MATHEMATICS 8

THIRD QUARTER
MODULE NO. 5
TOPIC: PARALLEL AND PERPENDICULAR LINES

I. INTRODUCTION

Lines that intersect at right

angles are often used by navigator,
cartographers, architects, and
carpenters. Through centuries,
mathematicians have developed
important theorems based on these
lines and on the ideas underlying
parallelism. Many of these concepts
can be observed in the world around
you. In this module, you will learn
more about the parallel and
perpendicular lines.

II. OBJECTIVE/S
At the end of this module, you will be able to:
• prove properties of parallel lines cut by a transversal; and
• determine the conditions under which lines and segments are parallel or
perpendicular.

III. CONCEPT SUMMARY

• Two lines are perpendicular if and only if they intersect to form a right
angle.
• Lines are said to be parallel if and only if they do not intersect.
• A transversal is a line that intersects two or more lines.
• The interior angles are the four angles formed between parallel lines and
the transversal.
• The exterior angles are the four angles formed that lie outside the parallel
lines and the transversal.
• The alternate interior angles are two interior angles that lie on opposite
sides of a transversal.
• The alternate exterior angles are two exterior angles that lie on opposite
sides of the transversal.
• The corresponding angles are two angles, one interior and the other
exterior, on the same side of the transversal.

Mathematics 8 – Module 5 – Third Quarter - Page 1 of 12

IV. BRIEF DISCUSSION
A. Concept Development
PERPENDICULAR LINES

Two distinct lines intersecting each other at 90° or a right are called
perpendicular lines.

Example:

Non – Example:

The two lines are

The two lines are
parallel and do not
intersecting each other The lines are not
intersect each other.
at an acute angle. So, intersecting each other
They can never be
they are not at right angles.
perpendicular to each
perpendicular.
other.

Properties of Perpendicular Lines

• These lines always intersect at right angles.
• If two lines are perpendicular to the same line, they are parallel to each
other and will never intersect.
• Adjacent sides of a square and a rectangle are always perpendicular to
each other.
• Sides of the right-angled triangle enclosing the right angle are
perpendicular to each other.

Mathematics 8 – Module 5 – Third Quarter - Page 2 of 12

 To learn more about perpendicular lines, click these links:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9bt7GGKmx7Y
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B_fkvFNVK3U
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pGJwEeWVfA4

Theorem 5.1.
If two lines are perpendicular, then the pairs of adjacent angles they form are
congruent.

Corollary 1. If two lines are perpendicular, then all four angles they form
are congruent.
Corollary 2. If two lines are perpendicular, then all four angles they form
are right angles.

Since 𝑚 ⊥ ℎ and ∠1 is a right angle, 𝑚∠1 =

90. ∠1 and ∠2 form a linear pair; thus ∠2 is
a supplement of ∠1. Therefore 𝑚∠2 = 90,
and hence ∠2 ≅ ∠1. The same reasoning
applies to other three pairs of adjacent
angles.

Theorem 5.2
If two lines intersect to form a pair of congruent adjacent angles, then the
lines are perpendicular.

Both ∠1 and ∠2 are marked with a tick

mark, indicating that ∠1 ≅ ∠2. Hence
𝑚∠1 = 𝑚∠2. But ∠1 and ∠2 are a linear
pair and therefore supplementary. Since
their measures are equal, each must
measure 90o and be a right angle. Thus,
by definition of perpendicular lines, 𝑏 ⊥ 𝑔.

Mathematics 8 – Module 5 – Third Quarter - Page 3 of 12

 A line, ray, segment, or plane is a perpendicular bisector of a
segment if and only if the line, ray, segment, or plane is perpendicular to
the segment at its midpoint.

Theorem 5.3
If there is given any point on a line in a plane, then there is exactly one line
in the plane perpendicular to the given line at the given point.

Corollary 1
If there is given any segment in a plane, then in that plane there is
exactly one line that is a perpendicular bisector of the segment.

⃡𝑅𝑊 lies in plane K and contains point A.

There exists ⃡𝑀𝑌 in K such that ⃡𝑀𝑌
contains A and ⃡𝑅𝑊 ⊥ ⃡𝑀𝑌. Only one line
⃡𝑅𝑊 in K is perpendicular to ⃡𝑀𝑌 at A.

Theorem 5.4
If the exterior sides of two adjacent acute angles
are perpendicular, then the angles are
complementary.

Given: ̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑀𝑊 ⊥ ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑅𝑊
Prove: ∠6 and ∠7 are complementary.

Statement Reason
1. 𝑀𝑊
̅̅̅̅̅̅ ⊥ 𝑅𝑊
̅̅̅̅̅ Given
If two lines are perpendicular, then
2. ∠𝑀𝑊𝑅 is a right angle. all four angles they form are right
angles.
3. 𝑚∠𝑀𝑊𝑅 = 90 Definition of right angle.
4. 𝑚∠6 + 𝑚∠7 = 𝑚∠𝑀𝑊𝑅 Angle Addition Postulate
5. 𝑚∠6 + 𝑚∠7 = 90 Substitution Method
6. ∠6 and ∠7 are complementary. Definition of Complementary Angles

Mathematics 8 – Module 5 – Third Quarter - Page 4 of 12

Theorem 5.5
If there is a point not on a line, then there is exactly one line perpendicular to
the given line through the given point.

PARALLEL LINES CUT BY A TRANSVERSAL

Given the lines x and y in the figure below. The line z is a transversal of
the two lines. A transversal is a line that intersects two or more lines.

The following angles are formed when a transversal intersects the two lines:

The corresponding angles are two angles, one interior and the other
exterior, on the same side of the transversal. The pairs of corresponding
angles are ∠𝐴 and ∠𝐸, ∠𝐵 and ∠𝐹, ∠𝐶 and ∠𝐺, and ∠𝐷 and ∠𝐻.

Postulate 5.1
If parallel lines have a transversal, then corresponding angles are congruent.

∠𝐴 ≅ ∠𝐸
∠𝐵 ≅ ∠𝐹
∠𝐶 ≅ ∠𝐺
∠𝐷 ≅ ∠𝐻

The alternate interior angles are two interior angles that lie on
opposite sides of a transversal. The angle pairs ∠𝐶 and ∠𝐹 are alternate
interior angles. So are ∠𝐷 and ∠𝐸.

Theorem 5.6
If parallel lines have a transversal, then alternate interior angles are
congruent.

∠𝐶 ≅ ∠𝐹
∠𝐷 ≅ ∠𝐸

Mathematics 8 – Module 5 – Third Quarter - Page 5 of 12

 The alternate exterior angles are two exterior angles that lie on
opposite sides of the transversal. In the figure, ∠𝐴 and ∠𝐻 are alternate
exterior angles, as well as ∠𝐵 and ∠𝐺.

Theorem 5.7
If parallel lines have a transversal, then alternate exterior angles are
congruent.

∠𝐴 ≅ ∠𝐻
∠𝐵 ≅ ∠𝐺

The interior angles are the four angles formed between the lines x and
y. In the figure, these are ∠𝐶, ∠𝐷, ∠𝐸, and ∠𝐹.

Theorem 5.8
If parallel lines have a transversal, then interior angles on the same side of
the transversal are supplementary.

𝑚∠𝐶 + 𝑚∠𝐸 = 180

𝑚∠𝐷 + 𝑚∠𝐹 = 180

The exterior angles are the four angles formed that lie outside the lines
x and y. These are ∠𝐴, ∠𝐵, ∠𝐺, and ∠𝐻.

Example: Analyze the figure.

Solve for the measurement of the following:

∠𝐴 and 80o are supplementary since they are linear pair. ∠𝐴 + 80 = 180
∠𝐴 = 180 − 80
∠𝐴 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎°

∠𝐷 and ∠𝐴 are vertical angles. ∠𝐷 = ∠𝐴

∠𝐷 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎°

Mathematics 8 – Module 5 – Third Quarter - Page 6 of 12

∠𝐸 and 80o are vertical angles. ∠𝐸 = 𝟖𝟎°

∠𝐻 and 80o are corresponding angles. ∠𝐻 = 𝟖𝟎°

∠𝐼 and ∠𝐴 are corresponding angles. ∠𝐼 = ∠𝐴

∠𝐼 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎°

∠𝐾 and ∠𝐷 are corresponding angles. ∠𝐾 = ∠𝐷

∠𝐼 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎°

∠𝐿 and ∠𝐸 are corresponding angles. ∠𝐿 = ∠𝐸

∠𝐿 = 𝟖𝟎°

∠𝐽 and 50o are supplementary. ∠𝐽 + 50 = 180

∠𝐽 = 180 − 50
∠𝐽 = 𝟏𝟑𝟎°

∠𝑀 and 50o are vertical angles. ∠𝑀 = 𝟓𝟎°

∠𝑁 and ∠𝐽 are vertical angles. ∠𝑁 = ∠𝐽

∠𝑁 = 𝟏𝟑𝟎°

∠𝐵 and ∠𝐽 are corresponding angles. ∠𝐵 = ∠𝐽

∠𝐵 = 𝟏𝟑𝟎°

∠𝐹 and ∠𝑀 are corresponding angles. ∠𝐹 = ∠𝑀

∠𝐹 = 𝟓𝟎°

∠𝐶 and 50o are corresponding angles. ∠𝐶 = 𝟓𝟎°

∠𝐺 and ∠𝑁 are corresponding angles. ∠𝐺 = ∠𝑁

∠𝐺 = 𝟏𝟑𝟎°

Quick Check!
Solve for the missing angles.

a = _________________

b = _________________

c = _________________

Mathematics 8 – Module 5 – Third Quarter - Page 7 of 12

 To learn more about parallel lines cut by a transversal, click these links:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RhUOa_w1PiQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5PcMbN46NMA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H-E5rlpCVu4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6RMN5Pf1fHU

B. Broadening of Concept
Directions: Write your answers on the space provided.

• What is the difference between perpendicular and parallel lines?

____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

• What is the importance of knowing the concept of parallel and

perpendicular lines?
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

• If you are to “parallel” yourself with some prominent celebrities/figures in

our country, to whom will you compare yourself and why?
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

C. Integration
Directions: Write your answers on the space provided.

Parallel lines are lines that don’t meet. Like our families and friends outside
our home, we know that they are close but we can’t be together because of
the pandemic.

• How does the pandemic affect your relationship with your family and
friends?
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Mathematics 8 – Module 5 – Third Quarter - Page 8 of 12

 • How do you make sure that you are still connected to them even you’re
apart?
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

• In our discussion today, a transversal is a line that intersects two or

more lines. In real life do you think it is acceptable to “intersect” with two
people who are arguing with each other?
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

V. EVALUATION/ ASSESSMENT
A. Directions: Identify the given pair of lines as either parallel, perpendicular,
or just intersecting lines.

1. ⃡𝐵𝐹 and ⃡𝐷𝑃 are ___________________.

2. ⃡ and 𝑀𝑉
𝑁𝐺 ⃡ are ___________________.

3. ⃡𝐵𝐹 and ⃡𝑀𝑉 are ___________________.

4. ⃡𝐿𝑇 and ⃡𝑀𝑉 are ___________________.

Mathematics 8 – Module 5 – Third Quarter - Page 9 of 12

 5. ⃡ and 𝐵𝐹
𝑋𝐻 ⃡ are ___________________.

6. ⃡ and 𝑁𝐺
𝐿𝑇 ⃡ are ___________________.

7. ⃡ and ⃡𝑀𝑉 are ___________________.

𝑋𝐻

8. ⃡𝑁𝐺 and ⃡𝐵𝐹 are ___________________.

9. ⃡ and 𝐷𝑃
𝑋𝐻 ⃡ are ___________________.

10. ⃡𝐿𝑇 and 𝑋𝐻

⃡ are ___________________.

B. Directions: Solve the measurements of the missing angles.

If 𝑚∠1 = 115° and 𝑚∠12 = 110°, find:

1. 𝑚∠2 = _________ 8. 𝑚∠9 = _________

2. 𝑚∠3 = _________ 9. 𝑚∠10 = _________
3. 𝑚∠4 = _________ 10. 𝑚∠11 = _________
4. 𝑚∠5 = _________ 11. 𝑚∠13 = _________
5. 𝑚∠6 = _________ 12. 𝑚∠14 = _________
6. 𝑚∠7 = _________ 13. 𝑚∠15 = _________
7. 𝑚∠8 = _________ 14. 𝑚∠16 = _________

VI. CLOSURE/ SYNTHESIS

Directions: Check your status right now.

I need help and I can’t keep working.

I need help, but I can keep working.

I’m working fine.

Mathematics 8 – Module 5 – Third Quarter - Page 10 of 12

 How will you summarize our lesson for today?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

You’re done with Third Quarter!

VII. REFERENCES
Math Bits Notebook. Angles and Parallel Lines. Retrieved November 2020 from
https://mathbitsnotebook.com/Geometry/ParallelPerp/PPangles.html
Math is Fun. Parallel and Pairs of Angles. Retrieved November 2020 from
https://www.mathsisfun.com/geometry/parallel-lines.html
Math is Fun. Parallel and Perpendicular Lines. Retrieved November 2020 from
https://www.mathsisfun.com/algebra/line-parallel-perpendicular.html
Math is Fun. Perpendicular Lines. Retrieved November 2020 from
https://www.mathsisfun.com/definitions/perpendicular-lines.html
Math Planet. Angles, Parallel Lines, and Transversals. Retrieved November 2020
from https://www.mathplanet.com/education/geometry/perpendicular-
and-parallel/angles-parallel-lines-and-transversals
Splash Learn. Perpendicular – Definition with Examples. Retrieved November
2020 from https://www.splashlearn.com/math-
vocabulary/geometry/perpendicular
Toppr. Parallel Lines and Transversals. Retrieved November 2020 from
https://www.toppr.com/guides/maths/lines-and-angles/parallel-lines-and-
transversal/
Video Citations
Arinjay Academy (12 September 2011). Perpendicular Lines. Retrieved November
2020 from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pGJwEeWVfA4
Don’t Memorise (19 December 2014). Angles formed by a Transversal with Two
Parallel Lines. Retrieved November 2020 from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6RMN5Pf1fHU
Khan Academy (21 September 2011). Angles formed by Parallel Lines and
Transversals. Retrieved November 2020 from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H-E5rlpCVu4

Mathematics 8 – Module 5 – Third Quarter - Page 11 of 12

Mashup Math (15 March 2016). Parallel Lines Cut by a Transversal and Angle
Relationships. Retrieved November 2020 from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5PcMbN46NMA
McLogan, B. (11 July 2013). What are Perpendicular Lines? Retrieved November
2020 from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B_fkvFNVK3U
MooMoo Math and Science (20 July 2012). What are Perpendicular Lines?
Retrieved November 2020 from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9bt7GGKmx7Y
Numberbender (3 March 2018). Transversal Line. Retrieved November 2020 from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RhUOa_w1PiQ

Mathematics 8 – Module 5 – Third Quarter - Page 12 of 12