
et continuous growing or decaying
CONTINUOUS Exponential mode , processes is the

-
function

Where usually 91h09m it

: *

Po
=
initial size of the population at t =
0 guy =

p, ert '

tong model naito

r =
relative rate of growth in applications that
t =

time deal w/ continuous

Clt ) (t)
represents the population at time growth decay
=
or
.

e the natural number ( Euler 's Number) Lex population )

=
.

Examples :

The population Barangay Dela Paz for year is

'

in in Pasig 2015 approx .

15,000 .

If the population is known to have an annual growth rate of 1.2% . . .

⑨ write an exponential model for the population growth in the barangay .

⑤ Based on this model what will be the population in the year 2025
?

Given
:
sd .

for a :

Po 151000 ( (f) ( 15,000 )e 0012T

=
=

r
=
1.270
=
0.012 Sd b
for
"

b-
:
2025-2015
0.012110 )
=
10 CC / ) o
=
( 15 , 000
) e

161912¢
=

ni remove Yung decimal part Kasi

since population / tao hinananap , Wala naman 9

45277 Tao
More
0 ha

examples
- .

suppose a rumor is
originally known by ④ people and the number of those who would

know in the future iwMday Determine the function which describes the rumor spread
in t days
.

Moreover , using a graphing calculator , determine the number of days when

those would know is
350,000€11 '

solution : ✓
=O=abY zt
Standard 350,000 = 100 •

exp fnnc •

# II.Ianto !e
It ) spread
.
.

Time Rumor •
have 2

0 100 For this situation . .

.
equations , graph them
,
I 100 (2) y
=
100 •
It •

2
2 100 (2)
3 1001273 0
4 1001274 : -

the number of days when 350 , ooo

people
would know is

11.773 days
=
12 days
Examples from lecture transcripts :

The projected population Clt ) of Slovakia is given by the equation cc-t-e.IT ,

where t is the number of years atter2

⑨ Give an estimate ( in the nearest digit) of the population in using the exponential
model shown above .

⑤ Using a graphing calculator ,

determine the number of years when the population
will be
.

solution for ⑨
:

0-05120 )
First solve for t .
Which is the # of ctho ) =
100 e.

after 2010 2030 ,

-.
years to .

: .

CLIO ) I 271
f =
2030 2010
-

20 years
=

solution for ④ :

since Clt ) represents Slovakia 's

population ,
then :

400 =
/ Oeo
-05T
0
-

↳ graph the and the

left
right hand side of the
equation
.

↳ the INTERSECTION is f-
The number
of years when
: . t Iot -726 years
the population will be yoo is .
. .

Next Example :

The amount Clt ) in grams of carbon -14 present in a certain substance after t
years is given by :

0.000121Gt
Clt) 20 e-
=

⑨ What is the initial amount present ? ⑨ using a

graphing calculator ,

to 20 determine when the carbon -19

⑤ Is the function growing or decaying ?

present will be its original amount ?

[
④
" " "" t
W It's decaying because r LO .

co
=
20 e-

② How much is left after -10,400 years ?

co graph in Deimos
/ qeogebra / symbol ab I

↳
-0.00012161101400 ) ↳ f I 5700 years
c (f) =
zoe
original / initial half of 20 is
I 5. 6468 grams →
amount is yo .

If
MORE Examples :

statistics indicate that the population of the Philippines in 2000 is 77,991,569 and has

been growing at the rate of 2.23% per year since then .

Assuming an exponential growth model .

- -

⑨ What will the population of the Philippines be in the year 2020 ?

① When will the Philippines population be 150 million ?

solution
:
A

02231201
(f) 77,991 , 56 geo
-

C
=

Po =
771991 , 569 T

,µmyy
r =
0.0223 To I 121 826,844
,

2000
t =
2020
-

=
20

solution :
③
go
y gmpnma.mg, , .ge, ,
,

y
=
77.9915€ then find the intersection .

Philippines population
'
will be 150M
But in the
* :
para mas
Millions
madaiii -

graph after 29-329 years or

by 2030

The preliminary count is 5420 and the population at the end

of 6
years is 3764
more than the initial count .

① Determine the value of the annual growth rate Use .

:
cct) =
Poe
"

② Give a whole number estimate of the population after 3 more years .

solutions :

① 5420 9184 = 5420 era

)

+ 3764
r I 0108789 or 8.789%
↳ graph sa demos
-9184 then look for the point
of intersection

②
(( t) =
5420,0-08789161-37
I 11,954
 Discrete Exponential Growth or Decay model
G P is changing at
If a population a constant percentage r
discretely
(that is , t 0,1 2,3 n ) then
=
- . .

, ,

Dlt ) =

Poll tr )t
Note :

Where :
Po =
initial amount * if r -70 , then Dlt) is a

FUNCTION
r the growth rate DISCRETE EXPONENTIAL GROWTH
=

t =
time * If v10 , then ☐ tis a

FUNCTION
Dlt ) pop ululation at time DISCRETE EXPONENTIAL
DELAY
=

growth factor
I + r =

Examples
:

*
* Time Deposit
suppose that your F-
2.500,000
regular time deposit savings in the bank grows
1% interest
yearly .

⑨ How much would your money be after 7 years

? Use this :
Dcf ) =
Pocltr )t
⑤ How
long would it take for your money to grow to # 3, ooo ooo ?
,

solution :

⑤ Po '
21500 , ooo Dt ) =

2,500 , ow µ + o.o , >

a ⑧ 4=310001000
y
=
2,500 , ooo (1+0.01)
t

r 1% 0.01
$2,680,338.38 graph Find intersection
=
or =
to .

t 7
=

: it would take 18.323 years

The yearly inflation rate tells the percentage by which prices increase. In the Philippines, inflation is recorded at 6.4% this August 2018 (fastest 0
since March 2009). Suppose an individual retired with a P1,500,000 retirement pay. Moreover, assuming that the inflation remains constant at

=
6.4%, determine how long it will take in years for the retirement pay to deflate to half of its current value. Note that to say that the retirement
income has deflated to half of its current value means that the prices have doubled.

solution :

(11-0.064) t

2=7500004
1,500,000 =
750,000
graphing calculator
1500000 ÷
in
to input :
.
f- =
11.173 years
↳ y
=
1,500,000
t
Y
=
750
,
ooo (1+0-064)

r
Another Example :

The table below shows the balance in a dollar savings account that grows
over time since the initial investment

I 3 4
in months 0 2
Time

savings Balance $3500 $3542 $3584.504 $3627.51805 $3671.04826

create a model that describes the growth of the investment and determine
how much savings you would have after 12 months

solution :

"
Po =
3500 Dlp )
=
35001 It 0.012)
any value previous
$4,038.63
r = -
value =

previous value
model
3542 3500 since we're looking for the the
savings
-

0.012
←
= ,

3500 balance in the account should be

"
b- 12
(11-0-012)
=

DLR) =
3500

MODELING NEARLY
EXPONENTIAL DATA
Exponential regression models
6 regression analysis is a process of performing mathematical computations in
order to find the formula (or model) that best fits a set of data for the
purposes of modeling and prediction .

↳ There are
generally two regression models that involves exponential looking data-
:

✗
The Exponential Regression :

y = A (B) Where B is equivalent to 1- + r

The e- Exponential Regression :

y
=
Aerx
 Example :

In 1971, Starbucks Coffee opened its first location in Pike Place Market —Seattl'e’s legendary open-air farmer’s market. By 1987, the number
17 and by 2005 there were0
of Starbucks locations had grown to0 10,241 locations. The data below (obtained from Starbucks Coffee’s website,
www.starbucks.com) summarize the growth of this company from 1987 through 2005.

solution :

① Enter the data in the table in desmos .

Let 1- =
0 represent year 1987 -

Construct a
graph
using the scatter plot
feature of the program .

2 Kasi
✓
yungpagitanng
years
.

② Using the exponential regression / Headline option of desmos find a model ,

(using the e- Exponential and Exponential Regression) that best fits this dataset .

y=Aek×
① ÷
- y
=§ABI

Using the exponential Regressions Using the e- Exponential Regression :

1164.128 ) ( 1.26072 )×
0 -231681 ✗

y
=
y
=
164.128 e.

⑨ Use
total
the
number
exponentials model you just found
of Starbucks location for 2013 and 2015
to predict the

✗
( 164.128 ) ( 1.2607 2)
0-231681 ✗

y
=

Y =
164.128 e
"" " =
"> "" " ""
" ""
( 164.128 ) ( 1.26072 )
23168 '
I
802
"

y
= I
67,805 y
=
164 .

128 e 67 ,

For 295 -287( t For 2015 ( 1- =

28 )
"

y
=
( 164.128 ) ( 1.26072 ) =/ 07,771 y
=
164.128 e 023168108) I 107.765
 O -
O -

SOLVING EXPONENTIAL
EQUATIONS
To solve exponential equations w/ the same base ,
simply equate the exponents and solve for the variable

Example 1 :

2×-3 × ←
g- g- since the bases equal the only for
are
way
=

,
the expressions to be equal for the exponents
2x -5¥
is
to be equal as well .

2x =3
-

✗ =3

To solve equations with different bases convert

,
one side or both
to the same base before equating the exponents and solving for the variable .

1
Example
:

52×-3 =
25 ←
since the bases are not equal ,
convert the other
side to the same base .

52×-3 = 52 c- 25 can be expressed as 5?

since the bases are now equal , equate the exponents then solve .

2×-3 =
2
Example 2:
=

2X 2+3
2x = 5 93×-9--275×+2 6×-12--15×+6
3213×-61 =
3315×+2
)
6✗ ✗
=
6 + 12

Iz
-

✗ =
34×-12 = 315×+0 9 ✗ 18
-
=

¥ :# ✗ =
-2
 More Examples :

solve for the following exponential equations .

① ② 163×-2
' "
64 16-311
-

3 =

243 • =

43
' →✗
C- 3×7 (3×-2)
y =
35 .

42 =
42
• ✗
1- 2X =
5 43 .

4- =
46×-4
-

2x =
5- I -6×+3--6×-4
-12 -4-3
-¥=÷
✗
-2
=

✗ =

12¢ -4 -3
-

-k×,z ✗ =

¥
③ 2×-52=32 ④ 42×+3 = 1

⑤=2É
32-1=-32

LX -

2-5
←
42×1-3 =
40
✗ -5 = 5 2×+3 -
O
✗ = 5+5

2X=z-3_ ✗ =
÷
✗ =
10