EUCLID’S FIVE POSTULATE

 5TH POSTULATE (PARALLEL POSTULATE)

1
First Euclid’s postulate

 It is possible to draw a straight line from any

point to any point
Second Euclid’s postulate

 For every segment AB and for every segment

CD there exists a unique point E such that B
is between A and E and the segment CD is
congruent to the segment BE.

 Another formulation
 Let it be granted that a segment may be
produced to any length in a straight line.
Definition

 Give two points O and A, the set of all points

P such that the segment OP is congruent to
the segment OA is called a circle. The point
O is the center of the circle. Each of the
segments OP is called a radius of the circle.
Euclid’s postulate III

 For every point O and every point A not equal

to O there exists a circle with center O and
radius OA.
Definition
Definition of angle
Notation

We use the notation

for the angle with vertex A defined previously.

Questions

 Can we use segments instead of rays in the

definition of angles?
 Is the zero angle (as you know it) included in
the previous definition?
 Are there any other angles you can think of
that are not included in the above definition?
Definition
Definition of right angle.
Euclid’s Postulate IV

 All right angles are congruent to each other.

Definition of parallel lines

 Two lines are parallel if they do not intersect,

i.e., if no point lies in both of them.

 If l and m are parallel lines we write l || m

Euclidean Parallel Postulate
(equivalent formulation)
 For every line l and for every point P that
does not lie on l there exists a unique line m
through P that is parallel to l.
Euclid’s postulates (modern formulation)
I. For every point P and every point Q not equal to P
there exists a unique line l that passes for P and
Q.
II. For every segment AB and for every segment CD
there exists a unique point E such that B is
between A and E and the segment CD is
congruent to the segment BE.
III. For every point O and every point A not equal to
O there exists a circle with center O and radius
OA
IV. All right angles are congruent to each other
V. For every line l and for every point P that does not
lie on l there exists a unique line m through P that
is parallel to l.
Euclid’s postulates (another formulation)
Let the following be postulated:
 Postulate 1. To draw a straight line from any point to
any point.
 Postulate 2. To produce a finite straight line
continuously in a straight line.
 Postulate 3. To describe a circle with any center and
radius.
 Postulate 4. That all right angles equal one another.
 Postulate 5. That, if a straight line falling on two
straight lines makes the interior angles on the same
side less than two right angles, the two straight lines, if
produced indefinitely, meet on that side on which are
the angles less than the two right angles.
Common notion

 Things which equal the same thing also

equal to each other.
Exercise (Euclid’s proposition 1)

 Given a segment AB. Construct an

equilateral triangle with side AB.
Exercise. Prove the following using the
postulates
 For every line l, there exists a point lying on l
 For every line l, there exists a point not lying
on l.
 There exists at least a line.
 There exists at least a point.

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Second Euclid’s postulates: Are they
equivalent?
 For every segment AB and for every segment
CD there exists a unique point E such that B
is between A and E and the segment CD is
congruent to the segment BE.
 Any segment can be extended indefinitely in
a line.
POSTULATE
POSTULATE 15 Corresponding Angles Postulate

If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal,

then the pairs of corresponding angles
are congruent.

1 2
THEOREMS ABOUT PARALLEL LINES
THEOREM 3.4 Alternate Interior Angles

If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal,

then the pairs of alternate interior angles are
congruent.

3
4
THEOREMS ABOUT PARALLEL LINES
3.8 Alternate Interior Angles Converse
THEOREM 3.4

If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal

transversal,
then
so that
the pairs of alternate interior angles are
congruent. then the lines are parallel.
congruent,

3
4

3 4
THEOREMS ABOUT PARALLEL LINES
THEOREM 3.5 Consecutive Interior Angles

If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal,

then the pairs of consecutive interior angles are
supplementary.

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6
THEOREMS ABOUT PARALLEL LINES
3.9 Consecutive Interior Angles Converse
THEOREM 3.5

transversal
If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal,
so that
then theconsecutive
pairs of consecutive
interior angles
interior
areangles are
supplementary, then the lines are parallel.
supplementary.

5
6

m5 + m6 = 180 °

THEOREMS ABOUT PARALLEL LINES
THEOREM 3.6 Alternate Exterior Angles
If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal,
then the pairs of alternate exterior angles are
congruent.

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THEOREMS ABOUT PARALLEL LINES
3.6 Alternate
THEOREM 3.10
THEOREM AlternateExterior
ExteriorAngles
Angles Converse
IfIf two
two parallel
parallel lines
lines are
are cut
cut by
by aa transversal,
transversal
so that
then alternateexterior
the pairs of alternate exteriorangles
angles are
congruent, then the lines are parallel.
congruent.

7 8
Converse
• A statement in the form “If…, then…” is called
a conditional statement.
– If you work hard,
then you will have good grades.

• When the “if” and “then” parts are switched,

it is called the converse of the statement.
– If you have good grades,
then you worked hard.
Converses of Postulates and Theorems
Converse of the Corresponding Angles
Postulate: If two lines and a transversal form
corresponding angles that are congruent,
then the lines are parallel.
Converses of Postulates and Theorems
Which lines are parallel if m < 1 = m <2 ?
Justify your answer.
Converses of Postulates

Since <1 and <2 are corresponding,

and m<1 = m<2

Then Line a is parallel to Line b

Converses of Postulates and Theorems
Converse of Alternate Interior Angles
Theorem: If two lines and a transversal form
Alternate Interior Angles that are congruent,
then the lines are parallel.
Converses of Postulates and Theorems
Converse of Same Side Interior Angles
Postulate: If two lines and a transversal form
Same Side Interior Angles that are
supplementary (1800),
then the lines are parallel.
Converses of Postulates and Theorems
Converse of Alternate Exterior Angles
Theorem: If two lines and a transversal form
Alternate Exterior Angles that are congruent,
then the lines are parallel.
Identifying Parallel Lines

 Which lines are parallel if

1  2? Justify your answer.

 Which lines are parallel if 6  7? Justify

your answer.
 Identifying Parallel Lines
1) If 1  2 and <1 is
corresponding to a <2
then Line a is || to Line b.

2) if 6  7 and < 6 is
corresponding to < 7
then Line m is || to Line L
Using Algebra
 What is the value of x for which a ll b?
Using Algebra Solution
 If a ll b,
then (2x+9) and 111
are same side interior angles.

Thus :
(2x+9) + 111 = 180 Complementary
2x+120 = 180 Addition
2x = 60 Subtraction
x = 30 Division
Using Flow Charts
Using Flow Charts

4  6
2  6
Given
l m
2  4 Transitive
Property
Vertical <‘s are
congruent
Using Flow Charts
Using Flow Charts

1  7
3  7
Given
l m
3  1 Transitive
Property
Vertical <‘s are Or
congruent Corresponding
Lesson Check